151
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Bian X, Chi L, Gao B, Tu P, Ru H, Lu K. The artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium affects the gut microbiome and body weight gain in CD-1 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178426. [PMID: 28594855 PMCID: PMC5464538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners have been widely used in the modern diet, and their observed effects on human health have been inconsistent, with both beneficial and adverse outcomes reported. Obesity and type 2 diabetes have dramatically increased in the U.S. and other countries over the last two decades. Numerous studies have indicated an important role of the gut microbiome in body weight control and glucose metabolism and regulation. Interestingly, the artificial sweetener saccharin could alter gut microbiota and induce glucose intolerance, raising questions about the contribution of artificial sweeteners to the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes. Acesulfame-potassium (Ace-K), a FDA-approved artificial sweetener, is commonly used, but its toxicity data reported to date are considered inadequate. In particular, the functional impact of Ace-K on the gut microbiome is largely unknown. In this study, we explored the effects of Ace-K on the gut microbiome and the changes in fecal metabolic profiles using 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics. We found that Ace-K consumption perturbed the gut microbiome of CD-1 mice after a 4-week treatment. The observed body weight gain, shifts in the gut bacterial community composition, enrichment of functional bacterial genes related to energy metabolism, and fecal metabolomic changes were highly gender-specific, with differential effects observed for males and females. In particular, ace-K increased body weight gain of male but not female mice. Collectively, our results may provide a novel understanding of the interaction between artificial sweeteners and the gut microbiome, as well as the potential role of this interaction in the development of obesity and the associated chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Bian
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Liang Chi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bei Gao
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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152
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González-Domínguez R, Mateos RM, Lechuga-Sancho AM, González-Cortés JJ, Corrales-Cuevas M, Rojas-Cots JA, Segundo C, Schwarz M. Synergic effects of sugar and caffeine on insulin-mediated metabolomic alterations after an acute consumption of soft drinks. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2313-2322. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl González-Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences; University of Huelva; Spain
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3; University of Huelva; Spain
| | - Rosa María Mateos
- Department of Pediatrics; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz; Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz; Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine; University of Cádiz; Cádiz Spain
| | - Alfonso María Lechuga-Sancho
- Department of Pediatrics; Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz; Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz; Spain
- Department of Mother and Child Health and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Cádiz; Cádiz Spain
| | - José Joaquín González-Cortés
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cadiz; Spain
- Department of Mother and Child Health and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Cádiz; Cádiz Spain
| | - Manuel Corrales-Cuevas
- Department of Mother and Child Health and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Cádiz; Cádiz Spain
| | - Juan Alberto Rojas-Cots
- Department of Mother and Child Health and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Cádiz; Cádiz Spain
| | - Carmen Segundo
- “Salus Infirmorum” Faculty of Nursing; University of Cádiz; Cádiz Spain
| | - Mónica Schwarz
- “Salus Infirmorum” Faculty of Nursing; University of Cádiz; Cádiz Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentario (IVAGRO), Puerto Real Campus; University of Cádiz, Puerto Real; Cádiz Spain
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153
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Erythritol is a pentose-phosphate pathway metabolite and associated with adiposity gain in young adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4233-E4240. [PMID: 28484010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620079114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic markers associated with incident central adiposity gain were investigated in young adults. In a 9-mo prospective study of university freshmen (n = 264). Blood samples and anthropometry measurements were collected in the first 3 d on campus and at the end of the year. Plasma from individuals was pooled by phenotype [incident central adiposity, stable adiposity, baseline hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) > 5.05%, HbA1c < 4.92%] and assayed using GC-MS, chromatograms were analyzed using MetaboliteDetector software, and normalized metabolite levels were compared using Welch's t test. Assays were repeated using freshly prepared pools, and statistically significant metabolites were quantified in a targeted GC-MS approach. Isotope tracer studies were performed to determine if the potential marker was an endogenous human metabolite in men and in whole blood. Participants with incident central adiposity gain had statistically significantly higher blood erythritol [P < 0.001, false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.0435], and the targeted assay revealed 15-fold [95% confidence interval (CI): 13.27, 16.25] higher blood erythritol compared with participants with stable adiposity. Participants with baseline HbA1c > 5.05% had 21-fold (95% CI: 19.84, 21.41) higher blood erythritol compared with participants with lower HbA1c (P < 0.001, FDR = 0.00016). Erythritol was shown to be synthesized endogenously from glucose via the pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) in stable isotope-assisted ex vivo blood incubation experiments and through in vivo conversion of erythritol to erythronate in stable isotope-assisted dried blood spot experiments. Therefore, endogenous production of erythritol from glucose may contribute to the association between erythritol and obesity observed in young adults.
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154
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Stamataki NS, McLaughlin JT. Sweet sensing, homeostasis and hedonics in the human gut-brain axis. NUTR BULL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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155
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Reynolds TH, Soriano RA, Obadi OA, Murkland S, Possidente B. Long term rebaudioside A treatment does not alter circadian activity rhythms, adiposity, or insulin action in male mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177138. [PMID: 28475596 PMCID: PMC5419602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem that is highly associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, two conditions associated with circadian disruption. To date, dieting is one of the only interventions that result in substantial weight loss, but restricting caloric intake is difficult to maintain long-term. The use of artificial sweeteners, particularly in individuals that consume sugar sweetened beverages (energy drinks, soda), can reduce caloric intake and possibly facilitate weight loss. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of the artificial sweetener, rebaudioside A (Reb-A), on circadian rhythms, in vivo insulin action, and the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Six month old male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to a control or Reb-A (0.1% Reb-A supplemented drinking water) group for six months. Circadian wheel running rhythms, body weight, caloric intake, insulin action, and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity were assessed. Time of peak physical activity under a 12:12 light-dark (LD) cycle, mean activity levels, and circadian period in constant dark were not significantly different in mice that consumed Reb-A supplemented water compared to normal drinking water, indicating that circadian rhythms and biological clock function were unaltered. Although wheel running significantly reduced body weight in both Reb-A and control mice (P = 0.0001), consuming Reb-A supplemented water did not alter the changes in body weight following wheel running (P = 0.916). In vivo insulin action, as assessed by glucose, insulin, and pyruvate tolerance tests, was not different between mice that consumed Reb-A treated water compared to normal drinking water. Finally, Reb-A does not appear to change the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity as both groups of mice gained similar amounts of body weight when placed on a high fat diet. Our results indicate that consuming Reb-A supplemented water does not promote circadian disruption, insulin resistance, or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Reynolds
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences and Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachelle A. Soriano
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences and Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States of America
| | - Obadi A. Obadi
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences and Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States of America
| | - Stanley Murkland
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences and Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States of America
| | - Bernard Possidente
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences and Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States of America
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156
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Hall LN, Sanchez LR, Hubbard J, Lee H, Looby SE, Srinivasa S, Zanni MV, Stanley TL, Lo J, Grinspoon SK, Fitch KV. Aspartame Intake Relates to Coronary Plaque Burden and Inflammatory Indices in Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx083. [PMID: 28695142 PMCID: PMC5499744 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary sweeteners may contribute to metabolic dysregulation and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but this has not been assessed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS One hundred twenty-four HIV-infected and 56 non-HIV-infected participants, without history of known coronary artery disease were included. Dietary intake was assessed using a 4-day food record. Coronary plaque was determined using cardiac computed tomography angiography. RESULTS Human immunodeficiency virus-infected participants had significantly greater intake of dietary sweeteners, including total sugar (P = .03) and added sugar (P = .009); intake of aspartame (artificial sweetener) was greater among aspartame consumers with HIV versus non-HIV consumers (P = .03). Among HIV-infected participants, aspartame intake was significantly associated with coronary plaque (P = .002) and noncalcified plaque (P = .007) segments, as well as markers of inflammation/immune activation (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2), which may contribute to increased atherogenesis. In multivariable regression modeling, aspartame remained an independent predictor of plaque in HIV. In contrast, among non-HIV-infected participants, no sweetener type was shown to relate to plaque characteristics. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate increased intake of dietary sweeteners and a potential novel association between aspartame intake, plaque burden, and inflammation in HIV. Our data suggest that aspartame may contribute to CVD risk in HIV. Further studies should address potential mechanisms by which aspartame may contribute to increased plaque burden and cardiovascular benefits of dietary strategies targeting aspartame intake in HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura R Sanchez
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jane Hubbard
- Clinical Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Hang Lee
- MGH Biostatistics Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara E Looby
