151
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Benard E, Nunès JA, Limozin L, Sengupta K. T Cells on Engineered Substrates: The Impact of TCR Clustering Is Enhanced by LFA-1 Engagement. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2085. [PMID: 30279692 PMCID: PMC6154019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We created APC-mimetic synthetic substrates to study the impact of ligand clustering on T cell activation and spreading. The substrates exhibit antibodies directed against the TCR-complex in the form of a patterned array of sub micrometric dots surrounded by a fluid supported lipid bilayer (SLB) which may itself be functionalized with another bio-molecule. We show that for T cell adhesion mediated by T cell receptor (TCR) alone, in the patterned, but not in the corresponding homogeneous controls, the TCR, ZAP-70 and actin are present in the form of clusters or patches that co-localize with the ligand-dots. However, global cell scale parameters like cell area and actin distribution are only weakly impacted by ligand clustering. In presence of ICAM-1 - the ligand of the T cell integrin LFA-1 - on the SLB, the TCR is still clustered due to the patterning of its ligands, but now global parameters are also impacted. The actin organization changes to a peripheral ring, resembling the classical actin distribution seen on homogeneous substrates, the patterned membrane topography disappears and the membrane is flat, whereas the cell area increases significantly. These observations taken together point to a possible pivotal role for LFA-1 in amplifying the effect of TCR-clustering. No such effect is evident for co-engagement of CD28, affected via its ligand B7.2. Unlike on ICAM-1, on B7.2 cell spreading and actin organization are similar for homogeneous and patterned substrates. However, TCR and ZAP-70 clusters are still formed in the patterned case. These results indicate complementary role for LFA-1 and CD28 in the regulation and putative coupling of TCR micro-clusters to actin. The engineered substrates presented here clearly have the potential to act as platform for fundamental research in immune cell biology, as well as translational analyses in immunotherapy, for example to screen molecules for their role in T cell adhesion/activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques A Nunès
- CNRS, UMR7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Marseille, Immunity and Cancer Team, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm, U1068, Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Limozin
- LAI, CNRS UMR 7333, INSERM UMR 1067, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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152
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Mylvaganam SM, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. Picket-fences in the plasma membrane: functions in immune cells and phagocytosis. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:605-615. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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153
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Neve-Oz Y, Sajman J, Razvag Y, Sherman E. InterCells: A Generic Monte-Carlo Simulation of Intercellular Interfaces Captures Nanoscale Patterning at the Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2051. [PMID: 30254635 PMCID: PMC6141710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular interactions across intercellular interfaces serve to convey information between cells and to trigger appropriate cell functions. Examples include cell development and growth in tissues, neuronal and immune synapses (ISs). Here, we introduce an agent-based Monte-Carlo simulation of user-defined cellular interfaces. The simulation allows for membrane molecules, embedded at intercellular contacts, to diffuse and interact, while capturing the topography and energetics of the plasma membranes of the interface. We provide a detailed example related to pattern formation in the early IS. Using simulation predictions and three-color single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), we detected the intricate mutual patterning of T cell antigen receptors (TCRs), integrins and glycoproteins in early T cell contacts with stimulating coverslips. The simulation further captures the dynamics of the patterning under the experimental conditions and at the IS with antigen presenting cells (APCs). Thus, we provide a generic tool for simulating realistic cell-cell interfaces, which can be used for critical hypothesis testing and experimental design in an iterative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Neve-Oz
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Julia Sajman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yair Razvag
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eilon Sherman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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154
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Junghans V, Hladilkova J, Santos AM, Lund M, Davis SJ, Jönsson P. Hydrodynamic trapping measures the interaction between membrane-associated molecules. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12479. [PMID: 30127338 PMCID: PMC6102267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How membrane proteins distribute and behave on the surface of cells depends on the molecules' chemical potential. However, measuring this potential, and how it varies with protein-to-protein distance, has been challenging. Here, we present a method we call hydrodynamic trapping that can achieve this. Our method uses the focused liquid flow from a micropipette to locally accumulate molecules protruding above a lipid membrane. The chemical potential, as well as information about the dimensions of the studied molecule, are obtained by relating the degree of accumulation to the strength of the trap. We have used this method to study four representative proteins, with different height-to-width ratios and molecular properties; from globular streptavidin, to the rod-like immune cell proteins CD2, CD4 and CD45. The data we obtain illustrates how protein shape, glycosylation and flexibility influence the behaviour of membrane proteins, as well as underlining the general applicability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Hladilkova
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mikael Lund
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Simon J Davis
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden.
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155
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Niederauer C, Blumhardt P, Mücksch J, Heymann M, Lambacher A, Schwille P. Direct characterization of the evanescent field in objective-type total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:20492-20506. [PMID: 30119359 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is a commonly used method for studying fluorescently labeled molecules in close proximity to a surface. Usually, the TIRF axial excitation profile is assumed to be single-exponential with a characteristic penetration depth, governed by the incident angle of the excitation laser beam towards the optical axis. However, in practice, the excitation profile does not only comprise the theoretically predicted single-exponential evanescent field, but also an additional non-evanescent contribution, supposedly caused by scattering within the optical path or optical aberrations. We developed a calibration slide to directly characterize the TIRF excitation field. Our slide features ten height steps ranging from 25 to 550 nanometers, fabricated from a polymer with a refractive index matching that of water. Fluorophores in aqueous solution above the polymer step layers sample the excitation profile at different heights. The obtained excitation profiles confirm the theoretically predicted exponential decay over increasing step heights as well as the presence of a non-evanescent contribution.
