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Naudí A, Cabré R, Jové M, Ayala V, Gonzalo H, Portero-Otín M, Ferrer I, Pamplona R. Lipidomics of human brain aging and Alzheimer's disease pathology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 122:133-89. [PMID: 26358893 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipids stimulated and favored the evolution of the brain. Adult human brain contains a large amount of lipids, and the largest diversity of lipid classes and lipid molecular species. Lipidomics is defined as "the full characterization of lipid molecular species and of their biological roles with respect to expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism and function, including gene regulation." Therefore, the study of brain lipidomics can help to unravel the diversity and to disclose the specificity of these lipid traits and its alterations in neural (neurons and glial) cells, groups of neural cells, brain, and fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, thus helping to uncover potential biomarkers of human brain aging and Alzheimer disease. This review will discuss the lipid composition of the adult human brain. We first consider a brief approach to lipid definition, classification, and tools for analysis from the new point of view that has emerged with lipidomics, and then turn to the lipid profiles in human brain and how lipids affect brain function. Finally, we focus on the current status of lipidomics findings in human brain aging and Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neurolipidomics will increase knowledge about physiological and pathological functions of brain cells and will place the concept of selective neuronal vulnerability in a lipid context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rosanna Cabré
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Victoria Ayala
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Hugo Gonzalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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Cui Y, Paillé V, Xu H, Genet S, Delord B, Fino E, Berry H, Venance L. Endocannabinoids mediate bidirectional striatal spike-timing-dependent plasticity. J Physiol 2015; 593:2833-49. [PMID: 25873197 DOI: 10.1113/jp270324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Although learning can arise from few or even a single trial, synaptic plasticity is commonly assessed under prolonged activation. Here, we explored the existence of rapid responsiveness of synaptic plasticity at corticostriatal synapses in a major synaptic learning rule, spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). We found that spike-timing-dependent depression (tLTD) progressively disappears when the number of paired stimulations (below 50 pairings) is decreased whereas spike-timing-dependent potentiation (tLTP) displays a biphasic profile: tLTP is observed for 75-100 pairings, is absent for 25-50 pairings and re-emerges for 5-10 pairings. This tLTP induced by low numbers of pairings (5-10) depends on activation of the endocannabinoid system, type-1 cannabinoid receptor and the transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1. Endocannabinoid-tLTP may represent a physiological mechanism operating during the rapid learning of new associative memories and behavioural rules characterizing the flexible behaviour of mammals or during the initial stages of habit learning. ABSTRACT Synaptic plasticity, a main substrate for learning and memory, is commonly assessed with prolonged stimulations. Since learning can arise from few or even a single trial, synaptic strength is expected to adapt rapidly. However, whether synaptic plasticity occurs in response to limited event occurrences remains elusive. To answer this question, we investigated whether a low number of paired stimulations can induce plasticity in a major synaptic learning rule, spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). It is known that 100 pairings induce bidirectional STDP, i.e. spike-timing-dependent potentiation (tLTP) and depression (tLTD) at most central synapses. In rodent striatum, we found that tLTD progressively disappears when the number of paired stimulations is decreased (below 50 pairings) whereas tLTP displays a biphasic profile: tLTP is observed for 75-100 pairings, absent for 25-50 pairings and re-emerges for 5-10 pairings. This tLTP, induced by very few pairings (∼5-10) depends on the endocannabinoid (eCB) system. This eCB-dependent tLTP (eCB-tLTP) involves postsynaptic endocannabinoid synthesis, requires paired activity (post- and presynaptic) and the activation of type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) and transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1). eCB-tLTP occurs in both striatopallidal and striatonigral medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) and is dopamine dependent. Lastly, we show that eCB-LTP and eCB-LTD can be induced sequentially in the same neuron, depending on the cellular conditioning protocol. Thus, while endocannabinoids are usually thought simply to depress synaptic function, they also constitute a versatile system underlying bidirectional plasticity. Our results reveal a novel form of synaptic plasticity, eCB-tLTP, which may underlie rapid learning capabilities characterizing behavioural flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Cui
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Labex Memolife, Paris, France.,University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED 158, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Paillé
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Labex Memolife, Paris, France.,University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED 158, Paris, France
| | - Hao Xu
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Labex Memolife, Paris, France.,University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED 158, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Genet
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED 158, Paris, France.,Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics (ISIR), Paris, France
| | - Bruno Delord
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED 158, Paris, France.,Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics (ISIR), Paris, France
| | - Elodie Fino
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Labex Memolife, Paris, France.,University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED 158, Paris, France
| | - Hugues Berry
- INRIA, Villeurbanne, France.,University of Lyon, LIRIS UMR5205, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Venance
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR7241, Labex Memolife, Paris, France.,University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED 158, Paris, France
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153
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Fonteh AN, Ormseth C, Chiang J, Cipolla M, Arakaki X, Harrington MG. Sphingolipid metabolism correlates with cerebrospinal fluid Beta amyloid levels in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125597. [PMID: 25938590 PMCID: PMC4418746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are important in many brain functions but their role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not completely defined. A major limit is availability of fresh brain tissue with defined AD pathology. The discovery that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains abundant nanoparticles that include synaptic vesicles and large dense core vesicles offer an accessible sample to study these organelles, while the supernatant fluid allows study of brain interstitial metabolism. Our objective was to characterize sphingolipids in nanoparticles representative of membrane vesicle metabolism, and in supernatant fluid representative of interstitial metabolism from study participants with varying levels of cognitive dysfunction. We recently described the recruitment, diagnosis, and CSF collection from cognitively normal or impaired study participants. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we report that cognitively normal participants had measureable levels of sphingomyelin, ceramide, and dihydroceramide species, but that their distribution differed between nanoparticles and supernatant fluid, and further differed in those with cognitive impairment. In CSF from AD compared with cognitively normal participants: a) total sphingomyelin levels were lower in nanoparticles and supernatant fluid; b) levels of ceramide species were lower in nanoparticles and higher in supernatant fluid; c) three sphingomyelin species were reduced in the nanoparticle fraction. Moreover, three sphingomyelin species in the nanoparticle fraction were lower in mild cognitive impairment compared with cognitively normal participants. The activity of acid, but not neutral sphingomyelinase was significantly reduced in the CSF from AD participants. The reduction in acid sphingomylinase in CSF from AD participants was independent of depression and psychotropic medications. Acid sphingomyelinase activity positively correlated with amyloid β42 concentration in CSF from cognitively normal but not impaired participants. In dementia, altered sphingolipid metabolism, decreased acid sphingomyelinase activity and its lost association with CSF amyloid β42 concentration, underscores the potential of sphingolipids as disease biomarkers, and acid sphingomyelinase as a target for AD diagnosis and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred N. Fonteh
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cora Ormseth
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Jiarong Chiang
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Matthew Cipolla
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Michael G. Harrington
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