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Munn Center for Nursing Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Suman Srinivasa
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Markella V Zanni
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Takara L Stanley
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Janet Lo
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Steven K Grinspoon
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kathleen V Fitch
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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157
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Saltiel MY, Kuhre RE, Christiansen CB, Eliasen R, Conde-Frieboes KW, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ. Sweet Taste Receptor Activation in the Gut Is of Limited Importance for Glucose-Stimulated GLP-1 and GIP Secretion. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040418. [PMID: 28441725 PMCID: PMC5409757 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose stimulates the secretion of the incretin hormones: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). It is debated whether the sweet taste receptor (STR) triggers this secretion. We investigated the role of STR activation for glucose-stimulated incretin secretion from an isolated perfused rat small intestine and whether selective STR activation by artificial sweeteners stimulates secretion. Intra-luminal administration of the STR agonists, acesulfame K (3.85% w/v), but not sucralose (1.25% w/v) and stevioside (2.5% w/v), stimulated GLP-1 secretion (acesulfame K: 31 ± 3 pmol/L vs. 21 ± 2 pmol/L, p < 0.05, n = 6). In contrast, intra-arterial administration of sucralose (10 mM) and stevioside (10 mM), but not acesulfame K, stimulated GLP-1 secretion (sucralose: 51 ± 6 pmol/L vs. 34 ± 4 pmol/L, p < 0.05; stevioside: 54 ± 6 pmol/L vs. 32 ± 2 pmol/L, p < 0.05, n = 6), while 0.1 mM and 1 mM sucralose did not affect the secretion. Luminal glucose (20% w/v) doubled GLP-1 and GIP secretion, but basolateral STR inhibition by gurmarin (2.5 µg/mL) or the inhibition of the transient receptor potential cation channel 5 (TRPM5) by triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) (100 µM) did not attenuate the responses. In conclusion, STR activation does not drive GIP/GLP-1 secretion itself, nor does it have a role for glucose-stimulated GLP-1 or GIP secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Y Saltiel
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Charlotte B Christiansen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Eliasen
- Protein & Peptide Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | | | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Jens J Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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158
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Qu Y, Li R, Jiang M, Wang X. Sucralose Increases Antimicrobial Resistance and Stimulates Recovery of Escherichia coli Mutants. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:885-888. [PMID: 28424940 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because of heavy use of antimicrobials, antimicrobial resistance in bacteria has become of great concern. The effect of some widely used food additives such as sucralose on bacteria in the gut and the environment has also drawn increasing attention. In this study, we investigated the interaction between antimicrobials and sucralose impacting antimicrobial resistance and mutation of Escherichia coli (E. coli). To examine antimicrobial resistance and mutation frequency, different subinhibitory concentrations of sucralose were added to cultures of E.coli BW25113 that were then treated with antimicrobials, oxolinic acid, or moxifloxacin. Then the E.coli were assayed for bacterial survival and recovery of mutants resistant to an unrelated antimicrobial, rifampicin. Pre-treatment of E.coli BW25113 with 1/2 minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of sucralose increased the survival rate in oxolinic acid or moxifloxacin. A 1/3 MIC of sucralose increased rifampicin-resistant mutation rate of E.coli BW25113 after 72 h, while rifampicin-resistant mutation rate was increased when co-treated with 1/8 MIC, 1/4 MIC, 1/3 MIC sucralose, and oxolinic acid after 24 h. Sucralose can increase the antimicrobial resistance and mutation frequency of E.coli to some antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Qu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Rongyan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Mingshan Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiuhong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
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159
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Assessing gene-environment interaction effects of FTO, MC4R and lifestyle factors on obesity using an extreme phenotype sampling design: Results from the HUNT study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175071. [PMID: 28384342 PMCID: PMC5383228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to assess the influence of age, gender and lifestyle factors on the effect of the obesity-promoting alleles of FTO and MCR4. METHODS The HUNT study comprises health information on the population of Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. Extreme phenotype participants (gender-wise lower and upper quartiles of waist-hip-ratio and BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) in the third survey, HUNT3 (2006-08), were genotyped for the single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs9939609 (FTO) and rs17782313 (MC4R); 25686 participants were successfully genotyped. Extreme sampling was chosen to increase power to detect genetic and gene-environment effects on waist-hip-ratio and BMI. Statistical inference was based on linear regression models and a missing-covariate likelihood approach for the extreme phenotype sampling design. Environmental factors were physical activity, diet (artificially sweetened beverages) and smoking. Longitudinal analysis was performed using material from HUNT2 (1995-97). RESULTS Cross-sectional and longitudinal genetic effects indicated stronger genetic associations with obesity in young than in old, as well as differences between women and men. We observed larger genetic effects among physically inactive compared to active individuals. This interaction was age-dependent and seen mainly in 20-40 year olds. We observed a greater FTO effect among men with a regular intake of artificially sweetened beverages, compared to non-drinkers. Interaction analysis of smoking was mainly inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS In a large all-adult and area-based population survey the effects of obesity-promoting minor-alleles of FTO and MCR4, and interactions with life style factors are age- and gender-related. These findings appear relevant when designing individualized treatment for and prophylaxis against obesity.
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160
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Pinto DE, Foletto KC, Nunes RB, Lago PD, Bertoluci MC. Long-term intake of saccharin decreases post-absortive energy expenditure at rest and is associated to greater weight gain relative to sucrose in wistar rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:18. [PMID: 28239405 PMCID: PMC5319070 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) have been associated with increased prevalence of obesity. In previous studies, we demonstrated that saccharin could induce an increase in weight gain either when compared to sucrose or to a non-sweetened control at a similar total caloric intake. These data raised the hypothesis that reduced energy expenditure (EE) could be a potential mechanism explaining greater weight gain with saccharin use in rats. The aim of the present study was to compare long-term energy expenditure at rest between rats using saccharin or sucrose and correlate it with weight gain. Methods In the present study, we examine the potential impact of saccharin compared to sucrose in the EE of Wistar rats. In a controlled experiment of 17 weeks, 24 Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: saccharin-sweetened yogurt (SAC) or sucrose-sweetened yogurt (SUC), plus a free chow diet. Only rats that consumed at least 70% of the offered yogurt were included. EE (kcal/day) was determined at rest through open circuit indirect calorimetry system in the early post-absorptive period with determinations of both VO2 consumption and CO2 production. Measurements were evaluated at baseline, 5 and 12 weeks of dietary intervention. Weight gain, caloric intake (from yogurt, from chow and total) were determined weekly. Results Body weight and EE were similar between groups at baseline: (p = .35) and (p = .67) respectively. At the end of the study, SAC increased total weight gain significantly more in relation to SUC (p = .03). Cumulative total caloric intake (yogurt plus chow) was similar between groups during the whole period (p = .54). At 12 weeks, the EE was smaller in SAC compared to SUC (p = .009). Considering both groups, there was a strong negative correlation between total weight gain and change in EE observed [r(20) = −.61, p = .003]. However, when analyzing the groups separately we found that SUC maintained this inverse correlation [r(8) = −.68, p = .03], while SAC did not [r(10) = −.33, p = .29]. Conclusion These data support the hypothesis that long-term use of saccharin may blunt post-absorptive EE at rest in Wistar rats, which is related to weight gain. On the other hand, long-term sucrose intake can increase energy expenditure in rats. This effect combined can explain, at least partially, the weight gain increases associated to saccharin in relation to sucrose in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Entrudo Pinto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, n° 2400, CEP 90035-003, Bairro Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Kelly Carraro Foletto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, n° 2400, CEP 90035-003, Bairro Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Ramiro Barcos Nunes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Rua Sarmento Leite, n° 245, CEP 90050-170, Bairro Centro, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Pedro Dal Lago
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Rua Sarmento Leite, n° 245, CEP 90050-170, Bairro Centro, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Marcello Casaccia Bertoluci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, n° 2400, CEP 90035-003, Bairro Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil.,Serviço de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, n° 2350, CEP 90035-903, Bairro Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
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161
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Mooradian AD, Smith M, Tokuda M. The role of artificial and natural sweeteners in reducing the consumption of table sugar: A narrative review. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2017; 18:1-8. [PMID: 29132732 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide has been partially attributed to the overconsumption of added sugars. Recent guidelines call for limiting the consumption of simple sugars to less than 10% of daily caloric consumption. High intensity sweeteners are regulated as food additives and include aspartame, acesulfame-k, neotame, saccharin, sucralose, cyclamate and alitame. Steviol glycosides and Luo Han Guo fruit extracts are high intensity sweeteners that are designated as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Commonly used non-caloric artificial sweeteners may have unfavorable effect on health including glucose intolerance and failure to cause weight reduction. The nutritive sweeteners include sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, xylitol, lactitol, mannitol, erythritol, trehalose and maltitol. Naturally occurring rare sugars have recently emerged as an alternative category of sweeteners. These monosaccharides and their derivatives are found in nature in small quantities and lack significant calories. This category includes d-allulose (d-psicose), d-tagatose, d-sorbose and d-allose. Limiting consumption of any sweetener may well be the best health advice. Identifying natural sweeteners that have favorable effects on body weight and metabolism may help achieving the current recommendations of restricting simple sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshag D Mooradian
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32209, United States.
