151
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Park JY, Kwon J, Kim EY, Fink J, Kim HK, Park JH. CD24 + Cell Depletion Permits Effective Enrichment of Thymic iNKT Cells While Preserving Their Subset Composition. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e14. [PMID: 31089441 PMCID: PMC6494763 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a small subset of thymus-generated T cells that produce cytokines to control both innate and adaptive immunity. Because of their very low frequency in the thymus, in-depth characterization of iNKT cells can be facilitated by their enrichment from total thymocytes. Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) of glycolipid antigen-loaded CD1d-tetramer-binding cells is a commonly used method to enrich iNKT cells. Surprisingly, we found that this procedure also dramatically altered the subset composition of enriched iNKT cells. As such, NKT2 lineage cells that express large amounts of the transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger were markedly over-represented, while NKT1 lineage cells expressing the transcription factor T-bet were significantly reduced. To overcome this limitation, here, we tested magnetic-activated depletion of CD24+ immature thymocytes as an alternative method to enrich iNKT cells. We found that the overall recovery in iNKT cell numbers did not differ between these 2 methods. However, enrichment by CD24+ cell depletion preserved the subset composition of iNKT cells in the thymus, and thus permitted accurate and reproducible analysis of thymic iNKT cells in further detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Juntae Kwon
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily Y Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juliet Fink
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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152
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Paget C, Trottein F. Mechanisms of Bacterial Superinfection Post-influenza: A Role for Unconventional T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:336. [PMID: 30881357 PMCID: PMC6405625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread application of vaccination programs and antiviral drug treatments, influenza viruses are still among the most harmful human pathogens. Indeed, influenza results in significant seasonal and pandemic morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, severe bacterial infections can occur in the aftermath of influenza virus infection, and contribute substantially to the excess morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. Here, we review the main features of influenza viruses and current knowledge about the mechanical and immune mechanisms that underlie post-influenza secondary bacterial infections. We present the emerging literature describing the role of "innate-like" unconventional T cells in post-influenza bacterial superinfection. Unconventional T cell populations span the border between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and are prevalent in mucosal tissues (including the airways). They mainly comprise Natural Killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells. We provide an overview of the principal functions that these cells play in pulmonary barrier functions and immunity, highlighting their unique ability to sense environmental factors and promote protection against respiratory bacterial infections. We focus on two major opportunistic pathogens involved in superinfections, namely Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. We discuss mechanisms through which influenza viruses alter the antibacterial activity of unconventional T cells. Lastly, we discuss recent fundamental advances and possible therapeutic approaches in which unconventional T cells would be targeted to prevent post-influenza bacterial superinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Paget
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Tours, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - François Trottein
- U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France.,Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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153
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Zheng R, Li M, Liang Z, Wu FX, Pan Y, Wang J. SinNLRR: a robust subspace clustering method for cell type detection by non-negative and low-rank representation. Bioinformatics 2019; 35:3642-3650. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Motivation
The development of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides a new perspective to study biological problems at the single-cell level. One of the key issues in scRNA-seq analysis is to resolve the heterogeneity and diversity of cells, which is to cluster the cells into several groups. However, many existing clustering methods are designed to analyze bulk RNA-seq data, it is urgent to develop the new scRNA-seq clustering methods. Moreover, the high noise in scRNA-seq data also brings a lot of challenges to computational methods.
Results
In this study, we propose a novel scRNA-seq cell type detection method based on similarity learning, called SinNLRR. The method is motivated by the self-expression of the cells with the same group. Specifically, we impose the non-negative and low rank structure on the similarity matrix. We apply alternating direction method of multipliers to solve the optimization problem and propose an adaptive penalty selection method to avoid the sensitivity to the parameters. The learned similarity matrix could be incorporated with spectral clustering, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding for visualization and Laplace score for prioritizing gene markers. In contrast to other scRNA-seq clustering methods, our method achieves more robust and accurate results on different datasets.
Availability and implementation
Our MATLAB implementation of SinNLRR is available at, https://github.com/zrq0123/SinNLRR.
Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Zheng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenlan Liang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang-Xiang Wu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jianxin Wang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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154
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Burrello C, Pellegrino G, Giuffrè MR, Lovati G, Magagna I, Bertocchi A, Cribiù FM, Boggio F, Botti F, Trombetta E, Porretti L, Di Sabatino A, Vecchi M, Rescigno M, Caprioli F, Facciotti F. Mucosa-associated microbiota drives pathogenic functions in IBD-derived intestinal iNKT cells. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/1/e201800229. [PMID: 30760554 PMCID: PMC6374994 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis has been linked to the aberrant activation of the Gut-associated lymphoid tissues against components of the intestinal microbiota. Although the contribution of CD4+ T helper cells to inflammatory processes is being increasingly acknowledged, the functional engagement of human invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells is still poorly defined. Here, we evaluated the functional characteristics of intestinal iNKT cells during IBD pathogenesis and to exploit the role of mucosa-associated microbiota recognition in triggering iNKT cells' pro-inflammatory responses in vivo. Lamina propria iNKT cells, isolated from surgical specimens of active ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients and non-IBD donors, were phenotypically and functionally analyzed ex vivo, and stable cell lines and clones were generated for in vitro functional assays. iNKT cells expressing a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile were enriched in the lamina propria of IBD patients, and their exposure to the mucosa-associated microbiota drives pro-inflammatory activation, inducing direct pathogenic activities against the epithelial barrier integrity. These observations suggest that iNKT cell pro-inflammatory functions may contribute to the fuelling of intestinal inflammation in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Burrello
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Istitute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pellegrino
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Giuffrè
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Lovati
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Istitute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Magagna
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Istitute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Bertocchi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Istitute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvia Milena Cribiù
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Boggio
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Botti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,General and Emergency Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Trombetta
- Flow Cytometry Service, Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Porretti
- Flow Cytometry Service, Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Istitute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Facciotti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Istitute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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155
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Salou M, Legoux F, Gilet J, Darbois A, du Halgouet A, Alonso R, Richer W, Goubet AG, Daviaud C, Menger L, Procopio E, Premel V, Lantz O. A common transcriptomic program acquired in the thymus defines tissue residency of MAIT and NKT subsets. J Exp Med 2018; 216:133-151. [PMID: 30518599 PMCID: PMC6314520 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Salou et al. wondered what could differentiate MAIT and NKT cells, if not for TCR specificity. Once split according to RORγt and T-bet–expressing subsets, MAIT and NKT share almost identical transcriptional programs acquired in the thymus, which result in specific tissue residency patterns. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant T cells with unique specificity for microbial metabolites. MAIT conservation along evolution indicates important functions, but their low frequency in mice has hampered their detailed characterization. Here, we performed the first transcriptomic analysis of murine MAIT cells. MAIT1 (RORγtneg) and MAIT17 (RORγt+) subsets were markedly distinct from mainstream T cells, but quasi-identical to NKT1 and NKT17 subsets. The expression of similar programs was further supported by strong correlations of MAIT and NKT frequencies in various organs. In both mice and humans, MAIT subsets expressed gene signatures associated with tissue residency. Accordingly, parabiosis experiments demonstrated that MAIT and NKT cells are resident in the spleen, liver, and lungs, with LFA1/ICAM1 interactions controlling MAIT1 and NKT1 retention in spleen and liver. The transcriptional program associated with tissue residency was already expressed in thymus, as confirmed by adoptive transfer experiments. Altogether, shared thymic differentiation processes generate “preset” NKT and MAIT subsets with defined effector functions, associated with specific positioning into tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Salou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - François Legoux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jules Gilet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Darbois
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anastasia du Halgouet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ruby Alonso
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Wilfrid Richer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Goubet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Laurie Menger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Emanuele Procopio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Premel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France .,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapie Gustave-Roussy Institut Curie (CIC-BT1428) Institut Curie, Paris, France
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156
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Unappreciated diversity within the pool of CD1d-restricted T cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 84:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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157
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Shissler SC, Webb TJ. The ins and outs of type I iNKT cell development. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:116-130. [PMID: 30502719 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that bridge the gap between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Like innate immune cells, they have a mature, effector phenotype that allows them to rapidly respond to threats, compared to adaptive cells. NKT cells express T cell receptors (TCRs) like conventional T cells, but instead of responding to peptide antigen presented by MHC class I or II, NKT cell TCRs recognize glycolipid antigen in the context of CD1d. NKT cells are subdivided into classes based on their TCR and antigen reactivity. This review will focus on type I iNKT cells that express a semi invariant Vα14Jα18 TCR and respond to the canonical glycolipid antigen, α-galactosylceramide. The innate-like effector functions of these cells combined with their T cell identity make their developmental path quite unique. In addition to the extrinsic factors that affect iNKT cell development such as lipid:CD1d complexes, co-stimulation, and cytokines, this review will provide a comprehensive delineation of the cell intrinsic factors that impact iNKT cell development, differentiation, and effector functions - including TCR rearrangement, survival and metabolism signaling, transcription factor expression, and gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah C Shissler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St. HSF-1 Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Tonya J Webb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St. HSF-1 Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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158
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Unveiling the regulation of NKT17 cell differentiation and function. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:55-61. [PMID: 30496977 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) are distinct from conventional T cells. iNKT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) that can specifically recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d, an MHC class I-like antigen-presenting molecule. Currently, iNKT cells are distinguished in three functionally distinct subsets. Each subset is defined by lineage-specifying factors: T-bet shapes the fate of NKT1 subset that mainly secretes IFNγ, Gata3 specifies the NKT2 subset that produces robustly IL-4 whereas RORγt seals the differentiation of NKT17 subset that secretes IL-17. In the present review, the focus is placed on the regulation of NKT17 specification and their function.