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Soltesz I, Alger BE, Kano M, Lee SH, Lovinger DM, Ohno-Shosaku T, Watanabe M. Weeding out bad waves: towards selective cannabinoid circuit control in epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:264-77. [PMID: 25891509 PMCID: PMC10631555 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are lipid-derived messengers, and both their synthesis and breakdown are under tight spatiotemporal regulation. As retrograde signalling molecules, endocannabinoids are synthesized postsynaptically but activate presynaptic cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) receptors to inhibit neurotransmitter release. In turn, CB1-expressing inhibitory and excitatory synapses act as strategically placed control points for activity-dependent regulation of dynamically changing normal and pathological oscillatory network activity. Here, we highlight emerging principles of cannabinoid circuit control and plasticity, and discuss their relevance for epilepsy and related comorbidities. New insights into cannabinoid signalling may facilitate the translation of the recent interest in cannabis-related substances as antiseizure medications to evidence-based treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Bradley E Alger
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Takako Ohno-Shosaku
- Department of Impairment Study, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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155
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Papadopoulos C, Orso G, Mancuso G, Herholz M, Gumeni S, Tadepalle N, Jüngst C, Tzschichholz A, Schauss A, Höning S, Trifunovic A, Daga A, Rugarli EI. Spastin binds to lipid droplets and affects lipid metabolism. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005149. [PMID: 25875445 PMCID: PMC4395272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SPAST, encoding spastin, are the most common cause of autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). HSP is characterized by weakness and spasticity of the lower limbs, owing to progressive retrograde degeneration of the long corticospinal axons. Spastin is a conserved microtubule (MT)-severing protein, involved in processes requiring rearrangement of the cytoskeleton in concert to membrane remodeling, such as neurite branching, axonal growth, midbody abscission, and endosome tubulation. Two isoforms of spastin are synthesized from alternative initiation codons (M1 and M87). We now show that spastin-M1 can sort from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to pre- and mature lipid droplets (LDs). A hydrophobic motif comprised of amino acids 57 through 86 of spastin was sufficient to direct a reporter protein to LDs, while mutation of arginine 65 to glycine abolished LD targeting. Increased levels of spastin-M1 expression reduced the number but increased the size of LDs. Expression of a mutant unable to bind and sever MTs caused clustering of LDs. Consistent with these findings, ubiquitous overexpression of Dspastin in Drosophila led to bigger and less numerous LDs in the fat bodies and increased triacylglycerol levels. In contrast, Dspastin overexpression increased LD number when expressed specifically in skeletal muscles or nerves. Downregulation of Dspastin and expression of a dominant-negative variant decreased LD number in Drosophila nerves, skeletal muscle and fat bodies, and reduced triacylglycerol levels in the larvae. Moreover, we found reduced amount of fat stores in intestinal cells of worms in which the spas-1 homologue was either depleted by RNA interference or deleted. Taken together, our data uncovers an evolutionarily conserved role of spastin as a positive regulator of LD metabolism and open up the possibility that dysfunction of LDs in axons may contribute to the pathogenesis of HSP. Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a genetically heterogeneous neurological disease characterized by weakness and spasticity of the lower limbs, caused by progressive retrograde degeneration of the corticospinal axons, the longest in the central nervous system. The most commonly mutated gene in autosomal dominant forms of HSP, SPAST, encodes for spastin, a microtubule-severing protein. Spastin has been implicated in several processes involving remodeling of membrane structures. We now show that the longest spastin form, spastin-M1, harbors a lipid droplet targeting sequence, which allows targeting of the protein to the surface of lipid droplets, the organelles where cells store neutral lipids. Furthermore, we demonstrate that depletion of the homologous spastin proteins in both flies and worms affects lipid droplet number and triacylglycerol content. Our study adds to recent discoveries that implicate other HSP proteins in lipid droplet and lipid metabolism, and strongly suggests that lipid droplet dysfunction in neurons should be investigated to understand pathogenesis of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrisovalantis Papadopoulos
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Genny Orso
- "E. MEDEA" Scientific Institute, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mancuso
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Marija Herholz
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Nimesha Tadepalle
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Jüngst
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Tzschichholz
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Astrid Schauss
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Höning
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Daga
- "E. MEDEA" Scientific Institute, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Elena I. Rugarli
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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157
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Reductions of docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidylcholine levels in the anterior horn of an ALS mouse model. Neuroscience 2015; 297:127-36. [PMID: 25841322 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal alterations of phospholipid composition in the spinal cord of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse model (G93A-mutated human superoxide dismutase 1 transgenic mice [SOD1(G93A) mice]) using imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), a powerful method to visualize spatial distributions of various types of molecules in situ. Using this technique, we deciphered the phospholipid distribution in the pre-symptomatic stage, early stage after disease onset, and terminal stages of disease in female SOD1(G93A) mouse spinal cords. These experiments revealed a significant decrease in levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing phosphatidylcholines (PCs), such as PC (diacyl-16:0/22:6), PC (diacyl-18:0/22:6), and PC (diacyl-18:1/22:6) in the L5 anterior horns of terminal stage (22-week-old) SOD1(G93A) mice. The reduction in PC (diacyl-16:0/22:6) level could be reflecting the loss of motor neurons themselves in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in ALS model mice. In contrast, other PCs, such as PC (diacyl-16:0/16:0), were observed specifically in the L5 dorsal horn gray matter, and their levels did not vary between ALS model mice and controls. Thus, our study showed a significant decrease in DHA-containing PCs, but not other PCs, in the terminal stage of ALS in model mice, which is likely to be a reflection of neuronal loss in the anterior horns of the spinal cords. Given its enrichment in dorsal sensory regions, the preservation of PC (diacyl-16:0/16:0) may be the result of spinal sensory neurons being unaffected in ALS. Taken together, these findings suggest that ALS spinal cords show significant alterations in PC metabolism only at the terminal stage of the disease, and that these changes are confined to specific anatomical regions and cell types.
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158
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Abstract
Fat is a vital macronutrient, and its intake is closely monitored by an array of molecular sensors distributed throughout the alimentary canal. In the mouth, dietary fat constituents such as mono- and diunsaturated fatty acids give rise to taste signals that stimulate food intake, in part by enhancing the production of lipid-derived endocannabinoid messengers in the gut. As fat-containing chyme enters the small intestine, it causes the formation of anorexic lipid mediators, such as oleoylethanolamide, which promote satiety. These anatomically and functionally distinct responses may contribute to the homeostatic control and, possibly, the pathological dysregulation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Department of Pharmacology, and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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159
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Bozek K, Wei Y, Yan Z, Liu X, Xiong J, Sugimoto M, Tomita M, Pääbo S, Sherwood CC, Hof PR, Ely JJ, Li Y, Steinhauser D, Willmitzer L, Giavalisco P, Khaitovich P. Organization and evolution of brain lipidome revealed by large-scale analysis of human, chimpanzee, macaque, and mouse tissues. Neuron 2015; 85:695-702. [PMID: 25661180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are prominent components of the nervous system. Here we performed a large-scale mass spectrometry-based analysis of the lipid composition of three brain regions as well as kidney and skeletal muscle of humans, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and mice. The human brain shows the most distinct lipid composition: 76% of 5,713 lipid compounds examined in our study are either enriched or depleted in the human brain. Concentration levels of lipids enriched in the brain evolve approximately four times faster among primates compared with lipids characteristic of non-neural tissues and show further acceleration of change in human neocortical regions but not in the cerebellum. Human-specific concentration changes are supported by human-specific expression changes for corresponding enzymes. These results provide the first insights into the role of lipids in human brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bozek
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yuning Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiling Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jieyi Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 997-0035 Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 997-0035 Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - John J Ely
- Alamogordo Primate Facility, Holloman AFB, Alamogordo, NM 88330, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinhauser
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Philipp Khaitovich
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Skoltech Center for Computational and Systems Biology, Skolkovo Institute for Science and Technology, Skolkovo 143025, Russia.