| | - Meridith Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32209, United States
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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162
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Sylvetsky AC, Jin Y, Clark EJ, Welsh JA, Rother KI, Talegawkar SA. Consumption of Low-Calorie Sweeteners among Children and Adults in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017; 117:441-448.e2. [PMID: 28087414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) has increased markedly during the past several decades, yet the prevalence of LCS consumption in recent years is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe LCS consumption in the United States and to characterize consumption by sociodemographic subgroups, source, frequency, eating occasion, and location. DESIGN Cross-sectional study using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2009 to 2012. The prevalence of LCS consumption was assessed using two 24-hour dietary recalls, while the frequency (number of times per day), occasion (meal vs snack vs alone), and location of LCS consumption (at home vs away from home) was assessed using data from the one, in-person, 24-hour dietary recall. PARTICIPANTS National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants (2 years old or older) either in 2009-2010 (n=9,047) or in 2011-2012 (n=7,939). After excluding participants with implausible energy intake (n=44), the final sample size was 16,942. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the proportion of individuals consuming one or more foods, beverages, or packets containing LCSs during at least one of their two dietary recalls. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Data were weighted to provide national estimates and Stata frequency procedures for complex survey design were used for all analyses. RESULTS Our findings were that 25.1% of children and 41.4% adults reported consuming LCSs. Most LCS consumers reported use once daily (80% of children, 56% of adults) and frequency of consumption increased with body weight in adults. LCS consumption was higher in females compared with males among adults, and in obese individuals, compared with overweight and normal-weight individuals. Individuals of non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity also had higher prevalence of consumption compared with non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics and those in the highest tertile of income had higher LCS consumption compared with individuals of middle or low income across LCS product categories in adults, and for LCS beverages and LCS foods in children. Most LCS consumers reported consuming LCS with meals (64% of adults, 62% of children) and the majority of LCS consumption occurred at home (71% and 72% among adults and children, respectively). CONCLUSIONS LCS consumption is highly prevalent in the United States, among both children and adults. Well-controlled, prospective trials are required to understand the health impact of this widespread LCS exposure.
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163
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Ramkissoon CM, Aufderheide B, Bequette BW, Vehi J. A Review of Safety and Hazards Associated With the Artificial Pancreas. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 10:44-62. [DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2017.2749038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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164
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Pałkowska-Goździk E, Bigos A, Rosołowska-Huszcz D. Type of sweet flavour carrier affects thyroid axis activity in male rats. Eur J Nutr 2016; 57:773-782. [PMID: 28040879 PMCID: PMC5845588 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-nutritive sweeteners are the most widely used food additives worldwide. However, their metabolic outcomes are still a matter of controversy and their effect on the thyroid activity, a key regulator of metabolism, has not been previously studied. Therefore, we aim to determine the influence of the sweet type flavour carrier on selected parameters of thyroid axis activity. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 105) were divided into 3 groups fed ad libitum for three weeks isocaloric diets (3.76 ± 0.5 kcal/g): two with the same sweet flavour intensity responded to 10% of sucrose (with sucrose-SC-and sucralose-SU) and one non-sweet diet (NS). To evaluate the post-ingested effects, animals were euthanised at fast and 30, 60, 120, 180 min after meal. RESULTS The results obtained indicate that both the presence and the type of sweet taste flavour carrier affect thyroid axis activity both at fasting and postprandial state. Compared to diet with sucrose which stimulates thyroid axis activity, sucralose addition diminishes thyroid hormone synthesis as thyroid peroxidase (TPO) activity, plasma thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) concentration was lower than in SC and NS while in non-sweet diet the lowest level of hepatic deiodinase type 1 (DIO1) and the highest reverse T3 (rT3) level indicate on altered thyroid hormone peripheral metabolism. CONCLUSION Both the presence and the type of sweet flavour carrier have a significant impact on thyroid axis activity. Our findings suggest that this organochlorine sweetener is metabolically active and might exacerbate metabolic disorders via an adverse effect on thyroid hormone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Pałkowska-Goździk
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Warsaw-SGGW, Poland, Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Bigos
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Warsaw-SGGW, Poland, Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Rosołowska-Huszcz
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Warsaw-SGGW, Poland, Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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165
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Collison KS, Inglis A, Shibin S, Andres B, Ubungen R, Thiam J, Mata P, Al-Mohanna FA. Differential effects of early-life NMDA receptor antagonism on aspartame-impaired insulin tolerance and behavior. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:209-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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166
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Chia CW, Shardell M, Tanaka T, Liu DD, Gravenstein KS, Simonsick EM, Egan JM, Ferrucci L. Chronic Low-Calorie Sweetener Use and Risk of Abdominal Obesity among Older Adults: A Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167241. [PMID: 27880832 PMCID: PMC5120853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low-calorie sweetener use for weight control has come under increasing scrutiny as obesity, especially abdominal obesity, remain entrenched despite substantial low-calorie sweetener use. We evaluated whether chronic low-calorie sweetener use is a risk factor for abdominal obesity. Participants and Methods We used 8268 anthropometric measurements and 3096 food diary records with detailed information on low-calorie sweetener consumption in all food products, from 1454 participants (741 men, 713 women) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging collected from 1984 to 2012 with median follow-up of 10 years (range: 0–28 years). At baseline, 785 were low-calorie sweetener non-users (51.7% men) and 669 participants were low-calorie sweetener users (50.1% men). Time-varying low-calorie sweetener use was operationalized as the proportion of visits since baseline at which low-calorie sweetener use was reported. We used marginal structural models to determine the association between baseline and time-varying low-calorie sweetener use with longitudinal outcomes—body mass index, waist circumference, obesity and abdominal obesity—with outcome status assessed at the visit following low-calorie sweetener ascertainment to minimize the potential for reverse causality. All models were adjusted for year of visit, age, sex, age by sex interaction, race, current smoking status, dietary intake (caffeine, fructose, protein, carbohydrate, and fat), physical activity, diabetes status, and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score as confounders. Results With median follow-up of 10 years, low-calorie sweetener users had 0.80 kg/m2 higher body mass index (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17–1.44), 2.6 cm larger waist circumference (95% CI, 0.71–4.39), 36.7% higher prevalence (prevalence ratio = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.10–1.69) and 53% higher incidence (hazard ratio = 1.53; 95% CI 1.10–2.12) of abdominal obesity than low-calorie sweetener non-users. Conclusions Low-calorie sweetener use is independently associated with heavier relative weight, a larger waist, and a higher prevalence and incidence of abdominal obesity suggesting that low-calorie sweetener use may not be an effective means of weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee W. Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michelle Shardell
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David D. Liu
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristofer S. Gravenstein
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eleanor M. Simonsick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Josephine M. Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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167
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Gul SS, Hamilton ARL, Munoz AR, Phupitakphol T, Liu W, Hyoju SK, Economopoulos KP, Morrison S, Hu D, Zhang W, Gharedaghi MH, Huo H, Hamarneh SR, Hodin RA. Inhibition of the gut enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase may explain how aspartame promotes glucose intolerance and obesity in mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:77-83. [PMID: 27997218 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diet soda consumption has not been associated with tangible weight loss. Aspartame (ASP) commonly substitutes sugar and one of its breakdown products is phenylalanine (PHE), a known inhibitor of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), a gut enzyme shown to prevent metabolic syndrome in mice. We hypothesized that ASP consumption might contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome based on PHE's inhibition of endogenous IAP. The design of the study was such that for the in vitro model, IAP was added to diet and regular soda, and IAP activity was measured. For the acute model, a closed bowel loop was created in mice. ASP or water was instilled into it and IAP activity was measured. For the chronic model, mice were fed chow or high-fat diet (HFD) with/without ASP in the drinking water for 18 weeks. The results were that for the in vitro study, IAP activity was lower (p < 0.05) in solutions containing ASP compared with controls. For the acute model, endogenous IAP activity was reduced by 50% in the ASP group compared with controls (0.2 ± 0.03 vs 0.4 ± 0.24) (p = 0.02). For the chronic model, mice in the HFD + ASP group gained more weight compared with the HFD + water group (48.1 ± 1.6 vs 42.4 ± 3.1, p = 0.0001). Significant difference in glucose intolerance between the HFD ± ASP groups (53 913 ± 4000.58 (mg·min)/dL vs 42 003.75 ± 5331.61 (mg·min)/dL, respectively, p = 0.02). Fasting glucose and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were significantly higher in the HFD + ASP group (1.23- and 0.87-fold increases, respectively, p = 0.006 and p = 0.01). In conclusion, endogenous IAP's protective effects in regard to the metabolic syndrome may be inhibited by PHE, a metabolite of ASP, perhaps explaining the lack of expected weight loss and metabolic improvements associated with diet drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Gul
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A Rebecca L Hamilton
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexander R Munoz
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tanit Phupitakphol
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sanjiv K Hyoju
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Konstantinos P Economopoulos
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sara Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dong Hu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad Hadi Gharedaghi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Haizhong Huo
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sulaiman R Hamarneh
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richard A Hodin
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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168
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Stamates AL, Linden-Carmichael AN, Lau-Barraco C. Mixing alcohol with artificially sweetened beverages: Prevalence and correlates among college students. Addict Behav 2016; 62:79-82. [PMID: 27344010 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mixing alcohol with diet beverages, as compared to mixing the same amount of alcohol with a regular beverage, is associated with greater intoxication. This may occur because diet mixers increase alcohol absorption rates. Thus, it is plausible that the use of diet mixers may increase the risk of alcohol-related harms. The current study sought to (1) determine the rate/frequency of use in among college students, (2) examine the relationship between mixing alcohol with diet beverages and alcohol-related problems, above typical alcohol use and sensation seeking, and (3) explore key traits (gender, restricting food while drinking, and body mass index [BMI]) that may characterize users. Participants were 686 (73% female) undergraduate students who completed self-reports of alcohol use (including diet mixer use), alcohol-related problems, eating behaviors while drinking, sensation seeking, and demographic information. Results revealed that about 36% of the sample reported consuming alcohol with diet mixers, and users typically consumed this beverage at least once a month. Students who reported mixing alcohol with diet beverages experienced more alcohol-related problems. And, the more frequently one consumed this beverage, the more problems were reported. These associations were found after controlling for typical level of alcohol use and sensation seeking. No differences were observed between user-status on gender, eating behaviors while drinking, and BMI. Our findings suggest that mixing alcohol with diet beverages could be a risk factor for experiencing more alcohol-related harms. Further research is needed to understand this relationship, as it may help guide intervening efforts aimed to reduce alcohol-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cathy Lau-Barraco
- Old Dominion University, USA; Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, USA.