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156
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Sibener LV, Fernandes RA, Kolawole EM, Carbone CB, Liu F, McAffee D, Birnbaum ME, Yang X, Su LF, Yu W, Dong S, Gee MH, Jude KM, Davis MM, Groves JT, Goddard WA, Heath JR, Evavold BD, Vale RD, Garcia KC. Isolation of a Structural Mechanism for Uncoupling T Cell Receptor Signaling from Peptide-MHC Binding. Cell 2018; 174:672-687.e27. [PMID: 30053426 PMCID: PMC6140336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TCR-signaling strength generally correlates with peptide-MHC binding affinity; however, exceptions exist. We find high-affinity, yet non-stimulatory, interactions occur with high frequency in the human T cell repertoire. Here, we studied human TCRs that are refractory to activation by pMHC ligands despite robust binding. Analysis of 3D affinity, 2D dwell time, and crystal structures of stimulatory versus non-stimulatory TCR-pMHC interactions failed to account for their different signaling outcomes. Using yeast pMHC display, we identified peptide agonists of a formerly non-responsive TCR. Single-molecule force measurements demonstrated the emergence of catch bonds in the activating TCR-pMHC interactions, correlating with exclusion of CD45 from the TCR-APC contact site. Molecular dynamics simulations of TCR-pMHC disengagement distinguished agonist from non-agonist ligands based on the acquisition of catch bonds within the TCR-pMHC interface. The isolation of catch bonds as a parameter mediating the coupling of TCR binding and signaling has important implications for TCR and antigen engineering for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah V Sibener
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Catherine B Carbone
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Darren McAffee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinbo Yang
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura F Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shen Dong
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marvin H Gee
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - William A Goddard
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - James R Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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157
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Rossboth B, Arnold AM, Ta H, Platzer R, Kellner F, Huppa JB, Brameshuber M, Baumgart F, Schütz GJ. TCRs are randomly distributed on the plasma membrane of resting antigen-experienced T cells. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:821-827. [PMID: 30013143 PMCID: PMC6071872 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The main function of T cells is to identify harmful antigens as quickly and precisely as possible. Super-resolution microscopy data have indicated that global clustering of T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) occurs before T cell activation. Such pre-activation clustering has been interpreted as representing a potential regulatory mechanism that fine tunes the T cell response. We found here that apparent TCR nanoclustering could be attributed to overcounting artifacts inherent to single-molecule-localization microscopy. Using complementary super-resolution approaches and statistical image analysis, we found no indication of global nanoclustering of TCRs on antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells under non-activating conditions. We also used extensive simulations of super-resolution images to provide quantitative limits for the degree of randomness of the TCR distribution. Together our results suggest that the distribution of TCRs on the plasma membrane is optimized for fast recognition of antigen in the first phase of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haisen Ta
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - René Platzer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Kellner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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158
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Tang L, Zheng Y, Melo MB, Mabardi L, Castaño AP, Xie YQ, Li N, Kudchodkar SB, Wong HC, Jeng EK, Maus MV, Irvine DJ. Enhancing T cell therapy through TCR-signaling-responsive nanoparticle drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:707-716. [PMID: 29985479 PMCID: PMC6078803 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with antigen-specific T cells has shown remarkable clinical success, but approaches to safely and effectively augment T cell function, especially in solid tumors, remain of great interest. Here we describe a strategy to “backpack” large quantities of supporting protein drugs on T cells using protein nanogels (NGs) that selectively release these cargos in response to T cell receptor (TCR) activation. We design cell surface-conjugated NGs that respond to an increase in T cell surface reduction potential upon antigen recognition, limiting drug release to sites of antigen encounter such as the tumor microenvironment. Using NGs carrying an IL-15 superagonist complex, we demonstrate that relative to systemic administration of free cytokines, NG delivery selectively expands T cells 16-fold in tumors, and allows at least 8-fold higher doses of cytokine to be administered without toxicity. The improved therapeutic window enables substantially increased tumor clearance by murine T cell and human CAR-T cell therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yiran Zheng
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mariane Bandeira Melo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Llian Mabardi
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana P Castaño
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Qing Xie
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Na Li
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Hing C Wong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, USA
| | - Emily K Jeng
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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159
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Cai H, Muller J, Depoil D, Mayya V, Sheetz MP, Dustin ML, Wind SJ. Full control of ligand positioning reveals spatial thresholds for T cell receptor triggering. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:610-617. [PMID: 29713075 PMCID: PMC6035778 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the rules for receptor triggering in cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts requires precise control of ligand positioning in three dimensions. Here, we use the T cell receptor (TCR) as a model and subject T cells to different geometric arrangements of ligands, using a nanofabricated single-molecule array platform. This comprises monovalent TCR ligands anchored to lithographically patterned nanoparticle clusters surrounded by mobile adhesion molecules on a supported lipid bilayer. The TCR ligand could be co-planar with the supported lipid bilayer (2D), excluding the CD45 transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase, or elevated by 10 nm on solid nanopedestals (3D), allowing closer access of CD45 to engaged TCR. The two configurations resulted in different T cell responses, depending on the lateral spacing between the ligands. These results identify the important contributions of lateral and axial components of ligand positioning and create a more complete foundation for receptor engineering for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haogang Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - James Muller
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Depoil
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Viveka Mayya
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Shalom J Wind
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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160
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Waight JD, Chand D, Dietrich S, Gombos R, Horn T, Gonzalez AM, Manrique M, Swiech L, Morin B, Brittsan C, Tanne A, Akpeng B, Croker BA, Buell JS, Stein R, Savitsky DA, Wilson NS. Selective FcγR Co-engagement on APCs Modulates the Activity of Therapeutic Antibodies Targeting T Cell Antigens. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:1033-1047.e5. [PMID: 29894690 PMCID: PMC6292441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The co-engagement of fragment crystallizable (Fc) gamma receptors (FcγRs) with the Fc region of recombinant immunoglobulin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and its contribution to therapeutic activity has been extensively studied. For example, Fc-FcγR interactions have been shown to be important for mAb-directed effector cell activities, as well as mAb-dependent forward signaling into target cells via receptor clustering. Here we identify a function of mAbs targeting T cell-expressed antigens that involves FcγR co-engagement on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In the case of mAbs targeting CTLA-4 and TIGIT, the interaction with FcγR on APCs enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses and tumoricidal activity. This mechanism extended to an anti-CD45RB mAb, which led to FcγR-dependent regulatory T cell expansion in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylvia Dietrich
- Agenus Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ben A Croker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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161
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Ponjavic A, McColl J, Carr AR, Santos AM, Kulenkampff K, Lippert A, Davis SJ, Klenerman D, Lee SF. Single-Molecule Light-Sheet Imaging of Suspended T Cells. Biophys J 2018; 114:2200-2211. [PMID: 29742413 PMCID: PMC5961759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses are initiated by triggering of the T cell receptor. Single-molecule imaging based on total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy at coverslip/basal cell interfaces is commonly used to study this process. These experiments have suggested, unexpectedly, that the diffusional behavior and organization of signaling proteins and receptors may be constrained before activation. However, it is unclear to what extent the molecular behavior and cell state is affected by the imaging conditions, i.e., by the presence of a supporting surface. In this study, we implemented single-molecule light-sheet microscopy, which enables single receptors to be directly visualized at any plane in a cell to study protein dynamics and organization in live, resting T cells. The light sheet enabled the acquisition of high-quality single-molecule fluorescence images that were comparable to those of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. By comparing the apical and basal surfaces of surface-contacting T cells using single-molecule light-sheet microscopy, we found that most coated-glass surfaces and supported lipid bilayers profoundly affected the diffusion of membrane proteins (T cell receptor and CD45) and that all the surfaces induced calcium influx to various degrees. Our results suggest that, when studying resting T cells, surfaces are best avoided, which we achieve here by suspending cells in agarose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleks Ponjavic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander R Carr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Klara Kulenkampff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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162
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Brameshuber M, Kellner F, Rossboth BK, Ta H, Alge K, Sevcsik E, Göhring J, Axmann M, Baumgart F, Gascoigne NRJ, Davis SJ, Stockinger H, Schütz GJ, Huppa JB. Monomeric TCRs drive T cell antigen recognition. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:487-496. [PMID: 29662172 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cell antigen recognition requires T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) engaging MHC-embedded antigenic peptides (pMHCs) within the contact region of a T cell with its conjugated antigen-presenting cell. Despite micromolar TCR:pMHC affinities, T cells respond to even a single antigenic pMHC, and higher-order TCRs have been postulated to maintain high antigen sensitivity and trigger signaling. We interrogated the stoichiometry of TCRs and their associated CD3 subunits on the surface of living T cells through single-molecule brightness and single-molecule coincidence analysis, photon-antibunching-based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer measurements. We found exclusively monomeric TCR-CD3 complexes driving the recognition of antigenic pMHCs, which underscores the exceptional capacity of single TCR-CD3 complexes to elicit robust intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Kellner