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Dumas ME, Davidovic L. Metabolic Profiling and Phenotyping of Central Nervous System Diseases: Metabolites Bring Insights into Brain Dysfunctions. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:402-24. [PMID: 25616565 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic phenotyping corresponds to the large-scale quantitative and qualitative analysis of the metabolome i.e., the low-molecular weight <1 KDa fraction in biological samples, and provides a key opportunity to advance neurosciences. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry are the main analytical platforms used for metabolic profiling, enabling detection and quantitation of a wide range of compounds of particular neuro-pharmacological and physiological relevance, including neurotransmitters, secondary messengers, structural lipids, as well as their precursors, intermediates and degradation products. Metabolic profiling is therefore particularly indicated for the study of central nervous system by probing metabolic and neurochemical profiles of the healthy or diseased brain, in preclinical models or in human samples. In this review, we introduce the analytical and statistical requirements for metabolic profiling. Then, we focus on key studies in the field of metabolic profiling applied to the characterization of animal models and human samples of central nervous system disorders. We highlight the potential of metabolic profiling for pharmacological and physiological evaluation, diagnosis and drug therapy monitoring of patients affected by brain disorders. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in the field, including the development of systems biology and pharmacology strategies improving our understanding of metabolic signatures and mechanisms of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Emmanuel Dumas
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Gorrochategui E, Casas J, Porte C, Lacorte S, Tauler R. Chemometric strategy for untargeted lipidomics: Biomarker detection and identification in stressed human placental cells. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 854:20-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Predictors of treatment response in young people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who received long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e495. [PMID: 25585167 PMCID: PMC4312828 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous efforts in the prospective evaluation of individuals who experience attenuated psychotic symptoms have attempted to isolate mechanisms underlying the onset of full-threshold psychotic illness. In contrast, there has been little research investigating specific predictors of positive outcomes. In this study, we sought to determine biological and clinical factors associated with treatment response, here indexed by functional improvement in a pre-post examination of a 12-week randomized controlled intervention in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. Participants received either long-chain omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or placebo. To allow the determination of factors specifically relevant to each intervention, and to be able to contrast them, both treatment groups were investigated in parallel. Univariate linear regression analysis indicated that higher levels of erythrocyte membrane α-linolenic acid (ALA; the parent fatty acid of the ω-3 family) and more severe negative symptoms at baseline predicted subsequent functional improvement in the treatment group, whereas less severe positive symptoms and lower functioning at baseline were predictive in the placebo group. A multivariate machine learning analysis, known as Gaussian Process Classification (GPC), confirmed that baseline fatty acids predicted response to treatment in the ω-3 PUFA group with high levels of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. In addition, GPC revealed that baseline fatty acids were predictive in the placebo group. In conclusion, our investigation indicates that UHR patients with higher levels of ALA may specifically benefit from ω-3 PUFA supplementation. In addition, multivariate machine learning analysis suggests that fatty acids could potentially be used to inform prognostic evaluations and treatment decisions at the level of the individual. Notably, multiple statistical analyses were conducted in a relatively small sample, limiting the conclusions that can be drawn from what we believe to be a first-of-its-kind study. Additional studies with larger samples are therefore needed to evaluate the generalizability of these findings.
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163
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Hermann PM, Watson SN, Wildering WC. Phospholipase A2 - nexus of aging, oxidative stress, neuronal excitability, and functional decline of the aging nervous system? Insights from a snail model system of neuronal aging and age-associated memory impairment. Front Genet 2014; 5:419. [PMID: 25538730 PMCID: PMC4255604 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging brain undergoes a range of changes varying from subtle structural and physiological changes causing only minor functional decline under healthy normal aging conditions, to severe cognitive or neurological impairment associated with extensive loss of neurons and circuits due to age-associated neurodegenerative disease conditions. Understanding how biological aging processes affect the brain and how they contribute to the onset and progress of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases is a core research goal in contemporary neuroscience. This review focuses on the idea that changes in intrinsic neuronal electrical excitability associated with (per)oxidation of membrane lipids and activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are an important mechanism of learning and memory failure under normal aging conditions. Specifically, in the context of this special issue on the biology of cognitive aging we portray the opportunities offered by the identifiable neurons and behaviorally characterized neural circuits of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis in neuronal aging research and recapitulate recent insights indicating a key role of lipid peroxidation-induced PLA2 as instruments of aging, oxidative stress and inflammation in age-associated neuronal and memory impairment in this model system. The findings are discussed in view of accumulating evidence suggesting involvement of analogous mechanisms in the etiology of age-associated dysfunction and disease of the human and mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra M Hermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shawn N Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Willem C Wildering
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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164
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Ivanisevic J, Epstein A, Kurczy ME, Benton HP, Uritboonthai W, Fox HS, Boska MD, Gendelman HE, Siuzdak G. Brain region mapping using global metabolomics. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:1575-84. [PMID: 25457182 PMCID: PMC4304924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Historically, studies of brain metabolism have been based on targeted analyses of a limited number of metabolites. Here we present an untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomic strategy that has successfully uncovered differences in a broad array of metabolites across anatomical regions of the mouse brain. The NSG immunodeficient mouse model was chosen because of its ability to undergo humanization leading to numerous applications in oncology and infectious disease research. Metabolic phenotyping by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and nanostructure imaging mass spectrometry revealed both water-soluble and lipid metabolite patterns across brain regions. Neurochemical differences in metabolic phenotypes were mainly defined by various phospholipids and several intriguing metabolites including carnosine, cholesterol sulfate, lipoamino acids, uric acid, and sialic acid, whose physiological roles in brain metabolism are poorly understood. This study helps define regional homeostasis for the normal mouse brain to give context to the reaction to pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julijana Ivanisevic
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Adrian Epstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880
| | - Michael E. Kurczy
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - H. Paul Benton
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Winnie Uritboonthai
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880
| | - Michael D. Boska
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
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165
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Rolim AEH, Henrique-Araújo R, Ferraz EG, de Araújo Alves Dultra FK, Fernandez LG. Lipidomics in the study of lipid metabolism: Current perspectives in the omic sciences. Gene 2014; 554:131-9. [PMID: 25445283 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The advances in systems biology and in the development of new technological tools in analysis, as well as in the omic sciences, among which, metabolomics, and more specifically, lipidomics, have made it possible to investigate the structural and functional complexity of lipids in biological systems. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are the analytical approaches most used in lipid research. Biomedical research, with the development of specific markers for lipids, together with new software development, have both enabled the early diagnosis of several illnesses, besides the evaluation of drug activity and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Emília Holanda Rolim
- Post-graduation Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Henrique-Araújo
- Post-graduation Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Gomes Ferraz
- Post-graduation Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fátima Karoline de Araújo Alves Dultra
- Post-graduation Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luzimar Gonzaga Fernandez
- Institute of Health Sciences-ICS, Federal University of Bahia-UFBA, Department of Biofunção, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts-LBBB, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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166
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Schwartz DH, Dickie E, Pangelinan MM, Leonard G, Perron M, Pike GB, Richer L, Veillette S, Pausova Z, Paus T. Adiposity is associated with structural properties of the adolescent brain. Neuroimage 2014; 103:192-201. [PMID: 25255944 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a major risk factor for cardiometabolic disease, is associated with variations in a number of structural properties in the adult brain, as assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we investigated the cross-sectional relationship between visceral fat (VF), total body fat (TBF) and three MRI parameters in the brains of typically developing adolescents: (i) T1-weighted (T1W) signal intensity; (ii) T1W signal contrast between white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM); and (iii) magnetization transfer ratio (MTR). In a community-based sample of 970 adolescents (12-18 years old, 466 males), VF was quantified using MRI, and total body fat was measured using a multifrequency bioimpedance. T1W images of the brain were used to determine signal intensity in lobar GM and WM, as well as WM:GM signal contrast. A magnetization transfer (MT) sequence of MT(ON) and MT(OFF) was used to obtain MTR in GM and WM. We found that both larger volumes of VF and more TBF were independently associated with higher signal intensity in WM and higher WM:GM signal contrast, as well as higher MTR in both GM and WM. These relationships were independent of a number of potential confounders, including age, sex, puberty stage, household income and height. Our results suggest that both visceral fat and fat deposited elsewhere in the body are associated independently with structural properties of the adolescent brain. We speculate that these relationships suggest the presence of adiposity-related variations in phospholipid composition of brain lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah H Schwartz
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Erin Dickie
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Gabriel Leonard
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - G Bruce Pike
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Suzanne Veillette
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada; ÉCOBES, Recherche et transfert, Cégep de Jonquière, Jonquière, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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167
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Dotti CG, Esteban JA, Ledesma MD. Lipid dynamics at dendritic spines. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:76. [PMID: 25152717 PMCID: PMC4126552 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes in the structure and composition of the membrane protrusions forming dendritic spines underlie memory and learning processes. In recent years a great effort has been made to characterize in detail the protein machinery that controls spine plasticity. However, we know much less about the involvement of lipids, despite being major membrane components and structure determinants. Moreover, protein complexes that regulate spine plasticity depend on specific interactions with membrane lipids for proper function and accurate intracellular signaling. In this review we gather information available on the lipid composition at dendritic spine membranes and on its dynamics. We pay particular attention to the influence that spine lipid dynamism has on glutamate receptors, which are key regulators of synaptic plasticity.
