151
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Nonredundant roles of DIAPHs in primary ciliogenesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100680. [PMID: 33872598 PMCID: PMC8122175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are hubs for several signaling pathways, and disruption in cilia function and formation leads to a range of diseases collectively known as ciliopathies. Both ciliogenesis and cilia maintenance depend on vesicle trafficking along a network of microtubules and actin filaments toward the basal body. The DIAPH (Diaphanous-related) family of formins promote both actin polymerization and microtubule (MT) stability. Recently, we showed that the formin DIAPH1 is involved in ciliogenesis. However, the role of other DIAPH family members in ciliogenesis had not been investigated. Here we show that depletion of either DIAPH2 or DIAPH3 also disrupted ciliogenesis and cilia length. DIAPH3 depletion also reduced trafficking within cilia. To specifically examine the role of DIAPH3 at the base, we used fused full-length DIAPH3 to centrin, which targeted DIAPH3 to the basal body, causing increased trafficking to the ciliary base, an increase in cilia length, and formation of bulbs at the tips of cilia. Additionally, we confirmed that the microtubule-stabilizing properties of DIAPH3 are important for its cilia length functions and trafficking. These results indicate the importance of DIAPH proteins in regulating cilia maintenance. Moreover, defects in ciliogenesis caused by DIAPH depletion could only be rescued by expression of the specific family member depleted, indicating nonredundant roles for these proteins.
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152
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Acetylation/deacetylation and microtubule associated proteins influence flagellar axonemal stability and sperm motility. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226984. [PMID: 33200789 PMCID: PMC7711059 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PTMs and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are known to regulate microtubule dynamicity in somatic cells. Reported literature on modulation of α-tubulin acetyl transferase (αTAT1) and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in animal models and cell lines illustrate disparity in correlating tubulin acetylation status with stability of MT. Our earlier studies showed reduced acetyl tubulin in sperm of asthenozoospermic individuals. Our studies on rat sperm showed that on inhibition of HDAC6 activity, although tubulin acetylation increased, sperm motility was reduced. Studies were therefore undertaken to investigate the influence of tubulin acetylation/deacetylation on MT dynamicity in sperm flagella using rat and human sperm. Our data on rat sperm revealed that HDAC6 specific inhibitor Tubastatin A (T) inhibited sperm motility and neutralized the depolymerizing and motility debilitating effect of Nocodazole. The effect on polymerization was further confirmed in vitro using pure MT and recHDAC6. Also polymerized axoneme was less in sperm of asthenozoosperm compared to normozoosperm. Deacetylase activity was reduced in sperm lysates and axonemes exposed to T and N+T but not in axonemes of sperm treated similarly suggesting that HDAC6 is associated with sperm axonemes or MT. Deacetylase activity was less in asthenozoosperm. Intriguingly, the expression of MDP3 physiologically known to bind to HDAC6 and inhibit its deacetylase activity remained unchanged. However, expression of acetyl α-tubulin, HDAC6 and microtubule stabilizing protein SAXO1 was less in asthenozoosperm. These observations suggest that MAPs and threshold levels of MT acetylation/deacetylation are important for MT dynamicity in sperm and may play a role in regulating sperm motility.
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153
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Hamilton E, Cicuta P. Changes in geometrical aspects of a simple model of cilia synchronization control the dynamical state, a possible mechanism for switching of swimming gaits in microswimmers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249060. [PMID: 33831025 PMCID: PMC8031381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Active oscillators, with purely hydrodynamic coupling, are useful simple models to understand various aspects of motile cilia synchronization. Motile cilia are used by microorganisms to swim and to control the flow fields in their surroundings; the patterns observed in cilia carpets can be remarkably complex, and can be changed over time by the organism. It is often not known to what extent the coupling between cilia is due to just hydrodynamic forces, and neither is it known if it is biological or physical triggers that can change the dynamical collective state. Here we treat this question from a very simplified point of view. We describe three possible mechanisms that enable a switch in the dynamical state, in a simple scenario of a chain of oscillators. We find that shape-change provides the most consistent strategy to control collective dynamics, but also imposing small changes in frequency produces some unique stable states. Demonstrating these effects in the abstract minimal model proves that these could be possible explanations for gait switching seen in ciliated micro organisms like Paramecium and others. Microorganisms with many cilia could in principle be taking advantage of hydrodynamic coupling, to switch their swimming gait through either a shape change that manifests in decreased coupling between groups of cilia, or alterations to the beat style of a small subset of the cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Hamilton
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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154
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Zhu P, Qiu Q, Harris PC, Xu X, Lin X. mtor Haploinsufficiency Ameliorates Renal Cysts and Cilia Abnormality in Adult Zebrafish tmem67 Mutants. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:822-836. [PMID: 33574160 PMCID: PMC8017545 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020070991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although zebrafish embryos have been used to study ciliogenesis and model polycystic kidney disease (PKD), adult zebrafish remain unexplored. METHODS Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) technology was used to generate mutant for tmem67, the homolog of the mammalian causative gene for Meckel syndrome type 3 (MKS3). Classic 2D and optical-clearing 3D imaging of an isolated adult zebrafish kidney were used to examine cystic and ciliary phenotypes. A hypomorphic mtor strain or rapamycin was used to inhibit mTOR activity. RESULTS Adult tmem67 zebrafish developed progressive mesonephric cysts that share conserved features of mammalian cystogenesis, including a switch of cyst origin with age and an increase in proliferation of cyst-lining epithelial cells. The mutants had shorter and fewer distal single cilia and greater numbers of multiciliated cells (MCCs). Absence of a single cilium preceded cystogenesis, and expansion of MCCs occurred after pronephric cyst formation and was inversely correlated with the severity of renal cysts in young adult zebrafish, suggesting a primary defect and an adaptive action, respectively. Finally, the mutants exhibited hyperactive mTOR signaling. mTOR inhibition ameliorated renal cysts in both the embryonic and adult zebrafish models; however, it only rescued ciliary abnormalities in the adult mutants. CONCLUSIONS Adult zebrafish tmem67 mutants offer a new vertebrate model for renal cystic diseases, in which cilia morphology can be analyzed at a single-nephron resolution and mTOR inhibition proves to be a candidate therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Qi Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter C. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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155
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Pejskova P, Reilly ML, Bino L, Bernatik O, Dolanska L, Ganji RS, Zdrahal Z, Benmerah A, Cajanek L. KIF14 controls ciliogenesis via regulation of Aurora A and is important for Hedgehog signaling. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151721. [PMID: 32348467 PMCID: PMC7265313 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201904107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia play critical roles in development and disease. Their assembly and disassembly are tightly coupled to cell cycle progression. Here, we present data identifying KIF14 as a regulator of cilia formation and Hedgehog (HH) signaling. We show that RNAi depletion of KIF14 specifically leads to defects in ciliogenesis and basal body (BB) biogenesis, as its absence hampers the efficiency of primary cilium formation and the dynamics of primary cilium elongation, and disrupts the localization of the distal appendage proteins SCLT1 and FBF1 and components of the IFT-B complex. We identify deregulated Aurora A activity as a mechanism contributing to the primary cilium and BB formation defects seen after KIF14 depletion. In addition, we show that primary cilia in KIF14-depleted cells are defective in response to HH pathway activation, independently of the effects of Aurora A. In sum, our data point to KIF14 as a critical node connecting cell cycle machinery, effective ciliogenesis, and HH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pejskova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Madeline Louise Reilly
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Bino
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Bernatik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Dolanska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Zbynek Zdrahal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lukas Cajanek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
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156
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Signal transduction in primary cilia - analyzing and manipulating GPCR and second messenger signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107836. [PMID: 33744260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium projects from the surface of most vertebrate cells, where it senses extracellular signals to regulate diverse cellular processes during tissue development and homeostasis. Dysfunction of primary cilia underlies the pathogenesis of severe diseases, commonly referred to as ciliopathies. Primary cilia contain a unique protein repertoire that is distinct from the cell body and the plasma membrane, enabling the spatially controlled transduction of extracellular cues. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key in sensing environmental stimuli that are transmitted via second messenger signaling into a cellular response. Here, we will give an overview of the role of GPCR signaling in primary cilia, and how ciliary GPCR signaling can be targeted by pharmacology, chemogenetics, and optogenetics.