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Haisen Ta
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Alge
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Sevcsik
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janett Göhring
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Axmann
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes B Huppa
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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163
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Al-Aghbar MA, Chu YS, Chen BM, Roffler SR. High-Affinity Ligands Can Trigger T Cell Receptor Signaling Without CD45 Segregation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:713. [PMID: 29686683 PMCID: PMC5900011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How T cell receptors (TCRs) are triggered to start signaling is still not fully understood. It has been proposed that segregation of the large membrane tyrosine phosphatase CD45 from engaged TCRs initiates signaling by favoring phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 molecules. However, whether CD45 segregation is important to initiate triggering is still uncertain. We examined CD45 segregation from TCRs engaged to anti-CD3 scFv with high or low affinity and with defined molecular lengths on glass-supported lipid bilayers using total internal reflection microscopy. Both short and elongated high-affinity anti-CD3 scFv effectively induced similar calcium mobilization, Zap70 phosphorylation, and cytokine secretion in Jurkat T cells but CD45 segregated from activated TCR microclusters significantly less for elongated versus short anti-CD3 ligands. In addition, at early times, triggering cells with both high and low affinity elongated anti-CD3 scFv resulted in similar degrees of CD3 co-localization with CD45, but only the high-affinity scFv induced T cell activation. The lack of correlation between CD45 segregation and early markers of T cell activation suggests that segregation of CD45 from engaged TCRs is not mandatory for initial triggering of TCR signaling by elongated high-affinity ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ameen Al-Aghbar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Shiu Chu
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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164
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Santos AM, Ponjavic A, Fritzsche M, Fernandes RA, de la Serna JB, Wilcock MJ, Schneider F, Urbančič I, McColl J, Anzilotti C, Ganzinger KA, Aßmann M, Depoil D, Cornall RJ, Dustin ML, Klenerman D, Davis SJ, Eggeling C, Lee SF. Capturing resting T cells: the perils of PLL. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:203-205. [PMID: 29476188 PMCID: PMC7612954 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aleks Ponjavic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin J Wilcock
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Falk Schneider
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iztok Urbančič
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Meike Aßmann
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Depoil
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard J Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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165
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Nanoscale kinetic segregation of TCR and CD45 in engaged microvilli facilitates early T cell activation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:732. [PMID: 29467364 PMCID: PMC5821895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03127-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells have a central function in mounting immune responses. However, mechanisms of their early activation by cognate antigens remain incompletely understood. Here we use live-cell multi-colour single-molecule localization microscopy to study the dynamic separation between TCRs and CD45 glycoprotein phosphatases in early cell contacts under TCR-activating and non-activating conditions. Using atomic force microscopy, we identify these cell contacts with engaged microvilli and characterize their morphology, rigidity and dynamics. Physical modelling and simulations of the imaged cell interfaces quantitatively capture the TCR-CD45 separation. Surprisingly, TCR phosphorylation negatively correlates with TCR-CD45 separation. These data support a refined kinetic-segregation model. First, kinetic-segregation occurs within seconds from TCR activation in engaged microvilli. Second, TCRs should be segregated, yet not removed too far, from CD45 for their optimal and localized activation within clusters. Our combined imaging and computational approach prove an important tool in the study of dynamic protein organization in cell interfaces.
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166
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CD45 in human physiology and clinical medicine. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:22-32. [PMID: 29366662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is an evolutionary highly conserved receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase exclusively expressed on all nucleated cells of the hematopoietic system. It is characterized by the expression of several isoforms, specific to a certain cell type and the developmental or activation status of the cell. CD45 is one of the key players in the initiation of T cell receptor signaling by controlling the activation of the Src family protein-tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn. CD45 deficiency results in T- and B-lymphocyte dysfunction in the form of severe combined immune deficiency. It also plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as in infectious diseases including fungal infections. The knowledge collected on CD45 biology is rather vast, but it remains unclear whether all findings in rodent immune cells also apply to human CD45. This review focuses on human CD45 expression and function and provides an overview on its ligands and role in human pathology.
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167
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De Munter S, Ingels J, Goetgeluk G, Bonte S, Pille M, Weening K, Kerre T, Abken H, Vandekerckhove B. Nanobody Based Dual Specific CARs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020403. [PMID: 29385713 PMCID: PMC5855625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have shown that adoptive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a very potent and possibly curative option in the treatment of B cell leukemias and lymphomas. However, targeting a single antigen may not be sufficient, and relapse due to the emergence of antigen negative leukemic cells may occur. A potential strategy to counter the outgrowth of antigen escape variants is to broaden the specificity of the CAR by incorporation of multiple antigen recognition domains in tandem. As a proof of concept, we here describe a bispecific CAR in which the single chain variable fragment (scFv) is replaced by a tandem of two single-antibody domains or nanobodies (nanoCAR). High membrane nanoCAR expression levels are observed in retrovirally transduced T cells. NanoCARs specific for CD20 and HER2 induce T cell activation, cytokine production and tumor lysis upon incubation with transgenic Jurkat cells expressing either antigen or both antigens simultaneously. The use of nanobody technology allows for the production of compact CARs with dual specificity and predefined affinity.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn De Munter
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Joline Ingels
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Bonte
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Melissa Pille
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karin Weening
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Departement of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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168
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Cai E, Marchuk K, Beemiller P, Beppler C, Rubashkin MG, Weaver VM, Gérard A, Liu TL, Chen BC, Betzig E, Bartumeus F, Krummel MF. Visualizing dynamic microvillar search and stabilization during ligand detection by T cells. Science 2018; 356:356/6338/eaal3118. [PMID: 28495700 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During immune surveillance, T cells survey the surface of antigen-presenting cells. In searching for peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs), they must solve a classic trade-off between speed and sensitivity. It has long been supposed that microvilli on T cells act as sensory organs to enable search, but their strategy has been unknown. We used lattice light-sheet and quantum dot-enabled synaptic contact mapping microscopy to show that anomalous diffusion and fractal organization of microvilli survey the majority of opposing surfaces within 1 minute. Individual dwell times were long enough to discriminate pMHC half-lives and T cell receptor (TCR) accumulation selectively stabilized microvilli. Stabilization was independent of tyrosine kinase signaling and the actin cytoskeleton, suggesting selection for avid TCR microclusters. This work defines the efficient cellular search process against which ligand detection takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Biological Imaging Development Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter Beemiller
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Casey Beppler
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew G Rubashkin
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Audrey Gérard
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tsung-Li Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Frederic Bartumeus
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), 17300 Girona, Spain.,Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Center (CREAF), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Biological Imaging Development Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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169
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Gunassekaran GR, Hong CM, Vadevoo SMP, Chi L, Guruprasath P, Ahn BC, Kim HJ, Kang TH, Lee B. Non-genetic engineering of cytotoxic T cells to target IL-4 receptor enhances tumor homing and therapeutic efficacy against melanoma. Biomaterials 2018; 159:161-173. [PMID: 29329051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) has been used as an immunotherapy in melanoma. However, the tumor homing and therapeutic efficacy of transferred CTLs against melanoma remain unsatisfactory. Interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) is commonly up-regulated in tumors including melanoma. Here, we studied whether IL-4R-targeted CTLs exhibit enhanced tumor homing and therapeutic efficacy against melanoma. CTLs isolated from mice bearing melanomas were non-genetically engineered with IL4RPep-1, an IL-4R-binding peptide, using a membrane anchor composed of dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine. Compared to control CTLs, IL-4R-targeted CTLs showed higher binding to melanoma cells and in vivo tumor homing. They also exerted a more rapid and robust effector response, including increased cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity against melanoma cells and enhanced reprogramming of M2-type macrophages to M1-type macrophages. Moreover, IL-4R-targeted CTLs efficiently inhibited melanoma growth and reversed the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. These results suggest that non-genetically engineered CTLs targeting IL-4R have potential as an adoptive T cell therapy against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Rangaswamy Gunassekaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, CMRI, School Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sri Murugan Poongkavithai Vadevoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, CMRI, School Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Lianhua Chi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, CMRI, School Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Padmanaban Guruprasath
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, CMRI, School Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, School Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk-do 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungheon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, CMRI, School Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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170