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159
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Spidale NA, Sylvia K, Narayan K, Miu B, Frascoli M, Melichar HJ, Zhihao W, Kisielow J, Palin A, Serwold T, Love P, Kobayashi M, Yoshimoto M, Jain N, Kang J. Interleukin-17-Producing γδ T Cells Originate from SOX13 + Progenitors that Are Independent of γδTCR Signaling. Immunity 2018; 49:857-872.e5. [PMID: 30413363 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lineage-committed αβ and γδ T cells are thought to originate from common intrathymic multipotent progenitors following instructive T cell receptor (TCR) signals. A subset of lymph node and mucosal Vγ2+ γδ T cells is programmed intrathymically to produce IL-17 (Tγδ17 cells), however the role of the γδTCR in development of these cells remains controversial. Here we generated reporter mice for the Tγδ17 lineage-defining transcription factor SOX13 and identified fetal-origin, intrathymic Sox13+ progenitors. In organ culture developmental assays, Tγδ17 cells derived primarily from Sox13+ progenitors, and not from other known lymphoid progenitors. Single cell transcriptome assays of the progenitors found in TCR-deficient mice demonstrated that Tγδ17 lineage programming was independent of γδTCR. Instead, generation of the lineage committed progenitors and Tγδ17 cells was controlled by TCF1 and SOX13. Thus, T lymphocyte lineage fate can be prewired cell-intrinsically and is not necessarily specified by clonal antigen receptor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Spidale
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Katelyn Sylvia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Kavitha Narayan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Bing Miu
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Michela Frascoli
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Immuno-Oncology Research Axis, Centre de recherche de Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Wu Zhihao
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Genomics and Genetics, Nanyang Technological University, SBS-04n-23, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Inst. f. Molecular Health Sciences, Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Amy Palin
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Serwold
- Section on Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Paul Love
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michihiro Kobayashi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine - Stem Cell Research, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine - Stem Cell Research, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nitya Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Joonsoo Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA.
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160
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Cortesi F, Delfanti G, Casorati G, Dellabona P. The Pathophysiological Relevance of the iNKT Cell/Mononuclear Phagocyte Crosstalk in Tissues. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2375. [PMID: 30369933 PMCID: PMC6194905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are regarded as sentinels of tissue integrity by sensing local cell stress and damage. This occurs via recognition of CD1d-restricted lipid antigens, generated by stress-related metabolic changes, and stimulation by inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-18. Increasing evidence suggest that this occurs mainly upon NKT cell interaction with CD1d-expressing cells of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System, i.e., monocytes, macrophages and DCs, which patrol parenchymatous organs and mucosae to maintain tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. In this review, we discuss critical examples of this crosstalk, presenting the known underlying mechanisms and their effects on both cell types and the environment, and suggest that the interaction with CD1d-expressing mononuclear phagocytes in tissues is the fundamental job of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cortesi
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Delfanti
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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161
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells are central mediators of immune regulation and play an essential role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the steady state and under pathophysiological conditions. Disruption of CD8 Treg-dependent recognition of Qa-1-restricted self-antigens can result in dysregulated immune responses, tissue damage, autoimmune disease and cancer. Recent progress in studies on regulatory T cells of the CD8 lineage has provided new biological insight into this specialized regulatory T cell subpopulation. Identification of the Helios transcription factor as an essential control element for the differentiation and function of CD8 regulatory T cells has led to a better understanding of the unique genetic program of these cells. Recent analyses of T-cell receptor usage and antigen recognition by Qa-1-restricted CD8 Treg have provided additional insight into the unusual biological function of this regulatory CD8 lineage. Here we summarize recent advances in our understanding of CD8 regulatory T cells with emphasis on lineage commitment, differentiation and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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162
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Malhotra N, Qi Y, Spidale NA, Frascoli M, Miu B, Cho O, Sylvia K, Kang J. SOX4 controls invariant NKT cell differentiation by tuning TCR signaling. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2887-2900. [PMID: 30287480 PMCID: PMC6219734 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells expressing the invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) serve an essential function in clearance of certain pathogens and have been implicated in autoimmune and allergic diseases. Complex effector programs of these iNKT cells are wired in the thymus, and upon thymic egress, they can respond within hours of antigenic challenges, classifying iNKT cells as innate-like. It has been assumed that the successful rearrangement of the invariant iTCRα chain is the central event in the divergence of immature thymocytes to the NKT cell lineage, but molecular properties that render the iTCR signaling distinct to permit the T cell lineage diversification remain obscure. Here we show that the High Mobility Group (HMG) transcription factor (TF) SOX4 controls the production of iNKT cells by inducing MicroRNA-181 (Mir181) to enhance TCR signaling and Ca2+ fluxes in precursors. These results suggest the existence of tailored, permissive gene circuits in iNKT precursors for innate-like T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Malhotra
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Yilin Qi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Nicholas A Spidale
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Michela Frascoli
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Bing Miu
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Okhyun Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Katelyn Sylvia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Joonsoo Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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163
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LaMarche NM, Kohlgruber AC, Brenner MB. Innate T Cells Govern Adipose Tissue Biology. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:1827-1834. [PMID: 30224362 PMCID: PMC6201318 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past 25 y, the immune system has appeared as a key regulator of adipose tissue biology and metabolic homeostasis. In lean animals, adipose-resident leukocytes maintain an anti-inflammatory microenvironment that preserves the proper functioning of the tissue. In this review, we describe two populations of innate T cells enriched in adipose tissue, invariant NKT and γδ T cells, and how they serve overlapping and nonredundant roles in controlling adipose tissue functions. These cells interact with and expand anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells and M2 macrophages, thereby driving a metabolically beneficial tissue milieu. Surprisingly, we have found that adipose invariant NKT and γδ T cells also promote weight loss and heat production in a process called "nonshivering thermogenesis." The data surrounding these two cell types highlight their powerful ability to regulate not only other leukocytes, but also tissue-wide processes that affect an entire organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson M LaMarche
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Ayano C Kohlgruber
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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164
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Regulation of the terminal maturation of iNKT cells by mediator complex subunit 23. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3875. [PMID: 30250136 PMCID: PMC6155209 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are a specific subset of T cells that recognize glycolipid antigens and upon activation rapidly exert effector functions. This unique function is established during iNKT cell development; the detailed mechanisms of this process, however, remain to be elucidated. Here the authors show that deletion of the mediator subunit Med23 in CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes completely blocks iNKT cell development at stage 2. This dysregulation is accompanied by a bias in the expression of genes related to the regulation of transcription and metabolism, and functional impairment of the cells including the loss of NK cell characteristics, reduced ability to secrete cytokines and attenuated recruitment capacity upon activation. Moreover, Med23-deficient iNKT cells exhibit impaired anti-tumor activity. Our study identifies Med23 as an essential transcriptional regulator that controls iNKT cell differentiation and terminal maturation. Invariant Natural Killer T cells (iNKT) rapidly exert effector functions upon activation, but the mechanisms of their functional maturation remain to be determined. Here, Xu and colleagues show that the mediator subunit Med23 is a transcriptional regulator controlling iNKT cell terminal maturation.