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168
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Fonteh AN, Cipolla M, Chiang J, Arakaki X, Harrington MG. Human cerebrospinal fluid fatty acid levels differ between supernatant fluid and brain-derived nanoparticle fractions, and are altered in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100519. [PMID: 24956173 PMCID: PMC4067345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although saturated (SAFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids are important structural components of neuronal membranes and precursors of signaling molecules, knowledge of their metabolism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is limited. Based on recent discovery that lipids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are distributed in both brain-derived nanoparticles (NP) and supernatant fluid (SF), we hypothesized that fatty acid (FA) abundance and distribution into these compartments is altered in early AD pathology. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS We assayed the FA composition and abundance in CSF fractions from cognitively healthy (CH), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD study participants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the SF fraction, concentration of docosahexaenoic acid [DHA, (C22:6n-3)] was less in AD compared with CH, while alpha linolenic acid [α-LNA, (C18:3n-3)] was lower in MCI compared with CH. In the NP fraction, levels of SAFAs (C15:0, C16:0) and a MUFA (C15:1) differentiated CH from MCI, while two MUFAs (C15:1, C19:1) and four PUFAs (C20:2n-6, C20:3n-3, C22:4n-6, C22:5n-3) were higher in AD compared with CH. Levels of even-chain free SAFA and total free FA levels were higher in AD, levels of odd-chain free SAFAs, MUFAs, n-3 PUFAs, and total PUFA, were lower in AD compared with CH. Free n-6 PUFA levels were similar in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE FA metabolism is compartmentalized differently in NP versus SF fractions of CSF, and altered FA levels reflect the importance of abnormal metabolism and oxidative pathways in AD. Depleted DHA in CSF fractions in AD is consistent with the importance of n-3 PUFAs in cognitive function, and suggests that disturbed PUFA metabolism contributes to AD pathology. This study of FA levels in CSF fractions from different cognitive stages shows potential AD biomarkers, and provides further insight into cell membrane dysfunctions, including mechanisms leading to amyloid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred N. Fonteh
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Cipolla
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Jiarong Chiang
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Harrington
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
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169
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Arima H, Hanada M, Hayasaka T, Masaki N, Omura T, Xu D, Hasegawa T, Togawa D, Yamato Y, Kobayashi S, Yasuda T, Matsuyama Y, Setou M. Blockade of IL-6 signaling by MR16-1 inhibits reduction of docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidylcholine levels in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2014; 269:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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170
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MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Visualizing In Situ Metabolism of Endogenous Metabolites and Dietary Phytochemicals. Metabolites 2014; 4:319-46. [PMID: 24957029 PMCID: PMC4101509 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the spatial distribution of bioactive small molecules is indispensable for elucidating their biological or pharmaceutical roles. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) enables determination of the distribution of ionizable molecules present in tissue sections of whole-body or single heterogeneous organ samples by direct ionization and detection. This emerging technique is now widely used for in situ label-free molecular imaging of endogenous or exogenous small molecules. MSI allows the simultaneous visualization of many types of molecules including a parent molecule and its metabolites. Thus, MSI has received much attention as a potential tool for pathological analysis, understanding pharmaceutical mechanisms, and biomarker discovery. On the other hand, several issues regarding the technical limitations of MSI are as of yet still unresolved. In this review, we describe the capabilities of the latest matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI technology for visualizing in situ metabolism of endogenous metabolites or dietary phytochemicals (food factors), and also discuss the technical problems and new challenges, including MALDI matrix selection and metabolite identification, that need to be addressed for effective and widespread application of MSI in the diverse fields of biological, biomedical, and nutraceutical (food functionality) research.
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171
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Aljohani AJ, Edwards G, Guerra Y, Dubovy S, Miller D, Lee RK, Bhattacharya SK. Human trabecular meshwork sphingolipid and ceramide profiles and potential latent fungal commensalism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3413-22. [PMID: 24787569 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the profiles of sphingomyelin, sphingoid base, sphingoid base-1-phosphate, and ceramide, and their quantitative differences between control and glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM) derived from human donors. METHODS Control and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) TM samples were collected from cadaver donors. In addition, POAG TM surgical specimens also were procured. Lipid extraction was performed using suitable modifications of the Bligh and Dyer method. Protein concentrations were determined using Bradford's method. Lipids, identified using standardized class-specific lipid mass spectrometry, were quantified using a two-step ratiometric process. Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) staining was performed for detection of presence of Fusarium in the anterior eye tissue sections. PCR analyses were performed for detection of Fusarium species in the donor TM samples. RESULTS Several species of sphingomyelin, sphingoid base, sphingoid base-1-phosphate, and ceramide were common between control and POAG TM. Only a subset of species in some of these classes were identified uniquely either in controls or in POAG TM. Several lipid species of fungal origin (many from Fungi imperfecti, Fusarium species) were found to be common between control and POAG TM. The GMS staining and PCR analyses showed presence of DNA belonging to Fusarium species suggesting latent commensalism. CONCLUSIONS Most sphingolipids and ceramides (except a few unique to a specific donor TM group) were found to be common in the control and POAG TM. Latent commensalism by Fusarium was suggested by identification of Fusarium-specific lipids, which was supported further by PCR amplification and sequencing of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman J Aljohani
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Genea Edwards
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Yenifer Guerra
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Sander Dubovy
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Darlene Miller
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Richard K Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
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172
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Liu Q, Zhang J. Lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:331-45. [PMID: 24733655 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play crucial roles in cell signaling and various physiological processes, especially in the brain. Impaired lipid metabolism in the brain has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other central nervous system insults. The brain contains thousands of lipid species, but the complex lipid compositional diversity and the function of each of lipid species are currently poorly understood. This review integrates current knowledge about major lipid changes with the molecular mechanisms that underlie AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China,
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173
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Predicting glycerophosphoinositol identities in lipidomic datasets using VaLID (Visualization and Phospholipid Identification)--an online bioinformatic search engine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:818670. [PMID: 24701584 PMCID: PMC3950492 DOI: 10.1155/2014/818670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to predict and visualize all theoretically possible glycerophospholipid molecular identities present in lipidomic datasets is currently limited. To address this issue, we expanded the search-engine and compositional databases of the online Visualization and Phospholipid Identification (VaLID) bioinformatic tool to include the glycerophosphoinositol superfamily. VaLID v1.0.0 originally allowed exact and average mass libraries of 736,584 individual species from eight phospholipid classes: glycerophosphates, glyceropyrophosphates, glycerophosphocholines, glycerophosphoethanolamines, glycerophosphoglycerols, glycerophosphoglycerophosphates, glycerophosphoserines, and cytidine 5'-diphosphate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols to be searched for any mass to charge value (with adjustable tolerance levels) under a variety of mass spectrometry conditions. Here, we describe an update that now includes all possible glycerophosphoinositols, glycerophosphoinositol monophosphates, glycerophosphoinositol bisphosphates, and glycerophosphoinositol trisphosphates. This update expands the total number of lipid species represented in the VaLID v2.0.0 database to 1,473,168 phospholipids. Each phospholipid can be generated in skeletal representation. A subset of species curated by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Training Program in Neurodegenerative Lipidomics (CTPNL) team is provided as an array of high-resolution structures. VaLID is freely available and responds to all users through the CTPNL resources web site.