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Weber F, Bohrmann B, Niewoehner J, Fischer JA, Rueger P, Tiefenthaler G, Moelleken J, Bujotzek A, Brady K, Singer T, Ebeling M, Iglesias A, Freskgård PO. Brain Shuttle Antibody for Alzheimer’s Disease with Attenuated Peripheral Effector Function due to an Inverted Binding Mode. Cell Rep 2018; 22:149-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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171
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Wong HS, Germain RN. Robust control of the adaptive immune system. Semin Immunol 2017; 36:17-27. [PMID: 29290544 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system continually faces unpredictable circumstances yet reproducibly counteracts invading pathogens while limiting damage to self. However, the system is dynamic in nature: many of its internal components are not fixed, but rather, fluctuate over time. This concept is exemplified by αβ T lymphocytes, which vary significantly from cell-to-cell in their spatiotemporal dynamics, antigen-binding receptors, and subcellular protein concentrations. How are reproducible immune functions achieved in the face of such variability? This design principle is known as robustness and requires the system to employ layered control schemes that both buffer and exploit different facets of cellular variation. In this article, we discuss these schemes and their applications to individual αβ T cell responses as well as integrated population level behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikesh S Wong
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
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172
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Wang Y, Luo F, Yang J, Zhao C, Chu Y. New Chimeric Antigen Receptor Design for Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1934. [PMID: 29312360 PMCID: PMC5744429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has become popular in immunotherapy, particularly after its tremendous success in the treatment of lineage-restricted hematologic cancers. However, the application of CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors has not reached its full potential because of the lack of specific tumor antigens and inhibitory factors in suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) (e.g., programmed death ligand-1, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and transforming growth factor-β). In this review, we include some limitations in CAR design, such as tumor heterogeneity, indefinite spatial distance between CAR T-cell and its target cell, and suppressive TME. We also summarize some new approaches to overcome these hurdles, including targeting neoantigens and/or multiple antigens at once and depleting some inhibitory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuedi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chujun Zhao
- Northfield Mount Hermon School, Mount Hermon, MA, United States
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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173
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Courtney AH, Lo WL, Weiss A. TCR Signaling: Mechanisms of Initiation and Propagation. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 43:108-123. [PMID: 29269020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which a T cell detects antigen using its T cell antigen receptor (TCR) are crucial to our understanding of immunity and the harnessing of T cells therapeutically. A hallmark of the T cell response is the ability of T cells to quantitatively respond to antigenic ligands derived from pathogens while remaining inert to similar ligands derived from host tissues. Recent studies have revealed exciting properties of the TCR and the behaviors of its signaling effectors that are used to detect and discriminate between antigens. Here we highlight these recent findings, focusing on the proximal TCR signaling molecules Zap70, Lck, and LAT, to provide mechanistic models and insights into the exquisite sensitivity and specificity of the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Courtney
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wan-Lin Lo
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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174
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Barth ND, Marwick JA, Vendrell M, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. The "Phagocytic Synapse" and Clearance of Apoptotic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1708. [PMID: 29255465 PMCID: PMC5723006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and subsequent phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells is important for embryonic development, maintenance of tissues that require regular cellular renewal and innate immunity. The timely removal of apoptotic cells prevents progression to secondary necrosis and release of cellular contents, preventing cellular stress and inflammation. In addition, altered phagocyte behavior following apoptotic cell contact and phagocytosis engages an anti-inflammatory phenotype, which impacts upon development and progression of inflammatory and immune responses. Defective apoptotic cell clearance underlies the development of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. There is considerable functional redundancy in the receptors that mediate apoptotic cell clearance, highlighting the importance of this process in diverse physiological processes. A single phagocyte may utilize multiple receptor pathways for the efficient capture of apoptotic cells by phagocytes (tethering) and the subsequent initiation of signaling events necessary for internalization. In this review, we will consider the surface alterations and molecular opsonization events associated with apoptosis that may represent a tunable signal that confers distinct intracellular signaling events and hence specific phagocyte responses in a context-dependent manner. Efficient molecular communication between phagocytes and apoptotic targets may require cooperative receptor utilization and the establishment of efferocytic synapse, which acts to stabilize adhesive interactions and facilitate the organization of signaling platforms that are necessary for controlling phagocyte responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Barth
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John A Marwick
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vendrell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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175
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Kojima R, Scheller L, Fussenegger M. Nonimmune cells equipped with T-cell-receptor-like signaling for cancer cell ablation. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 14:42-49. [PMID: 29131143 PMCID: PMC5730048 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to engineer custom cell-contact-sensing output devices into
human non-immune cells would be useful for extending the applicability of
cell-based cancer therapies and avoiding risks associated with engineered immune
cells. Here, we have developed a new class of synthetic T-cell receptor-like
signal-transduction device that functions efficiently in human non-immune cells
and triggers release of output molecules specifically upon sensing contact with
a target cell. This device employs an interleukin signaling cascade, whose
OFF/ON switching is controlled by biophysical segregation of a transmembrane
signal-inhibitory protein from the sensor cell/target cell interface. We further
showed that designer non-immune cells equipped with this device driving
expression of a membrane-penetrator/prodrug-activating enzyme construct could
specifically kill target cells in the presence of the prodrug, indicating its
potential usefulness for target-cell-specific, cell-based enzyme-prodrug cancer
therapy. Our study also contributes to advancement of synthetic biology by
extending available design principles to transmit extracellular information to
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kojima
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leo Scheller
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Life Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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176
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Ma Y, Poole K, Goyette J, Gaus K. Introducing Membrane Charge and Membrane Potential to T Cell Signaling. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1513. [PMID: 29170669 PMCID: PMC5684113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While membrane models now include the heterogeneous distribution of lipids, the impact of membrane charges on regulating the association of proteins with the plasma membrane is often overlooked. Charged lipids are asymmetrically distributed between the two leaflets of the plasma membrane, resulting in the inner leaflet being negatively charged and a surface potential that attracts and binds positively charged ions, proteins, and peptide motifs. These interactions not only create a transmembrane potential but they can also facilitate the formation of charged membrane domains. Here, we reference fields outside of immunology in which consequences of membrane charge are better characterized to highlight important mechanisms. We then focus on T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, reviewing the evidence that membrane charges and membrane-associated calcium regulate phosphorylation of the TCR–CD3 complex and discuss how the immunological synapse exhibits distinct patterns of membrane charge distribution. We propose that charged lipids, ions in solution, and transient protein interactions form a dynamic equilibrium during T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Ma
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Poole
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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177
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Daenke S, Owens R. Instruct comes of age. Eur J Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201770114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Daenke
- Instruct Hub and Division of Structural Biology; The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine; Oxford UK
| | - Ray Owens
- Instruct Hub and Division of Structural Biology; The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine; Oxford UK
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178
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In vitro reconstitution of T cell receptor-mediated segregation of the CD45 phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9338-E9345. [PMID: 29042512 PMCID: PMC5676914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710358114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell signaling initiates upon the binding of peptide-loaded MHC (pMHC) on an antigen-presenting cell to the T cell receptor (TCR) on a T cell. TCR phosphorylation in response to pMHC binding is accompanied by segregation of the transmembrane phosphatase CD45 away from TCR-pMHC complexes. The kinetic segregation hypothesis proposes that CD45 exclusion shifts the local kinase-phosphatase balance to favor TCR phosphorylation. Spatial partitioning may arise from the size difference between the large CD45 extracellular domain and the smaller TCR-pMHC complex, although parsing potential contributions of extracellular protein size, actin activity, and lipid domains is difficult in living cells. Here, we reconstitute segregation of CD45 from bound receptor-ligand pairs using purified proteins on model membranes. Using a model receptor-ligand pair (FRB-FKBP), we first test physical and computational predictions for protein organization at membrane interfaces. We then show that the TCR-pMHC interaction causes partial exclusion of CD45. Comparing two developmentally regulated isoforms of CD45, the larger RABC variant is excluded more rapidly and efficiently (∼50%) than the smaller R0 isoform (∼20%), suggesting that CD45 isotypes could regulate signaling thresholds in different T cell subtypes. Similar to the sensitivity of T cell signaling, TCR-pMHC interactions with Kds of ≤15 µM were needed to exclude CD45. We further show that the coreceptor PD-1 with its ligand PD-L1, immunotherapy targets that inhibit T cell signaling, also exclude CD45. These results demonstrate that the binding energies of physiological receptor-ligand pairs on the T cell are sufficient to create spatial organization at membrane-membrane interfaces.