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169
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Sylvetsky AC, Brown RJ, Blau JE, Walter M, Rother KI. Hormonal responses to non-nutritive sweeteners in water and diet soda. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:71. [PMID: 27777606 PMCID: PMC5073441 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS), especially in form of diet soda, have been linked to metabolic derangements (e.g. obesity and diabetes) in epidemiologic studies. We aimed to test acute metabolic effects of NNS in isolation (water or seltzer) and in diet sodas. Methods We conducted a four-period, cross-over study at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (Bethesda, Maryland). Thirty healthy adults consumed 355 mL water with 0 mg, 68 mg, 170 mg, and 250 mg sucralose, and 31 individuals consumed 355 mL caffeine-free Diet Rite Cola™, Diet Mountain Dew™ (18 mg sucralose, 18 mg acesulfame-potassium, 57 mg aspartame), and seltzer water with NNS (68 mg sucralose and 41 mg acesulfame-potassium, equivalent to Diet Rite Cola™) in randomized order, prior to oral glucose tolerance tests. Blood samples were collected serially for 130 min. Measures included GLP-1, GIP, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucose absorption, gastric emptying, and subjective hunger and satiety ratings. Results Diet sodas augmented active GLP-1 (Diet Rite Cola™ vs. seltzer water, AUC, p = 0.039; Diet Mountain Dew™ vs. seltzer water, AUC, p = 0.07), but gastric emptying and satiety were unaffected. Insulin concentrations were nominally higher following all NNS conditions without altering glycemia. Sucralose alone (at any concentration) did not affect metabolic outcomes. Conclusions Diet sodas but not NNS in water augmented GLP-1 responses to oral glucose. Whether the trends toward higher insulin concentrations after NNS are of clinical importance remains to be determined. Our findings emphasize the need to test metabolic effects of NNS after chronic consumption. Trial registration The data for this manuscript were gathered from clinical trial #NCT01200940. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0129-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Sylvetsky
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes & Metabolism. DEOB, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA ; Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca J Brown
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes & Metabolism. DEOB, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jenny E Blau
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes & Metabolism. DEOB, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Mary Walter
- Office of the Director, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kristina I Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes & Metabolism. DEOB, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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170
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Glendinning JI. Do low-calorie sweeteners promote weight gain in rodents? Physiol Behav 2016; 164:509-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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171
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Roberts A. The safety and regulatory process for low calorie sweeteners in the United States. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:439-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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172
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Brunkwall L, Chen Y, Hindy G, Rukh G, Ericson U, Barroso I, Johansson I, Franks PW, Orho-Melander M, Renström F. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and genetic predisposition to obesity in 2 Swedish cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:809-15. [PMID: 27465381 PMCID: PMC4997292 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.126052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), which has increased substantially during the last decades, has been associated with obesity and weight gain. OBJECTIVE Common genetic susceptibility to obesity has been shown to modify the association between SSB intake and obesity risk in 3 prospective cohorts from the United States. We aimed to replicate these findings in 2 large Swedish cohorts. DESIGN Data were available for 21,824 healthy participants from the Malmö Diet and Cancer study and 4902 healthy participants from the Gene-Lifestyle Interactions and Complex Traits Involved in Elevated Disease Risk Study. Self-reported SSB intake was categorized into 4 levels (seldom, low, medium, and high). Unweighted and weighted genetic risk scores (GRSs) were constructed based on 30 body mass index [(BMI) in kg/m(2)]-associated loci, and effect modification was assessed in linear regression equations by modeling the product and marginal effects of the GRS and SSB intake adjusted for age-, sex-, and cohort-specific covariates, with BMI as the outcome. In a secondary analysis, models were additionally adjusted for putative confounders (total energy intake, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and physical activity). RESULTS In an inverse variance-weighted fixed-effects meta-analysis, each SSB intake category increment was associated with a 0.18 higher BMI (SE = 0.02; P = 1.7 × 10(-20); n = 26,726). In the fully adjusted model, a nominal significant interaction between SSB intake category and the unweighted GRS was observed (P-interaction = 0.03). Comparing the participants within the top and bottom quartiles of the GRS to each increment in SSB intake was associated with 0.24 (SE = 0.04; P = 2.9 × 10(-8); n = 6766) and 0.15 (SE = 0.04; P = 1.3 × 10(-4); n = 6835) higher BMIs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The interaction observed in the Swedish cohorts is similar in magnitude to the previous analysis in US cohorts and indicates that the relation of SSB intake and BMI is stronger in people genetically predisposed to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Chen
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - George Hindy
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology and
| | - Gull Rukh
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology and
| | - Ulrika Ericson
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology and
| | - Inês Barroso
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, and Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Frida Renström
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; and
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173
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Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ, Nwoha PU. Alterations in behaviour, cerebral cortical morphology and cerebral oxidative stress markers following aspartame ingestion. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 78:42-56. [PMID: 27565676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study evaluated changes in open field behaviours, cerebral cortical histomorphology and biochemical markers of oxidative stress following repeated administration of aspartame in mice. METHODOLOGY Adult mice were assigned into five groups of twelve each. Vehicle (distilled water), or aspartame (20, 40, 80 and 160mg/kg body weight) were administered orally for 28days. Horizontal locomotion, rearing and grooming were assessed after the first and last dose of aspartame. Sections of the cerebral cortex were processed and stained for general histology, and also examined for neuritic plaques using the Bielschwosky's protocol. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) immunoreactivity were assessed using appropriate antibodies. Aspartate and antioxidant levels were also assayed from cerebral cortex homogenates. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS Body weight and food consumption decreased significantly with aspartame consumption. Locomotion, rearing and grooming increased significantly after first dose, and with repeated administration of aspartame. Histological changes consistent with neuronal damage were seen at 40, 80 and 160mg/kg. Neuritic plaque formation was not evident; while GFAP-reactive astrocytes and NSE-reactive neurons increased at 40 and 80mg/kg but decreased at 160mg/kg. Superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide increased with increasing doses of aspartame, while aspartate levels showed no significant difference. CONCLUSION The study showed morphological alterations consistent with neuronal injury and biochemical changes of oxidative stress. These data therefore supports the need for caution in the indiscriminate use of aspartame as a non-nutritive sweetener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Oshogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Polycarp U Nwoha
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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174
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Romo-Romo A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Brito-Córdova GX, Gómez Díaz RA, Vilchis Valentín D, Almeda-Valdes P. Effects of the Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Glucose Metabolism and Appetite Regulating Hormones: Systematic Review of Observational Prospective Studies and Clinical Trials. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161264. [PMID: 27537496 PMCID: PMC4990242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) on glucose metabolism and appetite regulating hormones are not clear. There is an ongoing debate concerning NNS use and deleterious changes in metabolism. Objectives The aim of this review is to analyze the scientific available evidence regarding the effects of NNS on glucose metabolism and appetite regulating hormones. Data Sources and Study Eligibility Criteria We identified human observational studies evaluating the relation between NNS consumption and obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, in addition to clinical trials evaluating the effects of NNS in glucose metabolism and appetite regulating hormones. Results Fourteen observational studies evaluating the association between NNS consumption and the development of metabolic diseases and twenty-eight clinical trials studying the effects of NNS on metabolism were included. Finally, two meta-analyses evaluating the association between the consumption of NNS-containing beverages and the development of type 2 diabetes were identified. Conclusions Some observational studies suggest an association between NNS consumption and development of metabolic diseases; however, adiposity is a confounder frequently found in observational studies. The effects of the NNS on glucose metabolism are not clear. The results of the identified clinical trials are contradictory and are not comparable because of the major existing differences between them. Studies evaluating specific NNS, with an adequate sample size, including a homogeneous study group, identifying significant comorbidities, with an appropriate control group, with an appropriate exposure time, and considering adjustment for confounder variables such as adiposity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Romo-Romo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, México City, México
| | - Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, México City, México
| | - Griselda X. Brito-Córdova
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, México City, México
| | - Rita A. Gómez Díaz
- Medical Research Unit in Clinical Epidemiology, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), México City, México
| | - David Vilchis Valentín
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, México City, México
| | - Paloma Almeda-Valdes