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174
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Chemin J, Cazade M, Lory P. Modulation of T-type calcium channels by bioactive lipids. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:689-700. [PMID: 24531745 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
T-type calcium channels (T-channels/CaV3) have unique biophysical properties allowing a calcium influx at resting membrane potential of most cells. T-channels are ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and contribute to low-threshold spikes and burst firing in central neurons as well as to pacemaker activities in cardiac cells. They also emerged as potential targets to treat cancer and hypertension. Regulation of these channels appears complex, and several studies have indicated that CaV3.1, CaV3.2, and CaV3.3 currents are directly inhibited by multiple endogenous lipids independently of membrane receptors or intracellular pathways. These bioactive lipids include arachidonic acid and ω3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids; the endocannabinoid anandamide and other N-acylethanolamides; the lipoamino-acids and lipo-neurotransmitters; the P450 epoxygenase metabolite 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid; as well as similar molecules with 18-22 carbons in the alkyl chain. In this review, we summarize evidence for direct effects of these signaling molecules, the molecular mechanisms underlying the current inhibition, and the involved chemical features. The impact of this modulation in physiology and pathophysiology is discussed with a special emphasis on pain aspects and vasodilation. Overall, these data clearly indicate that T-current inhibition is an important mechanism by which bioactive lipids mediate their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Chemin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5203, 141, rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier cedex 05, France,
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175
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Lladó V, López DJ, Ibarguren M, Alonso M, Soriano JB, Escribá PV, Busquets X. Regulation of the cancer cell membrane lipid composition by NaCHOleate: effects on cell signaling and therapeutical relevance in glioma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1619-27. [PMID: 24525074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the cellular bases of the effects of NaCHOleate (2-hydroxyoleic acid; 2OHOA; Minerval) against glioma and other types of tumors. NaCHOleate, activates sphingomyelin synthase (SGMS) increasing the levels of cell membrane sphingomyelin (SM) and diacylglycerol (DAG) together with reductions of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). The increases in the membrane levels of NaCHOleate itself and of DAG induce a translocation and overexpression of protein kinase C (PKC) and subsequent reductions of Cyclin D, cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDKs 4 and 6), hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein, inhibition of E2F1 and knockdown of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) impairing DNA synthesis. In addition in some cancer cells, the increases in SM are associated with Fas receptor (FasR) capping and ligand-free induction of apoptosis. In glioma cell lines, the increases in SM are associated with the inhibition of the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways, in association with p27Kip1 overexpression. Finally, an analysis of the Repository of Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT) database for glioma patient survival shows that the weight of SM-related metabolism gene expression in glioma patients' survival is similar to glioma-related genes. Due to its low toxicity and anti-tumoral effect in cell and animal models its status as an orphan drug for glioma treatment by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) was recently acknowledged and a phase 1/2A open label, non-randomized study was started in patients with advanced solid tumors including malignant glioma. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Structure and Function: Relevance in the Cell's Physiology, Pathology and Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lladó
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands-Lipopharma Therapeutics, S.L., Palma, Spain
| | - David J López
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands-Lipopharma Therapeutics, S.L., Palma, Spain
| | - Maitane Ibarguren
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands-Lipopharma Therapeutics, S.L., Palma, Spain
| | - María Alonso
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands-Lipopharma Therapeutics, S.L., Palma, Spain
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research, CIMERA, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pablo V Escribá
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands-Lipopharma Therapeutics, S.L., Palma, Spain
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Cell Biology (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands-Lipopharma Therapeutics, S.L., Palma, Spain.
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Ma X, Xia Y. Pinpointing double bonds in lipids by Paternò-Büchi reactions and mass spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2592-6. [PMID: 24500881 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The positions of double bonds in lipids play critical roles in their biochemical and biophysical properties. In this study, by coupling Paternò-Büchi (P-B) reaction with tandem mass spectrometry, we developed a novel method that can achieve confident, fast, and sensitive determination of double bond locations within various types of lipids. The P-B reaction is facilitated by UV irradiation of a nanoelectrospray plume entraining lipids and acetone. Tandem mass spectrometry of the on-line reaction products via collision activation leads to the rupture of oxetane rings and the formation of diagnostic ions specific to the double bond location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN (USA) http://www.chem.purdue.edu/xia/
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177
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Ma X, Xia Y. Pinpointing Double Bonds in Lipids by Paternò-Büchi Reactions and Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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178
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Peripheral gating of pain signals by endogenous lipid mediators. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:164-74. [PMID: 24473264 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary sensory afferents and their neighboring host-defense cells are a rich source of lipid-derived mediators that contribute to the sensation of pain caused by tissue damage and inflammation. But an increasing number of lipid molecules have been shown to act in an opposite way, to suppress the inflammatory process, restore homeostasis in damaged tissues and attenuate pain sensitivity by regulating neural pathways that transmit nociceptive signals from the periphery of the body to the CNS. Here we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to the modulatory actions of lipid mediators in peripheral nociceptive signaling.
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179
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Jha MK, Suk K. Glia-based biomarkers and their functional role in the CNS. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 10:43-63. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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180
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Integrative biological analysis for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:5-23. [PMID: 23800968 PMCID: PMC3857644 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although advances in psychotherapy have been made in recent years, drug discovery for brain diseases such as schizophrenia and mood disorders has stagnated. The need for new biomarkers and validated therapeutic targets in the field of neuropsychopharmacology is widely unmet. The brain is the most complex part of human anatomy from the standpoint of number and types of cells, their interconnections, and circuitry. To better meet patient needs, improved methods to approach brain studies by understanding functional networks that interact with the genome are being developed. The integrated biological approaches--proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and glycomics--have a strong record in several areas of biomedicine, including neurochemistry and neuro-oncology. Published applications of an integrated approach to projects of neurological, psychiatric, and pharmacological natures are still few but show promise to provide deep biological knowledge derived from cells, animal models, and clinical materials. Future studies that yield insights based on integrated analyses promise to deliver new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for personalized medicine.