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179
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Ereño-Orbea J, Sicard T, Cui H, Mazhab-Jafari MT, Benlekbir S, Guarné A, Rubinstein JL, Julien JP. Molecular basis of human CD22 function and therapeutic targeting. Nat Commun 2017; 8:764. [PMID: 28970495 PMCID: PMC5624926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00836-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 maintains a baseline level of B-cell inhibition to keep humoral immunity in check. As a B-cell-restricted antigen, CD22 is targeted in therapies against dysregulated B cells that cause autoimmune diseases and blood cancers. Here we report the crystal structure of human CD22 at 2.1 Å resolution, which reveals that specificity for α2-6 sialic acid ligands is dictated by a pre-formed β-hairpin as a unique mode of recognition across sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins. The CD22 ectodomain adopts an extended conformation that facilitates concomitant CD22 nanocluster formation on B cells and binding to trans ligands to avert autoimmunity in mammals. We structurally delineate the CD22 site targeted by the therapeutic antibody epratuzumab at 3.1 Å resolution and determine a critical role for CD22 N-linked glycosylation in antibody engagement. Our studies provide molecular insights into mechanisms governing B-cell inhibition and valuable clues for the design of immune modulators in B-cell dysfunction.The B-cell-specific co-receptor CD22 is a therapeutic target for depleting dysregulated B cells. Here the authors structurally characterize the ectodomain of CD22 and present its crystal structure with the bound therapeutic antibody epratuzumab, which gives insights into the mechanism of inhibition of B-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Ereño-Orbea
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Taylor Sicard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Hong Cui
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Mohammad T Mazhab-Jafari
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Samir Benlekbir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Alba Guarné
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4L8
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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180
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Defining the molecular basis of interaction between R3 receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases and VE-cadherin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184574. [PMID: 28926625 PMCID: PMC5604967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) of the R3 subgroup play key roles in the immune, vascular and nervous systems. They are characterised by a large ectodomain comprising multiple FNIII-like repeats, a transmembrane domain, and a single intracellular phosphatase domain. The functional role of the extracellular region has not been clearly defined and potential roles in ligand interaction, dimerization, and regulation of cell-cell contacts have been reported. Here bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in live cells was used to examine the molecular basis for the interaction of VE-PTP with VE-cadherin, two proteins involved in endothelial cell contact and maintenance of vascular integrity. The potential of other R3-PTPs to interact with VE-cadherin was also explored using this method. Quantitative BiFC analysis, using a VE-PTP construct expressing only the ectodomain and transmembrane domain, revealed a specific interaction with VE-cadherin, when compared with controls. Controls were sialophorin, an unrelated membrane protein with a large ectodomain, and a membrane anchored C-terminal Venus-YFP fragment, lacking both ectodomain and transmembrane domains. Truncation of the first 16 FNIII-like repeats from the ectodomain of VE-PTP indicated that removal of this region is not sufficient to disrupt the interaction with VE-cadherin, although it occurs predominantly in an intracellular location. A construct with a deletion of only the 17th domain of VE-PTP was, in contrast to previous studies, still able to interact with VE-cadherin, although this also was predominantly intracellular. Other members of the R3-PTP family (DEP-1, GLEPP1 and SAP-1) also exhibited the potential to interact with VE-cadherin. The direct interaction of DEP-1 with VE-cadherin is likely to be of physiological relevance since both proteins are expressed in endothelial cells. Together the data presented in the study suggest a role for both the ectodomain and transmembrane domain of R3-PTPs in interaction with VE-cadherin.
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181
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Catch Bonds at T Cell Interfaces: Impact of Surface Reorganization and Membrane Fluctuations. Biophys J 2017; 113:120-131. [PMID: 28700910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Catch bonds are characterized by average lifetimes that initially increase with increasing tensile force. Recently, they have been implicated in T cell activation, where small numbers of antigenic receptor-ligand bonds at a cell-cell interface can stimulate a T cell. Here, we use computational methods to investigate small numbers of bonds at the interface between two membranes. We characterize the time-dependent forces on the bonds in response to changes in the membrane shape and the organization of other surface molecules. We then determine the distributions of bond lifetimes using recent force-dependent lifetime data for T cell receptors bound to various ligands. Strong agonists, which exhibit catch bond behavior, are markedly more likely to remain intact than an antagonist whose average lifetime decreases with increasing force. Thermal fluctuations of the membrane shape enhance the decay of the average force on a bond, but also lead to fluctuations of the force. These fluctuations promote bond rupture, but the effect is buffered by catch bonds. When more than one bond is present, the bonds experience reduced average forces that depend on their relative positions, leading to changes in bond lifetimes. Our results highlight the importance of force-dependent binding kinetics when bonds experience time-dependent and fluctuating forces, as well as potential consequences of collective bond behavior relevant to T cell activation.
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182
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Abstract
Myeloid cells make extensive use of the complement system in the context of recruitment, phagocytosis, and other effector functions. There are several types of complement receptors on myeloid cells, including G protein-coupled receptors for localizing the source of complement activation, and three sets of type I transmembrane proteins that link complement to phagocytosis: complement receptor 1, having an extracellular domain with tandem complement regulatory repeats; complement receptors 3 and 4, which are integrin family receptors comprising heterodimers of type I transmembrane subunits; and VSIG4, a member of the Ig superfamily. This review will focus on the role of the different classes of complement receptors and how their activities are integrated in the setting of immune tolerance and inflammatory responses.