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, México City, México
- * E-mail:
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175
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von Philipsborn P, Stratil JM, Burns J, Busert LK, Pfadenhauer LM, Polus S, Holzapfel C, Hauner H, Rehfuess E. Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter von Philipsborn
- Technical University Munich; Faculty of Medicine; Stuntzstrasse 12 81677 Munich Germany
| | - Jan M Stratil
- University of Tuebingen; Faculty of Medicine; Wilhelmstrasse 127 Tuebingen Germany 72076
| | - Jacob Burns
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Marchioninistr. 15 Munich Bavaria Germany
| | - Laura K Busert
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Marchioninistr. 15 Munich Bavaria Germany
| | - Lisa M Pfadenhauer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Marchioninistr. 15 Munich Bavaria Germany
| | - Stephanie Polus
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Marchioninistr. 15 Munich Bavaria Germany
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Technische Universität München Klinikum rechts der Isar; Institute for Nutritional Medicine; Munich Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Technische Universität München Klinikum rechts der Isar; Institute for Nutritional Medicine; Munich Germany
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; Marchioninistr. 15 Munich Bavaria Germany
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176
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Sucralose Promotes Food Intake through NPY and a Neuronal Fasting Response. Cell Metab 2016; 24:75-90. [PMID: 27411010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners like sucralose are consumed by billions of people. While animal and human studies have demonstrated a link between synthetic sweetener consumption and metabolic dysregulation, the mechanisms responsible remain unknown. Here we use a diet supplemented with sucralose to investigate the long-term effects of sweet/energy imbalance. In flies, chronic sweet/energy imbalance promoted hyperactivity, insomnia, glucose intolerance, enhanced sweet taste perception, and a sustained increase in food and calories consumed, effects that are reversed upon sucralose removal. Mechanistically, this response was mapped to the ancient insulin, catecholamine, and NPF/NPY systems and the energy sensor AMPK, which together comprise a novel neuronal starvation response pathway. Interestingly, chronic sweet/energy imbalance promoted increased food intake in mammals as well, and this also occurs through an NPY-dependent mechanism. Together, our data show that chronic consumption of a sweet/energy imbalanced diet triggers a conserved neuronal fasting response and increases the motivation to eat.
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177
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Shearer J, Swithers SE. Artificial sweeteners and metabolic dysregulation: Lessons learned from agriculture and the laboratory. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:179-86. [PMID: 27387506 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Escalating rates of obesity and public health messages to reduce excessive sugar intake have fuelled the consumption of artificial sweeteners in a wide range of products from breakfast cereals to snack foods and beverages. Artificial sweeteners impart a sweet taste without the associated energy and have been widely recommended by medical professionals since they are considered safe. However, associations observed in long-term prospective studies raise the concern that regular consumption of artificial sweeteners might actually contribute to development of metabolic derangements that lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obtaining mechanistic data on artificial sweetener use in humans in relation to metabolic dysfunction is difficult due to the long time frames over which dietary factors might exert their effects on health and the large number of confounding variables that need to be considered. Thus, mechanistic data from animal models can be highly useful because they permit greater experimental control. Results from animal studies in both the agricultural sector and the laboratory indicate that artificial sweeteners may not only promote food intake and weight gain but can also induce metabolic alterations in a wide range of animal species. As a result, simple substitution of artificial sweeteners for sugars in humans may not produce the intended consequences. Instead consumption of artificial sweeteners might contribute to increases in risks for obesity or its attendant negative health outcomes. As a result, it is critical that the impacts of artificial sweeteners on health and disease continue to be more thoroughly evaluated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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178
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Sylvetsky AC, Blau JE, Rother KI. Understanding the metabolic and health effects of low-calorie sweeteners: methodological considerations and implications for future research. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:187-94. [PMID: 26936185 PMCID: PMC5010791 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of foods, beverages, and packets containing low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) has increased markedly across gender, age, race/ethnicity, weight status, and socio-economic subgroups. However, well-controlled intervention studies rigorously evaluating the health effects of LCS in humans are limited. One of the key questions is whether LCS are indeed a beneficial strategy for weight management and prevention of obesity. The current review discusses several methodological considerations in the design and interpretation of these studies. Specifically, we focus on the selection of study participants, inclusion of an appropriate control, importance of considering habitual LCS exposure, selection of specific LCS, dose and route of LCS administration, choice of study outcomes, and the context and generalizability of the study findings. These critical considerations will guide the design of future studies and thus assist in understanding the health effects of LCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jenny E Blau
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kristina I Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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179
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Abstract
Replacing sugar-sweetened beverages with diet soft drinks containing sugar substitutes that provide few or no calories has been suggested as one strategy for promoting improved public health outcomes. However, current scientific evidence indicates that routine consumption of beverages with non-nutritive sweeteners not only fails to prevent disease, but is associated with increases in risks for the same health outcomes associated with sugar-sweetened beverages, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke. Results from pre-clinical studies have provided plausible biological mechanisms that could promote these counterintuitive negative health effects of artificial sweeteners. Taken together, scientific studies currently indicate that public health will be improved by reducing intake of all sweeteners, both caloric and non-caloric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences Purdue University 703 Third Street West Lafayette, IN 47907
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180
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Zhang Y, Li F, Liu FQ, Chu C, Wang Y, Wang D, Guo TS, Wang JK, Guan GC, Ren KY, Mu JJ. Elevation of Fasting Ghrelin in Healthy Human Subjects Consuming a High-Salt Diet: A Novel Mechanism of Obesity? Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060323. [PMID: 27240398 PMCID: PMC4924164 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight/obesity is a chronic disease that carries an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and premature death. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated a clear relationship between salt intake and obesity, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that ghrelin, which regulates appetite, food intake, and fat deposition, becomes elevated when one consumes a high-salt diet, contributing to the progression of obesity. We, therefore, investigated fasting ghrelin concentrations during a high-salt diet. Thirty-eight non-obese and normotensive subjects (aged 25 to 50 years) were selected from a rural community in Northern China. They were sequentially maintained on a normal diet for three days at baseline, a low-salt diet for seven days (3 g/day, NaCl), then a high-salt diet for seven days (18 g/day). The concentration of plasma ghrelin was measured using an immunoenzyme method (ELISA). High-salt intake significantly increased fasting ghrelin levels, which were higher during the high-salt diet (320.7 ± 30.6 pg/mL) than during the low-salt diet (172.9 ± 8.9 pg/mL). The comparison of ghrelin levels between the different salt diets was statistically-significantly different (p < 0.01). A positive correlation between 24-h urinary sodium excretion and fasting ghrelin levels was demonstrated. Our data indicate that a high-salt diet elevates fasting ghrelin in healthy human subjects, which may be a novel underlying mechanism of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China.
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Fenxia Li
- Cardiovascular Department, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Fu-Qiang Liu
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China.
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Chao Chu
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Tong-Shuai Guo
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jun-Kui Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China.
| | - Gong-Chang Guan
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China.
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Ke-Yu Ren
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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181
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Yang CS, Ford P, Liu X, Leishman S, Schubert L. Ready-to-drink non-alcoholic beverages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-09-2015-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The appearance of a rapidly expanding range of ready-to-drink packaged beverages in the marketplace has been met with widespread consumer acceptance. The aim of this study is to profile the nutritional composition and dental erosive potential of a sample of beverages sold for consumption in Brisbane supermarkets.
Design/methodology/approach
In all, 44 beverages were assessed to determine their pH and titratable acidity. Information relating to nutritional composition was also collected.
Findings
Milk-based beverages had the highest energy concentration, while soft drinks, energy drinks, flavoured milk, and fruit and vegetable juice categories contained products with very high sugar concentrations (>10g/100ml). All beverages, except milk-based products and still water, had a pH of less than 4.8. Titratable acidity was highest for energy drinks and fruit and vegetable juices.
Research limitations/implications
Energy drinks and fruit and vegetable juices had the highest sugar content and titratable acidity of all the beverage categories and so would be expected to have the greatest potential to cause oral health problems. Milk drinks had the highest energy concentration, but the lowest erosive potential. Regular consumption of many ready-to-drink pre-packaged beverages is therefore inconsistent with recommendations in current dietary and oral health guidelines.
