151
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Charbonier F, Indana D, Chaudhuri O. Tuning Viscoelasticity in Alginate Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture Studies. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e124. [PMID: 34000104 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Physical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) affect cell behaviors ranging from cell adhesion and migration to differentiation and gene expression, a process known as mechanotransduction. While most studies have focused on the impact of ECM stiffness, using linearly elastic materials such as polyacrylamide gels as cell culture substrates, biological tissues and ECMs are viscoelastic, which means they exhibit time-dependent mechanical responses and dissipate mechanical energy. Recent studies have revealed ECM viscoelasticity, independent of stiffness, as a critical physical parameter regulating cellular processes. These studies have used biomaterials with tunable viscoelasticity as cell-culture substrates, with alginate hydrogels being one of the most commonly used systems. Here, we detail the protocols for three approaches to modulating viscoelasticity in alginate hydrogels for 2D and 3D cell culture studies, as well as the testing of their mechanical properties. Viscoelasticity in alginate hydrogels can be tuned by varying the molecular weight of the alginate polymer, changing the type of crosslinker-ionic versus covalent-or by grafting short poly(ethylene-glycol) (PEG) chains to the alginate polymer. As these approaches are based on commercially available products and simple chemistries, these protocols should be accessible for scientists in the cell biology and bioengineering communities. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Tuning viscoelasticity by varying alginate molecular weight Basic Protocol 2: Tuning viscoelasticity with ionic versus covalent crosslinking Basic Protocol 3: Tuning viscoelasticity by adding PEG spacers to alginate chains Support Protocol 1: Testing mechanical properties of alginate hydrogels Support Protocol 2: Conjugating cell-adhesion peptide RGD to alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Charbonier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Dhiraj Indana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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152
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Yang B, Wei K, Loebel C, Zhang K, Feng Q, Li R, Wong SHD, Xu X, Lau C, Chen X, Zhao P, Yin C, Burdick JA, Wang Y, Bian L. Enhanced mechanosensing of cells in synthetic 3D matrix with controlled biophysical dynamics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3514. [PMID: 34112772 PMCID: PMC8192531 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
3D culture of cells in designer biomaterial matrices provides a biomimetic cellular microenvironment and can yield critical insights into cellular behaviours not available from conventional 2D cultures. Hydrogels with dynamic properties, achieved by incorporating either degradable structural components or reversible dynamic crosslinks, enable efficient cell adaptation of the matrix and support associated cellular functions. Herein we demonstrate that given similar equilibrium binding constants, hydrogels containing dynamic crosslinks with a large dissociation rate constant enable cell force-induced network reorganization, which results in rapid stellate spreading, assembly, mechanosensing, and differentiation of encapsulated stem cells when compared to similar hydrogels containing dynamic crosslinks with a low dissociation rate constant. Furthermore, the static and precise conjugation of cell adhesive ligands to the hydrogel subnetwork connected by such fast-dissociating crosslinks is also required for ultra-rapid stellate spreading (within 18 h post-encapsulation) and enhanced mechanosensing of stem cells in 3D. This work reveals the correlation between microscopic cell behaviours and the molecular level binding kinetics in hydrogel networks. Our findings provide valuable guidance to the design and evaluation of supramolecular biomaterials with cell-adaptable properties for studying cells in 3D cultures. 3D culture systems can provide critical insights into cellular behaviour. Here, the authors study the binding timescale of dynamic crosslinks and the conjugation stability of cell-adhesive ligands in cell–hydrogel network interactions to evaluate the impact on stem cell behaviour, mechanosensing and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boguang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kongchang Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kunyu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu Hong Dexter Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HongKong, China
| | - Xiayi Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunhon Lau
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pengchao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Liming Bian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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153
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Stowers RS. Advances in Extracellular Matrix-Mimetic Hydrogels to Guide Stem Cell Fate. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:703-720. [PMID: 34082418 DOI: 10.1159/000514851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, stem cells offer vast potential for treating or replacing diseased and damaged tissue. Much progress has been made in understanding stem cell biology, yielding protocols for directing stem cell differentiation toward the cell type of interest for a specific application. One particularly interesting and powerful signaling cue is the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding stem cells, a network of biopolymers that, along with cells, makes up what we define as a tissue. The composition, structure, biochemical features, and mechanical properties of the ECM are varied in different tissues and developmental stages, and serve to instruct stem cells toward a specific lineage. By understanding and recapitulating some of these ECM signaling cues through engineered ECM-mimicking hydrogels, stem cell fate can be directed in vitro. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in material systems to guide stem cell fate, highlighting innovative methods to capture ECM functionalities and how these material systems can be used to provide basic insight into stem cell biology or make progress toward therapeutic objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Stowers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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154
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Xie YH, Tang CQ, Huang ZZ, Zhou SC, Yang YW, Yin Z, Heng BC, Chen WS, Chen X, Shen WL. ECM remodeling in stem cell culture: a potential target for regulating stem cell function. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:542-554. [PMID: 34082581 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) hold great potential for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and cell therapy. The clinical applications of SCs require both high quality and quantity of transplantable cells. However, during conventional in vitro expansion, SCs tend to lose properties that make them amenable for cell therapies. Extracellular matrix (ECM) serves an essential regulatory part in the growth, differentiation and homeostasis of all cells in vivo. when signals transmitted to cells, they do not respond passively. Many cell types can remodel pericellular matrix to meet their specific needs. This reciprocal cell-ECM interaction is crucial for the conservation of cell and tissue functions and homeostasis. In vitro ECM remodeling also plays a key role in regulating the lineage fate of SCs. A deeper understanding of in vitro ECM remodeling may provide new perspectives for the maintenance of SC function. In this review, we critically examined three ways that cells can be used to influence the pericellular matrix: (i) exerting tensile force on the ECM, (ii) secreting a variety of ECM proteins, and (iii) degrading the surrounding matrix, and its impact on SC lineage fate. Finally, we describe the deficiencies of current studies and what needs to be done next to further understand the role of ECM remodeling in ex vivo SC cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Xie
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Chen-Qi Tang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Zi-Zhan Huang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Si-Cheng Zhou
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Yu-Wei Yang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 26441, Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Zi Yin
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 26441, Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Peking University School of Stomatology, 159460, Beijing, Beijing, China;
| | - Wei-Shan Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Xiao Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 26441, Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Wei-Liang Shen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, 89681, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;
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155
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Rizwan M, Baker AEG, Shoichet MS. Designing Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture Using Dynamic Covalent Crosslinking. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100234. [PMID: 33987970 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Designing simple biomaterials to replicate the biochemical and mechanical properties of tissues is an ongoing challenge in tissue engineering. For several decades, new biomaterials have been engineered using cytocompatible chemical reactions and spontaneous ligations via click chemistries to generate scaffolds and water swollen polymer networks, known as hydrogels, with tunable properties. However, most of these materials are static in nature, providing only macroscopic tunability of the scaffold mechanics, and do not reflect the dynamic environment of natural extracellular microenvironment. For more complex applications such as organoids or co-culture systems, there remain opportunities to investigate cells that locally remodel and change the physicochemical properties within the matrices. In this review, advanced biomaterials where dynamic covalent chemistry is used to produce stable 3D cell culture models and high-resolution constructs for both in vitro and in vivo applications, are discussed. The implications of dynamic covalent chemistry on viscoelastic properties of in vitro models are summarized, case studies in 3D cell culture are critically analyzed, and opportunities to further improve the performance of biomaterials for 3D tissue engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Alexander E. G. Baker