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183
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Chen BM, Al-Aghbar MA, Lee CH, Chang TC, Su YC, Li YC, Chang SE, Chen CC, Chung TH, Liao YC, Lee CH, Roffler SR. The Affinity of Elongated Membrane-Tethered Ligands Determines Potency of T Cell Receptor Triggering. Front Immunol 2017; 8:793. [PMID: 28740495 PMCID: PMC5502409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are important mediators of adoptive immunity but the mechanism of T cell receptor (TCR) triggering remains uncertain. The interspatial distance between engaged T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is believed to be important for topological rearrangement of membrane tyrosine phosphatases and initiation of TCR signaling. We investigated the relationship between ligand topology and affinity by generating a series of artificial APCs that express membrane-tethered anti-CD3 scFv with different affinities (OKT3, BC3, and 2C11) in addition to recombinant class I and II pMHC molecules. The dimensions of membrane-tethered anti-CD3 and pMHC molecules were progressively increased by insertion of different extracellular domains. In agreement with previous studies, elongation of pMHC molecules or low-affinity anti-CD3 scFv caused progressive loss of T cell activation. However, elongation of high-affinity ligands (BC3 and OKT3 scFv) did not abolish TCR phosphorylation and T cell activation. Mutation of key amino acids in OKT3 to reduce binding affinity to CD3 resulted in restoration of topological dependence on T cell activation. Our results show that high-affinity TCR ligands can effectively induce TCR triggering even at large interspatial distances between T cells and APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mohammad Ameen Al-Aghbar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-En Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hua Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chun Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwang Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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184
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Abstract
Phagocytes recognize and eliminate pathogens, alert other tissues of impending threats, and provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity. They also maintain tissue homeostasis, consuming dead cells without causing alarm. The receptor engagement, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal rearrangements underlying phagocytosis are paradigmatic of other immune responses and bear similarities to macropinocytosis and cell migration. We discuss how the glycocalyx restricts access to phagocytic receptors, the processes that enable receptor engagement and clustering, and the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton that controls the mobility of membrane proteins and lipids and provides the mechanical force propelling the phagocyte membrane toward and around the phagocytic prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P Ostrowski
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research & Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research & Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 290 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5C 1N8, Canada.
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research & Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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185
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Taylor MJ, Husain K, Gartner ZJ, Mayor S, Vale RD. A DNA-Based T Cell Receptor Reveals a Role for Receptor Clustering in Ligand Discrimination. Cell 2017; 169:108-119.e20. [PMID: 28340336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A T cell mounts an immune response by measuring the binding strength of its T cell receptor (TCR) for peptide-loaded MHCs (pMHC) on an antigen-presenting cell. How T cells convert the lifetime of the extracellular TCR-pMHC interaction into an intracellular signal remains unknown. Here, we developed a synthetic signaling system in which the extracellular domains of the TCR and pMHC were replaced with short hybridizing strands of DNA. Remarkably, T cells can discriminate between DNA ligands differing by a single base pair. Single-molecule imaging reveals that signaling is initiated when single ligand-bound receptors are converted into clusters, a time-dependent process requiring ligands with longer bound times. A computation model reveals that receptor clustering serves a kinetic proofreading function, enabling ligands with longer bound times to have disproportionally greater signaling outputs. These results suggest that spatial reorganization of receptors plays an important role in ligand discrimination in T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Taylor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India; HHMI Summer Institute, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kabir Husain
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India; The Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India; HHMI Summer Institute, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; HHMI Summer Institute, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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186
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Phagocytosis: A Fundamental Process in Immunity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9042851. [PMID: 28691037 PMCID: PMC5485277 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9042851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845-1916). He was the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this process for the host response to injury and infection. He also was a strong advocate of the role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity, and with this he gave us the basis for our modern understanding of inflammation and the innate and acquired immune responses. Phagocytosis is an elegant but complex process for the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, but it is also important for the elimination of apoptotic cells and hence fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis can be divided into four main steps: (i) recognition of the target particle, (ii) signaling to activate the internalization machinery, (iii) phagosome formation, and (iv) phagolysosome maturation. In recent years, the use of new tools of molecular biology and microscopy has provided new insights into the cellular mechanisms of phagocytosis. In this review, we present a general view of our current knowledge on phagocytosis. We emphasize novel molecular findings, particularly on phagosome formation and maturation, and discuss aspects that remain incompletely understood.
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187
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Saitakis M, Dogniaux S, Goudot C, Bufi N, Asnacios S, Maurin M, Randriamampita C, Asnacios A, Hivroz C. Different TCR-induced T lymphocyte responses are potentiated by stiffness with variable sensitivity. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28594327 PMCID: PMC5464771 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are mechanosensitive but the effect of stiffness on their functions is still debated. We characterize herein how human primary CD4+ T cell functions are affected by stiffness within the physiological Young’s modulus range of 0.5 kPa to 100 kPa. Stiffness modulates T lymphocyte migration and morphological changes induced by TCR/CD3 triggering. Stiffness also increases TCR-induced immune system, metabolism and cell-cycle-related genes. Yet, upon TCR/CD3 stimulation, while cytokine production increases within a wide range of stiffness, from hundreds of Pa to hundreds of kPa, T cell metabolic properties and cell cycle progression are only increased by the highest stiffness tested (100 kPa). Finally, mechanical properties of adherent antigen-presenting cells modulate cytokine production by T cells. Together, these results reveal that T cells discriminate between the wide range of stiffness values found in the body and adapt their responses accordingly. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23190.001 Our immune system contains many cells that play various roles in defending the body against infection, cancer and other threats. For example, T cells constantly patrol the body ready to detect and respond to dangers. They do so by gathering cues from their surroundings, which can be specific chemical signals or physical properties such as the stiffness of tissues. Once the T cells are active they respond in several different ways including releasing hormones and dividing to produce more T cells. Tissue stiffness varies considerably between different organs. Furthermore, disease can lead to changes in tissue stiffness. For example, tissues become more rigid when they are inflamed. The stiffness and other physical properties of the surfaces that T cells interact with affect how the cells respond when they detect a threat, but few details are known about exactly how these cues tune T cell responses. Saitakis et al. studied how human T cells respond to artificial surfaces of varying stiffness that mimic the range found in the body. The experiments show that T cells that interact with stiff surfaces become more active than T cells that interact with softer surfaces. However, some responses are more sensitive to the stiffness of the surface than others. For example, the ability of the T cells to release hormones was affected by the whole range of stiffnesses tested in the experiments, whereas only very stiff surfaces stimulated the T cells to divide. These findings show that T cells can detect the stiffness of surfaces in the body and use this to adapt how they respond to threats. Future challenges will be to find out how T cells sense the physical properties of their surroundings and investigate whether cell and tissue stiffness affects immune responses in the body. This will help us to understand how T cells fight infections and other threats, and could be used to develop new ways of boosting these cells to fight cancer and other diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23190.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Saitakis
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 & PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 & PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Christel Goudot
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 & PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Bufi
- Laboratoire Matières et systèmes complexes, Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS, UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matières et systèmes complexes, Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS, UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Physics, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 & PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Randriamampita
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin & UMR8104, CNRS & Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matières et systèmes complexes, Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS, UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 & PSL Research University, Paris, France
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188
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Fritzsche M, Fernandes RA, Chang VT, Colin-York H, Clausen MP, Felce JH, Galiani S, Erlenkämper C, Santos AM, Heddleston JM, Pedroza-Pacheco I, Waithe D, de la Serna JB, Lagerholm BC, Liu TL, Chew TL, Betzig E, Davis SJ, Eggeling C. Cytoskeletal actin dynamics shape a ramifying actin network underpinning immunological synapse formation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603032. [PMID: 28691087 PMCID: PMC5479650 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation and especially trafficking of T cell receptor microclusters during immunological synapse formation are widely thought to rely on cytoskeletal remodeling. However, important details on the involvement of actin in the latter transport processes are missing. Using a suite of advanced optical microscopes to analyze resting and activated T cells, we show that, following contact formation with activating surfaces, these cells sequentially rearrange their cortical actin across the entire cell, creating a previously unreported ramifying actin network above the immunological synapse. This network shows all the characteristics of an inward-growing transportation network and its dynamics correlating with T cell receptor rearrangements. This actin reorganization is accompanied by an increase in the nanoscale actin meshwork size and the dynamic adjustment of the turnover times and filament lengths of two differently sized filamentous actin populations, wherein formin-mediated long actin filaments support a very flat and stiff contact at the immunological synapse interface. The initiation of immunological synapse formation, as highlighted by calcium release, requires markedly little contact with activating surfaces and no cytoskeletal rearrangements. Our work suggests that incipient signaling in T cells initiates global cytoskeletal rearrangements across the whole cell, including a stiffening process for possibly mechanically supporting contact formation at the immunological synapse interface as well as a central ramified transportation network apparently directed at the consolidation of the contact and the delivery of effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Corresponding author. (M.F.); (C.E.)