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157
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Lorès P, Kherraf ZE, Amiri-Yekta A, Whitfield M, Daneshipour A, Stouvenel L, Cazin C, Cavarocchi E, Coutton C, Llabador MA, Arnoult C, Thierry-Mieg N, Ferreux L, Patrat C, Hosseini SH, Mustapha SFB, Zouari R, Dulioust E, Ray PF, Touré A. A missense mutation in IFT74, encoding for an essential component for intraflagellar transport of Tubulin, causes asthenozoospermia and male infertility without clinical signs of Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Hum Genet 2021; 140:1031-1043. [PMID: 33689014 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are formed around an evolutionary conserved microtubule-based axoneme and are required for fluid and mucus clearance, tissue homeostasis, cell differentiation and movement. The formation and maintenance of cilia and flagella require bidirectional transit of proteins along the axonemal microtubules, a process called intraflagellar transport (IFT). In humans, IFT defects contribute to a large group of systemic diseases, called ciliopathies, which often display overlapping phenotypes. By performing exome sequencing of a cohort of 167 non-syndromic infertile men displaying multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagellum (MMAF) we identified two unrelated patients carrying a homozygous missense variant adjacent to a splice donor consensus site of IFT74 (c.256G > A;p.Gly86Ser). IFT74 encodes for a core component of the IFT machinery that is essential for the anterograde transport of tubulin. We demonstrate that this missense variant affects IFT74 mRNA splicing and induces the production of at least two distinct mutant proteins with abnormal subcellular localization along the sperm flagellum. Importantly, while IFT74 deficiency was previously implicated in two cases of Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a pleiotropic ciliopathy with variable expressivity, our data indicate that this missense mutation only results in primary male infertility due to MMAF, with no other clinical features. Taken together, our data indicate that the nature of the mutation adds a level of complexity to the clinical manifestations of ciliary dysfunction, thus contributing to the expanding phenotypical spectrum of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lorès
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Zine-Eddine Kherraf
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut pour l'avancée des Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CHU de Grenoble, UM GI-DPI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Amir Amiri-Yekta
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjorie Whitfield
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut pour l'avancée des Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Abbas Daneshipour
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laurence Stouvenel
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Cazin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut pour l'avancée des Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CHU de Grenoble, UM GI-DPI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emma Cavarocchi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut pour l'avancée des Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Charles Coutton
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut pour l'avancée des Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM de Génétique Chromosomique, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Astrid Llabador
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Nord Val de Seine, Assistante Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut pour l'avancée des Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Lucile Ferreux
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Histologie Embryologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, CECOS Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Centre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Patrat
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Histologie Embryologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, CECOS Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Centre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Seyedeh-Hanieh Hosseini
- Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Raoudha Zouari
- Polyclinique les Jasmins, Centre d'Aide Médicale à la Procréation, Centre Urbain Nord, 1003, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emmanuel Dulioust
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Histologie Embryologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, CECOS Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Centre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut pour l'avancée des Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CHU de Grenoble, UM GI-DPI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Aminata Touré
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut pour l'avancée des Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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158
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Xie C, Martens JR. Potential Therapeutic Targets for Olfactory Dysfunction in Ciliopathies Beyond Single-Gene Replacement. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6159785. [PMID: 33690843 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common disorder in the general population. There are multiple causes, one of which being ciliopathies, an emerging class of human hereditary genetic disorders characterized by multiple symptoms due to defects in ciliary biogenesis, maintenance, and/or function. Mutations/deletions in a wide spectrum of ciliary genes have been identified to cause ciliopathies. Currently, besides symptomatic therapy, there is no available therapeutic treatment option for olfactory dysfunction caused by ciliopathies. Multiple studies have demonstrated that targeted gene replacement can restore the morphology and function of olfactory cilia in olfactory sensory neurons and further re-establish the odor-guided behaviors in animals. Therefore, targeted gene replacement could be potentially used to treat olfactory dysfunction in ciliopathies. However, due to the potential limitations of single-gene therapy for polygenic mutation-induced diseases, alternative therapeutic targets for broader curative measures need to be developed for olfactory dysfunction, and also for other symptoms in ciliopathies. Here we review the current understanding of ciliogenesis and maintenance of olfactory cilia. Furthermore, we emphasize signaling mechanisms that may be involved in the regulation of olfactory ciliary length and highlight potential alternative therapeutic targets for the treatment of ciliopathy-induced dysfunction in the olfactory system and even in other ciliated organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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159
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Sánchez-Bellver L, Toulis V, Marfany G. On the Wrong Track: Alterations of Ciliary Transport in Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:623734. [PMID: 33748110 PMCID: PMC7973215 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.623734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of heterogeneous inherited disorders associated with dysfunction of the cilium, a ubiquitous microtubule-based organelle involved in a broad range of cellular functions. Most ciliopathies are syndromic, since several organs whose cells produce a cilium, such as the retina, cochlea or kidney, are affected by mutations in ciliary-related genes. In the retina, photoreceptor cells present a highly specialized neurosensory cilium, the outer segment, stacked with membranous disks where photoreception and phototransduction occurs. The daily renewal of the more distal disks is a unique characteristic of photoreceptor outer segments, resulting in an elevated protein demand. All components necessary for outer segment formation, maintenance and function have to be transported from the photoreceptor inner segment, where synthesis occurs, to the cilium. Therefore, efficient transport of selected proteins is critical for photoreceptor ciliogenesis and function, and any alteration in either cargo delivery to the cilium or intraciliary trafficking compromises photoreceptor survival and leads to retinal degeneration. To date, mutations in more than 100 ciliary genes have been associated with retinal dystrophies, accounting for almost 25% of these inherited rare diseases. Interestingly, not all mutations in ciliary genes that cause retinal degeneration are also involved in pleiotropic pathologies in other ciliated organs. Depending on the mutation, the same gene can cause syndromic or non-syndromic retinopathies, thus emphasizing the highly refined specialization of the photoreceptor neurosensory cilia, and raising the possibility of photoreceptor-specific molecular mechanisms underlying common ciliary functions such as ciliary transport. In this review, we will focus on ciliary transport in photoreceptor cells and discuss the molecular complexity underpinning retinal ciliopathies, with a special emphasis on ciliary genes that, when mutated, cause either syndromic or non-syndromic retinal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Bellver
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vasileios Toulis
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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160
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Yang WT, Hong SR, He K, Ling K, Shaiv K, Hu J, Lin YC. The Emerging Roles of Axonemal Glutamylation in Regulation of Cilia Architecture and Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622302. [PMID: 33748109 PMCID: PMC7970040 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia, which either generate coordinated motion or sense environmental cues and transmit corresponding signals to the cell body, are highly conserved hair-like structures that protrude from the cell surface among diverse species. Disruption of ciliary functions leads to numerous human disorders, collectively referred to as ciliopathies. Cilia are mechanically supported by axonemes, which are composed of microtubule doublets. It has been recognized for several decades that tubulins in axonemes undergo glutamylation, a post-translational polymodification, that conjugates glutamic acid chains onto the C-terminal tail of tubulins. However, the physiological roles of axonemal glutamylation were not uncovered until recently. This review will focus on how cells modulate glutamylation on ciliary axonemes and how axonemal glutamylation regulates cilia architecture and functions, as well as its physiological importance in human health. We will also discuss the conventional and emerging new strategies used to manipulate glutamylation in cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Rong Hong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
| | - Kai He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kritika Shaiv
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
| | - JingHua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Mayo Clinic Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu City, Taiwan
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161
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Chaya T, Furukawa T. Post-translational modification enzymes as key regulators of ciliary protein trafficking. J Biochem 2021; 169:633-642. [PMID: 33681987 PMCID: PMC8423421 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the surface of almost all cell types and decode a variety of extracellular stimuli. Ciliary dysfunction causes human diseases named ciliopathies, which span a wide range of symptoms, such as developmental and sensory abnormalities. The assembly, disassembly, maintenance and function of cilia rely on protein transport systems including intraflagellar transport (IFT) and lipidated protein intraflagellar targeting (LIFT). IFT is coordinated by three multisubunit protein complexes with molecular motors along the ciliary axoneme, while LIFT is mediated by specific chaperones that directly recognize lipid chains. Recently, it has become clear that several post-translational modification enzymes play crucial roles in the regulation of IFT and LIFT. Here, we review our current understanding of the roles of these post-translational modification enzymes in the regulation of ciliary protein trafficking as well as their regulatory mechanisms, physiological significance and involvement in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Chaya
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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162