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165
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Kimura MY, Igi A, Hayashizaki K, Mita Y, Shinzawa M, Kadakia T, Endo Y, Ogawa S, Yagi R, Motohashi S, Singer A, Nakayama T. CD69 prevents PLZF hi innate precursors from prematurely exiting the thymus and aborting NKT2 cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3749. [PMID: 30218105 PMCID: PMC6138739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While CD69 may regulate thymocyte egress by inhibiting S1P1 expression, CD69 expression is not thought to be required for normal thymocyte development. Here we show that CD69 is in fact specifically required for the differentiation of mature NKT2 cells, which do not themselves express CD69. Mechanistically, CD69 expression is required on CD24+ PLZFhi innate precursors for their retention in the thymus and completion of their differentiation into mature NKT2 cells. By contrast, CD69-deficient CD24+ PLZFhi innate precursors express S1P1 and prematurely exit the thymus, while S1P1 inhibitor treatment of CD69-deficient mice retains CD24+ PLZFhi innate precursors in the thymus and restores NKT2 cell differentiation. Thus, CD69 prevents S1P1 expression on CD24+ PLZFhi innate precursor cells from aborting NKT2 differentiation in the thymus. This study reveals the importance of CD69 to prolong the thymic residency time of developing immature precursors for proper differentiation of a T cell subset. CD69 competes with S1P1, a chemokine receptor mediating thymocyte egress, for surface expression on thymocytes, but whether CD69 is required for normal thymic development is unclear. Here the authors show that CD69 and S1P1 synergize to control type 2 natural killer (NKT2) cells differentiation by modulating the thymic egress of NKT2 precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Y Kimura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. .,Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Akemi Igi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koji Hayashizaki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yukiyoshi Mita
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Miho Shinzawa
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tejas Kadakia
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yukihiro Endo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Satomi Ogawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Motohashi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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166
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Marrero I, Maricic I, Feldstein AE, Loomba R, Schnabl B, Rivera-Nieves J, Eckmann L, Kumar V. Complex Network of NKT Cell Subsets Controls Immune Homeostasis in Liver and Gut. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2082. [PMID: 30254647 PMCID: PMC6141878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver-gut immune axis is enriched in several innate immune cells, including innate-like unconventional and adaptive T cells that are thought to be involved in the maintenance of tolerance to gut-derived antigens and, at the same time, enable effective immunity against microbes. Two subsets of lipid-reactive CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells, invariant NKT (iNKT) and type II NKT cells present in both mice and humans. NKT cells play an important role in regulation of inflammation in the liver and gut due to their innate-like properties of rapid secretion of a myriad of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their ability to influence other innate cells as well as adaptive T and B cells. Notably, a bi-directional interactive network between NKT cells and gut commensal microbiota plays a crucial role in this process. Here, we briefly review recent studies related to the cross-regulation of both NKT cell subsets and how their interactions with other immune cells and parenchymal cells, including hepatocytes and enterocytes, control inflammatory diseases in the liver, such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, as well as inflammation in the gut. Overwhelming experimental data suggest that while iNKT cells are pathogenic, type II NKT cells are protective in the liver. Since CD1d-dependent pathways are highly conserved from mice to humans, a detailed cellular and molecular understanding of these immune regulatory pathways will have major implications for the development of novel therapeutics against inflammatory diseases of liver and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idania Marrero
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Igor Maricic
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jesus Rivera-Nieves
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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167
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Tsagaratou A. TET mediated epigenetic regulation of iNKT cell lineage fate choice and function. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:564-573. [PMID: 30176520 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the last years, intensive research has shed light in the transcriptional networks that shape the invariant NKT (iNKT) cell lineage and guide the choices towards functionally distinct iNKT cell subsets (Constantinides and Bendelac, 2013; Engel and Kronenberg, 2014; Gapin, 2016; Kim et al., 2015). However, the epigenetic players that regulate gene expression and orchestrate the iNKT cell lineage choices remain poorly understood. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of epigenetic regulation of iNKT cell development and lineage choice. Particular emphasis is placed on DNA modifications and the Ten Eleven Translocation (TET) family of DNA demethylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ageliki Tsagaratou
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA.
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168
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Wang H, Hogquist KA. CCR7 defines a precursor for murine iNKT cells in thymus and periphery. eLife 2018; 7:e34793. [PMID: 30102153 PMCID: PMC6115192 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise steps of iNKT subset differentiation in the thymus and periphery have been controversial. We demonstrate here that the small proportion of thymic iNKT and mucosal associated invariant T cells that express CCR7 represent a multi-potent progenitor pool that gives rise to effector subsets within the thymus. Using intra-thymic labeling, we also showed that CCR7+ iNKT cells emigrate from the thymus in a Klf2 dependent manner, and undergo further maturation after reaching the periphery. Ccr7 deficiency impaired differentiation of iNKT effector subsets and localization to the medulla. Parabiosis and intra-thymic transfer showed that thymic NKT1 and NKT17 were resident-they were not derived from and did not contribute to the peripheral pool. Finally, each thymic iNKT effector subset produces distinct factors that influence T cell development. Our findings demonstrate how the thymus is both a source of iNKT progenitors and a unique site of tissue dependent effector cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguang Wang
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
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169
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Trottein F, Paget C. Natural Killer T Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Lung Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1750. [PMID: 30116242 PMCID: PMC6082944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been traditionally divided into two arms called innate and adaptive immunity. Typically, innate immunity refers to rapid defense mechanisms that set in motion within minutes to hours following an insult. Conversely, the adaptive immune response emerges after several days and relies on the innate immune response for its initiation and subsequent outcome. However, the recent discovery of immune cells displaying merged properties indicates that this distinction is not mutually exclusive. These populations that span the innate-adaptive border of immunity comprise, among others, CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells and MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T cells. These cells have the unique ability to swiftly activate in response to non-peptidic antigens through their T cell receptor and/or to activating cytokines in order to modulate many aspects of the immune response. Despite they recirculate all through the body via the bloodstream, these cells mainly establish residency at barrier sites including lungs. Here, we discuss the current knowledge into the biology of these cells during lung (viral and bacterial) infections including activation mechanisms and functions. We also discuss future strategies targeting these cell types to optimize immune responses against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, U1019 – UMR 8204 – CIIL – Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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170
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High-resolution transcriptional dissection of in vivo Atoh1-mediated hair cell conversion in mature cochleae identifies Isl1 as a co-reprogramming factor. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007552. [PMID: 30063705 PMCID: PMC6086484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo direct conversion of differentiated cells holds promise for regenerative medicine; however, improving the conversion efficiency and producing functional target cells remain challenging. Ectopic Atoh1 expression in non-sensory supporting cells (SCs) in mouse cochleae induces their partial conversion to hair cells (HCs) at low efficiency. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of whole mouse sensory epithelia harvested at multiple time points after conditional overexpression of Atoh1. Pseudotemporal ordering revealed that converted HCs (cHCs) are present along a conversion continuum that correlates with both endogenous and exogenous Atoh1 expression. Bulk sequencing of isolated cell populations and single-cell qPCR confirmed 51 transcription factors, including Isl1, are differentially expressed among cHCs, SCs and HCs. In transgenic mice, co-overexpression of Atoh1 and Isl1 enhanced the HC conversion efficiency. Together, our study shows how high-resolution transcriptional profiling of direct cell conversion can identify co-reprogramming factors required for efficient conversion. The ongoing ATOH1 gene therapy clinical trial offers promise for hearing restoration in humans. However, in animal models, Atoh1-mediated sensory regeneration is inefficient and incomplete. Here we performed high-resolution gene expression profiling of single cochlear cells at multiple time points in a mouse model whereby we discovered a continuous regeneration process that leads to the formation of immature sensory cells. We identified 51 key reprogramming transcription factors that may increase the efficiency and completion of the regeneration process and confirmed that Isl1 in transgenic mice promotes Atoh1-mediated sensory regeneration as a co-reprogramming factor. Our studies identify molecular mechanisms and novel co-reprogramming factors for sensory restoration in humans with irreversible hearing loss.