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Veronica T. Chang
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Huw Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mathias P. Clausen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Center for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - James H. Felce
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Silvia Galiani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Ana M. Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - John M. Heddleston
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | | | - Dominic Waithe
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Harwell-Oxford Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - B. Christoffer Lagerholm
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tsung-li Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 11010 Torreyana Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Simon J. Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Corresponding author. (M.F.); (C.E.)
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189
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Dustin ML, Kam LC. Tapping out a mechanical code for T cell triggering. J Cell Biol 2017; 213:501-3. [PMID: 27269063 PMCID: PMC4896060 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201605072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces play increasingly recognized roles in T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction. Hu and Butte (2016. J. Cell Biol.http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201511053) demonstrate that actin is required for T cells to generate forces at the TCR and that exogenous application of force can emulate these cytoskeletal forces and trigger T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskelatal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, England, UK Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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190
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CARs: Synthetic Immunoreceptors for Cancer Therapy and Beyond. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:430-450. [PMID: 28416139 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are versatile synthetic receptors that provide T cells with engineered specificity. Clinical success in treating B-cell malignancies has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of CAR-T cells against cancer, and efforts are underway to expand the use of engineered T cells to the treatment of diverse medical conditions, including infections and autoimmune diseases. Here, we review current understanding of the molecular properties of CARs, how this knowledge informs the rational design and characterization of novel receptors, the successes and shortcomings of CAR-T cells in the clinic, and emerging solutions for the continued improvement of CAR-T cell therapy.
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191
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Eggeling C, Davis SJ. Macrophages: micromanagers of antagonistic signaling nanoclusters. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:871-873. [PMID: 28330938 PMCID: PMC5379961 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggeling and Davis discuss work by Lopes et al. demonstrating how macrophages integrate antagonistic signaling events via receptor reorganization. How cells integrate antagonistic receptor signaling events is enigmatic. Using superresolution optical microscopy, Lopes et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201608094) demonstrate the nanometer-scale molecular reorganization of antagonistic signaling receptors in macrophages, after engagement by the receptors of activating and inhibitory ligands. They propose that large-scale rearrangements of this type underpin decision-making by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Eggeling
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, England, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, England, UK
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192
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Abstract
B-cell receptors form ordered clusters to recruit kinases and exclude phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Bálint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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193
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Janeczek AA, Scarpa E, Horrocks MH, Tare RS, Rowland CA, Jenner D, Newman TA, Oreffo RO, Lee SF, Evans ND. PEGylated liposomes associate with Wnt3A protein and expand putative stem cells in human bone marrow populations. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:845-863. [PMID: 28351228 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To fabricate PEGylated liposomes which preserve the activity of hydrophobic Wnt3A protein, and to demonstrate their efficacy in promoting expansion of osteoprogenitors from human bone marrow. METHODS PEGylated liposomes composed of several synthetic lipids were tested for their ability to preserve Wnt3A activity in reporter and differentiation assays. Single-molecule microspectroscopy was used to test for direct association of protein with liposomes. RESULTS Labeled Wnt3A protein directly associated with all tested liposome preparations. However, Wnt3A activity was preserved or enhanced in PEGylated 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) liposomes but not in PEGylated 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) liposomes. PEGylated Wnt3A liposomes associated with skeletal stem cell populations in human bone marrow and promoted osteogenesis. CONCLUSION Active Wnt protein-containing PEGylated liposomes may have utility for systemic administration for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Janeczek
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Bone & Joint Research Group & Institute for Life Sciences, Institute for Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Edoardo Scarpa
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Bone & Joint Research Group & Institute for Life Sciences, Institute for Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mathew H Horrocks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rahul S Tare
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Bone & Joint Research Group & Institute for Life Sciences, Institute for Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Caroline A Rowland
- Microbiology Group, Chemical, Biological & Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Dominic Jenner
- Microbiology Group, Chemical, Biological & Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Tracey A Newman
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Building 85, Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard Oc Oreffo
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Bone & Joint Research Group & Institute for Life Sciences, Institute for Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Nicholas D Evans
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Bone & Joint Research Group & Institute for Life Sciences, Institute for Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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194
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Lopes FB, Bálint Š, Valvo S, Felce JH, Hessel EM, Dustin ML, Davis DM. Membrane nanoclusters of FcγRI segregate from inhibitory SIRPα upon activation of human macrophages. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1123-1141. [PMID: 28289091 PMCID: PMC5379948 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201608094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lopes et al. use superresolution microscopy to visualize the nanoscale organization of activating and inhibitory receptors on human macrophages. Nanoclusters of inhibitory SIRPα and activating FcγRI associate in the cell’s resting state, but engagement of FcγRI induces their segregation. Signal integration between activating Fc receptors and inhibitory signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) controls macrophage phagocytosis. Here, using dual-color direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, we report that Fcγ receptor I (FcγRI), FcγRII, and SIRPα are not homogeneously distributed at macrophage surfaces but are organized in discrete nanoclusters, with a mean radius of 71 ± 11 nm, 60 ± 6 nm, and 48 ± 3 nm, respectively. Nanoclusters of FcγRI, but not FcγRII, are constitutively associated with nanoclusters of SIRPα, within 62 ± 5 nm, mediated by the actin cytoskeleton. Upon Fc receptor activation, Src-family kinase signaling leads to segregation of FcγRI and SIRPα nanoclusters to be 197 ± 3 nm apart. Co-ligation of SIRPα with CD47 abrogates nanocluster segregation. If the balance of signals favors activation, FcγRI nanoclusters reorganize into periodically spaced concentric rings. Thus, a nanometer- and micron-scale reorganization of activating and inhibitory receptors occurs at the surface of human macrophages concurrent with signal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa B Lopes
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, England, UK
| | - Štefan Bálint
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, England, UK
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, England, UK
| | - James H Felce
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, England, UK
| | - Edith M Hessel
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, England, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, England, UK
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, England, UK
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195
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Picarda E, Bézie S, Boucault L, Autrusseau E, Kilens S, Meistermann D, Martinet B, Daguin V, Donnart A, Charpentier E, David L, Anegon I, Guillonneau C. Transient antibody targeting of CD45RC induces transplant tolerance and potent antigen-specific regulatory T cells. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90088. [PMID: 28194440 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat and human CD4+ and CD8+ Tregs expressing low levels of CD45RC have strong immunoregulatory properties. We describe here that human CD45 isoforms are nonredundant and identify distinct subsets of cells. We show that CD45RC is not expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ Foxp3+ Tregs, while CD45RA/RB/RO are. Transient administration of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting CD45RC in a rat cardiac allotransplantation model induced transplant tolerance associated with inhibition of allogeneic humoral responses but maintained primary and memory responses against cognate antigens. Anti-CD45RC mAb induced rapid death of CD45RChigh T cells through intrinsic cell signaling but preserved and potentiated CD4+ and CD8+ CD45RClow/- Tregs, which are able to adoptively transfer donor-specific tolerance to grafted recipients. Anti-CD45RC treatment results in distinct transcriptional signature of CD4+ and CD8+ CD45RClow/- Tregs. Finally, we demonstrate that anti-human CD45RC treatment inhibited graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in immune-humanized NSG mice. Thus, short-term anti-CD45RC is a potent therapeutic candidate to induce transplantation tolerance in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Picarda