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E1 Canada
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156
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Chen S, Liu A, Wu C, Chen Y, Liu C, Zhang Y, Wu K, Wei D, Sun J, Zhou L, Fan H. Static-Dynamic Profited Viscoelastic Hydrogels for Motor-Clutch-Regulated Neurogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24463-24476. [PMID: 34024102 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viscoelasticity, a time-scale mechanical feature of the native extracellular matrix (ECM), is reported to play crucial roles in plentiful cellular behaviors, whereas its effects on neuronal behavior and the underlying molecular mechanism still remain obscure. Challenges are faced in the biocompatible synthesis of neural ECM-mimicked scaffolds solely controlled with viscoelasticity and due to the lack of suitable models for neurons-viscoelastic matrix interaction. Herein, we report difunctional hyaluronan-collagen hydrogels prepared by a static-dynamic strategy. The hydrogels show aldehyde concentration-dependent viscoelasticity and similar initial elastic modulus, fibrillar morphology, swelling as well as degradability. Utilizing the resulting hydrogels, for the first time, we demonstrate matrix viscoelasticity-dependent neuronal responses, including neurite elongation and expression of neurogenic proteins. Then, a motor-clutch model modified with a tension dissipation component is developed to account for the molecular mechanism for viscoelasticity-sensitive neuronal responses. Moreover, we prove enhanced recovery of rat spinal cord injury by implanting cell-free viscoelastic grafts. As a pioneer finding on neurons-viscoelastic matrix interaction both in vitro and in vivo, this work provides intriguing insights not only into nerve repair but also into neuroscience and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 Sichuan, China
| | - Amin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 Sichuan, China
| | - Chengheng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 Sichuan, China
| | - Yaxing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 Sichuan, China
| | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Hongsong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 Sichuan, China
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157
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Cruz-Acuña R, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Burdick JA, Rustgi AK. Emerging technologies provide insights on cancer extracellular matrix biology and therapeutics. iScience 2021; 24:102475. [PMID: 34027324 PMCID: PMC8131321 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent engineering technologies have transformed traditional perspectives of cancer to include the important role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in recapitulating the malignant behaviors of cancer cells. Novel biomaterials and imaging technologies have advanced our understanding of the role of ECM density, structure, mechanics, and remodeling in tumor cell-ECM interactions in cancer biology and have provided new approaches in the development of cancer therapeutics. Here, we review emerging technologies in cancer ECM biology and recent advances in engineered systems for evaluating cancer therapeutics and provide new perspectives on how engineering tools present an opportunity for advancing the modeling and treatment of cancer. This review offers the cell biology and cancer cell biology communities insight into how engineering tools can improve our understanding of cancer ECM biology and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cruz-Acuña
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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158
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Wang J, Du Y, Wang J, Gong W, Xu L, Yan L, You Y, Lu W, Zhang X. Silica Aerogels with Self-Reinforced Microstructure for Bioinspired Hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5923-5931. [PMID: 33939442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aerogel is a kind of high-performance lightweight open-porous solids with ultralow density, high specific surface area, and broad application in many emerging fields including biotechnology, energy, environment, aerospace, etc. A giant challenge remains in preventing of the hydrophilic aerogel framework shrinkage when replacing of solvent with air in its extremely abundant nanosized pores during its fabrication process in ambient conditions. In this work, started from a linear polymeric precursor with further condensation reaction, superhydrophilic silica aerogels with self-reinforced microstructure and the least volume shrinkage have been successfully obtained via ambient pressure drying process without use of any additives in the presence of a low surface tension solvent. The resulting superhydrophilic silica aerogels possess specific surface area up to 1065 m2/g, pore volume up to 2.17 cm3/g and density down to 84 mg/cm3, and these values are comparable to those of their counterparts obtained by supercritical CO2 drying process. Moreover, as an application demonstration, the bioinspired hydrogels with desirable mechanical flexibility and adhesive performance at extremely harsh environment (e.g., below -50 °C) have been successfully synthesized by mimicking carrier of a functional bioagent with the resulting superhydrophilic silica aerogel microparticles. Our work has made a significant step forward for future high-performance hydrophilic aerogels with self-enhanced microstructures and the resulting superhydrophilic aerogels have shown great potentials in making functional hydrogels with bionic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Du
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wenbin Gong
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Nanjing Engineering Institute of Aircraft Systems, AVIC/Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero Electromechanical System Integration, Nanjing, 211102, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yezi You
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weibang Lu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xuetong Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, U.K
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159
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Dey K, Roca E, Ramorino G, Sartore L. Progress in the mechanical modulation of cell functions in tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:7033-7081. [PMID: 33150878 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01255f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, mechanics at multiple stages-nucleus to cell to ECM-underlie multiple physiological and pathological functions from its development to reproduction to death. Under this inspiration, substantial research has established the role of multiple aspects of mechanics in regulating fundamental cellular processes, including spreading, migration, growth, proliferation, and differentiation. However, our understanding of how these mechanical mechanisms are orchestrated or tuned at different stages to maintain or restore the healthy environment at the tissue or organ level remains largely a mystery. Over the past few decades, research in the mechanical manipulation of the surrounding environment-known as substrate or matrix or scaffold on which, or within which, cells are seeded-has been exceptionally enriched in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To do so, traditional tissue engineering aims at recapitulating key mechanical milestones of native ECM into a substrate for guiding the cell fate and functions towards specific tissue regeneration. Despite tremendous progress, a big puzzle that remains is how the cells compute a host of mechanical cues, such as stiffness (elasticity), viscoelasticity, plasticity, non-linear elasticity, anisotropy, mechanical forces, and mechanical memory, into many biological functions in a cooperative, controlled, and safe manner. High throughput understanding of key cellular decisions as well as associated mechanosensitive downstream signaling pathway(s) for executing these decisions in response to mechanical cues, solo or combined, is essential to address this issue. While many reports have been made towards the progress and understanding of mechanical cues-particularly, substrate bulk stiffness and viscoelasticity-in regulating the cellular responses, a complete picture of mechanical cues is lacking. This review highlights a comprehensive view on the mechanical cues that are linked to modulate many cellular functions and consequent tissue functionality. For a very basic understanding, a brief discussion of the key mechanical players of ECM and the principle of mechanotransduction process is outlined. In addition, this review gathers together the most important data on the stiffness of various cells and ECM components as well as various tissues/organs and proposes an associated link from the mechanical perspective that is not yet reported. Finally, beyond addressing the challenges involved in tuning the interplaying mechanical cues in an independent manner, emerging advances in designing biomaterials for tissue engineering are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamol Dey
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
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160
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Engineered ECM models: Opportunities to advance understanding of tumor heterogeneity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:1-9. [PMID: 33991804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is a negative prognostic factor for cancer and commonly attributed to microenvironment-driven genetic mutations and/or the emergence of cancer stem-like cells. How aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling regulates the phenotypic diversity of tumor cells, however, remains poorly understood due in part to a lack of model systems that allow isolating the physicochemical heterogeneity of malignancy-associated ECM for mechanistic studies. Here, we review the compositional, microarchitectural, and mechanical hallmarks of cancer-associated ECM and highlight biomaterials and engineering approaches to recapitulate these properties for in vitro and in vivo studies. Subsequently, we describe how such engineered platforms may be explored to define the spatiotemporal dynamics through which cancer-associated ECM remodeling regulates intratumoral heterogeneity and the cancer stem-like cell phenotype. Finally, we highlight future opportunities and technological advances to further elucidate the relationship between tumor-associated ECM dynamics and intratumoral heterogeneity.