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171
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Tuttle KD, Krovi SH, Zhang J, Bedel R, Harmacek L, Peterson LK, Dragone LL, Lefferts A, Halluszczak C, Riemondy K, Hesselberth JR, Rao A, O'Connor BP, Marrack P, Scott-Browne J, Gapin L. TCR signal strength controls thymic differentiation of iNKT cell subsets. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2650. [PMID: 29985393 PMCID: PMC6037704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development in the thymus, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells commit to one of three major functionally different subsets, iNKT1, iNKT2, and iNKT17. Here, we show that T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal strength governs the development of iNKT cell subsets, with strong signaling promoting iNKT2 and iNKT17 development. Altering TCR diversity or signaling diminishes iNKT2 and iNKT17 cell subset development in a cell-intrinsic manner. Decreased TCR signaling affects the persistence of Egr2 expression and the upregulation of PLZF. By genome-wide comparison of chromatin accessibility, we identify a subset of iNKT2-specific regulatory elements containing NFAT and Egr binding motifs that is less accessible in iNKT2 cells that develop from reduced TCR signaling. These data suggest that variable TCR signaling modulates regulatory element activity at NFAT and Egr binding sites exerting a determinative influence on the dynamics of gene enhancer accessibility and the developmental fate of iNKT cells. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can be subsetted by their cytokine profiles, but how they develop in the thymus is unclear. Here the authors show, by analysing mice carrying mutant Zap70 genes, that T cell receptor signaling strength induces epigenetic changes of genes to modulate iNKT lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Tuttle
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - S Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Romain Bedel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.,Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, 1066, Switzerland
| | - Laura Harmacek
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, 80206, CO, USA
| | - Lisa K Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, 80206, CO, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, 84108, UT, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 30N 1900E, Salt Lake City, 84132, UT, USA
| | - Leonard L Dragone
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, 80206, CO, USA.,Merck Research Laboratories, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Lefferts
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Catherine Halluszczak
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Kent Riemondy
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anjana Rao
- La Jolla Institute, 9420 Athena Cir, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Brian P O'Connor
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, 80206, CO, USA
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - James Scott-Browne
- La Jolla Institute, 9420 Athena Cir, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
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172
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Altered thymic differentiation and modulation of arthritis by invariant NKT cells expressing mutant ZAP70. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2627. [PMID: 29980684 PMCID: PMC6035278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various subsets of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with different cytokine productions develop in the mouse thymus, but the factors driving their differentiation remain unclear. Here we show that hypomorphic alleles of Zap70 or chemical inhibition of Zap70 catalysis leads to an increase of IFN-γ-producing iNKT cells (NKT1 cells), suggesting that NKT1 cells may require a lower TCR signal threshold. Zap70 mutant mice develop IL-17-dependent arthritis. In a mouse experimental arthritis model, NKT17 cells are increased as the disease progresses, while NKT1 numbers negatively correlates with disease severity, with this protective effect of NKT1 linked to their IFN-γ expression. NKT1 cells are also present in the synovial fluid of arthritis patients. Our data therefore suggest that TCR signal strength during thymic differentiation may influence not only IFN-γ production, but also the protective function of iNKT cells in arthritis. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can be subsetted based on their cytokine productions. Here the authors show, using Zap70 mutant mice, that interferon-γ secreting (IFN-γ) iNKT cells may be induced by hampered T cell receptor signallings to help ameliorate interleukin-17-mediated joint inflammation.
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173
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Garner LC, Klenerman P, Provine NM. Insights Into Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Biology From Studies of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1478. [PMID: 30013556 PMCID: PMC6036249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that function at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. They express semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCRs) and recognize unconventional non-peptide ligands bound to the MHC Class I-like molecules MR1 and CD1d, respectively. MAIT cells and iNKT cells exhibit an effector-memory phenotype and are enriched within the liver and at mucosal sites. In humans, MAIT cell frequencies dwarf those of iNKT cells, while in laboratory mouse strains the opposite is true. Upon activation via TCR- or cytokine-dependent pathways, MAIT cells and iNKT cells rapidly produce cytokines and show direct cytotoxic activity. Consequently, they are essential for effective immunity, and alterations in their frequency and function are associated with numerous infectious, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. Due to their abundance in mice and the earlier development of reagents, iNKT cells have been more extensively studied than MAIT cells. This has led to the routine use of iNKT cells as a reference population for the study of MAIT cells, and such an approach has proven very fruitful. However, MAIT cells and iNKT cells show important phenotypic, functional, and developmental differences that are often overlooked. With the recent availability of new tools, most importantly MR1 tetramers, it is now possible to directly study MAIT cells to understand their biology. Therefore, it is timely to compare the phenotype, development, and function of MAIT cells and iNKT cells. In this review, we highlight key areas where MAIT cells show similarity or difference to iNKT cells. In addition, we discuss important avenues for future research within the MAIT cell field, especially where comparison to iNKT cells has proven less informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C. Garner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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174
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Wang H, Hogquist KA. How Lipid-Specific T Cells Become Effectors: The Differentiation of iNKT Subsets. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1450. [PMID: 29997620 PMCID: PMC6028555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to peptide-recognizing T cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor that specifically recognizes self- or foreign-lipids presented by CD1d molecules. There are three major functionally distinct effector states for iNKT cells. Owning to these innate-like effector states, iNKT cells have been implicated in early protective immunity against pathogens. Yet, growing evidence suggests that iNKT cells play a role in tissue homeostasis as well. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the underlying mechanisms that regulate the effector states of iNKT subsets, with a highlight on the roles of a variety of transcription factors and describe how each subset influences different facets of thymus homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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175
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Kunz DJ, Gomes T, James KR. Immune Cell Dynamics Unfolded by Single-Cell Technologies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1435. [PMID: 29997618 PMCID: PMC6028612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-cell revolution is paving the way towards the molecular characterisation of every cell type in the human body, revealing relationships between cell types and states at high resolution. Changes in cellular phenotypes are particularly prevalent in the immune system and can be observed in its continuous remodelling up to adulthood, response to disease and development of immunological memory. In this review, we delve into the world of cellular dynamics of the immune system. We discuss current single-cell experimental and computational approaches in this area, giving insights into plasticity and commitment of cell fates. Finally, we provide an outlook on upcoming technological developments and predict how these will improve our understanding of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Kunz