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Yang H, Zhang F, Long H, Lin Y, Liao J, Xia H, Huang K. IFT20 Mediates the Transport of Cell Migration Regulators From the Trans-Golgi Network to the Plasma Membrane in Breast Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:632198. [PMID: 33748116 PMCID: PMC7968458 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.632198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IFT20 is a subunit of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system essential for the formation and function of cilia. Besides predominant research in the cilia field, some IFT subunits perform extraciliary roles in non-ciliated cancer cells. However, the specific roles of IFT subunits in tumorigenesis remain unknown. Here, we found that knockout of IFT20 in mouse breast cancer cells lacking primary cilia promoted epithelial mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), active lamellipodia formation, and cell migration. IFT20 localized at the trans-Golgi and trans-Golgi network (TGN), and displayed vesicular co-distributions with Rab8a, the marker of TGN-to-plasma membrane vesicular trafficking. Proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) and colocalization analyzes showed that Numb and Ctnnal1, whose depletion promoted cell migration, co-localized with IFT20 at the trans-Golgi/TGN or intracellular transport vesicles. Furthermore, Strep-Tactin pulldown assays revealed an interaction between IFT20 and Ctnnal1 or Numb. Loss of IFT20 lowered the expression of actin-associated Tagln2, whose knockdown promoted cell migration. Thus, the extraciliary function of ITF20 in breast cancer cell was associated with the negative regulation of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Long
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiwen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Liao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (Hubei-MOST & KLOBM), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibin Xia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (Hubei-MOST & KLOBM), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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163
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Aprea I, Raidt J, Höben IM, Loges NT, Nöthe-Menchen T, Pennekamp P, Olbrich H, Kaiser T, Biebach L, Tüttelmann F, Horvath J, Schubert M, Krallmann C, Kliesch S, Omran H. Defects in the cytoplasmic assembly of axonemal dynein arms cause morphological abnormalities and dysmotility in sperm cells leading to male infertility. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009306. [PMID: 33635866 PMCID: PMC7909641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonemal protein complexes, such as outer (ODA) and inner (IDA) dynein arms, are responsible for the generation and regulation of flagellar and ciliary beating. Studies in various ciliated model organisms have shown that axonemal dynein arms are first assembled in the cell cytoplasm and then delivered into axonemes during ciliogenesis. In humans, mutations in genes encoding for factors involved in this process cause structural and functional defects of motile cilia in various organs such as the airways and result in the hereditary disorder primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Despite extensive knowledge about the cytoplasmic assembly of axonemal dynein arms in respiratory cilia, this process is still poorly understood in sperm flagella. To better define its clinical relevance on sperm structure and function, and thus male fertility, further investigations are required. Here we report the fertility status in different axonemal dynein preassembly mutant males (DNAAF2/ KTU, DNAAF4/ DYX1C1, DNAAF6/ PIH1D3, DNAAF7/ZMYND10, CFAP300/C11orf70 and LRRC6). Besides andrological examinations, we functionally and structurally analyzed sperm flagella of affected individuals by high-speed video- and transmission electron microscopy as well as systematically compared the composition of dynein arms in sperm flagella and respiratory cilia by immunofluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, we analyzed the flagellar length in dynein preassembly mutant sperm. We found that the process of axonemal dynein preassembly is also critical in sperm, by identifying defects of ODAs and IDAs in dysmotile sperm of these individuals. Interestingly, these mutant sperm consistently show a complete loss of ODAs, while some respiratory cilia from the same individual can retain ODAs in the proximal ciliary compartment. This agrees with reports of solely one distinct ODA type in sperm, compared to two different ODA types in proximal and distal respiratory ciliary axonemes. Consistent with observations in model organisms, we also determined a significant reduction of sperm flagellar length in these individuals. These findings are relevant to subsequent studies on the function and composition of sperm flagella in PCD patients and non-syndromic infertile males. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the fertility status in PCD-affected males and should help guide genetic and andrological counselling for affected males and their families. Impaired male fertility is a major issue and affects several men worldwide. Patients may present with reduced number or complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate, as well as functional and/or morphological sperm defects compromising sperm motility. Despite several diagnostic efforts, the underlying causes of these defects often remain unknown („idiopathic“). The beating of sperm flagella as well as motile cilia, such as those of the respiratory tract, is driven by dynein-based motor protein complexes, namely outer and inner dynein arms. In motile cilia these protein complexes are known to be first assembled in the cytoplasm and then delivered into the cilium. In sperm, this process is still poorly understood. Here we analyze sperm cells of male individuals with mutations in distinct genes encoding factors involved in the preassembly of these motor protein complexes. Consistent with defects in their respiratory ciliated cells, these individuals also demonstrate defects in sperm flagella that cause male infertility due to immotile sperm, with a reduction of flagellar length. Our results strengthen the assumption that the preassembly process of outer and inner dynein arms is clinically relevant also in sperm and provide knowledge that should guide genetic and andrological counselling for a subgroup of men with idiopathic infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Aprea
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Johanna Raidt
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Inga Marlena Höben
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Niki Tomas Loges
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tabea Nöthe-Menchen
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heike Olbrich
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Kaiser
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Luisa Biebach
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Frank Tüttelmann
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Judit Horvath
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Maria Schubert
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudia Krallmann
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sabine Kliesch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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164
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Kaukonen M, Pettinen IT, Wickström K, Arumilli M, Donner J, Juhola IJ, Holopainen S, Turunen JA, Yoshihara M, Kere J, Lohi H. A missense variant in IFT122 associated with a canine model of retinitis pigmentosa. Hum Genet 2021; 140:1569-1579. [PMID: 33606121 PMCID: PMC8519925 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a blinding eye disease affecting nearly two million people worldwide. Dogs are affected with a similar illness termed progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). Lapponian herders (LHs) are affected with several types of inherited retinal dystrophies, and variants in PRCD and BEST1 genes have been associated with generalized PRA and canine multifocal retinopathy 3 (cmr3), respectively. However, all retinal dystrophy cases in LHs are not explained by these variants, indicating additional genetic causes of disease in the breed. We collected DNA samples from 10 PRA affected LHs, with known PRCD and BEST1 variants excluded, and 34 unaffected LHs. A genome-wide association study identified a locus on CFA20 (praw = 2.4 × 10-7, pBonf = 0.035), and subsequent whole-genome sequencing of an affected LH revealed a missense variant, c.3176G>A, in the intraflagellar transport 122 (IFT122) gene. The variant was also found in Finnish Lapphunds, in which its clinical relevancy needs to be studied further. The variant interrupts a highly conserved residue, p.(R1059H), in IFT122 and likely impairs its function. Variants in IFT122 have not been associated with retinal degeneration in mammals, but the loss of ift122 in zebrafish larvae impaired opsin transport and resulted in progressive photoreceptor degeneration. Our study establishes a new spontaneous dog model to study the role of IFT122 in RP biology, while the affected breed will benefit from a genetic test for a recessive condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kaukonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inka-Tuulevi Pettinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Meharji Arumilli
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonas Donner
- Genoscoper Laboratories Ltd (Wisdom Health), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida-Julia Juhola
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saila Holopainen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni A Turunen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Masahito Yoshihara
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program STEMM, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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165
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Mata M, Zurriaga J, Milian L, Reula A, Armengot M, Ruiz-Sauri A, Carda C. IFT46 Expression in the Nasal Mucosa of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Patients: Preliminary Study. ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY 2021; 12:2152656721989288. [PMID: 33628615 PMCID: PMC7883161 DOI: 10.1177/2152656721989288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is characterised by an imbalance in mucociliary clearance leading to chronic respiratory infections. Cilia length is considered to be a contributing factor in cilia movement. Recently, IFT46 protein has been related to cilia length. Therefore, this work aims to study IFT46 expression in a PCD patients cohort and analyse its relationship with cilia length and function, as it was not previously described. Materials and methods The expression of one intraflagellar transport (IFT46) and two regulating ciliary architecture (FOXJ1 and DNAI2) genes, as well as cilia length of 27 PCD patients, were measured. PCD patients were diagnosed based on clinical data, and cilia function and ultrastructure. Gene expression was estimated by real-time RT-PCR and cilia length by electron microscopy in nasal epithelium biopsies. Results and conclusions: While IFT46 expression was only diminished in patients with short cilia, FOXJ1, and DNAI2 expression were reduced in all PCD patient groups compared to controls levels. Among the PCD patients, cilia were short in 44% (5.9 ± 0.70 µm); nine of these (33% from the total) patients’ cilia also had an abnormal ultrastructure. Cilia length was normal in 33% of patients (6.4 ± 0.39 µm), and only three patients’ biopsies indicated decreased expression of dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mata
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Research Institute of the University Clinical Hospital of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERER), Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Javier Zurriaga
- Research Institute of the University Clinical Hospital of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lara Milian
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Research Institute of the University Clinical Hospital of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Reula
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Grupo de Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica IIS La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Armengot
- Networking Research Center on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERER), Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.,Grupo de Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica IIS La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,ENT Service, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Ruiz-Sauri
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Research Institute of the University Clinical Hospital of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Carda
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Research Institute of the University Clinical Hospital of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
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166
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Barnes CL, Malhotra H, Calvert PD. Compartmentalization of Photoreceptor Sensory Cilia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636737. [PMID: 33614665 PMCID: PMC7889997 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional compartmentalization of cells is a universal strategy for segregating processes that require specific components, undergo regulation by modulating concentrations of those components, or that would be detrimental to other processes. Primary cilia are hair-like organelles that project from the apical plasma membranes of epithelial cells where they serve as exclusive compartments for sensing physical and chemical signals in the environment. As such, molecules involved in signal transduction are enriched within cilia and regulating their ciliary concentrations allows adaptation to the environmental stimuli. The highly efficient organization of primary cilia has been co-opted by major sensory neurons, olfactory cells and the photoreceptor neurons that underlie vision. The mechanisms underlying compartmentalization of cilia are an area of intense current research. Recent findings have revealed similarities and differences in molecular mechanisms of ciliary protein enrichment and its regulation among primary cilia and sensory cilia. Here we discuss the physiological demands on photoreceptors that have driven their evolution into neurons that rely on a highly specialized cilium for signaling changes in light intensity. We explore what is known and what is not known about how that specialization appears to have driven unique mechanisms for photoreceptor protein and membrane compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter D. Calvert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Center for Vision Research, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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167