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161
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Norman MDA, Ferreira SA, Jowett GM, Bozec L, Gentleman E. Measuring the elastic modulus of soft culture surfaces and three-dimensional hydrogels using atomic force microscopy. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:2418-2449. [PMID: 33854255 PMCID: PMC7615740 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Growing interest in exploring mechanically mediated biological phenomena has resulted in cell culture substrates and 3D matrices with variable stiffnesses becoming standard tools in biology labs. However, correlating stiffness with biological outcomes and comparing results between research groups is hampered by variability in the methods used to determine Young's (elastic) modulus, E, and by the inaccessibility of relevant mechanical engineering protocols to most biology labs. Here, we describe a protocol for measuring E of soft 2D surfaces and 3D hydrogels using atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy. We provide instructions for preparing hydrogels with and without encapsulated live cells, and provide a method for mounting samples within the AFM. We also provide details on how to calibrate the instrument, and give step-by-step instructions for collecting force-displacement curves in both manual and automatic modes (stiffness mapping). We then provide details on how to apply either the Hertz or the Oliver-Pharr model to calculate E, and give additional instructions to aid the user in plotting data distributions and carrying out statistical analyses. We also provide instructions for inferring differential matrix remodeling activity in hydrogels containing encapsulated single cells or organoids. Our protocol is suitable for probing a range of synthetic and naturally derived polymeric hydrogels such as polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, hyaluronic acid, collagen, or Matrigel. Although sample preparation timings will vary, a user with introductory training to AFM will be able to use this protocol to characterize the mechanical properties of two to six soft surfaces or 3D hydrogels in a single day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. A. Norman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Silvia A. Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Geraldine M. Jowett
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, London WC1H 0AH, UK
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162
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Patel JM, Loebel C, Saleh KS, Wise BC, Bonnevie ED, Miller LM, Carey JL, Burdick JA, Mauck RL. Stabilization of Damaged Articular Cartilage with Hydrogel-Mediated Reinforcement and Sealing. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100315. [PMID: 33738988 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage injuries and subsequent tissue deterioration impact millions of patients. Since the regeneration of functional hyaline cartilage remains elusive, methods to stabilize the remaining tissue, and prevent further deterioration, would be of significant clinical utility and prolong joint function. Finite element modeling shows that fortification of the degenerate cartilage (Reinforcement) and reestablishment of a superficial zone (Sealing) are both required to restore fluid pressurization within the tissue and restrict fluid flow and matrix loss from the defect surface. Here, a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel system is designed to both interdigitate with and promote the sealing of the degenerated cartilage. Interdigitating fortification restores both bulk and local pericellular tissue mechanics, reestablishing the homeostatic mechanotransduction of endogenous chondrocytes within the tissue. This HA therapy is further functionalized to present chemo mechanical cues that improve the attachment and direct the response of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells at the defect site, guiding localized extracellular matrix deposition to "seal" the defect. Together, these results support the therapeutic potential, across cell and tissue length scales, of an innovative hydrogel therapy for the treatment of damaged cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M. Patel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Department of Orthopaedics Emory University School of Medicine 201 Dowman Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania 210 South 33 Street, Suite 240 Skirkanich Hall Philadelphia PA 19104‐6321 USA
| | - Kamiel S. Saleh
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Brian C. Wise
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Edward D. Bonnevie
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Liane M. Miller
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - James L. Carey
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania 210 South 33 Street, Suite 240 Skirkanich Hall Philadelphia PA 19104‐6321 USA
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania 3450 Hamilton Walk, 371 Stemmler Hall Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center 3900 Woodland Avenue Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania 210 South 33 Street, Suite 240 Skirkanich Hall Philadelphia PA 19104‐6321 USA
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163
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Dhand AP, Galarraga JH, Burdick JA. Enhancing Biopolymer Hydrogel Functionality through Interpenetrating Networks. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:519-538. [PMID: 32950262 PMCID: PMC7960570 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Traditional hydrogels are strong candidates for biomedical applications; however, they may suffer from drawbacks such as weak mechanics, static properties, and an inability to fully replicate aspects of the cellular microenvironment. These challenges can be addressed through the incorporation of second networks to form interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels. The objective of this review is to establish clear trends on the enhanced functionality achieved by incorporating secondary networks into traditional, biopolymer-based hydrogels. These include mechanical reinforcement, 'smart' systems that respond to external stimuli, and the ability to tune cell-material interactions. Through attention to network structure and chemistry, IPN hydrogels may advance to meet challenging criteria for a wide range of biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek P Dhand
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan H Galarraga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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164
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Miller B, Hansrisuk A, Highley CB, Caliari SR. Guest-Host Supramolecular Assembly of Injectable Hydrogel Nanofibers for Cell Encapsulation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4164-4174. [PMID: 33891397 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The fibrous architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is recognized as an integral regulator of cell function. However, there is an unmet need to develop mechanically robust biomaterials mimicking nanofibrous tissue topography that are also injectable to enable minimally invasive delivery. In this study, we have developed a fibrous hydrogel composed of supramolecularly assembled hyaluronic acid (HA) nanofibers that exhibits mechanical integrity, shear-thinning behavior, rapid self-healing, and cytocompatibility. HA was modified with methacrylates to permit fiber photo-cross-linking following electrospinning and either "guest" adamantane or "host" β-cyclodextrin groups to guide supramolecular fibrous hydrogel assembly. Analysis of fibrous hydrogel rheological properties showed that the mixed guest-host fibrous hydrogel was more mechanically robust (6.6 ± 2.0 kPa, storage modulus (G')) than unmixed guest hydrogel fibers (1.0 ± 0.1 kPa) or host hydrogel fibers (1.1 ± 0.1 kPa) separately. The reversible nature of the guest-host supramolecular interactions also allowed for shear-thinning and self-healing behavior as demonstrated by cyclic deformation testing. Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) encapsulated in fibrous hydrogels demonstrated satisfactory viability following injection and after 7 days of culture (>85%). Encapsulated hMSCs were more spread and elongated when cultured in viscoelastic guest-host hydrogels compared to nonfibrous elastic controls, with hMSCs also showing significantly decreased circularity in fibrous guest-host hydrogels compared to nonfibrous guest-host hydrogels. Together, these data highlight the potential of this injectable fibrous hydrogel platform for cell and tissue engineering applications requiring minimally invasive delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Audrey Hansrisuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Christopher B Highley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Steven R Caliari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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165