Originality/value
Rather than considering nutritional composition alone, this study examined both nutritional and physicochemical properties of ready-to-drink packaged beverages to reach a more holistic assessment of their health impact.
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182
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Sharma A, Amarnath S, Thulasimani M, Ramaswamy S. Artificial sweeteners as a sugar substitute: Are they really safe? Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 48:237-40. [PMID: 27298490 PMCID: PMC4899993 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.182888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) have become an important part of everyday life and are increasingly used nowadays in a variety of dietary and medicinal products. They provide fewer calories and far more intense sweetness than sugar-containing products and are used by a plethora of population subsets for varying objectives. Six of these agents (aspartame, saccharine, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame-K, and stevia) have previously received a generally recognized as safe status from the United States Food and Drug Administration, and two more (Swingle fruit extract and advantame) have been added in the recent years to this ever growing list. They are claimed to promote weight loss and deemed safe for consumption by diabetics; however, there is inconclusive evidence to support most of their uses and some recent studies even hint that these earlier established benefits regarding NNS use might not be true. There is a lack of properly designed randomized controlled studies to assess their efficacy in different populations, whereas observational studies often remain confounded due to reverse causality and often yield opposite findings. Pregnant and lactating women, children, diabetics, migraine, and epilepsy patients represent the susceptible population to the adverse effects of NNS-containing products and should use these products with utmost caution. The overall use of NNS remains controversial, and consumers should be amply informed about the potential risks of using them, based on current evidence-based dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - S. Amarnath
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - M. Thulasimani
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - S. Ramaswamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
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183
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Janesick AS, Blumberg B. Obesogens: an emerging threat to public health. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214:559-65. [PMID: 26829510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are defined as exogenous chemicals, or mixtures of chemicals, that can interfere with any aspect of hormone action. The field of endocrine disruption is historically rooted in wildlife biology and reproductive endocrinology where EDCs are demonstrated contributors to infertility, premature puberty, endometriosis, and other disorders. Recently, EDCs have been implicated in metabolic syndrome and obesity. Adipose tissue is a true endocrine organ and, therefore, an organ that is highly susceptible to disturbance by EDCs. A subset of EDCs, called "obesogens," promote adiposity by altering programming of fat cell development, increasing energy storage in fat tissue, and interfering with neuroendocrine control of appetite and satiety. Obesity adds more than $200 billion to US healthcare costs and the number of obese individuals continues to increase. Hence, there is an urgent, unmet need to understand the mechanisms underlying how exposures to certain EDCs may predispose our population to be obese. In this review, we discuss the history of obesogen discovery from its origins in reproductive biology to its latest role in the transgenerational inheritance of obesity in mice. We discuss the development of adipose tissue in an embryo, maintenance of adipocyte number in adults, how EDC disruption programs stem cells to preferentially make more adipocytes, the mechanisms by which chemicals can permanently alter the germline epigenome, and whether there are barriers to EDCs in the gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Janesick
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
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184
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Fowler SPG. Low-calorie sweetener use and energy balance: Results from experimental studies in animals, and large-scale prospective studies in humans. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:517-523. [PMID: 27129676 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade, pioneering animal studies conducted by investigators at Purdue University have provided evidence to support a central thesis: that the uncoupling of sweet taste and caloric intake by low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) can disrupt an animal's ability to predict the metabolic consequences of sweet taste, and thereby impair the animal's ability to respond appropriately to sweet-tasting foods. These investigators' work has been replicated and extended internationally. There now exists a body of evidence, from a number of investigators, that animals chronically exposed to any of a range of LCSs - including saccharin, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, or the combination of erythritol+aspartame - have exhibited one or more of the following conditions: increased food consumption, lower post-prandial thermogenesis, increased weight gain, greater percent body fat, decreased GLP-1 release during glucose tolerance testing, and significantly greater fasting glucose, glucose area under the curve during glucose tolerance testing, and hyperinsulinemia, compared with animals exposed to plain water or - in many cases - even to calorically-sweetened foods or liquids. Adverse impacts of LCS have appeared diminished in animals on dietary restriction, but were pronounced among males, animals genetically predisposed to obesity, and animals with diet-induced obesity. Impacts have been especially striking in animals on high-energy diets: diets high in fats and sugars, and diets which resemble a highly-processed 'Western' diet, including trans-fatty acids and monosodium glutamate. These studies have offered both support for, and biologically plausible mechanisms to explain, the results from a series of large-scale, long-term prospective observational studies conducted in humans, in which longitudinal increases in weight, abdominal adiposity, and incidence of overweight and obesity have been observed among study participants who reported using diet sodas and other LCS-sweetened beverages daily or more often at baseline. Furthermore, frequent use of diet beverages has been associated prospectively with increased long-term risk and/or hazard of a number of cardiometabolic conditions usually considered to be among the sequelae of obesity: hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, depression, kidney dysfunction, heart attack, stroke, and even cardiovascular and total mortality. Reverse causality does not appear to explain fully the increased risk observed across all of these studies, the majority of which have included key potential confounders as covariates. These have included body mass index or waist circumference at baseline; total caloric intake and specific macronutrient intake; physical activity; smoking; demographic and other relevant risk factors; and/or family history of disease. Whether non-LCS ingredients in diet beverages might have independently increased the weight gain and/or cardiometabolic risk observed among frequent consumers of LCS-sweetened beverages deserves further exploration. In the meantime, however, there is a striking congruence between results from animal research and a number of large-scale, long-term observational studies in humans, in finding significantly increased weight gain, adiposity, incidence of obesity, cardiometabolic risk, and even total mortality among individuals with chronic, daily exposure to low-calorie sweeteners - and these results are troubling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon P G Fowler
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States.
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185
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Peters JC, Beck J. Low Calorie Sweetener (LCS) use and energy balance. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:524-528. [PMID: 27061939 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For thirty years there has been a debate about whether low calorie sweeteners (LCS) provide a benefit for body weight management. Early studies showed that when consumed alone in a beverage appetite and food intake were increased. Some, observational longitudinal cohort studies reported an association between LCS usage and increasing BMI, suggesting that LCS may actually promote weight gain. In the ensuing decades numerous additional observational and experimental trials have been conducted with the experimental trials nearly uniformly showing a benefit for LCS, either in weight loss or weight gain prevention. The observational trials have been more inconsistent with two recent meta-analyses indicating either a small positive association between LCS usage and BMI (weighted group mean correlation, p=0.03) or an inverse association with body weight change (-1.35 kg, p=.004). Numerous potential mechanisms have been explored, mostly in animal models, in an attempt to explain this association but none have yet been proven in humans. It is also possible that the association between LCS and BMI increase in the observational studies may be due to reverse causality or residual confounding. Randomized controlled trials are consistent in showing a benefit of LCS which suggests that simple behavioral engagement by individuals attempting to control their weight is a sufficiently strong signal to overcome any potential mechanism that might act to promote energy intake and weight gain. Based on existing evidence, LCS can be a useful tool for people actively engaged in managing their body weight for weight loss and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Peters
- University of Colorado, Denver, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, USA.
| | - Jimikaye Beck
- University of Colorado, Denver, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, USA
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186
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Low calorie sweeteners and gut microbiota. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:494-500. [PMID: 26992958 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies dating back to 1980s, using bacterial cultures, have reported associations between low calorie sweeteners (LCS) and alterations in bacterial composition, raising the potential that LCS might exert effects on the host via interactions with gut microbiota. However, the results of a few recent studies carried out in this area have produced controversies. There is evidence that human fecal samples, used in most human microbiome studies, may provide a poor representation of microbial contents of the proximal intestine. Furthermore, fecal short chain fatty acid levels do not exemplify the amount of short chain fatty acids produced in the intestine. Short chain fatty acids are largely absorbed in the intestine by a tightly regulated mechanism. Here we present an exemplar study showing that the determination of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the precise mode of action of a LCS on gut microbiota allows for rational and scientifically-based recommendations.
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187
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The use of low-calorie sweeteners is associated with self-reported prior intent to lose weight in a representative sample of US adults. Nutr Diabetes 2016; 6:e202. [PMID: 26950483 PMCID: PMC4817079 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) are said to be a risk factor for obesity and diabetes. Reverse causality may be an alternative explanation. METHODS Data on LCS use, from a single 24-h dietary recall, for a representative sample of 22 231 adults were obtained from 5 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2008 NHANES). Retrospective data on intent to lose or maintain weight during the prior 12-months and 10-year weight history were obtained from the weight history questionnaire. Objectively measured heights and weights were obtained from the examination. Primary analyses evaluated the association between intent to lose/maintain weight and use of LCSs and specific LCS product types using survey-weighted generalized linear models. We further evaluated whether body mass index (BMI) may mediate the association between weight loss intent and use of LCSs. The association between 10-year weight history and current LCS use was evaluated using restricted cubic splines. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, LCS use was associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Adults who tried to lose weight during the previous 12 months were more likely to consume LCS beverages (prevalence ratio=1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.54-1.75), tabletop LCS (prevalence ratio=1.68, 95% CI 1.47-1.91) and LCS foods (prevalence ratio=1.93, 95% CI 1.60-2.33) as compared with those who did not. In mediation analyses, BMI only partially mediated the association between weight control history and the use of LCS beverages, tabletop LCS, but not LCS foods. Current LCS use was further associated with a history of prior weight change (for example, weight loss and gain). CONCLUSIONS LCS use was associated with self-reported intent to lose weight during the previous 12 months. This association was only partially mediated by differences in BMI. Any inference of causality between attempts at weight control and LCS use is tempered by the cross-sectional nature of these data and retrospective self-reports of prior weight loss/maintenance intent.