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181
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Martins IJ, Creegan R. Links between Insulin Resistance, Lipoprotein Metabolism and Amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s Disease. Health (London) 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2014.612190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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182
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Mocking RJT, Lok A, Assies J, Koeter MWJ, Visser I, Ruhé HG, Bockting CLH, Schene AH. Ala54Thr fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) polymorphism in recurrent depression: associations with fatty acid concentrations and waist circumference. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82980. [PMID: 24340071 PMCID: PMC3858331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fatty acid (FA)-alterations may mediate the mutual association between Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, etiology of observed FA-alterations in MDD and CVD remains largely unclear. An interesting candidate may be a mutation in the fatty acid–binding protein 2 (FABP2)-gene, because it regulates dietary FA-uptake. Therefore, we aimed to test the hypotheses that in MDD-patients the FABP2 Ala54Thr-polymorphism would be (I) more prevalent than in sex- and age-matched controls, (II) associated with observed alterations in FA-metabolism, and (III) associated with CVD-risk factor waist circumference. Methods We measured concentrations of 29 different erythrocyte FAs, FABP2-genotype, and waist circumference in recurrent MDD-patients and matched never-depressed controls. Results FABP2-genotype distribution did not significantly differ between the 137 MDD-patients and 73 matched controls. However, patients with the Ala54Thr-polymorphism had (I) higher concentrations of especially eicosadienoic acid (C20:2ω6; P=.009) and other 20-carbon FAs, and associated (II) lower waist circumference (P=.019). In addition, FABP2-genotype effects on waist circumference in patients seemed (I) mediated by its effect on C20:2ω6, and (II) different from controls. Conclusions Although Ala54Thr-polymorphism distribution was not associated with recurrent MDD, our results indicate that FABP2 may play a role in the explanation of observed FA-alterations in MDD. For Ala54Thr-polymorphism patients, potentially adaptive conversion of increased bioavailable dietary precursors into eicosadienoic acid instead of arachidonic acid might be related to a low waist circumference. Because this is the first investigation of these associations, replication is warranted, preferably by nutrigenetic studies applying lipidomics and detailed dietary assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel J. T. Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Anja Lok
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Assies
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten W. J. Koeter
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ieke Visser
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus G. Ruhé
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Program for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, University Center for Psychiatry UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudi L. H. Bockting
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aart H. Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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183
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Guerra Y, Aljohani AJ, Edwards G, Bhattacharya SK. A comparison of trabecular meshwork sphingolipids and ceramides of ocular normotensive and hypertensive states of DBA/2J mice. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 30:283-90. [PMID: 24320088 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2013.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the differential profiles of sphingomyelin, sphingoid base, sphingoid base-1-phosphate, and ceramide and their quantitative differences between trabecular meshwork (TM) derived from normotensive and hypertensive intraocular pressure states of DBA/2J mice. METHODS Normotensive and hypertensive state TM were collected from mice and analyzed. Lipid extraction was performed using the Bligh and Dyer method, and the protein concentrations were determined using the Bradford method. The lipids were identified and quantified using appropriate standards with a TSQ Quantum Access Max triple quadrupole mass spectrometer applying class-specific lipid identification settings. RESULTS The comparative profiles of sphingomyelin, sphingoid base, sphingoid base-1-phosphate, and ceramide between normotensive and hypertensive TM showed several species unique to a phase and as well common between states. CONCLUSION The presence or absence of several sphingolipids and ceramides in the normotensive or hypertensive states may contribute to better understanding of the glaucomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenifer Guerra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
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184
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Enriquez-Algeciras M, Bhattacharya SK. Lipidomic mass spectrometry and its application in neuroscience. World J Biol Chem 2013; 4:102-110. [PMID: 24340133 PMCID: PMC3856305 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v4.i4.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Central and peripheral nervous systems are lipid rich tissues. Lipids, in the context of lipid-protein complexes, surround neurons and provide electrical insulation for transmission of signals allowing neurons to remain embedded within a conducting environment. Lipids play a key role in vesicle formation and fusion in synapses. They provide means of rapid signaling, cell motility and migration for astrocytes and other cell types that surround and play supporting roles neurons. Unlike many other signaling molecules, lipids are capable of multiple signaling events based on the different fragments generated from a single precursor during each event. Lipidomics, until recently suffered from two major disadvantages: (1) level of expertise required an overwhelming amount of chemical detail to correctly identify a vast number of different lipids which could be close in their chemical reactivity; and (2) high amount of purified compounds needed by analytical techniques to determine their structures. Advances in mass spectrometry have enabled overcoming these two limitations. Mass spectrometry offers a great degree of simplicity in identification and quantification of lipids directly extracted from complex biological mixtures. Mass spectrometers can be regarded to as mass analyzers. There are those that separate and analyze the product ion fragments in space (spatial) and those which separate product ions in time in the same space (temporal). Databases and standardized instrument parameters have further aided the capabilities of the spatial instruments while recent advances in bioinformatics have made the identification and quantification possible using temporal instruments.
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185
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Heberden C, Meffray E, Goustard-Langelier B, Maximin E, Lavialle M. Dexamethasone inhibits the maturation of newly formed neurons and glia supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:395-402. [PMID: 23907015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress bears a negative impact on adult neurogenesis. High levels of corticoids have been shown to inhibit neural stem cell proliferation, and are considered responsible for the loss of neural precursors. Their effects on the differentiation of the glial and neuronal lineages have been less studied. We examined the effect of dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, on the differentiation of rat neural stem cells in vitro. Dex had no effect on the differentiation of cells cultured under standard conditions. Since we previously determined that NSC, when cultured under classical conditions, were deprived of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and displayed phospholipid compositions very different from the in vivo figures [1], we examined the effect of Dex under PUFA supplementation. Dex impaired neuron and oligodendrocyte maturation in PUFA-supplemented cells, demonstrated by the reduction of neurite lengths and oligodendrocyte sizes. This effect was mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), since it was eliminated by mifepristone, a GR antagonist, and could be relayed by a reduction of ERK phosphorylation. We determined that GR was associated with PPAR β and α under basal conditions, and that this association was disrupted when PUFA were added in combination with Dex. We assumed that this effect on the receptor status enabled the effect of Dex on PUFA supplemented cells, since we determined that the binding to the glucocorticoid response element was higher in cells incubated with PUFA and Dex. In conclusion, corticoids can impair NSC differentiation, and consequently impact the entire process of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Heberden
- INRA UR0909 Laboratoire de Nutrition et Régulations Lipidiques des Fonctions Cérébrales, CRJ 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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186
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Mocking RJT, Ruhé HG, Assies J, Lok A, Koeter MWJ, Visser I, Bockting CLH, Schene AH. Relationship between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis and fatty acid metabolism in recurrent depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1607-17. [PMID: 23465556 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis activity and fatty acid (FA)-metabolism have been observed in (recurrent) major depressive disorder (MDD). Through the pathophysiological roles of FAs in the brain and cardiovascular system, a hypothesized relationship between HPA-axis activity and FA-metabolism could form a possible missing link accounting for the association of HPA-axis hyperactivity with recurrence and cardiovascular disease in MDD. In 137 recurrent MDD-patients and 73 age- and sex-matched controls, we therefore investigated associations between salivary cortisol (morning and evening) and the following indicators of FA-metabolism measured in the red blood cell membrane: (I) three main FAs [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA)], and (II) structural FA indices (unsaturation, chain length, peroxidation) calculated from concentrations of 29 FAs to delineate overall FA-characteristics. In addition, we compared these associations in patients with those in controls. In patients, evening cortisol concentrations were significantly negatively associated with DHA (B=-1.358; SE=0.499; t=-2.72; p=.006), the unsaturation index (B=-0.021; SE=0.009; t=-2.42; p=.018), chain length index (B=-0.060; SE=0.025; t=-2.41; p=.019), and peroxidation index (B=-0.029; SE=0.012; t=-2.48; p=.015). The relations between cortisol and the latter three variables were significantly negative in patients relative to controls. Significance remained after correction for confounders. Our results suggest a relationship between HPA-axis activity and FA-metabolism in recurrent MDD. Future randomized experimental intervention studies using clinical outcome measures could help to further elucidate the suggested effects of hypercortisolemia in the brain and cardiovascular system in recurrent MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel J T Mocking
- Program for Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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187
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Piomelli D. More surprises lying ahead. The endocannabinoids keep us guessing. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:228-34. [PMID: 23954677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to point out some important facts that we don't know about endogenous cannabinoids - lipid-derived signaling molecules that activate CB1 cannabinoid receptors and play key roles in motivation, emotion and energy balance. The first endocannabinoid substance to be discovered, anandamide, was isolated from brain tissue in 1992. Research has shown that this molecule is a bona fide brain neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of stress responses and pain, but the molecular mechanisms that govern its formation and the neural pathways in which it is employed are still unknown. There is a general consensus that enzyme-mediated cleavage, catalyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), terminates the biological actions of anandamide, but there are many reasons to believe that other as-yet-unidentified proteins are also involved in this process. We have made significant headway in understanding the second arrived in the endocannabinoid family, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), which was discovered three years after anandamide. Researchers have established some of the key molecular players involved in 2-AG formation and deactivation, localized them to specific synaptic components, and showed that their assembly into a multi-molecular protein complex (termed the '2-AG signalosome') allows 2-AG to act as a retrograde messenger at excitatory synapses of the brain. Basic questions that remain to be answered pertain to the exact molecular composition of the 2-AG signalosome, its regulation by neural activity and its potential role in the actions of drugs of abuse such as Δ(9)-THC and cocaine. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA; Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA.