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Kulappu Arachchige SN, Young ND, Kanci Condello A, Omotainse OS, Noormohammadi AH, Wawegama NK, Browning GF. Transcriptomic Analysis of Long-Term Protective Immunity Induced by Vaccination With Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strain ts-304. Front Immunol 2021; 11:628804. [PMID: 33603758 PMCID: PMC7885271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.628804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines are commonly used to control Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in chickens. M. gallisepticum ts-304 is a novel live attenuated vaccine strain that has been shown to be safe and effective. In this study, the transcriptional profiles of genes in the tracheal mucosa in chickens challenged with the M. gallisepticum wild-type strain Ap3AS at 57 weeks after vaccination with ts-304 were explored and compared with the profiles of unvaccinated chickens that had been challenged with strain Ap3AS, unvaccinated and unchallenged chickens, and vaccinated but unchallenged chickens. At two weeks after challenge, pair-wise comparisons of transcription in vaccinated-only, vaccinated-and-challenged and unvaccinated and unchallenged birds detected no differences. However, the challenged-only birds had significant up-regulation in the transcription of genes and enrichment of gene ontologies, pathways and protein classes involved in infiltration and proliferation of inflammatory cells and immune responses mediated through enhanced cytokine and chemokine production and signaling, while those predicted to be involved in formation and motor movement of cilia and formation of the cellular cytoskeleton were significantly down-regulated. The transcriptional changes associated with the inflammatory response were less severe in these mature birds than in the relatively young birds examined in a previous study. The findings of this study demonstrated that vaccination with the attenuated M. gallisepticum strain ts-304 protects against the transcriptional changes associated with the inflammatory response and pathological changes in the tracheal mucosa caused by infection with M. gallisepticum in chickens for at least 57 weeks after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci Condello
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Oluwadamilola S Omotainse
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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168
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Kopinke D, Norris AM, Mukhopadhyay S. Developmental and regenerative paradigms of cilia regulated hedgehog signaling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:89-103. [PMID: 32540122 PMCID: PMC7736055 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are immotile appendages that have evolved to receive and interpret a variety of different extracellular cues. Cilia play crucial roles in intercellular communication during development and defects in cilia affect multiple tissues accounting for a heterogeneous group of human diseases called ciliopathies. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of these cues and displays a unique and symbiotic relationship with cilia. Not only does Hh signaling require cilia for its function but the majority of the Hh signaling machinery is physically located within the cilium-centrosome complex. More specifically, cilia are required for both repressing and activating Hh signaling by modifying bifunctional Gli transcription factors into repressors or activators. Defects in balancing, interpreting or establishing these repressor/activator gradients in Hh signaling either require cilia or phenocopy disruption of cilia. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge on how spatiotemporal control of the molecular machinery of the cilium allows for a tight control of basal repression and activation states of the Hh pathway. We will then discuss several paradigms on how cilia influence Hh pathway activity in tissue morphogenesis during development. Last, we will touch on how cilia and Hh signaling are being reactivated and repurposed during adult tissue regeneration. More specifically, we will focus on mesenchymal stem cells within the connective tissue and discuss the similarities and differences of how cilia and ciliary Hh signaling control the formation of fibrotic scar and adipose tissue during fatty fibrosis of several tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kopinke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Alessandra M Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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169
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Ishida Y, Kobayashi T, Chiba S, Katoh Y, Nakayama K. Molecular basis of ciliary defects caused by compound heterozygous IFT144/WDR19 mutations found in cranioectodermal dysplasia. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:213-225. [PMID: 33517396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia contain specific proteins to achieve their functions as cellular antennae. Ciliary protein trafficking is mediated by the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery containing the IFT-A and IFT-B complexes. Mutations in genes encoding the IFT-A subunits (IFT43, IFT121/WDR35, IFT122, IFT139/TTC21B, IFT140 and IFT144/WDR19) often result in skeletal ciliopathies, including cranioectodermal dysplasia (CED). We here characterized the molecular and cellular defects of CED caused by compound heterozygous mutations in IFT144 [the missense variant IFT144(L710S) and the nonsense variant IFT144(R1103*)]. These two variants were distinct with regard to their interactions with other IFT-A subunits and with the IFT-B complex. When exogenously expressed in IFT144-knockout (KO) cells, IFT144(L710S) as well as IFT144(WT) rescued both moderately compromised ciliogenesis and the abnormal localization of ciliary proteins. As the homozygous IFT144(L710S) mutation was found to cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa, IFT144(L710S) is likely to be hypomorphic at the cellular level. In striking contrast, the exogenous expression of IFT144(R1103*) in IFT144-KO cells exacerbated the ciliogenesis defects. The expression of IFT144(R1103*) together with IFT144(WT) restored the abnormal phenotypes of IFT144-KO cells. However, the coexpression of IFT144(R1103*) with the hypomorphic IFT144(L710S) variant in IFT144-KO cells, which mimics the genotype of compound heterozygous CED patients, resulted in severe ciliogenesis defects. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that compound heterozygous mutations in IFT144 cause severe ciliary defects via a complicated mechanism, where one allele can cause severe ciliary defects when combined with a hypomorphic allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Ishida
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuhei Chiba
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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170
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Zhang Z. Some thoughts about intraflagellar transport in reproduction. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:115-118. [PMID: 33507597 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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171
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Huang S, Dougherty LL, Avasthi P. Separable roles for RanGTP in nuclear and ciliary trafficking of a kinesin-2 subunit. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100117. [PMID: 33234597 PMCID: PMC7948393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin is part of the microtubule-binding motor protein superfamily, which serves important roles in cell division and intraorganellar transport. The heterotrimeric kinesin-2, consisting of the heterodimeric motor subunits, kinesin family member 3A/3B (KIF3A/3B), and kinesin-associated protein 3 (KAP3), is highly conserved across species from the unicellular eukaryote Chlamydomonas to humans. It plays diverse roles in cargo transport including anterograde (base to tip) trafficking in cilia. However, the molecular determinants mediating trafficking of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 itself are poorly understood. It has been previously suggested that ciliary transport is analogous to nuclear transport mechanisms. Using Chlamydomonas and human telomerase reverse transcriptase-retinal pigment epithelial cell line, we show that RanGTP, a small GTPase that dictates nuclear transport, regulates ciliary trafficking of KAP3, a key component for functional kinesin-2. We found that the armadillo-repeat region 6 to 9 (ARM6-9) of KAP3, required for its nuclear translocation, is also necessary and sufficient for its targeting to the ciliary base. Given that KAP3 is essential for cilium formation and there are the emerging roles for RanGTP/importin β in ciliary protein targeting, we further investigated the effect of RanGTP in cilium formation and maintenance. We found that precise control of RanGTP levels, revealed by different Ran mutants, is crucial for cilium formation and maintenance. Most importantly, we were able to provide orthogonal support in an algal model system that segregates RanGTP regulation of ciliary protein trafficking from its nuclear roles. Our work provides important support for the model that nuclear import mechanisms have been co-opted for independent roles in ciliary import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
| | - Larissa L Dougherty
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Prachee Avasthi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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172
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Kobayashi T, Ishida Y, Hirano T, Katoh Y, Nakayama K. Cooperation of the IFT-A complex with the IFT-B complex is required for ciliary retrograde protein trafficking and GPCR import. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:45-56. [PMID: 33175651 PMCID: PMC8098818 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-08-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia sense and transduce extracellular signals via specific receptors. The intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery mediates not only bidirectional protein trafficking within cilia but also the import/export of ciliary proteins across the ciliary gate. The IFT machinery is known to comprise two multisubunit complexes, namely, IFT-A and IFT-B; however, little is known about how the two complexes cooperate to mediate ciliary protein trafficking. We here show that IFT144-IFT122 from IFT-A and IFT88-IFT52 from IFT-B make major contributions to the interface between the two complexes. Exogenous expression of the IFT88(Δα) mutant, which has decreased binding to IFT-A, partially restores the ciliogenesis defect of IFT88-knockout (KO) cells. However, IFT88(Δα)-expressing IFT88-KO cells demonstrate a defect in IFT-A entry into cilia, aberrant accumulation of IFT-B proteins at the bulged ciliary tips, and impaired import of ciliary G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Furthermore, overaccumulated IFT proteins at the bulged tips appeared to be released as extracellular vesicles. These phenotypes of IFT88(Δα)-expressing IFT88-KO cells resembled those of IFT144-KO cells. These observations together indicate that the IFT-A complex cooperates with the IFT-B complex to mediate the ciliary entry of GPCRs as well as retrograde trafficking of the IFT machinery from the ciliary tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yamato Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hirano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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173
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Zhu X, Wang J, Li S, Lechtreck K, Pan J. IFT54 directly interacts with kinesin-II and IFT dynein to regulate anterograde intraflagellar transport. EMBO J 2020; 40:e105781. [PMID: 33368450 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery consists of the anterograde motor kinesin-II, the retrograde motor IFT dynein, and the IFT-A and -B complexes. However, the interaction among IFT motors and IFT complexes during IFT remains elusive. Here, we show that the IFT-B protein IFT54 interacts with both kinesin-II and IFT dynein and regulates anterograde IFT. Deletion of residues 342-356 of Chlamydomonas IFT54 resulted in diminished anterograde traffic of IFT and accumulation of IFT motors and complexes in the proximal region of cilia. IFT54 directly interacted with kinesin-II and this interaction was strengthened for the IFT54Δ342-356 mutant in vitro and in vivo. The deletion of residues 261-275 of IFT54 reduced ciliary entry and anterograde traffic of IFT dynein with accumulation of IFT complexes near the ciliary tip. IFT54 directly interacted with IFT dynein subunit D1bLIC, and deletion of residues 261-275 reduced this interaction. The interactions between IFT54 and the IFT motors were also observed in mammalian cells. Our data indicate a central role for IFT54 in binding the IFT motors during anterograde IFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jieling Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shufen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Karl Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Junmin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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174