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Elowsson Rendin L, Löfdahl A, Kadefors M, Söderlund Z, Tykesson E, Rolandsson Enes S, Wigén J, Westergren-Thorsson G. Harnessing the ECM Microenvironment to Ameliorate Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Therapy in Chronic Lung Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:645558. [PMID: 34040521 PMCID: PMC8142268 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.645558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that the cell environment such as biomechanical properties and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition dictate cell behaviour including migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Important constituents of the microenvironment, including ECM molecules such as proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), determine events in both embryogenesis and repair of the adult lung. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) have been shown to have immunomodulatory properties and may be potent actors regulating tissue remodelling and regenerative cell responses upon lung injury. Using MSC in cell-based therapy holds promise for treatment of chronic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, so far clinical trials with MSCs in COPD have not had a significant impact on disease amelioration nor on IPF, where low cell survival rate and pulmonary retention time are major hurdles to overcome. Research shows that the microenvironment has a profound impact on transplanted MSCs. In our studies on acellular lung tissue slices (lung scaffolds) from IPF patients versus healthy individuals, we see a profound effect on cellular activity, where healthy cells cultured in diseased lung scaffolds adapt and produce proteins further promoting a diseased environment, whereas cells on healthy scaffolds sustain a healthy proteomic profile. Therefore, modulating the environmental context for cell-based therapy may be a potent way to improve treatment using MSCs. In this review, we will describe the importance of the microenvironment for cell-based therapy in chronic lung diseases, how MSC-ECM interactions can affect therapeutic output and describe current progress in the field of cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Elowsson Rendin
- Lung Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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166
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Chang C, Yan J, Yao Z, Zhang C, Li X, Mao H. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Paracrine Signals and Their Delivery Strategies. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001689. [PMID: 33433956 PMCID: PMC7995150 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely studied as a versatile cell source for tissue regeneration and remodeling due to their potent bioactivity, which includes modulation of inflammation response, macrophage polarization toward proregenerative lineage, promotion of angiogenesis, and reduction in fibrosis. This review focuses on profiling the effects of paracrine signals of MSCs, commonly referred to as the secretome, and highlighting the various engineering approaches to tune the MSC secretome. Recent advances in biomaterials‐based therapeutic strategies for delivery of MSCs and MSC‐derived secretome in the form of extracellular vesicles are discussed, along with their advantages and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21205 USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Jerry Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21205 USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Zhicheng Yao
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Department of Neurological Sciences University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Hai‐Quan Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21205 USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
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167
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Realizing tissue integration with supramolecular hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2021; 124:1-14. [PMID: 33508507 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial matrices must permit tissue growth and maturation for the success of tissue regeneration strategies. Naturally, this accommodation is achieved via the dynamic remodeling of a cell's extracellular matrix (ECM). Synthetically, hydrolytic or enzymatic degradation are often engineered into materials for this purpose. More recently, supramolecular interactions have been used to provide a biomimetic and tunable mechanism to facilitate tissue formation via their dynamic and reversible non-covalent interactions. By engineering the mechanical and bioactive properties of a material, supramolecular chemists are able to design permissivity into the construct and facilitate tissue integration in-vivo. Furthermore, via the reversibility of non-covalent interactions, injectability and responsiveness can be designed for enhanced delivery and spatio-temporal control. In this review, we delineate the basic considerations needed when designing permissive supramolecular hydrogels for tissue engineering with an eye toward tissue growth and integration. We highlight three archetypal hydrogel systems that have shown well-documented tissue integration in vivo, and provide avenues to assess tissue in-growth. Careful design and assessment of the biomedical potential of a supramolecular hydrogels can inspire the creation of robust and dynamic implants for new tissue engineering applications.
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168
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Gong Z, Wisdom KM, McEvoy E, Chang J, Adebowale K, Price CC, Chaudhuri O, Shenoy VB. Recursive feedback between matrix dissipation and chemo-mechanical signaling drives oscillatory growth of cancer cell invadopodia. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109047. [PMID: 33909999 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most extracellular matrices (ECMs) are known to be dissipative, exhibiting viscoelastic and often plastic behaviors. However, the influence of dissipation, in particular mechanical plasticity in 3D confining microenvironments, on cell motility is not clear. In this study, we develop a chemo-mechanical model for dynamics of invadopodia, the protrusive structures that cancer cells use to facilitate invasion, by considering myosin recruitment, actin polymerization, matrix deformation, and mechano-sensitive signaling pathways. We demonstrate that matrix dissipation facilitates invadopodia growth by softening ECMs over repeated cycles, during which plastic deformation accumulates via cyclic ratcheting. Our model reveals that distinct protrusion patterns, oscillatory or monotonic, emerge from the interplay of timescales for polymerization-associated extension and myosin recruitment dynamics. Our model predicts the changes in invadopodia dynamics upon inhibition of myosin, adhesions, and the Rho-Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway. Altogether, our work highlights the role of matrix plasticity in invadopodia dynamics and can help design dissipative biomaterials to modulate cancer cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katrina M Wisdom
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eóin McEvoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julie Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kolade Adebowale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher C Price
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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169
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Wang WY, Jarman EH, Lin D, Baker BM. Dynamic Endothelial Stalk Cell-Matrix Interactions Regulate Angiogenic Sprout Diameter. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:620128. [PMID: 33869150 PMCID: PMC8044977 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.620128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complex, multicellular process that involves bidirectional interactions between extracellular matrix (ECM) and collectively invading endothelial cell (EC) sprouts that extend the microvasculature during development, wound healing, and disease processes. While many aspects of angiogenesis have been well studied, the relationship between endothelial sprout morphology and subsequent neovessel function remains relatively unknown. Here, we investigated how various soluble and physical matrix cues that regulate endothelial sprouting speed and proliferation correspond to changes in sprout morphology, namely, sprout stalk diameter. We found that sprout stalk cells utilize a combination of cytoskeletal forces and proteolysis to physically compact and degrade the surrounding matrix, thus creating sufficient space in three-dimensional (3D) ECM for lateral expansion. As increasing sprout diameter precedes lumenization to generate perfusable neovessels, this work highlights how dynamic endothelial stalk cell-ECM interactions promote the generation of functional neovessels during sprouting angiogenesis to provide insight into the design of vascularized, implantable biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brendon M. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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170
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YAP and TAZ Mediators at the Crossroad between Metabolic and Cellular Reprogramming. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030154. [PMID: 33800464 PMCID: PMC7999074 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell reprogramming can either refer to a direct conversion of a specialized cell into another or to a reversal of a somatic cell into an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). It implies a peculiar modification of the epigenetic asset and gene regulatory networks needed for a new cell, to better fit the new phenotype of the incoming cell type. Cellular reprogramming also implies a metabolic rearrangement, similar to that observed upon tumorigenesis, with a transition from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. The induction of a reprogramming process requires a nexus of signaling pathways, mixing a range of local and systemic information, and accumulating evidence points to the crucial role exerted by the Hippo pathway components Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) and Transcriptional Co-activator with PDZ-binding Motif (TAZ). In this review, we will first provide a synopsis of the Hippo pathway and its function during reprogramming and tissue regeneration, then we introduce the latest knowledge on the interplay between YAP/TAZ and metabolism and, finally, we discuss the possible role of YAP/TAZ in the orchestration of the metabolic switch upon cellular reprogramming.