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Tomás Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Kylie R. James
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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176
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Krovi SH, Gapin L. Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Subsets-More Than Just Developmental Intermediates. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1393. [PMID: 29973936 PMCID: PMC6019445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a CD1d-restricted T cell population that can respond to lipid antigenic stimulation within minutes by secreting a wide variety of cytokines. This broad functional scope has placed iNKT cells at the frontlines of many kinds of immune responses. Although the diverse functional capacities of iNKT cells have long been acknowledged, only recently have distinct iNKT cell subsets, each with a marked functional predisposition, been appreciated. Furthermore, the subsets can frequently occupy distinct niches in different tissues and sometimes establish long-term tissue residency where they can impact homeostasis and respond quickly when they sense perturbations. In this review, we discuss the developmental origins of the iNKT cell subsets, their localization patterns, and detail what is known about how different subsets specifically influence their surroundings in conditions of steady and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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177
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. CD1-Restricted T Cells During Persistent Virus Infections: "Sympathy for the Devil". Front Immunol 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 29616036 PMCID: PMC5868415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the clinically most important viruses persist in the human host after acute infection. In this situation, the host immune system and the viral pathogen attempt to establish an equilibrium. At best, overt disease is avoided. This attempt may fail, however, resulting in eventual loss of viral control or inadequate immune regulation. Consequently, direct virus-induced tissue damage or immunopathology may occur. The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) family of non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules are known to present hydrophobic, primarily lipid antigens. There is ample evidence that both CD1-dependent and CD1-independent mechanisms activate CD1-restricted T cells during persistent virus infections. Sophisticated viral mechanisms subvert these immune responses and help the pathogens to avoid clearance from the host organism. CD1-restricted T cells are not only crucial for the antiviral host defense but may also contribute to tissue damage. This review highlights the two edged role of CD1-restricted T cells in persistent virus infections and summarizes the viral immune evasion mechanisms that target these fascinating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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178
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Van Kaer L, Wu L. Therapeutic Potential of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:519. [PMID: 29593743 PMCID: PMC5859017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance against self-antigens is regulated by a variety of cell types with immunoregulatory properties, such as CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In many experimental models of autoimmunity, iNKT cells promote self-tolerance and protect against autoimmunity. These findings are supported by studies with patients suffering from autoimmune diseases. Based on these studies, the therapeutic potential of iNKT cells in autoimmunity has been explored. Many of these studies have been performed with the potent iNKT cell agonist KRN7000 or its structural variants. These findings have generated promising results in several autoimmune diseases, although mechanisms by which iNKT cells modulate autoimmunity remain incompletely understood. Here, we will review these preclinical studies and discuss the prospects for translating their findings to patients suffering from autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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179
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Cameron G, Godfrey DI. Differential surface phenotype and context-dependent reactivity of functionally diverse NKT cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:759-771. [PMID: 29504657 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are a functionally diverse population that recognizes lipid-based antigens in association with the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Here, we define a technique to separate the functionally distinct thymic NKT1, NKT2 and NKT17 cell subsets by their surface expression of CD278 (ICOS) and the activation-associated glycoform of CD43, enabling the investigation of subset-specific effector-functions. We report that all three subsets express the transcription factor GATA-3 and the potential to produce IL-4 and IL-10 following activation. This questions the notion that NKT2 cells are the predominant source of IL-4 within the NKT cell pool, and suggests that IL-10-production may be more indicative of NKT cell plasticity than the existence of a distinct regulatory lineage or subset. We also show that many NKT17 cells are CD4+ and are biased toward Vβ8.3 TCR gene usage. Lastly, we demonstrate that the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can induce a NKT17 cell-biased response, even in the absence of exogenous antigen, and that combining LPS with α-GalCer resulted in enhanced IL-17A-production, and reduced levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. This study provides a novel means to examine the context-dependent reactivity of the functionally heterogeneous NKT cell population and provides important new insight into the functional biology of these subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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180
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Oleinika K, Rosser EC, Matei DE, Nistala K, Bosma A, Drozdov I, Mauri C. CD1d-dependent immune suppression mediated by regulatory B cells through modulations of iNKT cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:684. [PMID: 29449556 PMCID: PMC5814456 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) express high levels of CD1d that presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. The function of CD1d in Breg biology and iNKT cell activity during inflammation remains unclear. Here we show, using chimeric mice, cell depletion and adoptive cell transfer, that CD1d–lipid presentation by Bregs induces iNKT cells to secrete interferon (IFN)-γ to contribute, partially, to the downregulation of T helper (Th)1 and Th17-adaptive immune responses and ameliorate experimental arthritis. Mice lacking CD1d-expressing B cells develop exacerbated disease compared to wild-type mice, and fail to respond to treatment with the prototypical iNKT cell agonist α-galactosylceramide. The absence of lipid presentation by B cells alters iNKT cell activation with disruption of metabolism regulation and cytokine responses. Thus, we identify a mechanism by which Bregs restrain excessive inflammation via lipid presentation. Regulatory B cells (Breg) are known to suppress immune responses by secreting interleukin-10 (IL-10). Here the authors show that, alternatively, Bregs may also present lipid antigens on surface CD1d to induce IFN-γ production from invariant natural killer cells to ameliorate experimental arthritis via IL-10-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Oleinika
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK, UK
| | - E C Rosser
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK.,Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - D E Matei
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - K Nistala
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - A Bosma
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | | | - C Mauri
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK.
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181
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Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of innate-like T lymphocyte development. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:39-45. [PMID: 29452898 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are a heterogeneous innate T cell population that recognizes lipid antigens. Despite the monospecific nature of their T cell receptor, iNKT cells differentiate into stable sublineages during thymic development, before foreign antigen encounter. How iNKT cell subsets acquire and maintain their functional programs is a central question in innate lymphocyte biology. Global transcriptional and epigenetic profiling of iNKT subsets has provided insights into the internal wiring of these subsets that defines their identity. Comparison of the iNKT transcriptional programs with those of other adaptive and innate lymphocyte lineages revealed common core regulatory circuits that may dictate effector functions. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the molecular mechanisms involved in iNKT cell development.