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Xu N, Oltmanns A, Zhao L, Girot A, Karimi M, Hoepfner L, Kelterborn S, Scholz M, Beißel J, Hegemann P, Bäumchen O, Liu LN, Huang K, Hippler M. Altered N-glycan composition impacts flagella-mediated adhesion in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. eLife 2020; 9:58805. [PMID: 33300874 PMCID: PMC7759384 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the presence of N-glycosylated proteins on the surface of two flagella is crucial for both cell-cell interaction during mating and flagellar surface adhesion. However, it is not known whether only the presence or also the composition of N-glycans attached to respective proteins is important for these processes. To this end, we tested several C. reinhardtii insertional mutants and a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout mutant of xylosyltransferase 1A, all possessing altered N-glycan compositions. Taking advantage of atomic force microscopy and micropipette force measurements, our data revealed that reduction in N-glycan complexity impedes the adhesion force required for binding the flagella to surfaces. This results in impaired polystyrene bead binding and transport but not gliding of cells on solid surfaces. Notably, assembly, intraflagellar transport, and protein import into flagella are not affected by altered N-glycosylation. Thus, we conclude that proper N-glycosylation of flagellar proteins is crucial for adhering C. reinhardtii cells onto surfaces, indicating that N-glycans mediate surface adhesion via direct surface contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anne Oltmanns
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Longsheng Zhao
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Antoine Girot
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marzieh Karimi
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lara Hoepfner
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Beißel
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Bäumchen
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Göttingen, Germany.,Experimental Physics V, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
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175
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CCDC66 frameshift variant associated with a new form of early-onset progressive retinal atrophy in Portuguese Water Dogs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21162. [PMID: 33273526 PMCID: PMC7712861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant photoreceptor function or morphogenesis leads to blinding retinal degenerative diseases, the majority of which have a genetic aetiology. A variant in PRCD previously identified in Portuguese Water Dogs (PWDs) underlies prcd (progressive rod-cone degeneration), an autosomal recessive progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) with a late onset at 3–6 years of age or older. Herein, we have identified a new form of early-onset PRA (EOPRA) in the same breed. Pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal recessive inheritance. Four PWD full-siblings affected with EOPRA diagnosed at 2–3 years of age were genotyped (173,661 SNPs) along with 2 unaffected siblings, 2 unaffected parents, and 15 unrelated control PWDs. GWAS, linkage analysis and homozygosity mapping defined a 26-Mb candidate region in canine chromosome 20. Whole-genome sequencing in one affected dog and its obligatory carrier parents identified a 1 bp insertion (CFA20:g.33,717,704_33,717,705insT (CanFam3.1); c.2262_c.2263insA) in CCDC66 predicted to cause a frameshift and truncation (p.Val747SerfsTer8). Screening of an extended PWD population confirmed perfect co-segregation of this genetic variant with the disease. Western blot analysis of COS-1 cells transfected with recombinant mutant CCDC66 expression constructs showed the mutant transcript translated into a truncated protein. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest that the mutant CCDC66 is mislocalized to the nucleus relative to wild type CCDC66. CCDC66 variants have been associated with inherited retinal degenerations (RDs) including canine and murine ciliopathies. As genetic variants affecting the primary cilium can cause ciliopathies in which RD may be either the sole clinical manifestation or part of a syndrome, our findings further support a role for CCDC66 in retinal function and viability, potentially through its ciliary function.
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176
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Yang Y, Liu X, Li R, Zhang M, Wang H, Qu Y. Kinesin family member 3A inhibits the carcinogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer and prolongs survival. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:348. [PMID: 33123259 PMCID: PMC7586287 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family member 3A (KIF3A) plays a crucial role in the carcinogenesis of different types of human cancer. The present study aimed to identify the role of KIF3A in the carcinogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). KIF3A protein expression was determined in 163 patients with NSCLC using immunohistochemistry staining. The prognosis of patients with NSCLC was determined using Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses. The function of KIF3A on the carcinogenesis and metastasis of NSCLC was determined in vitro. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of KIF3A was constructed and the potential interacting molecules were identified using bioinformatic analysis. The protein expression levels of KIF3A were significantly lower in the NSCLC tissues compared with that in the adjacent tissues, and low KIF3A expression level was associated with unfavorable survival outcomes in patients with NSCLC. Furthermore, KIF3A knockdown increased proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and inhibited apoptosis of NSCLC cells. KIF3A was demonstrated to interact with intraflagellar transport 57 (IFT57) in the PPI network. In addition, validation analyses indicated that KIF3A mRNA expression levels were positively correlated with IFT57 mRNA expression levels in clinical NSCLC samples and NSCLC cell lines. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that KIF3A is a key tumor suppressor gene for carcinogenesis and metastasis of NSCLC, it may also function as a biomarker and interacts with IFT57 in the progression of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yie Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yiqing Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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177
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Gupta CM, Ambaru B, Bajaj R. Emerging Functions of Actins and Actin Binding Proteins in Trypanosomatids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587685. [PMID: 33163497 PMCID: PMC7581878 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is the major protein constituent of the cytoskeleton that performs wide range of cellular functions. It exists in monomeric and filamentous forms, dynamics of which is regulated by a large repertoire of actin binding proteins. However, not much was known about existence of these proteins in trypanosomatids, till the genome sequence data of three important organisms of this class, viz. Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major, became available. Here, we have reviewed most of the findings reported to date on the intracellular distribution, structure and functions of these proteins and based on them, we have hypothesized some of their functions. The major findings are as follows: (1) All the three organisms encode at least a set of ten actin binding proteins (profilin, twinfilin, ADF/cofilin, CAP/srv2, CAPz, coronin, two myosins, two formins) and one isoform of actin, except that T. cruzi encodes for three formins and several myosins along with four actins. (2) Actin 1 and a few actin binding proteins (ADF/cofilin, profilin, twinfilin, coronin and myosin13 in L. donovani; ADF/cofilin, profilin and myosin1 in T. brucei; profilin and myosin-F in T.cruzi) have been identified and characterized. (3) In all the three organisms, actin cytoskeleton has been shown to regulate endocytosis and intracellular trafficking. (4) Leishmania actin1 has been the most characterized protein among trypanosomatid actins. (5) This protein is localized to the cytoplasm as well as in the flagellum, nucleus and kinetoplast, and in vitro, it binds to DNA and displays scDNA relaxing and kDNA nicking activities. (6) The pure protein prefers to form bundles instead of thin filaments, and does not bind DNase1 or phalloidin. (7) Myosin13, myosin1 and myosin-F regulate endocytosis and intracellular trafficking, respectively, in Leishmania, T. brucei and T. cruzi. (8) Actin-dependent myosin13 motor is involved in dynamics and assembly of Leishmania flagellum. (9) Leishmania twinfilin localizes mostly to the nucleolus and coordinates karyokinesis by effecting splindle elongation and DNA synthesis. (10) Leishmania coronin binds and promotes actin filament formation and exists in tetrameric form rather than trimeric form, like other coronins. (11) Trypanosomatid profilins are essential for survival of all the three parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhitar M Gupta
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bindu Ambaru
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Rani Bajaj
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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178
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Jühlen R, Martinelli V, Vinci C, Breckpot J, Fahrenkrog B. Centrosome and ciliary abnormalities in fetal akinesia deformation sequence human fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19301. [PMID: 33168876 PMCID: PMC7652866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are clinical disorders of the primary cilium with widely recognised phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Here, we found impaired ciliogenesis in fibroblasts derived from individuals with fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS), a broad spectrum of neuromuscular disorders arising from compromised foetal movement. We show that cells derived from FADS individuals have shorter and less primary cilia (PC), in association with alterations in post-translational modifications in α-tubulin. Similarly, siRNA-mediated depletion of two known FADS proteins, the scaffold protein rapsyn and the nucleoporin NUP88, resulted in defective PC formation. Consistent with a role in ciliogenesis, rapsyn and NUP88 localised to centrosomes and PC. Furthermore, proximity-ligation assays confirm the respective vicinity of rapsyn and NUP88 to γ-tubulin. Proximity-ligation assays moreover show that rapsyn and NUP88 are adjacent to each other and that the rapsyn-NUP88 interface is perturbed in the examined FADS cells. We suggest that the perturbed rapsyn-NUP88 interface leads to defects in PC formation and that defective ciliogenesis contributes to the pleiotropic defects seen in FADS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Jühlen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Valérie Martinelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Chiara Vinci
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium. .,Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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179
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Webb S, Mukhopadhyay AG, Roberts AJ. Intraflagellar transport trains and motors: Insights from structure. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:82-90. [PMID: 32684327 PMCID: PMC7561706 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) sculpts the proteome of cilia and flagella; the antenna-like organelles found on the surface of virtually all human cell types. By delivering proteins to the growing ciliary tip, recycling turnover products, and selectively transporting signalling molecules, IFT has critical roles in cilia biogenesis, quality control, and signal transduction. IFT involves long polymeric arrays, termed IFT trains, which move to and from the ciliary tip under the power of the microtubule-based motor proteins kinesin-II and dynein-2. Recent top-down and bottom-up structural biology approaches are converging on the molecular architecture of the IFT train machinery. Here we review these studies, with a focus on how kinesin-II and dynein-2 assemble, attach to IFT trains, and undergo precise regulation to mediate bidirectional transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Webb
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aakash G Mukhopadhyay
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, United Kingdom.