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171
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Mata R, Yao Y, Cao W, Ding J, Zhou T, Zhai Z, Gao C. The Dynamic Inflammatory Tissue Microenvironment: Signality and Disease Therapy by Biomaterials. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:4189516. [PMID: 33623917 PMCID: PMC7879376 DOI: 10.34133/2021/4189516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is an active multiplex process involving the dynamic inflammatory microenvironment. Under a normal physiological framework, inflammation is necessary for the systematic immunity including tissue repair and regeneration as well as returning to homeostasis. Inflammatory cellular response and metabolic mechanisms play key roles in the well-orchestrated tissue regeneration. If this response is dysregulated, it becomes chronic, which in turn causes progressive fibrosis, improper repair, and autoimmune disorders, ultimately leading to organ failure and death. Therefore, understanding of the complex inflammatory multiple player responses and their cellular metabolisms facilitates the latest insights and brings novel therapeutic methods for early diseases and modern health challenges. This review discusses the recent advances in molecular interactions of immune cells, controlled shift of pro- to anti-inflammation, reparative inflammatory metabolisms in tissue regeneration, controlling of an unfavorable microenvironment, dysregulated inflammatory diseases, and emerging therapeutic strategies including the use of biomaterials, which expand therapeutic views and briefly denote important gaps that are still prevailing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Mata
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuejun Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wangbei Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zihe Zhai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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172
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3D bioprinting of high cell-density heterogeneous tissue models through spheroid fusion within self-healing hydrogels. Nat Commun 2021; 12:753. [PMID: 33531489 PMCID: PMC7854667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular models are needed to study human development and disease in vitro, and to screen drugs for toxicity and efficacy. Current approaches are limited in the engineering of functional tissue models with requisite cell densities and heterogeneity to appropriately model cell and tissue behaviors. Here, we develop a bioprinting approach to transfer spheroids into self-healing support hydrogels at high resolution, which enables their patterning and fusion into high-cell density microtissues of prescribed spatial organization. As an example application, we bioprint induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac microtissue models with spatially controlled cardiomyocyte and fibroblast cell ratios to replicate the structural and functional features of scarred cardiac tissue that arise following myocardial infarction, including reduced contractility and irregular electrical activity. The bioprinted in vitro model is combined with functional readouts to probe how various pro-regenerative microRNA treatment regimes influence tissue regeneration and recovery of function as a result of cardiomyocyte proliferation. This method is useful for a range of biomedical applications, including the development of precision models to mimic diseases and the screening of drugs, particularly where high cell densities and heterogeneity are important.
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173
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Bretherton RC, DeForest CA. The Art of Engineering Biomimetic Cellular Microenvironments. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3997-4008. [PMID: 33523625 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cells and their surrounding microenvironment exist in dynamic reciprocity, where bidirectional feedback and feedforward crosstalk drives essential processes in development, homeostasis, and disease. With the ongoing explosion of customizable biomaterial innovation for dynamic cell culture, an ever-expanding suite of user-programmable scaffolds now exists to probe cell fate in response to spatiotemporally controlled biophysical and biochemical cues. Here, we highlight emerging trends in these efforts, emphasizing strategies that offer tunability over complex network mechanics, present biomolecular cues anisotropically, and harness cells as physiochemical actuators of the pericellular niche. Altogether, these material advances will lead to breakthroughs in our basic understanding of how cells interact with, integrate signals from, and influence their surrounding microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Bretherton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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174
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Deguchi S, Kato A, Wu P, Hakamada M, Mabuchi M. Heterogeneous role of integrins in fibroblast response to small cyclic mechanical stimulus generated by a nanoporous gold actuator. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:418-430. [PMID: 33326880 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is important to understand the effects of mechanical stimulation on cell behaviors for homeostasis. Many studies have been performed on cell responses to mechanical stimuli, but the mechanosensing mechanism is still under debate. In the present study, experiments employing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations concerning the effects of cyclic mechanical stimulus on cell proliferation were performed based on the hypothesis that mechanosensing depends on integrin types. We used a nanoporous gold (NPG) actuator to prevent transfer of a mechanical stimulus via molecules other than integrins. Surprisingly, a small cyclic strain of only 0.5% enhanced the proliferation of fibroblasts. α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins showed high sensitivity to the mechanical stimulus, whereas α1β1 and α2β1 integrins exhibited low mechanosensitivity. The MD simulations showed that different conformational changes of the integrin headpiece induced by binding to the ECM led to a difference in mechanosensitivity between αI and αI-less integrin types. Thus, the present study provides evidence to support the hypothesis and suggests the mechanism for the heterogeneous roles of integrins in mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Deguchi
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Peizheng Wu
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masataka Hakamada
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mabuchi
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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175
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You Y, Kobayashi K, Colak B, Luo P, Cozens E, Fields L, Suzuki K, Gautrot J. Engineered cell-degradable poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) hydrogel for epicardial placement of mesenchymal stem cells for myocardial repair. Biomaterials 2021; 269:120356. [PMID: 33189358 PMCID: PMC7884911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epicardial placement of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is a promising strategy for cardiac repair post-myocardial infarction, but requires the design of biomaterials to maximise the retention of donor cells on the heart surface and control their phenotype. To this end, we propose the use of a poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) (POx) derivative, based on 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline and 2-butenyl-2-oxazoline. This POx polymer can be cured rapidly (less than 2 min) via photo-irradiation due to the use of di-cysteine cell degradable peptides. We report that the cell-degradable properties of the resulting POx hydrogels enables the regulation of cell protrusion in corresponding 3D matrices and that this, in turn, regulates the secretory phenotype of MSCs. In particular, the expression of pro-angiogenic genes was upregulated in partially cell-degradable POx hydrogels. Improved angiogenesis was confirmed in an in vitro microfluidic assay. Finally, we confirmed that, owing to the excellent tissue adhesive properties of thiol-ene crosslinked hydrogels, the epicardial placement of MSC-loaded POx hydrogels promoted the recovery of cardiac function and structure with reduced interstitial fibrosis and improved neovascular formation in a rat myocardial infarction model. This report demonstrates that engineered synthetic hydrogels displaying controlled mechanical, cell degradable and bioactive properties are particularly attractive candidates for the epicardial placement of stem cells to promote cardiac repair post myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi You
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kazuya Kobayashi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Burcu Colak
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Piaopiao Luo
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Edward Cozens
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Laura Fields
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ken Suzuki
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK; William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Julien Gautrot
- Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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176
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Wang S, Hashemi S, Stratton S, Arinzeh TL. The Effect of Physical Cues of Biomaterial Scaffolds on Stem Cell Behavior. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001244. [PMID: 33274860 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have been sought as a promising cell source in the tissue engineering field due to their proliferative capacity as well as differentiation potential. Biomaterials have been utilized to facilitate the delivery of stem cells in order to improve their engraftment and long-term viability upon implantation. Biomaterials also have been developed as scaffolds to promote stem cell induced tissue regeneration. This review focuses on the latter where the biomaterial scaffold is designed to provide physical cues to stem cells in order to promote their behavior for tissue formation. Recent work that explores the effect of scaffold physical properties, topography, mechanical properties and electrical properties, is discussed. Although still being elucidated, the biological mechanisms, including cell shape, focal adhesion distribution, and nuclear shape, are presented. This review also discusses emerging areas and challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Sharareh Hashemi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Scott Stratton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ 07102 USA
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177
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauer L LeSavage
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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178
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Zhang L, Fu L, Zhang X, Chen L, Cai Q, Yang X. Hierarchical and heterogeneous hydrogel system as a promising strategy for diversified interfacial tissue regeneration. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1547-1573. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01595d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A state-of-the-art review on the design and preparation of hierarchical and heterogeneous hydrogel systems for interfacial tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P.R. China
| | - Lei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries
- Peking University Third Hospital
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
| | - Linxin Chen
- Peking University Third Hospital
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P.R. China
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179
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Narayanan N, Calve S. Extracellular matrix at the muscle - tendon interface: functional roles, techniques to explore and implications for regenerative medicine. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:53-71. [PMID: 32856502 PMCID: PMC7718290 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1814263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The muscle-tendon interface is an anatomically specialized region that is involved in the efficient transmission of force from muscle to tendon. Due to constant exposure to loading, the interface is susceptible to injury. Current treatment methods do not meet the socioeconomic demands of reduced recovery time without compromising the risk of reinjury, requiring the need for developing alternative strategies. The extracellular matrix (ECM) present in muscle, tendon, and at the interface of these tissues consists of unique molecules that play significant roles in homeostasis and repair. Better, understanding the function of the ECM during development, injury, and aging has the potential to unearth critical missing information that is essential for accelerating the repair at the muscle-tendon interface. Recently, advanced techniques have emerged to explore the ECM for identifying specific roles in musculoskeletal biology. Simultaneously, there is a tremendous increase in the scope for regenerative medicine strategies to address the current clinical deficiencies. Advancements in ECM research can be coupled with the latest regenerative medicine techniques to develop next generation therapies that harness ECM for treating defects at the muscle-tendon interface. The current work provides a comprehensive review on the role of muscle and tendon ECM to provide insights about the role of ECM in the muscle-tendon interface and discusses the latest research techniques to explore the ECM to gathered information for developing regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naagarajan Narayanan