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182
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Sáez de Guinoa J, Jimeno R, Gaya M, Kipling D, Garzón MJ, Dunn-Walters D, Ubeda C, Barral P. CD1d-mediated lipid presentation by CD11c + cells regulates intestinal homeostasis. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797537. [PMID: 29378774 PMCID: PMC5830915 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis relies on a continuous dialogue between the commensal bacteria and the immune system. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, which recognize CD1d‐restricted microbial lipids and self‐lipids, contribute to the regulation of mucosal immunity, yet the mechanisms underlying their functions remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that NKT cells respond to intestinal lipids and CD11c+ cells (including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages) are essential to mediate lipid presentation within the gut ultimately controlling intestinal NKT cell homeostasis and activation. Conversely, CD1d and NKT cells participate in the control of the intestinal bacteria composition and compartmentalization, in the regulation of the IgA repertoire and in the induction of regulatory T cells within the gut. These changes in intestinal homeostasis require CD1d expression on DC/macrophage populations as mice with conditional deletion of CD1d on CD11c+ cells exhibit dysbiosis and altered immune homeostasis. These results unveil the importance of CD11c+ cells in controlling lipid‐dependent immunity in the intestinal compartment and reveal an NKT cell–DC crosstalk as a key mechanism for the regulation of gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sáez de Guinoa
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Rebeca Jimeno
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Mauro Gaya
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Kipling
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - María José Garzón
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carles Ubeda
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.,Centers of Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Barral
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK .,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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183
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Patil VS, Madrigal A, Schmiedel BJ, Clarke J, O'Rourke P, de Silva AD, Harris E, Peters B, Seumois G, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Vijayanand P. Precursors of human CD4 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes identified by single-cell transcriptome analysis. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaan8664. [PMID: 29352091 PMCID: PMC5931334 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan8664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD4-CTLs) have been reported to play a protective role in several viral infections. However, little is known in humans about the biology of CD4-CTL generation, their functional properties, and heterogeneity, especially in relation to other well-described CD4+ memory T cell subsets. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing in more than 9000 cells to unravel CD4-CTL heterogeneity, transcriptional profile, and clonality in humans. Single-cell differential gene expression analysis revealed a spectrum of known transcripts, including several linked to cytotoxic and costimulatory function that are expressed at higher levels in the TEMRA (effector memory T cells expressing CD45RA) subset, which is highly enriched for CD4-CTLs, compared with CD4+ T cells in the central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) subsets. Simultaneous T cell antigen receptor (TCR) analysis in single cells and bulk subsets revealed that CD4-TEMRA cells show marked clonal expansion compared with TCM and TEM cells and that most of CD4-TEMRA were dengue virus (DENV)-specific in donors with previous DENV infection. The profile of CD4-TEMRA was highly heterogeneous across donors, with four distinct clusters identified by the single-cell analysis. We identified distinct clusters of CD4-CTL effector and precursor cells in the TEMRA subset; the precursor cells shared TCR clonotypes with CD4-CTL effectors and were distinguished by high expression of the interleukin-7 receptor. Our identification of a CD4-CTL precursor population may allow further investigation of how CD4-CTLs arise in humans and, thus, could provide insights into the mechanisms that may be used to generate durable and effective CD4-CTL immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena S Patil
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ariel Madrigal
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin J Schmiedel
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James Clarke
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick O'Rourke
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aruna D de Silva
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Genetech Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gregory Seumois
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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184
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Wang Y, Cardell SL. The Yin and Yang of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Tumor Immunity-Suppression of Tumor Immunity in the Intestine. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1945. [PMID: 29375569 PMCID: PMC5767593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are known as early responding, potent regulatory cells of immune responses. Besides their established role in the regulation of inflammation and autoimmune disease, numerous studies have shown that iNKT cells have important functions in tumor immunosurveillance and control of tumor metastasis. Tumor-infiltrating T helper 1 (TH1)/cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been associated with a positive prognosis. However, inflammation has a dual role in cancer and chronic inflammation is believed to be a driving force in many cancers as exemplified in patients with inflammatory bowel disease that have an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Indeed, NKT cells promote intestinal inflammation in human ulcerative colitis, and the associated animal model, indicating that NKT cells may favor tumor development in intestinal tissue. In contrast to other cancers, recent data from animal models suggest that iNKT cells promote tumor formation in the intestine by supporting an immunoregulatory tumor microenvironment and suppressing TH1 antitumor immunity. Here, we review the role of iNKT cells in suppression of tumor immunity in light of iNKT-cell regulation of intestinal inflammation. We also discuss suppression of immunity in other situations as well as factors that may influence whether iNKT cells have a protective or an immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting role in tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna L Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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185
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Bennstein SB. Unraveling Natural Killer T-Cells Development. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1950. [PMID: 29375573 PMCID: PMC5767218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T-cells are a subset of innate-like T-cells with the ability to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. There is great interest in harnessing these cells to improve tumor therapy; however, greater understanding of invariant NKT (iNKT) cell biology is needed. The first step is to learn more about NKT development within the thymus. Recent studies suggest lineage separation of murine iNKT cells into iNKT1, iNKT2, and iNKT17 cells instead of shared developmental stages. This review will focus on these new studies and will discuss the evidence for lineage separation in contrast to shared developmental stages. The author will also highlight the classifications of murine iNKT cells according to identified transcription factors and cytokine production, and will discuss transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations, and the role of mammalian target of rapamycin. Finally, the importance of these findings for human cancer therapy will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bianca Bennstein
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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186
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An Integrated and Semiautomated Microscaled Approach to Profile Cis-Regulatory Elements by Histone Modification ChIP-Seq for Large-Scale Epigenetic Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1799:303-326. [PMID: 29956160 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7896-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is the preferred approach to map histone modifications and identify cis-regulatory DNA elements throughout the genome. Multiple methods have been described to increase the efficiency of library preparation and to reduce hands-on time as well as costs. This review describes detailed steps to perform cell fixation, chromatin shearing, immunoprecipitation, and sequencing library preparation for a batch of 48-96 samples with small cell numbers. The protocol implements a semiautomated platform to reduce technical variability and improve signal-to-noise ratio as well as reduce hands-on time, thus allowing large-scale epigenetic studies of clinical samples with limited cell numbers.
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187
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A Sensitive and Integrated Approach to Profile Messenger RNA from Samples with Low Cell Numbers. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1799:275-302. [PMID: 29956159 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7896-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomic profiling by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) represents the preferred approach to measure genome-wide gene expression for understanding cellular function, tissue development, disease pathogenesis, as well as to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. For samples with small cell numbers, multiple methods have been described to increase the efficiency of library preparation and to reduce hands-on time and costs. This chapter reviews our approach, which combines flow cytometry and the most recent high-resolution techniques to perform RNA-Seq for samples with low cell numbers as well as for single-cell samples. Our approach reduces technical variability while increasing sensitivity and efficiency. Thus, it is well-suited for large-scale gene expression profiling studies with limited samples for basic and clinical studies.
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188
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Harnessing Invariant NKT Cells to Improve Influenza Vaccines: A Pig Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010068. [PMID: 29280974 PMCID: PMC5796018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an “innate-like” T cell lineage that recognize glycolipid rather than peptide antigens by their semi-invariant T cell receptors. Because iNKT cells can stimulate an extensive array of immune responses, there is considerable interest in targeting these cells to enhance human vaccines against a wide range of microbial pathogens. However, long overlooked is the potential to harness iNKT cell antigens as vaccine adjuvants for domestic animal species that express the iNKT cell–CD1d system. In this review, we discuss the prospect of targeting porcine iNKT cells as a strategy to enhance the efficiency of swine influenza vaccines. In addition, we compare the phenotype and tissue distribution of porcine iNKT cells. Finally, we discuss the challenges that must be overcome before iNKT cell agonists can be contemplated for veterinary use in livestock.