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180
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Palander O, Trimble WS. DIAPH1 regulates ciliogenesis and trafficking in primary cilia. FASEB J 2020; 34:16516-16535. [PMID: 33124112 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001178r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are critical hubs for several signaling pathways, and defects in ciliogenesis or cilia maintenance produce a range of diseases collectively known as ciliopathies. Ciliogenesis requires vesicle trafficking along a network of microtubules and actin filaments to the basal body. The DIAPH1 (Diaphanous-related formin) family of formins promotes both actin polymerization and EB1-dependent microtubule (MT) stability. EB1 and EB3 have previously been implicated in cilia biogenesis to carry out centrosome-related functions. However, the role of DIAPH1 proteins had not been examined. Here we show that the depletion of DIAPH1 decreased ciliogenesis, cilia length, and reduced trafficking within cilia. Additionally, both actin nucleating and microtubule-stabilizing properties of DIAPH1 are important for their cilia functions. To assess their roles in ciliogenesis in isolation, we targeted DIAPH1 specifically to the basal body, which caused an increase in cilia length and increased trafficking within cilia. Intriguingly, expression of DIAPH1 mutants associated with human deafness and microcephaly impaired ciliation and caused cilia elongation and bulb formation. These results suggest that the actin and microtubule functions of DIAPH1 proteins regulate cilia maintenance in part by regulating vesicular trafficking to the base of the primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliva Palander
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William S Trimble
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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181
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Kobayashi Y, Hamamoto A, Saito Y. Analysis of ciliary status via G-protein-coupled receptors localized on primary cilia. Microscopy (Oxf) 2020; 69:277-285. [PMID: 32627821 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest and most diverse cell surface receptor family, with more than 800 known GPCRs identified in the human genome. Binding of an extracellular cue to a GPCR results in intracellular G protein activation, after which a sequence of events, can be amplified and optimized by selective binding partners and downstream effectors in spatially discrete cellular environments. Because GPCRs are widely expressed in the body, they help to regulate an incredible range of physiological processes from sensation to growth to hormone responses. Indeed, it is estimated that ∼ 30% of all clinically approved drugs act by binding to GPCRs. The primary cilium is a sensory organelle composed of a microtubule axoneme that extends from the basal body. The ciliary membrane is highly enriched in specific signaling components, allowing the primary cilium to efficiently convey signaling cascades in a highly ordered microenvironment. Recent data demonstrated that a limited number of non-olfactory GPCRs, including somatostatin receptor 3 and melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1), are selectively localized to cilia on several mammalian cell types including neuronal cells. Utilizing cilia-specific cell biological and molecular biological approaches, evidence has accumulated to support the biological importance of ciliary GPCR signaling followed by cilia structural changes. Thus, cilia are now considered a unique sensory platform for integration of GPCR signaling toward juxtaposed cytoplasmic structures. Herein, we review ciliary GPCRs and focus on a novel role of MCHR1 in ciliary length control that will impact ciliary signaling capacity and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akie Hamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 502-0857, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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182
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Li S, Wan KY, Chen W, Tao H, Liang X, Pan J. Functional exploration of heterotrimeric kinesin-II in IFT and ciliary length control in Chlamydomonas. eLife 2020; 9:58868. [PMID: 33112235 PMCID: PMC7652414 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodimeric motor organization of kinesin-II is essential for its function in anterograde IFT in ciliogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In addition, the anterograde IFT velocity varies significantly in different organisms, but how this velocity affects ciliary length is not clear. We show that in Chlamydomonas motors are only stable as heterodimers in vivo, which is likely the key factor for the requirement of a heterodimer for IFT. Second, chimeric CrKinesin-II with human kinesin-II motor domains functioned in vitro and in vivo, leading to a ~ 2.8 fold reduced anterograde IFT velocity and a similar fold reduction in IFT injection rate that supposedly correlates with ciliary assembly activity. However, the ciliary length was only mildly reduced (~15%). Modeling analysis suggests a nonlinear scaling relationship between IFT velocity and ciliary length that can be accounted for by limitation of the motors and/or its ciliary cargoes, e.g. tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Kirsty Y Wan
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junmin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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183
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McConnachie DJ, Stow JL, Mallett AJ. Ciliopathies and the Kidney: A Review. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 77:410-419. [PMID: 33039432 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized sensory organelles that protrude from the apical surface of most cell types. During the past 2 decades, they have been found to play important roles in tissue development and signal transduction, with mutations in ciliary-associated proteins resulting in a group of diseases collectively known as ciliopathies. Many of these mutations manifest as renal ciliopathies, characterized by kidney dysfunction resulting from aberrant cilia or ciliary functions. This group of overlapping and genetically heterogeneous diseases includes polycystic kidney disease, nephronophthisis, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome as the main focus of this review. Renal ciliopathies are characterized by the presence of kidney cysts that develop due to uncontrolled epithelial cell proliferation, growth, and polarity, downstream of dysregulated ciliary-dependent signaling. Due to cystic-associated kidney injury and systemic inflammation, cases result in kidney failure requiring dialysis and transplantation. Of the handful of pharmacologic treatments available, none are curative. It is important to determine the molecular mechanisms that underlie the involvement of the primary cilium in cyst initiation, expansion, and progression for the development of novel and efficacious treatments. This review updates research progress in defining key genes and molecules central to ciliogenesis and renal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique J McConnachie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation Disease and Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J Mallett
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation Disease and Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; KidGen Collaborative, Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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184
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Juarez BA, Garces VG, Cordero-Esquivel B, Spalding GC, O’Donnell KA. Detachment of Dunaliella tertiolecta Microalgae from a Glass Surface by a Near-Infrared Optical Trap. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5656. [PMID: 33023245 PMCID: PMC7582954 DOI: 10.3390/s20195656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on the observation of the detachment in situ and in vivo of Dunaliella tertiolecta microalgae cells from a glass surface using a 1064 nm wavelength trapping laser beam. The principal bends of both flagella of Dunaliella were seen self-adhered to either the top or bottom coverslip surfaces of a 50 μm thick chamber. When a selected attached Dunaliella was placed in the trapping site, it photoresponded to the laser beam by moving its body and flagellar tips, which eventually resulted in its detachment. The dependence of the time required for detachment on the trapping power was measured. No significant difference was found in the detachment time for cells detached from the top or bottom coverslip, indicating that the induced detachment was not due solely to the optical forces applied to the cells. After detachment, the cells remained within the optical trap. Dunaliella detached from the bottom were seen rotating about their long axis in a counterclockwise direction, while those detached from the top did not rotate. The rotation frequency and the minimal force required to escape from the trap were also measured. The average rotation frequency was found to be independent of the trapping power, and the swimming force of a cell escaping the laser trap ranged from 4 to 10 picoNewtons. Our observations provide insight into the photostimulus produced when a near-infrared trapping beam encounters a Dunaliella. The microalgae frequently absorb more light than they can actually use in photosynthesis, which could cause genetic and molecular changes. Our findings may open new research directions into the study of photomovement in species of Dunaliella and other swimming microorganisms that could eventually help to solve technological problems currently confronting biomass production. In future work, studies of the response to excess light may uncover unrecognized mechanisms of photoprotection and photoacclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A. Juarez
- División de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada C.P. 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (B.A.J.); (K.A.O.)
| | - Veneranda G. Garces
- lPacifica Photonics Consultants, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Km 99, No.1, Villa San Miguel, El Sauzal, Ensenada C.P. 22768, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Cordero-Esquivel
- División de Oceanologia, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada C.P. 22860, Baja California, Mexico;
| | - Gabriel C. Spalding
- Department of Physics, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL 61702-2900, USA;
| | - Kevin A. O’Donnell
- División de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada C.P. 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (B.A.J.); (K.A.O.)