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Bézie
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Boucault
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Elodie Autrusseau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphanie Kilens
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Dimitri Meistermann
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Martinet
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Daguin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Donnart
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Charpentier
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent David
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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196
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Bauer B, Wotapek T, Zöller T, Rutkowski E, Steinle A. The Activating C-type Lectin-like Receptor NKp65 Signals through a Hemi-immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motif (hemITAM) and Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk). J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3213-3223. [PMID: 28082678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.759977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NKp65 is an activating human C-type lectin-like receptor (CTLR) triggering cellular cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion upon high-affinity interaction with the cognate CTLR keratinocyte-associated C-type lectin (KACL) selectively expressed by human keratinocytes. Previously, we demonstrated that NKp65-mediated cellular cytotoxicity depends on tyrosine 7, located in a cytoplasmic sequence motif of NKp65 resembling a hemi-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (hemITAM). HemITAMs have been reported for a few activating myeloid-specific CTLRs, including Dectin-1 and CLEC-2, and consist of a single tyrosine signaling unit preceded by a triacidic motif. Upon receptor engagement, the hemITAM undergoes phosphotyrosinylation and specifically recruits spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), initiating cellular activation. In this study, we addressed the functionality of the putative hemITAM of NKp65. We show that NKp65 forms homodimers and is phosphorylated at the hemITAM-embedded tyrosine 7 upon engagement by antibodies or KACL homodimers. HemITAM phosphotyrosinylation initiates a signaling pathway involving and depending on Syk, leading to cellular activation and natural killer (NK) cell degranulation. However, although NKp65 utilizes Syk for NK cell activation, a physical association of Syk with the NKp65 hemITAM could not be detected, unlike shown previously for the hemITAM of myeloid CTLR. Failure of NKp65 to recruit Syk is not due to an alteration of the triacidic motif, which rather affects the efficiency of hemITAM phosphotyrosinylation. In summary, NKp65 utilizes a hemITAM-like motif for cellular activation that requires Syk, although Syk appears not to be recruited to NKp65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Bauer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tanja Wotapek
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Zöller
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Emilia Rutkowski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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197
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Santos AM, Huo J, Hatherley D, Chirifu M, Davis SJ. A Protein Expression Toolkit for Studying Signaling in T Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1584:451-472. [PMID: 28255719 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6881-7_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive cellular immunity is dependent on interactions of cell surface receptors that initiate signaling, resulting in the formation of the immunological synapse and targeted delivery of effector functions. There has been considerable interest over the past 30 years in methods for isolating the extracellular regions of these receptors and components of the cytoplasmic signaling networks. This chapter describes our current protein expression toolkit used for structural studies of signaling proteins and the functional reconstitution of model cell surfaces, which comprises both bacterial and mammalian cell-based protein expression methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Santos
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Deborah Hatherley
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mami Chirifu
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Simon J Davis
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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198
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Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapies have shown exceptional promise in the treatment of cancer, especially B-cell malignancies. Two distinct strategies have been used to redirect the activity of ex vivo engineered T cells. In one case, the well-known ability of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to recognize a specific peptide bound to a major histocompatibility complex molecule has been exploited by introducing a TCR against a cancer-associated peptide/human leukocyte antigen complex. In the other strategy, synthetic constructs called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that contain antibody variable domains (single-chain fragments variable) and signaling domains have been introduced into T cells. Whereas many reviews have described these two approaches, this review focuses on a few recent advances of significant interest. The early success of CARs has been followed by questions about optimal configurations of these synthetic constructs, especially for efficacy against solid tumors. Among the many features that are important, the dimensions and stoichiometries of CAR/antigen complexes at the synapse have recently begun to be appreciated. In TCR-mediated approaches, recent evidence that mutated peptides (neoantigens) serve as targets for endogenous T-cell responses suggests that these neoantigens may also provide new opportunities for adoptive T-cell therapies with TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - David M Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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199
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Phosphoproteomic Analyses of Interleukin 2 Signaling Reveal Integrated JAK Kinase-Dependent and -Independent Networks in CD8(+) T Cells. Immunity 2016; 45:685-700. [PMID: 27566939 PMCID: PMC5040828 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a fundamental cytokine that controls proliferation and differentiation of T cells. Here, we used high-resolution mass spectrometry to generate a comprehensive and detailed map of IL-2 protein phosphorylations in cytotoxic T cells (CTL). The data revealed that Janus kinases (JAKs) couple IL-2 receptors to the coordinated phosphorylation of transcription factors, regulators of chromatin, mRNA translation, GTPases, vesicle trafficking, and the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. We identified an IL-2-JAK-independent SRC family Tyr-kinase-controlled signaling network that regulates ∼10% of the CTL phosphoproteome, the production of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), and the activity of the serine/threonine kinase AKT. These data reveal a signaling framework wherein IL-2-JAK-controlled pathways coordinate with IL-2-independent networks of kinase activity and provide a resource toward the further understanding of the networks of protein phosphorylation that program CTL fate.
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200
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Dustin ML, Choudhuri K. Signaling and Polarized Communication Across the T Cell Immunological Synapse. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:303-325. [PMID: 27501450 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells express a somatically recombined antigen receptor (αβTCR) that is calibrated during development to respond to changes in peptides displayed by major histocompatibility complex proteins (pMHC) on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC). A key characteristic of pMHC for adaptive immunity is the ability to sample internal states of cells and tissues to sensitively detect changes associated with infection, cell derangement, or tissue injury. Physical T cell-APC contact sets up an axis for polarization of TCR, adhesion molecules, kinases, cytoskeletal elements, and organelles inherent in this mode of juxtacrine signaling. The discovery of further lateral organization of the TCR and adhesion molecules into radially symmetric compartments, the immunological synapse, revealed an intersecting plane of symmetry and potential for regulated symmetry breaking to control duration of T cell-APC interactions. In addition to organizing signaling machinery, the immunological synapse directs the polarized transport and secretion of cytokines and cytolytic agents across the synaptic cleft and is a site for the generation and exocytic release of bioactive microvesicles that can functionally affect recipient APC and other cells in the environment. This machinery is coopted by retroviruses, and human immune deficiency virus-1 may even use antigen-specific synapses for infection of healthy T cells. Here, we discuss recent advances in the molecular and cell biological mechanisms of immunological synapse assembly and signaling and its role in intercellular communication across the synaptic cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom;
| | - Kaushik Choudhuri
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5620;
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