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188
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Xu H, Valenzuela N, Fai S, Figeys D, Bennett SAL. Targeted lipidomics - advances in profiling lysophosphocholine and platelet-activating factor second messengers. FEBS J 2013; 280:5652-67. [PMID: 23826908 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycerophosphocholines are the major building blocks of biological membranes. They are also precursors of low-molecular-weight second messengers with mass to charge ratios of 450-600. These messengers include lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) and lyso-platelet activating factors (PAFs) that may be further processed into PAFs. Often considered as a single species, LPCs, PAFs and lyso-PAFs are, in fact, families of glycerophosphocholine-derived lipids distinguished by the linkage of their sn-1 carbon chains to the phosphoglyceride backbone (ester or ether), their sn-1 carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation, and the identity of their sn-2 constituents (a hydroxyl or acetyl group). Each LPC and PAF species exhibits a different affinity for its cognate G-protein-coupled receptors, and each species elicits receptor-independent actions that play critical signalling roles. Targeted mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approaches are enabling the molecular identification and quantification of these low-abundance second messengers. Variations between datasets map the temporal landscape of second messengers available for signalling, and provide snapshots of the state of structural membrane compositional remodelling at the time of extraction. Here, we review a number of advances in lipidomic methodologies used to identify LPCs, lyso-PAFs and PAFs, and highlight how these targeted approaches are providing valuable insight into the roles played by the cellular lipidome in cell function and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Xu
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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189
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Fonteh AN, Chiang J, Cipolla M, Hale J, Diallo F, Chirino A, Arakaki X, Harrington MG. Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid glycerophospholipids and phospholipase A2 activity in Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2884-97. [PMID: 23868911 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim is to study selected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glycerophospholipids (GP) that are important in brain pathophysiology. We recruited cognitively healthy (CH), minimally cognitively impaired (MCI), and late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) study participants and collected their CSF. After fractionation into nanometer particles (NP) and supernatant fluids (SF), we studied the lipid composition of these compartments. LC-MS/MS studies reveal that both CSF fractions from CH subjects have N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine, 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine (PE), 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine (PC), 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerophosphoserine (PS), platelet-activating factor-like lipids, and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). In the NP fraction, GPs are enriched with a mixture of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid species, while PE and PS in the SF fractions are enriched with PUFA-containing molecular species. PC, PE, and PS levels in CSF fractions decrease progressively in participants from CH to MCI, and then to LOAD. Whereas most PC species decrease equally in LOAD, plasmalogen species account for most of the decrease in PE. A significant increase in the LPC-to-PC ratio and PLA2 activity accompanies the GP decrease in LOAD. These studies reveal that CSF supernatant fluid and nanometer particles have different GP composition, and that PLA2 activity accounts for altered GPs in these fractions as neurodegeneration progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred N Fonteh
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91101-1830
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190
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Bennett SAL, Valenzuela N, Xu H, Franko B, Fai S, Figeys D. Using neurolipidomics to identify phospholipid mediators of synaptic (dys)function in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2013; 4:168. [PMID: 23882219 PMCID: PMC3712192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all of the mysteries of life lie in our genetic code. Some can be found buried in our membranes. These shells of fat, sculpted in the central nervous system into the cellular (and subcellular) boundaries of neurons and glia, are themselves complex systems of information. The diversity of neural phospholipids, coupled with their chameleon-like capacity to transmute into bioactive molecules, provides a vast repertoire of immediate response second messengers. The effects of compositional changes on synaptic function have only begun to be appreciated. Here, we mined 29 neurolipidomic datasets for changes in neuronal membrane phospholipid metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Three overarching metabolic disturbances were detected. We found that an increase in the hydrolysis of platelet activating factor precursors and ethanolamine-containing plasmalogens, coupled with a failure to regenerate relatively rare alkyl-acyl and alkenyl-acyl structural phospholipids, correlated with disease severity. Accumulation of specific bioactive metabolites [i.e., PC(O-16:0/2:0) and PE(P-16:0/0:0)] was associated with aggravating tau pathology, enhancing vesicular release, and signaling neuronal loss. Finally, depletion of PI(16:0/20:4), PI(16:0/22:6), and PI(18:0/22:6) was implicated in accelerating Aβ42 biogenesis. Our analysis further suggested that converging disruptions in platelet activating factor, plasmalogen, phosphoinositol, phosphoethanolamine (PE), and docosahexaenoic acid metabolism may contribute mechanistically to catastrophic vesicular depletion, impaired receptor trafficking, and morphological dendritic deformation. Together, this analysis supports an emerging hypothesis that aberrant phospholipid metabolism may be one of multiple critical determinants required for Alzheimer disease conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffany A L Bennett
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; CIHR Training Program in Neurodegenerative Lipidomics, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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191
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Nutritional modulation of cognitive function and mental health. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:725-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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192
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Ueda Y, Kitamoto A, Willmore LJ, Kojima T. Hippocampal gene expression profiling in a rat model of posttraumatic epilepsy reveals temporal upregulation of lipid metabolism-related genes. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1399-406. [PMID: 23585123 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury occasionally causes posttraumatic epilepsy. To elucidate the molecular events responsible for posttraumatic epilepsy, we established a rodent model that involved the injection of microliter quantities of FeCl3 solution into the amygdalar nuclear complex. We previously compared hippocampal gene expression profiles in the traumatic epilepsy model and normal rats at 5 days after brain injury (acute phase) to determine the role of inflammation. In this study, we focused on later stages of epileptogenesis. We compared gene expression profiles at 5, 15 (sub-chronic phase), and 30 days (chronic phase) after brain injury to identify temporal changes in molecular networks involved in epileptogenesis. A total of 81 genes were significantly (at least twofold) up- or downregulated over the course of disease progression. We found that genes related to lipid metabolism, namely, Apoa1, Gh, Mc4r, Oprk1, and Pdk4, were temporarily upregulated in the sub-chronic phase. Changes in lipid metabolism regulation might be related to seizure propagation during epileptogenesis. This temporal description of hippocampal gene expression profiles throughout epileptogenesis provides clues to potential markers of disease phases and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Ueda
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
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193
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Omega-3 fatty acids and brain resistance to ageing and stress: body of evidence and possible mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:579-94. [PMID: 23395782 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing life expectancy in the populations of rich countries raises the pressing question of how the elderly can maintain their cognitive function. Cognitive decline is characterised by the loss of short-term memory due to a progressive impairment of the underlying brain cell processes. Age-related brain damage has many causes, some of which may be influenced by diet. An optimal diet may therefore be a practical way of delaying the onset of age-related cognitive decline. Nutritional investigations indicate that the ω-3 poyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of western diets is too low to provide the brain with an optimal supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the main ω-3 PUFA in cell membranes. Insufficient brain DHA has been associated with memory impairment, emotional disturbances and altered brain processes in rodents. Human studies suggest that an adequate dietary intake of ω-3 PUFA can slow the age-related cognitive decline and may also protect against the risk of senile dementia. However, despite the many studies in this domain, the beneficial impact of ω-3 PUFA on brain function has only recently been linked to specific mechanisms. This review examines the hypothesis that an optimal brain DHA status, conferred by an adequate ω-3 PUFA intake, limits age-related brain damage by optimizing endogenous brain repair mechanisms. Our analysis of the abundant literature indicates that an adequate amount of DHA in the brain may limit the impact of stress, an important age-aggravating factor, and influences the neuronal and astroglial functions that govern and protect synaptic transmission. This transmission, particularly glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus, underlies memory formation. The brain DHA status also influences neurogenesis, nested in the hippocampus, which helps maintain cognitive function throughout life. Although there are still gaps in our knowledge of the way ω-3 PUFA act, the mechanistic studies reviewed here indicate that ω-3 PUFA may be a promising tool for preventing age-related brain deterioration.