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185
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Yamaguchi H, Terajima M, Kitami M, Wang J, He L, Saeki M, Yamauchi M, Komatsu Y. IFT20 is critical for collagen biosynthesis in craniofacial bone formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:739-744. [PMID: 32988591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for assembling primary cilia required for bone formation. Disruption of IFT frequently leads to bone defects in humans. While it has been well studied about the function of IFT in osteogenic cell proliferation and differentiation, little is known about its role in collagen biosynthesis during bone formation. Here we show that IFT20, the smallest IFT protein in the IFT-B complex, is important for collagen biosynthesis in mice. Deletion of Ift20 in craniofacial osteoblasts displayed bone defects in the face. While collagen protein levels are unaffected by loss of Ift20, collagen cross-linking was significantly altered. In both Ift20:Wnt1-Cre and Ift20:Ocn-Cre mice the bones exhibit increased hydroxylysine-aldehyde deived cross-linking, and decreased lysine-aldehyde derived cross-linking. To obtain insight into the molecular mechanisms, we examined the expression levels of telopeptidyl lysyl hydroxylase 2 (LH2), and associated chaperone complexes. The results demonstrated that, while LH2 levels were unaffected by loss of Ift20, its chaperone, FKBP65, was significantly increased in Ift20:Wnt1-Cre and Ift20:Ocn-Cre mouse calvaria as well as femurs. These results suggest that IFT20 plays a pivotal role in collagen biosynthesis by regulating, in part, telopeptidyl lysine hydroxylation and cross-linking in bone. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first to demonstrate that the IFT components control collagen post-translational modifications. This provides a novel insight into the craniofacial bone defects associated with craniofacial skeletal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Masahiko Terajima
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Megumi Kitami
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan; Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Makio Saeki
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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186
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Halder P, Khatun S, Majumder S. Freeing the brake: Proliferation needs primary cilium to disassemble. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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187
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Kazatskaya A, Yuan L, Amin-Wetzel N, Philbrook A, de Bono M, Sengupta P. The URX oxygen-sensing neurons in C. elegans are ciliated. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2020; 2020:10.17912/micropub.biology.000303. [PMID: 33005885 PMCID: PMC7520127 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Yuan
- Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454
| | - Niko Amin-Wetzel
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Mario de Bono
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
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188
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Li S, Alfaro AC, Nguyen TV, Young T, Lulijwa R. An integrated omics approach to investigate summer mortality of New Zealand Greenshell™ mussels. Metabolomics 2020; 16:100. [PMID: 32915338 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green-lipped mussels, commercially known as Greenshell™ mussels (Perna canaliculus Gmelin 1791), contribute > $300 million to New Zealand's aquaculture exports. However, mortalities during summer months and potential pathogenic outbreaks threaten the industry. Thermal stress mechanisms and immunological responses to pathogen infections need to be understood to develop health assessment strategies and early warning systems. METHODS P. canaliculus were collected during a mortality event at a commercial aquaculture farm in Firth of Thames, New Zealand. Gill tissues from six healthy and six unhealthy mussels were excised and processed for metabolomic (GC-MS) and label-free proteomic (LC-MS) profiling. Univariate analyses were conducted separately on each data layer, with data being integrated via sparse multiple discriminative canonical correlation analysis. Pathway enrichment analysis was used to probe coordinated changes in functionally related metabolite sets. RESULTS Findings revealed disruptions of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and fatty acid metabolism in unhealthy mussels. Metabolomics analyses also indicated oxidative stress in unhealthy mussels. Proteomics analyses identified under-expression of proteins associated with cytoskeleton structure and regulation of cilia/flagellum in gill tissues of unhealthy mussels. Integrated omics revealed a positive correlation between Annexin A4 and CCDC 150 and saturated fatty acids, as well as a negative correlation between 2-aminoadipic acid and multiple cytoskeletal proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the ability of using integrative omics to reveal metabolic perturbations and protein structural changes in the gill tissues of stressed P. canaliculus and provides new insight into metabolite and protein interactions associated with incidences of summer mortality in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Li
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Thao V Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ronald Lulijwa
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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189
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Fingerhut JM, Yamashita YM. mRNA localization mediates maturation of cytoplasmic cilia in Drosophila spermatogenesis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202003084. [PMID: 32706373 PMCID: PMC7480094 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic cilia, a specialized type of cilia in which the axoneme resides within the cytoplasm rather than within the ciliary compartment, are proposed to allow for the efficient assembly of very long cilia. Despite being found diversely in male gametes (e.g., Plasmodium falciparum microgametocytes and human and Drosophila melanogaster sperm), very little is known about cytoplasmic cilia assembly. Here, we show that a novel RNP granule containing the mRNAs for axonemal dynein motor proteins becomes highly polarized to the distal end of the cilia during cytoplasmic ciliogenesis in Drosophila sperm. This allows for the incorporation of these axonemal dyneins into the axoneme directly from the cytoplasm, possibly by localizing translation. We found that this RNP granule contains the proteins Reptin and Pontin, loss of which perturbs granule formation and prevents incorporation of the axonemal dyneins, leading to sterility. We propose that cytoplasmic cilia assembly requires the precise localization of mRNAs encoding key axonemal constituents, allowing these proteins to incorporate efficiently into the axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M. Fingerhut
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yukiko M. Yamashita
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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190
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Kim Y, Kim SH. WD40-Repeat Proteins in Ciliopathies and Congenital Disorders of Endocrine System. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:494-506. [PMID: 32894826 PMCID: PMC7520596 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
WD40-repeat (WDR)-containing proteins constitute an evolutionarily conserved large protein family with a broad range of biological functions. In human proteome, WDR makes up one of the most abundant protein-protein interaction domains. Members of the WDR protein family play important roles in nearly all major cellular signalling pathways. Mutations of WDR proteins have been associated with various human pathologies including neurological disorders, cancer, obesity, ciliopathies and endocrine disorders. This review provides an updated overview of the biological functions of WDR proteins and their mutations found in congenital disorders. We also highlight the significant role of WDR proteins in ciliopathies and endocrine disorders. The new insights may help develop therapeutic approaches targeting WDR motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjoo Kim
- Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Corresponding author: Soo-Hyun Kim Cell Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK Tel: +44-208-266-6198, E-mail:
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191
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Stoufflet J, Chaulet M, Doulazmi M, Fouquet C, Dubacq C, Métin C, Schneider-Maunoury S, Trembleau A, Vincent P, Caillé I. Primary cilium-dependent cAMP/PKA signaling at the centrosome regulates neuronal migration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eaba3992. [PMID: 32917588 PMCID: PMC7467704 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) is a small centrosome-assembled organelle, protruding from the surface of most eukaryotic cells. It plays a key role in cell migration, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we show that the PC regulates neuronal migration via cyclic adenosine 3'-5' monosphosphate (cAMP) production activating centrosomal protein kinase A (PKA). Biosensor live imaging revealed a periodic cAMP hotspot at the centrosome of embryonic, postnatal, and adult migrating neurons. Genetic ablation of the PC, or knockdown of ciliary adenylate cyclase 3, caused hotspot disappearance and migratory defects, with defective centrosome dynamics and altered nucleokinesis. Delocalization of PKA from the centrosome phenocopied the migratory defects. Our results show that the PC and centrosome form a single cAMP signaling unit dynamically regulating migration, further highlighting the centrosome as a signaling hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Stoufflet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8256, Institut Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Maxime Chaulet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8256, Institut Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Dubacq
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Métin
- Inserm UMR-S839, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm ERL U1156, Institut Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory (LBD), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alain Trembleau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Vincent
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8256, Institut Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Caillé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France.