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Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are defined as exogenous chemicals, or mixtures of chemicals, that can interfere with any aspect of hormone action. The field of endocrine disruption is historically rooted in wildlife biology and reproductive endocrinology where EDCs are demonstrated contributors to infertility, premature puberty, endometriosis, and other disorders. Recently, EDCs have been implicated in metabolic syndrome and obesity. Adipose tissue is a true endocrine organ and, therefore, an organ that is highly susceptible to disturbance by EDCs. A subset of EDCs, called "obesogens," promote adiposity by altering programming of fat cell development, increasing energy storage in fat tissue, and interfering with neuroendocrine control of appetite and satiety. Obesity adds more than $200 billion to US healthcare costs and the number of obese individuals continues to increase. Hence, there is an urgent, unmet need to understand the mechanisms underlying how exposures to certain EDCs may predispose our population to be obese. In this review, we discuss the history of obesogen discovery from its origins in reproductive biology to its latest role in the transgenerational inheritance of obesity in mice. We discuss the development of adipose tissue in an embryo, maintenance of adipocyte number in adults, how EDC disruption programs stem cells to preferentially make more adipocytes, the mechanisms by which chemicals can permanently alter the germline epigenome, and whether there are barriers to EDCs in the gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Janesick
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
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189
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Peters JC, Beck J, Cardel M, Wyatt HR, Foster GD, Pan Z, Wojtanowski AC, Vander Veur SS, Herring SJ, Brill C, Hill JO. The effects of water and non-nutritive sweetened beverages on weight loss and weight maintenance: A randomized clinical trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:297-304. [PMID: 26708700 PMCID: PMC4744961 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of water versus beverages sweetened with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) on body weight in subjects enrolled in a year-long behavioral weight loss treatment program. METHODS The study used a randomized equivalence design with NNS or water beverages as the main factor in a trial among 303 weight-stable people with overweight and obesity. All participants participated in a weight loss program plus assignment to consume 24 ounces (710 ml) of water or NNS beverages daily for 1 year. RESULTS NNS and water treatments were non-equivalent, with NNS treatment showing greater weight loss at the end of 1 year. At 1 year subjects receiving water had maintained a 2.45 ± 5.59 kg weight loss while those receiving NNS beverages maintained a loss of 6.21 ± 7.65 kg (P < 0.001 for difference). CONCLUSIONS Water and NNS beverages were not equivalent for weight loss and maintenance during a 1-year behavioral treatment program. NNS beverages were superior for weight loss and weight maintenance in a population consisting of regular users of NNS beverages who either maintained or discontinued consumption of these beverages and consumed water during a structured weight loss program. These results suggest that NNS beverages can be an effective tool for weight loss and maintenance within the context of a weight management program.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Peters
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health and Wellness CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Jimikaye Beck
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health and Wellness CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Michelle Cardel
- University of FloridaDepartment of Health Outcomes and PolicyGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Holly R. Wyatt
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health and Wellness CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | | | - Zhaoxing Pan
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health and Wellness CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Alexis C. Wojtanowski
- Department of MedicineTemple University, Center for Obesity Research and EducationPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Sharon J. Herring
- Department of MedicineTemple University, Center for Obesity Research and EducationPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Carrie Brill
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health and Wellness CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - James O. Hill
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health and Wellness CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
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190
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Yarmolinsky J, Duncan BB, Chambless LE, Bensenor IM, Barreto SM, Goulart AC, Santos IS, Diniz MDFS, Schmidt MI. Artificially Sweetened Beverage Consumption Is Positively Associated with Newly Diagnosed Diabetes in Normal-Weight but Not in Overweight or Obese Brazilian Adults. J Nutr 2016; 146:290-7. [PMID: 26661840 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.220194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent animal studies suggest that artificially sweetened beverage (ASB) consumption increases diabetes risk. OBJECTIVE We examined the relation of ASB intake with newly diagnosed diabetes and measures of glucose homeostasis in a large Brazilian cohort of adults. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from 12,884 participants from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). ASB use was assessed by questionnaire and newly diagnosed diabetes by a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and/or glycated hemoglobin. Logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to examine the association of ASB consumption with diabetes and continuous measures of glucose homeostasis, respectively. RESULTS Although ASB consumption was not associated with diabetes in logistic regression analyses after adjustment for body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) overall, the association varied across BMI categories (P-interaction = 0.04). Among those with a BMI <25, we found a 15% increase in the adjusted odds of diabetes for each increase in the frequency of ASB consumption per day (P = 0.001); compared with nonusers, ASB users presented monotonic increases in the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of diabetes with increased frequency of consumption: 1.03 (0.60, 1.77), 1.43 (0.93, 2.20), 1.62 (1.08, 2.44), and 2.51 (1.40, 4.50) for infrequent, 1-2, 3-4, and >4 times/d, respectively. In linear regression analyses, among normal-weight individuals, greater ASB consumption was also associated with increased fasting glucose concentrations (P = 0.01) and poorer β-cell function (P = 0.009). No such associations were seen for those with BMI ≥25. In fact, in overweight or obese participants, greater ASB consumption was significantly associated with improved indexes of insulin resistance and 2-h postload glucose. CONCLUSIONS Normal-weight, but not excess-weight, individuals with greater ASB consumption presented diabetes more frequently and had higher fasting glucose and poorer β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Yarmolinsky
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruce B Duncan
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, and
| | - Lloyd E Chambless
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Isabela M Bensenor
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Sandhi M Barreto
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alessandra C Goulart
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Itamar S Santos
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | | | - Maria Inês Schmidt
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, and
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191
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Yang CS, Liu X, Ford P, Leishman S, Schubert L. Analysis of Front-of-Pack labelling systems on packaged non-alcoholic beverages for Australian consumer guidance. Nutr Diet 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shun Yang
- School of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- School of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Pauline Ford
- School of Dentistry; Oral Health Centre; The University of Queensland; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Shaneen Leishman
- School of Dentistry; Oral Health Centre; The University of Queensland; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Lisa Schubert
- School of Public Health; The University of Queensland; Herston Queensland Australia
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192
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Gentil P. A nutrition and conditioning intervention for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: observations and suggestions. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:50. [PMID: 26696792 PMCID: PMC4687303 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bodybuilding is full of myths and practices that are contrary to the scientific literature, which can lead to health problems. Adopting a scientifically designed approach is very important, as it may help bodybuilders to achieve better results while preserving their health. However, I have some criticism regarding some practices adopted in the referred article as ad libitum ingestion of sugar-free cordial and flavored tea and the performance of the exercise in fasted state, as it seems to bring no benefit and have some potential problems. Some suggestion are made in order to preserve FFM, like changing training split and exercise selection; increasing carbohydrate ingestion and decreasing protein intake; changing the resistance training stimuli and reducing the volume of aerobic exercises and increase its intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiania, 74.690-900 GO Brazil
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193
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Madjd A, Taylor MA, Delavari A, Malekzadeh R, Macdonald IA, Farshchi HR. Effects on weight loss in adults of replacing diet beverages with water during a hypoenergetic diet: a randomized, 24-wk clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:1305-12. [PMID: 26537940 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese people believe that drinking diet beverages (DBs) may be a simple strategy to achieve weight loss. However, nutritionists advise drinking water when attempting to lose weight. It is unclear how important drinking water instead of DBs is during a weight-loss program. OBJECTIVE In this study, we compared the effect on weight loss of either replacing DBs with water or continuing to consume DBs in adults during a 24-wk weight-loss program. DESIGN Overweight and obese women [n = 89; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)): 27-40; age: 18-50 y] who usually consumed DBs in their diet were asked to either substitute water for DBs (water group) or continue drinking DBs 5 times/wk after their lunch for 24 wk (DB group) while on a weight-loss program. RESULTS Sixty-two participants (71%) completed the trial (32 in the DB group, 30 in the water group). Baseline variables were not statistically significantly different between groups. A statistically significant reduction in anthropometric measurements and statistically significant improvements in cardiometabolic risk characteristics were observed over 24 wk in both groups. Compared with the DB group, the water group had a greater decrease in weight (mean ± SD: water: -8.8 ± 1.9 kg; DBs: -7.6 ± 2.1 kg; P = 0.015, time × group), fasting insulin (mean ± SD: water: -2.84 ± 0.77 mU/L; DBs: -1.78 ± 1.25 mU/L, P < 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (mean ± SD: water: -0.097 ± 0.049; DBs: -0.057 ± 0.042, P < 0.001), and 2-h postprandial glucose (mean ± SD: water: -1.02 ± 0.25 mmol/L; DBs: -0.72 ± 0.27 mmol/L; P < 0.001) over the 24 wk. However, there was no significant time × group interaction for waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profiles within both groups over 24 wk. CONCLUSIONS Replacement of DBs with water after the main meal may lead to greater weight reduction during a weight-loss program. It may also offer clinical benefits to improve insulin resistance. This trial was registered at www.irct.ir/ as IRCT201402177754N5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Madjd