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Jiao J, Zhang Y. Transgenic Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Sustainable Biochemical Engineering Approach for Making Essential Fatty Acids in Plants and Animals. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3799-814. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300007p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Chronic Disease Research Institute,
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and
Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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195
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Rapoport SI. Translational studies on regulation of brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) metabolism in vivo. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:79-85. [PMID: 22766388 PMCID: PMC3467358 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
One goal in the field of brain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism is to translate the many studies that have been conducted in vitro and in animal models to the clinical setting. Doing so should elucidate the role of PUFAs in the human brain, and effects of diet, drugs, disease and genetics on this role. This review discusses new in vivo radiotracer kinetic and neuroimaging techniques that allow us to do this, with a focus on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We illustrate how brain PUFA metabolism is influenced by graded reductions in dietary n-3 PUFA content in unanesthetized rats. We also show how kinetic tracer techniques in rodents have helped to identify mechanisms of action of mood stabilizers used in bipolar disorder, how DHA participates in neurotransmission, and how brain DHA metabolism is regulated by calcium-independent iPLA₂β. In humans, regional rates of brain DHA metabolism can be quantitatively imaged with positron emission tomography following intravenous injection of [1-¹¹C]DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley I Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 9, Room 1S128, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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196
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Goustard-Langelier B, Koch M, Lavialle M, Heberden C. Rat neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation are durably altered by the in utero polyunsaturated fatty acid supply. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:380-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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197
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Zhang J, Jiang R, Liu L, Watkins T, Zhang F, Dong JF. Traumatic brain injury-associated coagulopathy. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2597-605. [PMID: 23020190 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury is a common cause of coagulopathy, primarily due to blood loss and hemodilution secondary to fluid resuscitation. Traumatic injury-associated coagulopathy often follows a course of transition from hyper- to hypocoagulable state exemplified in disseminated intravascular coagulation. The incidence of coagulopathy is significantly higher in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially those with penetrating trauma compared to injury to the trunk and limbs. This occurs despite the fact that patients with isolated TBI bleed less and receive restricted volume load of fluids. TBI-associated coagulopathy is extensively documented to associate with poor clinical outcomes, but its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Studies in the past have shown that brain tissue is highly enriched in key procoagulant molecules. This review focuses on the biochemical and cellular characteristics of these molecules and pathways that could make brain uniquely procoagulant and prone to coagulopathy. Understanding this unique procoagulant environment will help to identify new therapeutic targets that could reverse a state of coagulopathy with minimal impacts on hemostasis, a critical requirement for neurosurgical treatments of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University and Tianjin Neurology Institute, Tianjin, China
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198
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A stochastic signaling network mediates the probabilistic induction of cerebellar long-term depression. J Neurosci 2012; 32:9288-300. [PMID: 22764236 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5976-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular processes involve a small number of molecules and undergo stochastic fluctuations in their levels of activity. Cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) is a form of synaptic plasticity expressed as a reduction in the number of synaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in Purkinje cells. We developed a stochastic model of the LTD signaling network, including a PKC-ERK-cPLA(2) positive feedback loop and mechanisms of AMPAR trafficking, and tuned the model to replicate calcium uncaging experiments. The signaling network activity in single synapses switches between two discrete stable states (LTD and non-LTD) in a probabilistic manner. The stochasticity of the signaling network causes threshold dithering and allows at the macroscopic level for many different and stable mean magnitudes of depression. The probability of LTD occurrence in a single spine is only modulated by the concentration and duration of the signal used to trigger it, and inputs with the same magnitude can give rise to two different responses; there is no threshold for the input signal. The stochasticity is intrinsic to the signaling network and not mostly dependent on noise in the calcium input signal, as has been suggested previously. The activities of the ultrasensitive ERK and of cPLA(2) undergo strong stochastic fluctuations. Conversely, PKC, which acts as a noise filter, is more constantly activated. Systematic variation of the biochemical population size demonstrates that threshold dithering and the absence of spontaneous LTD depend critically on the number of molecules in a spine, indicating constraints on spine size in Purkinje cells.
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199
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In situ metabolomic mass spectrometry imaging: Recent advances and difficulties. J Proteomics 2012; 75:5052-5060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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200
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Lee H, Lerno LA, Choe Y, Chu CS, Gillies LA, Grimm R, Lebrilla CB, German JB. Multiple precursor ion scanning of gangliosides and sulfatides with a reversed-phase microfluidic chip and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5905-12. [PMID: 22697387 PMCID: PMC3402638 DOI: 10.1021/ac300254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Precise profiling of polar lipids including gangliosides and sulfatides is a necessary step in understanding the diverse physiological role of these lipids. We have established an efficient method for the profiling of polar lipids using reversed-phase nano high-performance liquid chromatography microfluidic chip quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (nano-HPLC-chip Q-TOF/MS). A microfluidic chip design provides improved chromatographic performance, efficient separation, and stable nanospray while the advanced high-resolution mass spectrometer allowed for the identification of complex isobaric polar lipids such as NeuAc- and NeuGc-containing gangliosides. Lipid classes were identified based on the characteristic fragmentation product ions generated during data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments. Each class was monitored by a postprocessing precursor ion scan. Relatively simple quantitation and identification of intact ions was possible due to the reproducible retention times provided by the nano-HPLC chip. The method described in this paper was used to profile polar lipids from mouse brain, which was found to contain 17 gangliosides and 13 sulfatides. Types and linkages of the monosaccharides and their acetyl modifications were identified by low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) (40 V), and the type of sphingosine base was identified by higher energy CID (80 V). Accurate mass measurements and chromatography unveiled the degree of unsaturation and hydroxylation in the ceramide lipid tails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Larry A. Lerno
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Caroline S. Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Laura A. Gillies
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Rudolf Grimm
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
- Agilent Technologies, Life Science Group, Santa Clara, CA 95051, United States
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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