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309 – 0427
| | - Sarah Calve
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80309 – 0427
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180
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Lee HP, Alisafaei F, Adebawale K, Chang J, Shenoy VB, Chaudhuri O. The nuclear piston activates mechanosensitive ion channels to generate cell migration paths in confining microenvironments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/2/eabd4058. [PMID: 33523987 PMCID: PMC7793582 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration in confining microenvironments is limited by the ability of the stiff nucleus to deform through pores when migration paths are preexisting and elastic, but how cells generate these paths remains unclear. Here, we reveal a mechanism by which the nucleus mechanically generates migration paths for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in confining microenvironments. MSCs migrate robustly in nanoporous, confining hydrogels that are viscoelastic and plastic but not in hydrogels that are more elastic. To migrate, MSCs first extend thin protrusions that widen over time because of a nuclear piston, thus opening up a migration path in a confining matrix. Theoretical modeling and experiments indicate that the nucleus pushing into the protrusion activates mechanosensitive ion channels, leading to an influx of ions that increases osmotic pressure, which outcompetes hydrostatic pressure to drive protrusion expansion. Thus, instead of limiting migration, the nucleus powers migration by generating migration paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Pyo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Farid Alisafaei
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kolade Adebawale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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181
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Mendes BB, Daly AC, Reis RL, Domingues RMA, Gomes ME, Burdick JA. Injectable hyaluronic acid and platelet lysate-derived granular hydrogels for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:101-113. [PMID: 33130309 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Towards the repair of damaged tissues, numerous scaffolds have been fabricated to recreate the complex extracellular matrix (ECM) environment to support desired cell behaviors; however, it is often challenging to design scaffolds with the requisite cell-anchorage sites, mechanical stability, and tailorable physicochemical properties necessary for many applications. To address this and to improve on the properties of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels, we combined photocrosslinkable norbornene-modified HA (NorHA) with human platelet lysate (PL). These PL-NorHA hybrid hydrogels supported the adhesion of cells when compared to NorHA hydrogels without PL, exhibited tailorable physicochemical properties based on the concentration of individual components, and released proteins over time. Using microfluidic techniques with on-chip mixing of NorHA and PL and subsequent photocrosslinking, spherical PL-NorHA microgels with a hierarchical fibrillar network were fabricated that exhibited the sustained delivery of PL proteins. Microgels could be jammed into granular hydrogels that exhibited shear-thinning and self-healing properties, enabling ejection from syringes and the fabrication of stable 3D constructs with 3D printing. Again, the inclusion of PL enhanced cellular interactions with the microgel structures. Overall, the combination of biomolecules and fibrin self-assembly arising from the enriched milieu of PL-derived proteins improved the bioactivity of HA-based hydrogels, enabling the formation of dynamic systems with modular design. The granular systems can be engineered to meet the complex demands of functional tissue repair using versatile processing techniques, such as with 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara B Mendes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco - Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Andrew C Daly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco - Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal
| | - Rui M A Domingues
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco - Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal.
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco - Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4805-017, Portugal.
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
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182
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Wu L, Di Cio S, Azevedo HS, Gautrot JE. Photoconfigurable, Cell-Remodelable Disulfide Cross-linked Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4663-4672. [PMID: 32830955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic photoresponsive synthetic hydrogels offer important advantages for biomaterials design, from the ability to cure hydrogels and encapsulate cells in situ to the light-mediated control of cell-spreading and tissue formation. We report the facile and effective photocuring and photoremodeling of disulfide-cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogels, based on photo-oxidation of corresponding thiol residues and their radical-mediated photodegradation. We find that the mechanical properties of disulfide hydrogels and the extent of their photoremodeling can be tuned by controlling the photo-oxidation and photodegradation reactions, respectively. This enables not only the photopatterning of the mechanical properties of hydrogels but also their self-healing and photomediated healing. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to encapsulate mesenchymal stromal cells within these materials and to regulate their protrusion and spreading in 3D matrices by controlling the mechanical properties of the disulfide networks. Therefore, synthetically accessible photoconfigurable disulfide hydrogels offer interesting opportunities for the design of soft biomaterials and the regulation of cell encapsulation and matrix remodeling for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linke Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.,School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Stefania Di Cio
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.,School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Helena S Azevedo
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.,School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Julien E Gautrot
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.,School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
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183
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Fraser D, Nguyen T, Benoit DSW. Matrix Control of Periodontal Ligament Cell Activity Via Synthetic Hydrogel Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 27:733-747. [PMID: 33107404 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rebuilding the tooth-supporting tissues (periodontium) destroyed by periodontitis remains a clinical challenge. Periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), multipotent cells within the periodontal ligament (PDL), differentiate and form new PDL and mineralized tissues (cementum and bone) during native tissue repair in response to specific extracellular matrix (ECM) cues. Thus, harnessing ECM cues to control PDLC activity ex vivo, and ultimately, to design a PDLC delivery vehicle for tissue regeneration is an important goal. In this study, poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels were used as a synthetic PDL ECM to interrogate the roles of cell-matrix interactions and cell-mediated matrix remodeling in controlling PDLC activity. Results showed that PDLCs within matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable hydrogels expressed key PDL matrix genes and showed a six to eightfold increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity compared with PDLCs in nondegradable hydrogel controls. The increase in ALP activity, commonly considered an early marker of cementogenic/osteogenic differentiation, occurred independent of the presentation of the cell-binding ligand RGD or soluble media cues and remained elevated when inhibiting PDLC-matrix binding and intracellular tension. ALP activity was further increased in softer hydrogels regardless of degradability and was accompanied by an increase in PDLC volume. However, scaffolds that fostered PDLC ALP activity did not necessarily promote hydrogel ECM mineralization. Rather, matrix mineralization was greatest in stiffer, MMP-degradable hydrogels and required the presence of soluble media cues. These divergent outcomes illustrate the complexity of the PDLC response to ECM cues and the limitations of current scaffold materials. Nevertheless, key biomaterial design principles for controlling PDLC activity were identified for incorporation into scaffolds for periodontal tissue regeneration. Impact statement Engineered scaffolds are an attractive approach for delivering periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) to rebuild the tooth-supporting tissues. Replicating key extracellular matrix (ECM) cues within tissue engineered scaffolds may maximize PDLC potential. However, the identity of important ECM cues and how they can be harnessed to control PDLC activity is still unknown. In this study, matrix degradability, cell-matrix binding, and stiffness were varied using synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for three-dimensional PDLC culture. PDLCs exhibited dramatic and divergent responses to these cues, supporting further investigation of ECM-replicating scaffolds for control of PDLC behavior and periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fraser
- Translational Biomedical Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.,Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Tram Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.,Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.,Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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184
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Michielin F, Giobbe GG, Luni C, Hu Q, Maroni I, Orford MR, Manfredi A, Di Filippo L, David AL, Cacchiarelli D, De Coppi P, Eaton S, Elvassore N. The Microfluidic Environment Reveals a Hidden Role of Self-Organizing Extracellular Matrix in Hepatic Commitment and Organoid Formation of hiPSCs. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108453. [PMID: 33264615 PMCID: PMC8237389 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The specification of the hepatic identity during human liver development is strictly controlled by extrinsic signals, yet it is still not clear how cells respond to these exogenous signals by activating secretory cascades, which are extremely relevant, especially in 3D self-organizing systems. Here, we investigate how the proteins secreted by human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in response to developmental exogenous signals affect the progression from endoderm to the hepatic lineage, including their competence to generate nascent hepatic organoids. By using microfluidic confined environment and stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture-coupled mass spectrometry (SILAC-MS) quantitative proteomic analysis, we find high abundancy of extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated proteins. Hepatic progenitor cells either derived in microfluidics or exposed to exogenous ECM stimuli show a significantly higher potential of forming hepatic organoids that can be rapidly expanded for several passages and further differentiated into functional hepatocytes. These results prove an additional control over the efficiency of hepatic organoid formation and differentiation for downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Michielin
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N1EH London, UK
| | - Giovanni G Giobbe
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N1EH London, UK
| | - Camilla Luni
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Qianjiang Hu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Ida Maroni
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Michael R Orford
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N1EH London, UK
| | - Anna Manfredi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Anna L David
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, WC1E 6AU London, UK
| | - Davide Cacchiarelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II," 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N1EH London, UK; Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Simon Eaton
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N1EH London, UK
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N1EH London, UK; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China; Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129 Padova, Italy.