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189
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Kumar A, Suryadevara N, Hill TM, Bezbradica JS, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Natural Killer T Cells: An Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1858. [PMID: 29312339 PMCID: PMC5743650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like protein CD1d. Agonistic activation of NKT cells leads to rapid pro-inflammatory and immune modulatory cytokine and chemokine responses. This property of NKT cells, in conjunction with their interactions with antigen-presenting cells, controls downstream innate and adaptive immune responses against cancers and infectious diseases, as well as in several inflammatory disorders. NKT cell properties are acquired during development in the thymus and by interactions with the host microbial consortium in the gut, the nature of which can be influenced by NKT cells. This latter property, together with the role of the host microbiota in cancer therapy, necessitates a new perspective. Hence, this review provides an initial approach to understanding NKT cells from an ecological evolutionary developmental biology (eco-evo-devo) perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Naveenchandra Suryadevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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190
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Wood O, Clarke J, Woo J, Mirza AH, Woelk CH, Thomas GJ, Vijayanand P, King E, Ottensmeier CH. Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas Are Characterized by a Stable Immune Signature Within the Primary Tumor Over Time and Space. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:7641-7649. [PMID: 28951517 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Genetic and morphologic heterogeneity is well-documented in solid cancers. Immune cells are also variably distributed within the tumor; this heterogeneity is difficult to assess in small biopsies, and may confound our understanding of the determinants of successful immunotherapy. We examined the transcriptomic variability of the immunologic signature in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) within individual tumors using transcriptomic and IHC assessments.Experimental Design: Forty-four tumor biopsies from 16 HNSCC patients, taken at diagnosis and later at resection, were analyzed using RNA-sequencing. Variance filtering was used to identify the top 4,000 most variable genes. Principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and correlation analysis were performed. Gene expression of CD8A was correlated to IHC analysis.Results: Analysis of immunologic gene expression was highly consistent in replicates from the same cancer. Across the cohort, samples from the same patient were most similar to each other, both spatially (at diagnosis) and, notably, over time (diagnostic biopsy compared with resection); comparison of global gene expression by hierarchical clustering (P ≤ 0.0001) and correlation analysis [median intrapatient r = 0.82; median interpatient r = 0.63]. CD8A gene transcript counts were highly correlated with CD8 T-cell counts by IHC (r = 0.82).Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that in HNSCC the global tumor and adaptive immune signatures are stable between discrete parts of the same tumor and also at different timepoints. This suggests that immunologic heterogeneity may not be a key reason for failure of immunotherapy and underpins the use of transcriptomics for immunologic evaluation of novel agents in HNSCC patients. Clin Cancer Res; 23(24); 7641-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Wood
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - James Clarke
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeongmin Woo
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adal H Mirza
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Otolaryngology, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H Woelk
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J Thomas
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Emma King
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Otolaryngology, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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191
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Fonseka CY, Rao DA, Raychaudhuri S. Leveraging blood and tissue CD4+ T cell heterogeneity at the single cell level to identify mechanisms of disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 49:27-36. [PMID: 28888129 PMCID: PMC5705469 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have been long known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the specific cell populations and states that drive the disease have been challenging to identify with low dimensional single cell data and bulk assays. The advent of high dimensional single cell technologies-like single cell RNA-seq or mass cytometry-has offered promise to defining key populations, but brings new methodological and statistical challenges. Recent single cell profiling studies have revealed a broad diversity of cell types among CD4+ T cells, identifying novel populations that are expanded or altered in RA. Here, we will review recent findings on CD4+ T cell heterogeneity and RA that have come from single cell profiling studies and discuss the best practices for conducting these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamith Y Fonseka
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Technical Institute and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Technical Institute and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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192
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Ferstl R, Frei R, Barcik W, Schiavi E, Wanke K, Ziegler M, Rodriguez-Perez N, Groeger D, Konieczna P, Zeiter S, Nehrbass D, Lauener R, Akdis C, O'Mahony L. Histamine receptor 2 modifies iNKT cell activity within the inflamed lung. Allergy 2017; 72:1925-1935. [PMID: 28618071 DOI: 10.1111/all.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine is a key immunoregulatory mediator and can dampen proinflammatory responses via activation of histamine receptor 2 (H2 R). The aim of this study was to determine the role of H2 R in modulating lung inflammatory responses. METHODS H2 R was blocked using famotidine or activated using dimaprit in both the ovalbumin (OVA) and house dust mite extract (HDM) murine models of respiratory inflammation. H2 R-deficient animals and CD1d/H2 R-deficient animals were utilized to examine the CD1d presentation of lipid antigens (αGalCer or OCH) to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. RESULTS Famotidine treatment resulted in more severe airway disease in the OVA model, while dimaprit treatment significantly reduced disease severity. Both OVA and HDM-induced airway diseases were more severe in H2 R-deficient animals. Flow cytometric analysis of lung tissue from H2 R-deficient animals revealed increased numbers of CD1d+ dendritic cells and increased numbers of iNKT cells. In vitro, αGalCer-stimulated iNKT cells from H2 R-deficient mice secreted higher levels of IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF. In vivo, αGalCer or OCH administration to the lung resulted in enhanced mucus secretion, inflammatory cell recruitment, and cytokine production in H2 R-deficient or famotidine-treated animals, while dimaprit dampened the lung iNKT cell response to αGalCer. Removal of iNKT cells in H2 R-deficient (CD1d-/- H2 R-/- ) animals normalized the lung response to HDM. CONCLUSION The deliberate activation of H2 R, or its downstream signaling molecules, may represent a novel therapeutic target for chronic lung inflammatory diseases, especially when CD1d-mediated presentation of lipid antigens to iNKT cells is contributing to the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ferstl
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
| | - R. Frei
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); Davos Switzerland
| | - W. Barcik
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
| | - E. Schiavi
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
| | - K. Wanke
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); Davos Switzerland
| | - M. Ziegler
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
| | - N. Rodriguez-Perez
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
| | - D. Groeger
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Alimentary Health Pharma Davos; Davos Switzerland
| | - P. Konieczna
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
| | - S. Zeiter
- AO Research Institute Davos (ARI); Davos Switzerland
| | - D. Nehrbass
- AO Research Institute Davos (ARI); Davos Switzerland
| | - R. Lauener
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); Davos Switzerland
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland; St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - C.A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE); Davos Switzerland
| | - L. O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
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193
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Sag D, Özkan M, Kronenberg M, Wingender G. Improved Detection of Cytokines Produced by Invariant NKT Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16607. [PMID: 29192280 PMCID: PMC5709402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant Natural killer T (iNKT) cells rapidly produce copious amounts of multiple cytokines after in vivo activation, allowing for the direct detection of a number of cytokines directly ex vivo. However, for some cytokines this approach is suboptimal. Here, we report technical variations that allow the improved detection of IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-17A ex vivo. Furthermore, we describe an alternative approach for stimulation of iNKT cells in vitro that allows a significantly improved detection of cytokines produced by iNKT cells. Together, these protocols allow the detection of iNKT cell cytokines ex vivo and in vitro with increased sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Müge Özkan
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gerhard Wingender
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey. .,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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194
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Kwon DI, Lee YJ. Lineage Differentiation Program of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Immune Netw 2017; 17:365-377. [PMID: 29302250 PMCID: PMC5746607 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.6.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate T cells restricted by CD1d molecules. They are positively selected in the thymic cortex and migrate to the medullary area, in which they differentiate into 3 different lineages. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) modulates this process, and PLZFhigh, PLZFintermediate, and PLZFlow iNKT cells are designated as NKT2, NKT17, and NKT1 cells, respectively. Analogous to conventional helper CD4 T cells, each subset expresses distinct combinations of transcription factors and produces different cytokines. In lymphoid organs, iNKT subsets have unique localizations, which determine their cytokine responses upon antigenic challenge. The lineage differentiation programs of iNKT cells are differentially regulated in various mice strains in a cell-intrinsic manner, and BALB/c mice contain a high frequency of NKT2 cells. In the thymic medulla, steady state IL-4 from NKT2 cells directly conditions CD8 T cells to become memory-like cells expressing Eomesodermin, which function as premade memory effectors. The genetic signature of iNKT cells is more similar to that of γδ T cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) than of conventional helper T cells, suggesting that ILCs and innate T cells share common developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Il Kwon
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - You Jeong Lee
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
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195
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van Eijkeren RJ, Krabbe O, Boes M, Schipper HS, Kalkhoven E. Endogenous lipid antigens for invariant natural killer T cells hold the reins in adipose tissue homeostasis. Immunology 2017; 153:179-189. [PMID: 28898395 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic and its associated co-morbidities, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancers, have drawn attention to the pivotal role of adipocytes in health and disease. Besides their 'classical' function in energy storage and release, adipocytes interact with adipose-tissue-resident immune cells, among which are lipid-responsive invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. The iNKT cells are activated by lipid antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells as CD1d/lipid complexes. Upon activation, iNKT cells can rapidly secrete soluble mediators that either promote or oppose inflammation. In lean adipose tissue, iNKT cells elicit a predominantly anti-inflammatory immune response, whereas obesity is associated with declining iNKT cell numbers. Recent work showed that adipocytes act as non-professional antigen-presenting cells for lipid antigens. Here, we discuss endogenous lipid antigen processing and presentation by adipocytes, and speculate on how these lipid antigens, together with 'environmental factors' such as tissue/organ environment and co-stimulatory signals, are able to influence the fate of adipose-tissue-resident iNKT cells, and thereby the role of these cells in obesity and its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J van Eijkeren
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Krabbe
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk S Schipper
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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196
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Hen-Avivi S, Avraham R. Immune cell type 'fingerprints' at the basis of outcome diversity of human infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 42:31-39. [PMID: 29049916 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of antibiotics and immunization, infectious diseases remain a major cause of malignancy and death worldwide. Yet, it is well documented that for most infectious agents, clinical disease develops in only a small minority of infected individuals. There is, in fact, great heterogeneity in infection outcome, from complete clearance of the pathogen to severe illness. Understanding this variation remains elusive, despite its great potential to equip us with new tools for the treatment of infectious diseases. Here, we propose a novel perspective for studying this diversity in human infection outcome, one that utilizes single-cell analysis technologies. Recent advances in single-cell RNA-seq technologies allow the detection of rare subpopulations that play important roles in host-pathogen interactions. We propose that applying single-cell RNA-seq to the study of infection can provide a 'fingerprint' of the immune cell types that are associated with the ability of the host to clear a pathogen and, thereby, broaden our current understanding of variation in susceptibility to infection within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Hen-Avivi
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biological Regulation, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roi Avraham
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biological Regulation, Rehovot, Israel.