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; NovinDiet Clinic, Tehran, Iran; and
| | - Moira A Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alireza Delavari
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hamid R Farshchi
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; NovinDiet Clinic, Tehran, Iran; and
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194
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Foletto KC, Melo Batista BA, Neves AM, de Matos Feijó F, Ballard CR, Marques Ribeiro MF, Bertoluci MC. Sweet taste of saccharin induces weight gain without increasing caloric intake, not related to insulin-resistance in Wistar rats. Appetite 2015; 96:604-610. [PMID: 26555482 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we showed that saccharin can induce weight gain when compared with sucrose in Wistar rats despite similar total caloric intake. We now question whether it could be due to the sweet taste of saccharin per se. We also aimed to address if this weight gain is associated with insulin-resistance and to increases in gut peptides such as leptin and PYY in the fasting state. In a 14 week experiment, 16 male Wistar rats received either saccharin-sweetened yogurt or non-sweetened yogurt daily in addition to chow and water ad lib. We measured daily food intake and weight gain weekly. At the end of the experiment, we evaluated fasting leptin, glucose, insulin, PYY and determined insulin resistance through HOMA-IR. Cumulative weight gain and food intake were evaluated through linear mixed models. Results showed that saccharin induced greater weight gain when compared with non-sweetened control (p = 0.027) despite a similar total caloric intake. There were no differences in HOMA-IR, fasting leptin or PYY levels between groups. We conclude that saccharin sweet taste can induce mild weight gain in Wistar rats without increasing total caloric intake. This weight gain was not related with insulin-resistance nor changes in fasting leptin or PYY in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Carraro Foletto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos 2400, CEP 90035-003, Bairro Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Melo Batista
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alice Magagnin Neves
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Matos Feijó
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos 2400, CEP 90035-003, Bairro Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Reis Ballard
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos 2400, CEP 90035-003, Bairro Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Flávia Marques Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcello Casaccia Bertoluci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos 2400, CEP 90035-003, Bairro Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, CEP 90035-903, Sala 700, 7º Andar, Bairro Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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195
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Sylvetsky Meni AC, Swithers SE, Rother KI. Positive association between artificially sweetened beverage consumption and incidence of diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2455-6. [PMID: 26186883 PMCID: PMC4575240 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Sylvetsky Meni
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1645, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kristina I Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1645, USA.
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196
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Bruyère O, Ahmed SH, Atlan C, Belegaud J, Bortolotti M, Canivenc-Lavier MC, Charrière S, Girardet JP, Houdart S, Kalonji E, Nadaud P, Rajas F, Slama G, Margaritis I. Review of the nutritional benefits and risks related to intense sweeteners. Arch Public Health 2015; 73:41. [PMID: 26430511 PMCID: PMC4590273 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-015-0092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intense sweeteners currently authorised in Europe comprise ten compounds of various chemical natures. Their overall use has sharply risen in the last 20 years. These compounds are mainly used to formulate reduced-calorie products while maintaining sweetness. METHODS This extensive analysis of the literature reviews the data currently available on the potential nutritional benefits and risks related to the consumption of products containing intense sweeteners. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Regarding nutritional benefits, the available studies, while numerous, do not provide proof that the consumption of artificial sweeteners as sugar substitutes is beneficial in terms of weight management, blood glucose regulation in diabetic subjects or the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Regarding nutritional risks (incidence of type 2 diabetes, habituation to sweetness in adults, cancers, etc.), it is not possible based on the available data to establish a link between the occurrence of these risks and the consumption of artificial sweeteners. However, some studies underline the need to improve knowledge of the links between intense sweeteners consumption and certain risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bruyère
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, Bât B23, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sybil Charrière
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Inserm U1060, Lyon, France
| | | | - Sabine Houdart
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Esther Kalonji
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Perrine Nadaud
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- INSERM 855/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Gérard Slama
- Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, René Descartes University-Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Irène Margaritis
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
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197
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Artificial sweeteners are not the answer to childhood obesity. Appetite 2015; 93:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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198
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Imamura F, O'Connor L, Forouhi NG. Positive association between artificially sweetened beverage consumption and incidence of diabetes. Reply to Sylvetsky Meni AC, Swithers SE, Rother KI [letter]. Diabetologia 2015. [PMID: 26205004 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Imamura
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Laura O'Connor
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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199
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Shrapnel W. Trends in Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Are Public Health and the Market Aligned or in Conflict? Nutrients 2015; 7:8189-98. [PMID: 26404369 PMCID: PMC4586584 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse health consequences of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages are frequently cited as an example of market failure, justifying government intervention in the marketplace, usually in the form of taxation. However, declining sales of sugar-sweetened beverages in Australia and a corresponding increase in sales of drinks containing non-nutritive sweeteners, in the absence of significant government regulation, appear to reflect market forces at work. If so, the public health challenge in relation to sugar-sweetened beverages may have less to do with regulating the market and more to do with harnessing it. Contrary to assertions that consumers fail to appreciate the links between their choice of beverage and its health consequences, the health conscious consumer appears to be driving the changes taking place in the beverage market. With the capacity to meet consumer expectations for convenience and indulgence without unwanted kilojoules, drinks containing non-nutritive sweeteners enable the "small change" in health behaviour that individuals are willing to consider. Despite the low barriers involved in perpetuating the current trend of replacing sugar-sweetened beverages with drinks containing non-nutritive sweeteners, some public health advocates remain cautious about advocating this dietary change. In contrast, the barriers to taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages appear high.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Shrapnel
- Shrapnel Nutrition Consulting Pty Ltd., 790 Pinnacle Road, Orange, New South Wales 2800, Australia.
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200
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Rogers PJ, Hogenkamp PS, de Graaf C, Higgs S, Lluch A, Ness AR, Penfold C, Perry R, Putz P, Yeomans MR, Mela DJ. Does low-energy sweetener consumption affect energy intake and body weight? A systematic review, including meta-analyses, of the evidence from human and animal studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:381-94. [PMID: 26365102 PMCID: PMC4786736 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
By reducing energy density, low-energy sweeteners (LES) might be expected to reduce energy intake (EI) and body weight (BW). To assess the totality of the evidence testing the null hypothesis that LES exposure (versus sugars or unsweetened alternatives) has no effect on EI or BW, we conducted a systematic review of relevant studies in animals and humans consuming LES with ad libitum access to food energy. In 62 of 90 animal studies exposure to LES did not affect or decreased BW. Of 28 reporting increased BW, 19 compared LES with glucose exposure using a specific ‘learning' paradigm. Twelve prospective cohort studies in humans reported inconsistent associations between LES use and body mass index (−0.002 kg m−2 per year, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.009 to 0.005). Meta-analysis of short-term randomized controlled trials (129 comparisons) showed reduced total EI for LES versus sugar-sweetened food or beverage consumption before an ad libitum meal (−94 kcal, 95% CI −122 to −66), with no difference versus water (−2 kcal, 95% CI −30 to 26). This was consistent with EI results from sustained intervention randomized controlled trials (10 comparisons). Meta-analysis of sustained intervention randomized controlled trials (4 weeks to 40 months) showed that consumption of LES versus sugar led to relatively reduced BW (nine comparisons; −1.35 kg, 95% CI –2.28 to −0.42), and a similar relative reduction in BW versus water (three comparisons; −1.24 kg, 95% CI –2.22 to −0.26). Most animal studies did not mimic LES consumption by humans, and reverse causation may influence the results of prospective cohort studies. The preponderance of evidence from all human randomized controlled trials indicates that LES do not increase EI or BW, whether compared with caloric or non-caloric (for example, water) control conditions. Overall, the balance of evidence indicates that use of LES in place of sugar, in children and adults, leads to reduced EI and BW, and possibly also when compared with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Rogers
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P S Hogenkamp
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Higgs
- The School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Lluch
- Danone Research, Centre Daniel Carasso, RD, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - A R Ness
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol and School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - C Penfold
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol and School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - R Perry
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol and School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - P Putz
- European Branch, ILSI Europe a.i.s.b.l., Brussels, Belgium
| | - M R Yeomans
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - D J Mela
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
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