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185
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Synthetic regulation of multicellular systems for regenerative engineering. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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186
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Steering cell behavior through mechanobiology in 3D: A regenerative medicine perspective. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120572. [PMID: 33285439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanobiology, translating mechanical signals into biological ones, greatly affects cellular behavior. Steering cellular behavior for cell-based regenerative medicine approaches requires a thorough understanding of the orchestrating molecular mechanisms, among which mechanotransducive ones are being more and more elucidated. Because of their wide use and highly mechanotransduction dependent differentiation, this review focuses on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), while also briefly relating the discussed results to other cell types. While the mechanotransduction pathways are relatively well-studied in 2D, much remains unknown of the role and regulation of these pathways in 3D. Ultimately, cells need to be cultured in a 3D environment to create functional de novo tissue. In this review, we explore the literature on the roles of different material properties on cellular behavior and mechanobiology in 2D and 3D. For example, while stiffness plays a dominant role in 2D MSCs differentiation, it seems to be of subordinate importance in 3D MSCs differentiation, where matrix remodeling seems to be key. Also, the role and regulation of some of the main mechanotransduction players are discussed, focusing on MSCs. We have only just begun to fundamentally understand MSCs and other stem cells behavior in 3D and more fundamental research is required to advance biomaterials able to replicate the stem cell niche and control cell activity. This better understanding will contribute to smarter tissue engineering scaffold design and the advancement of regenerative medicine.
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187
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Micek HM, Visetsouk MR, Masters KS, Kreeger PK. Engineering the Extracellular Matrix to Model the Evolving Tumor Microenvironment. iScience 2020; 23:101742. [PMID: 33225247 PMCID: PMC7666341 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence supports a role for the extracellular matrix (ECM) in cancer risk and prognosis across multiple tumor types, and numerous studies have demonstrated that individual ECM components impact key hallmarks of tumor progression (e.g., proliferation, migration, angiogenesis). However, the ECM is a complex network of fibrillar proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans that undergoes dramatic changes in composition and organization during tumor development. In this review, we will highlight how engineering approaches can be used to examine the impact of changes in tissue architecture, ECM composition (i.e., identity and levels of individual ECM components), and cellular- and tissue-level mechanics on tumor progression. In addition, we will discuss recently developed methods to model the ECM that have not yet been applied to the study of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Micek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Mike R. Visetsouk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kristyn S. Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Pamela K. Kreeger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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188
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Narasimhan BN, Ting MS, Kollmetz T, Horrocks MS, Chalard AE, Malmström J. Mechanical Characterization for Cellular Mechanobiology: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:595978. [PMID: 33282852 PMCID: PMC7689259 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.595978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate mechanical characterization of adherent cells and their substrates is important for understanding the influence of mechanical properties on cells themselves. Recent mechanobiology studies outline the importance of mechanical parameters, such as stress relaxation and strain stiffening on the behavior of cells. Numerous techniques exist for probing mechanical properties and it is vital to understand the benefits of each technique and how they relate to each other. This mini review aims to guide the reader through the toolbox of mechanical characterization techniques by presenting well-established and emerging methods currently used to assess mechanical properties of substrates and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Narayanan Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew S. Ting
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tarek Kollmetz
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew S. Horrocks
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anaïs E. Chalard
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Malmström
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
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189
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Wei Z, Schnellmann R, Pruitt HC, Gerecht S. Hydrogel Network Dynamics Regulate Vascular Morphogenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:798-812.e6. [PMID: 32931729 PMCID: PMC7655724 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix dynamics influence how individual cells develop into complex multicellular tissues. Here, we develop hydrogels with identical polymer components but different crosslinking capacities to enable the investigation of mechanisms underlying vascular morphogenesis. We show that dynamic (D) hydrogels increase the contractility of human endothelial colony-forming cells (hECFCs), promote the clustering of integrin β1, and promote the recruitment of vinculin, leading to the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and metalloproteinase expression. This leads to the robust assembly of vasculature and the deposition of new basement membrane. We also show that non-dynamic (N) hydrogels do not promote FAK signaling and that stiff D- and N-hydrogels are constrained for vascular morphogenesis. Furthermore, D-hydrogels promote hECFC microvessel formation and angiogenesis in vivo. Our results indicate that cell contractility mediates integrin signaling via inside-out signaling and emphasizes the importance of matrix dynamics in vascular tissue formation, thus informing future studies of vascularization and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rahel Schnellmann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Hawley C Pruitt
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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190
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Li CW, Lau YT, Lam KL, Chan BP. Mechanically induced formation and maturation of 3D-matrix adhesions (3DMAs) in human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2020; 258:120292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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191
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Loebel C, Kwon MY, Wang C, Han L, Mauck RL, Burdick JA. Metabolic Labeling to Probe the Spatiotemporal Accumulation of Matrix at the Chondrocyte-Hydrogel Interface. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1909802. [PMID: 34211359 PMCID: PMC8240476 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are engineered with biochemical and biophysical signals to recreate aspects of the native microenvironment and to control cellular functions such as differentiation and matrix deposition. This deposited matrix accumulates within the pericellular space and likely affects the interactions between encapsulated cells and the engineered hydrogel; however, there has been little work to study the spatiotemporal evolution of matrix at this interface. To address this, metabolic labeling is employed to visualize the temporal and spatial positioning of nascent proteins and proteoglycans deposited by chondrocytes. Within covalently crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels, chondrocytes deposit nascent proteins and proteoglycans in the pericellular space within 1 d after encapsulation. The accumulation of this matrix, as measured by an increase in matrix thickness during culture, depends on the initial hydrogel crosslink density with decreased thicknesses for more crosslinked hydrogels. Encapsulated fluorescent beads are used to monitor the hydrogel location and indicate that the emerging nascent matrix physically displaces the hydrogel from the cell membrane with extended culture. These findings suggest that secreted matrix increasingly masks the presentation of engineered hydrogel cues and may have implications for the design of hydrogels in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Loebel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mi Y Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems Drexel University 3141 Chestnut Street, Bossone 718, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Bossone 718, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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192
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Fonseca AC, Melchels FPW, Ferreira MJS, Moxon SR, Potjewyd G, Dargaville TR, Kimber SJ, Domingos M. Emulating Human Tissues and Organs: A Bioprinting Perspective Toward Personalized Medicine. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11128-11174. [PMID: 32937071 PMCID: PMC7645917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lack of in vitro tissue and organ models capable of mimicking human physiology severely hinders the development and clinical translation of therapies and drugs with higher in vivo efficacy. Bioprinting allow us to fill this gap and generate 3D tissue analogues with complex functional and structural organization through the precise spatial positioning of multiple materials and cells. In this review, we report the latest developments in terms of bioprinting technologies for the manufacturing of cellular constructs with particular emphasis on material extrusion, jetting, and vat photopolymerization. We then describe the different base polymers employed in the formulation of bioinks for bioprinting and examine the strategies used to tailor their properties according to both processability and tissue maturation requirements. By relating function to organization in human development, we examine the potential of pluripotent stem cells in the context of bioprinting toward a new generation of tissue models for personalized medicine. We also highlight the most relevant attempts to engineer artificial models for the study of human organogenesis, disease, and drug screening. Finally, we discuss the most pressing challenges, opportunities, and future prospects in the field of bioprinting for tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine (RM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clotilde Fonseca
- Centre
for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ferry P. W. Melchels
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of
Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Miguel J. S. Ferreira
- Department
of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, The
University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Samuel R. Moxon
- Division
of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
| | - Geoffrey Potjewyd
- Division
of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
| | - Tim R. Dargaville
- Institute
of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Susan J. Kimber
- Division
of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological
Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K.