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197
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Legoux F, Salou M, Lantz O. Unconventional or Preset αβ T Cells: Evolutionarily Conserved Tissue-Resident T Cells Recognizing Nonpeptidic Ligands. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2017; 33:511-535. [PMID: 28661722 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A majority of T cells bearing the αβ T cell receptor (TCR) are specific for peptides bound to polymorphic classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Smaller subsets of T cells are reactive toward various nonpeptidic ligands associated with nonpolymorphic MHC class-Ib (MHC-Ib) molecules. These cells have been termed unconventional for decades, even though only the composite antigen is different from the one seen by classical T cells. Herein, we discuss the identity of these particular T cells in light of the coevolution of their TCR and MHC-Ib restricting elements. We examine their original thymic development: selection on hematopoietic cells leading to the acquisition of an original differentiation program. Most of these cells acquire memory cell features during thymic maturation and exhibit unique patterns of migration into peripheral nonlymphoid tissues to become tissue resident. Thus, these cells are termed preset T cells, as they also display a variety of effector functions. They may act as microbial or danger sentinels, fight microbes, or regulate tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Legoux
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , ,
| | - Marion Salou
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , ,
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , , .,Center of Clinical Investigations, CIC-1428 IGR/Curie, 75005 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'immunologie clinique, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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198
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Zappia L, Phipson B, Oshlack A. Splatter: simulation of single-cell RNA sequencing data. Genome Biol 2017; 18:174. [PMID: 28899397 PMCID: PMC5596896 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have rapidly developed, so have analysis methods. Many methods have been tested, developed, and validated using simulated datasets. Unfortunately, current simulations are often poorly documented, their similarity to real data is not demonstrated, or reproducible code is not available. Here, we present the Splatter Bioconductor package for simple, reproducible, and well-documented simulation of scRNA-seq data. Splatter provides an interface to multiple simulation methods including Splat, our own simulation, based on a gamma-Poisson distribution. Splat can simulate single populations of cells, populations with multiple cell types, or differentiation paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Zappia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Belinda Phipson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Alicia Oshlack
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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199
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Ganesan AP, Clarke J, Wood O, Garrido-Martin EM, Chee SJ, Mellows T, Samaniego-Castruita D, Singh D, Seumois G, Alzetani A, Woo E, Friedmann PS, King EV, Thomas GJ, Sanchez-Elsner T, Vijayanand P, Ottensmeier CH. Tissue-resident memory features are linked to the magnitude of cytotoxic T cell responses in human lung cancer. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:940-950. [PMID: 28628092 PMCID: PMC6036910 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that boost the anti-tumor responses of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have shown promise; however, clinical responses to the immunotherapeutic agents currently available vary considerably, and the molecular basis of this is unclear. We performed transcriptomic profiling of tumor-infiltrating CTLs from treatment-naive patients with lung cancer to define the molecular features associated with the robustness of anti-tumor immune responses. We observed considerable heterogeneity in the expression of molecules associated with activation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and of immunological-checkpoint molecules such as 4-1BB, PD-1 and TIM-3. Tumors with a high density of CTLs showed enrichment for transcripts linked to tissue-resident memory cells (TRM cells), such as CD103, and CTLs from CD103hi tumors displayed features of enhanced cytotoxicity. A greater density of TRM cells in tumors was predictive of a better survival outcome in lung cancer, and this effect was independent of that conferred by CTL density. Here we define the 'molecular fingerprint' of tumor-infiltrating CTLs and identify potentially new targets for immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2/genetics
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunotherapy
- Integrin alpha Chains/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha-Preethi Ganesan
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy &Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - James Clarke
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy &Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Oliver Wood
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Eva M Garrido-Martin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Serena J Chee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Toby Mellows
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Divya Singh
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy &Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Grégory Seumois
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy &Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aiman Alzetani
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Edwin Woo
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter S Friedmann
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Emma V King
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gareth J Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tilman Sanchez-Elsner
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy &Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Thapa P, Manso B, Chung JY, Romera Arocha S, Xue HH, Angelo DBS, Shapiro VS. The differentiation of ROR-γt expressing iNKT17 cells is orchestrated by Runx1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7018. [PMID: 28765611 PMCID: PMC5539328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
iNKT cells are a unique lineage of T cells that recognize glycolipid presented by CD1d. In the thymus, they differentiate into iNKT1, iNKT2 and iNKT17 effector subsets, characterized by preferential expression of Tbet, Gata3 and ROR-γt and production of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17, respectively. We demonstrate that the transcriptional regulator Runx1 is essential for the generation of ROR-γt expressing iNKT17 cells. PLZF-cre Runx1 cKO mice lack iNKT17 cells in the thymus, spleen and liver. Runx1-deficient iNKT cells have altered expression of several genes important for iNKT17 differentiation, including decreased expression of IL-7Rα, BATF and c-Maf and increased expression of Bcl11b and Lef1. However, reduction of Lef1 expression or introduction of an IL-7Rα transgene is not sufficient to correct the defect in iNKT17 differentiation, demonstrating that Runx1 is a key regulator of several genes required for iNKT17 differentiation. Loss of Runx1 leads to a severe decrease in iNKT cell numbers in the thymus, spleen and liver. The decrease in cell number is due to a combined decrease in proliferation at Stage 1 during thymic development and increased apoptosis. Thus, we describe a novel role of Runx1 in iNKT cell development and differentiation, particularly in orchestrating iNKT17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspa Thapa
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Bryce Manso
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ji Young Chung
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sinibaldo Romera Arocha
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Derek B Sant' Angelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and The Children's Health Institute of New Jersey, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Virginia Smith Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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