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
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192
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The emerging role of tubulin posttranslational modifications in cilia and ciliopathies. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41048-020-00111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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193
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Guen VJ, Prigent C. Targeting Primary Ciliogenesis with Small-Molecule Inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1224-1228. [PMID: 32795416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is generally a non-motile solitary organelle that protrudes from a basal body at the cell surface in various cell types in multicellular organisms. This microtubule-based structure acts as a cell signaling platform to control key cellular processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation in development and in adult tissues. Elongated and/or dysfunctional primary cilia cause developmental disorders termed ciliopathies and cancers. The genetic inhibition of ciliogenesis inducers can block the progression of these diseases in model organisms. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of primary ciliogenesis has emerged as a potential strategy to treat these pathological conditions. Pharmacological inhibitors that affect cilium assembly, and have an impact on other cellular processes, have been identified. Here, we review some of these tools and discuss their value and limitations in the study of primary cilium biology, as well as for the treatment of some ciliopathies and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Guen
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)- UMR 6290, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Claude Prigent
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)- UMR 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
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194
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Hu J, Harris PC. Regulation of polycystin expression, maturation and trafficking. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109630. [PMID: 32275942 PMCID: PMC7269868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The major autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) genes, PKD1 and PKD2, are wildly expressed at the organ and tissue level. PKD1 encodes polycystin 1 (PC1), a large membrane associated receptor-like protein that can complex with the PKD2 product, PC2. Various cellular locations have been described for both PC1, including the plasma membrane and extracellular vesicles, and PC2, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but compelling evidence indicates that the primary cilium, a sensory organelle, is the key site for the polycystin complex to prevent PKD. As with other membrane proteins, the ER biogenesis pathway is key to appropriately folding, performing quality control, and exporting fully folded PC1 to the Golgi apparatus. There is a requirement for binding with PC2 and cleavage of PC1 at the GPS for this folding and export to occur. Six different monogenic defects in this pathway lead to cystic disease development, with PC1 apparently particularly sensitive to defects in this general protein processing pathway. Trafficking of membrane proteins, and the polycystins in particular, through the Golgi to the primary cilium have been analyzed in detail, but at this time, there is no clear consensus on a ciliary targeting sequence required to export proteins to the cilium. After transitioning though the trans-Golgi network, polycystin-bearing vesicles are likely sorted to early or recycling endosomes and then transported to the ciliary base, possibly via docking to transition fibers (TF). The membrane-bound polycystin complex then undergoes facilitated trafficking through the transition zone, the diffusion barrier at the base of the cilium, before entering the cilium. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) may be involved in moving the polycystins along the cilia, but data also indicates other mechanisms. The ciliary polycystin complex can be ubiquitinated and removed from cilia by internalization at the ciliary base and may be sent back to the plasma membrane for recycling or to lysosomes for degradation. Monogenic defects in processes regulating the protein composition of cilia are associated with syndromic disorders involving many organ systems, reflecting the pleotropic role of cilia during development and for tissue maintenance. Many of these ciliopathies have renal involvement, likely because of faulty polycystin signaling from cilia. Understanding the expression, maturation and trafficking of the polycystins helps understand PKD pathogenesis and suggests opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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195
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Oura S, Kazi S, Savolainen A, Nozawa K, Castañeda J, Yu Z, Miyata H, Matzuk RM, Hansen JN, Wachten D, Matzuk MM, Prunskaite-Hyyryläinen R. Cfap97d1 is important for flagellar axoneme maintenance and male mouse fertility. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008954. [PMID: 32785227 PMCID: PMC7444823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flagellum is essential for sperm motility and fertilization in vivo. The axoneme is the main component of the flagella, extending through its entire length. An axoneme is comprised of two central microtubules surrounded by nine doublets, the nexin-dynein regulatory complex, radial spokes, and dynein arms. Failure to properly assemble components of the axoneme in a sperm flagellum, leads to fertility alterations. To understand this process in detail, we have defined the function of an uncharacterized gene, Cfap97 domain containing 1 (Cfap97d1). This gene is evolutionarily conserved in mammals and multiple other species, including Chlamydomonas. We have used two independently generated Cfap97d1 knockout mouse models to study the gene function in vivo. Cfap97d1 is exclusively expressed in testes starting from post-natal day 20 and continuing throughout adulthood. Deletion of the Cfap97d1 gene in both mouse models leads to sperm motility defects (asthenozoospermia) and male subfertility. In vitro fertilization (IVF) of cumulus-intact oocytes with Cfap97d1 deficient sperm yielded few embryos whereas IVF with zona pellucida-free oocytes resulted in embryo numbers comparable to that of the control. Knockout spermatozoa showed abnormal motility characterized by frequent stalling in the anti-hook position. Uniquely, Cfap97d1 loss caused a phenotype associated with axonemal doublet heterogeneity linked with frequent loss of the fourth doublet in the sperm stored in the epididymis. This study demonstrates that Cfap97d1 is required for sperm flagellum ultra-structure maintenance, thereby playing a critical role in sperm function and male fertility in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Oura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Samina Kazi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Audrey Savolainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaori Nozawa
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julio Castañeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zhifeng Yu
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Haruhiko Miyata
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryan M. Matzuk
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jan N. Hansen
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin M. Matzuk
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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196
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Pollock LM, Perkins B, Anand-Apte B. Primary cilia are present on endothelial cells of the hyaloid vasculature but are not required for the development of the blood-retinal barrier. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225351. [PMID: 32735563 PMCID: PMC7394433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cilia are found in a variety of tissues including the cranial vasculature of zebrafish embryos. Recently, endothelial cells in the developing mouse retina were reported to also possess primary cilia that are potentially involved in vascular remodeling. Fish carrying mutations in intraflagellar transport (ift) genes have disrupted cilia and have been reported to have an increased rate of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), potentially due to disruption of the sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling pathway. However, it remains unknown whether the endothelial cells forming the retinal microvasculature in zebrafish also possess cilia, and whether endothelial cilia are necessary for development and maintenance of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). In the present study, we found that the endothelial cells lining the zebrafish hyaloid vasculature possess primary cilia during development. To determine whether endothelial cilia are necessary for BRB integrity, ift57, ift88, and ift172 mutants, which lack cilia, were crossed with the double-transgenic zebrafish strain Tg(l-fabp:DBP-EGFP;flk1:mCherry). This strain expresses a vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a tracer in the blood plasma, while the endothelial cells forming the vasculature are tagged by mCherry. The Ift mutant fish develop a functional BRB, indicating that endothelial cilia are not necessary for early BRB integrity. Additionally, although treatment of zebrafish larvae with Shh inhibitor cyclopamine results in BRB breakdown, the Ift mutant fish were not sensitized to cyclopamine-induced BRB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana M. Pollock
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Brian Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Bela Anand-Apte
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
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197
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Chen HY, Kelley RA, Li T, Swaroop A. Primary cilia biogenesis and associated retinal ciliopathies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:70-88. [PMID: 32747192 PMCID: PMC7855621 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a ubiquitous microtubule-based organelle that senses external environment and modulates diverse signaling pathways in different cell types and tissues. The cilium originates from the mother centriole through a complex set of cellular events requiring hundreds of distinct components. Aberrant ciliogenesis or ciliary transport leads to a broad spectrum of clinical entities with overlapping yet highly variable phenotypes, collectively called ciliopathies, which include sensory defects and syndromic disorders with multi-organ pathologies. For efficient light detection, photoreceptors in the retina elaborate a modified cilium known as the outer segment, which is packed with membranous discs enriched for components of the phototransduction machinery. Retinopathy phenotype involves dysfunction and/or degeneration of the light sensing photoreceptors and is highly penetrant in ciliopathies. This review will discuss primary cilia biogenesis and ciliopathies, with a focus on the retina, and the role of CP110-CEP290-CC2D2A network. We will also explore how recent technologies can advance our understanding of cilia biology and discuss new paradigms for developing potential therapies of retinal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Y Chen
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Ryan A Kelley
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tiansen Li
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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198
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Liu G, Wang L, Pan J. Chlamydomonas WDR92 in association with R2TP-like complex and multiple DNAAFs to regulate ciliary dynein preassembly. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:770-780. [PMID: 30428028 PMCID: PMC6821370 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The motility of cilia or eukaryotic flagella is powered by the axonemal dyneins, which are preassembled in the cytoplasm by proteins termed dynein arm assembly factors (DNAAFs) before being transported to and assembled on the ciliary axoneme. Here, we characterize the function of WDR92 in Chlamydomonas. Loss of WDR92, a cytoplasmic protein, in a mutant wdr92 generated by DNA insertional mutagenesis resulted in aflagellate cells or cells with stumpy or short flagella, disappearance of axonemal dynein arms, and diminishment of dynein arm heavy chains in the cytoplasm, suggesting that WDR92 is a DNAAF. Immunoprecipitation of WDR92 followed by mass spectrometry identified inner dynein arm heavy chains and multiple DNAAFs including RuvBL1, RPAP3, MOT48, ODA7, and DYX1C. The PIH1 domain-containing protein MOT48 formed a R2TP-like complex with RuvBL1/2 and RPAP3, while PF13, another PIH1 domain-containing protein with function in dynein preassembly, did not. Interestingly, the third PIH1 domain-containing protein TWI1 was not related to flagellar motility. WDR92 physically interacted with the R2TP-like complex and the other identified DNNAFs. Our data suggest that WDR92 functions in association with the HSP90 co-chaperone R2TP-like complex as well as linking other DNAAFs in dynein preassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Limei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junmin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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199
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Barsch F, Niedermair T, Mamilos A, Schmitt VH, Grevenstein D, Babel M, Burgoyne T, Shoemark A, Brochhausen C. Physiological and Pathophysiological Aspects of Primary Cilia-A Literature Review with View on Functional and Structural Relationships in Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144959. [PMID: 32674266 PMCID: PMC7404129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular organelles that project from the cell. They occur in nearly all non-hematopoietic tissues and have different functions in different tissues. In mesenchymal tissues primary cilia play a crucial role in the adequate morphogenesis during embryological development. In mature articular cartilage, primary cilia fulfil chemo- and mechanosensitive functions to adapt the cellular mechanisms on extracellular changes and thus, maintain tissue homeostasis and morphometry. Ciliary abnormalities in osteoarthritic cartilage could represent pathophysiological relationships between ciliary dysfunction and tissue deformation. Nevertheless, the molecular and pathophysiological relationships of ‘Primary Cilia’ (PC) in the context of osteoarthritis is not yet fully understood. The present review focuses on the current knowledge about PC and provide a short but not exhaustive overview of their role in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Barsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany and Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Tanja Niedermair
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Andreas Mamilos
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Volker H. Schmitt
- Cardiology I, Centre for Cardiology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
| | - David Grevenstein
- Department for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, 50923 Köln, Germany;
| | - Maximilian Babel
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Trust, SW3 6NP London and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Trust, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK;
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.N.); (A.M.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-944-6636
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200
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Struck MW, Pazour GJ, Lambright DG. X Caps the Phosphate for Phospho-Rab GTPase Recognition in Ciliogenesis and Parkinson's Disease. Structure 2020; 28:385-387. [PMID: 32268075 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Some Rab GTPases, after activation by GDP to GTP exchange, are phosphorylated by the LRRK2 kinase implicated in Parkinson's disease. In the current issue of Structure, Waschbüsch et al. (2020) investigate the structural basis for recognition of active phospho-Rab GTPases by the RH2 domain of the effector protein RILPL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Struck
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - David G Lambright
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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