| | - Marco Domingos
- Department
of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, The
University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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193
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Abstract
Mammalian cell morphology has been linked to the viscoelastic properties of the adhesion substrate, which is particularly relevant in biological processes such as wound repair and embryonic development where cell spreading and migration are critical. Plastic deformation, degradation, and relaxation of stress are typically coupled in biomaterial systems used to explore these effects, making it unclear which variable drives cell behavior. Here we present a nondegradable polymer architecture that specifically decouples irreversible creep from stress relaxation and modulus. We demonstrate that network plasticity independently controls mesenchymal stem cell spreading through a biphasic relationship dependent on cell-intrinsic forces, and this relationship can be shifted by inhibiting actomyosin contractility. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations also show strong correlation with experimental cell spreading data as a function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) plasticity. Furthermore, plasticity regulates many ECM adhesion and remodeling genes. Altogether, these findings confirm a key role for matrix plasticity in stem cell biophysics, and we anticipate this will have ramifications in the design of biomaterials to enhance therapeutic applications of stem cells.
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194
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Ngo MT, Harley BAC. Angiogenic biomaterials to promote therapeutic regeneration and investigate disease progression. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120207. [PMID: 32569868 PMCID: PMC7396313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature is a key component of the tissue microenvironment. Traditionally known for its role in providing nutrients and oxygen to surrounding cells, the vasculature is now also acknowledged to provide signaling cues that influence biological outcomes in regeneration and disease. These cues come from the cells that comprise vasculature, as well as the dynamic biophysical and biochemical properties of the surrounding extracellular matrix that accompany vascular development and remodeling. In this review, we illustrate the larger role of the vasculature in the context of regenerative biology and cancer progression. We describe cellular, biophysical, biochemical, and metabolic components of vascularized microenvironments. Moreover, we provide an overview of multidimensional angiogenic biomaterials that have been developed to promote therapeutic vascularization and regeneration, as well as to mimic elements of vascularized microenvironments as a means to uncover mechanisms by which vasculature influences cancer progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai T Ngo
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Brendan A C Harley
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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195
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Guo Y, Du S, Quan S, Jiang F, Yang C, Li J. Effects of biophysical cues of 3D hydrogels on mesenchymal stem cells differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2268-2275. [PMID: 32885847 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For stem cell research, three-dimensional (3D) hydrogels are increasingly recognized as more physiological systems than two-dimensional culture plates due to bidirectional and 3D interaction of stem cells and surrounding matrix. Among various stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the most widely applied from bench to bedside. In 3D hydrogels, MSCs are allowed to actively remodel the surrounding matrix through proteolytic degradation and cell-exerted force, which highly resembles in vivo situation. Notably, factors affecting hydrogel modifiability including matrix viscoelasticity and matrix degradability have been found to regulate adhesion, morphology, and fate decision of MSCs. In addition, MSCs within 3D hydrogels have been found to employ multiple mechanotransduction mechanisms including not only the classic integrin-actomyosin cytoskeleton system but also ion channels, microtubule cytoskeleton, and self-secreted proteinaceous matrix. This review summarizes the effects of biophysical cues on MSCs differentiation in 3D hydrogels and underlying mechanobiology in a hope to update our readers' understanding of stem cell biology and guide tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shufang Du
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuqi Quan
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fulin Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cai Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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196
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Ovadia EM, Pradhan L, Sawicki LA, Cowart J, Huber RE, Polson SW, Chen C, van Golen KL, Ross KE, Wu C, Kloxin AM. Understanding ER+ Breast Cancer Dormancy Using Bioinspired Synthetic Matrices for Long-Term 3D Culture and Insights into Late Recurrence. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e2000119. [PMID: 32603024 PMCID: PMC7807552 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Late recurrences of breast cancer are hypothesized to originate from disseminated tumor cells that re-activate after a long period of dormancy, ≥5 years for estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) tumors. An outstanding question remains as to what the key microenvironment interactions are that regulate this complex process, and well-defined human model systems are needed for probing this. Here, a robust, bioinspired 3D ER+ dormancy culture model is established and utilized to probe the effects of matrix properties for common sites of late recurrence on breast cancer cell dormancy. Formation of dormant micrometastases over several weeks is examined for ER+ cells (T47D, BT474), where the timing of entry into dormancy versus persistent growth depends on matrix composition and cell type. In contrast, triple negative cells (MDA-MB-231), associated with early recurrence, are not observed to undergo long-term dormancy. Bioinformatic analyses quantitatively support an increased "dormancy score" gene signature for ER+ cells (T47D) and reveal differential expression of genes associated with different biological processes based on matrix composition. Further, these analyses support a link between dormancy and autophagy, a potential survival mechanism. This robust model system will allow systematic investigations of other cell-microenvironment interactions in dormancy and evaluation of therapeutics for preventing late recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M. Ovadia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Lina Pradhan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Lisa A. Sawicki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Julie Cowart
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shawn W. Polson
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Chuming Chen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kenneth L. van Golen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Karen E. Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Cathy Wu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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197
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Corbett DC, Fabyan WB, Grigoryan B, O'Connor CE, Johansson F, Batalov I, Regier MC, DeForest CA, Miller JS, Stevens KR. Thermofluidic heat exchangers for actuation of transcription in artificial tissues. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/40/eabb9062. [PMID: 32998880 PMCID: PMC7527231 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb9062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial patterns of gene expression in living organisms orchestrate cell decisions in development, homeostasis, and disease. However, most methods for reconstructing gene patterning in 3D cell culture and artificial tissues are restricted by patterning depth and scale. We introduce a depth- and scale-flexible method to direct volumetric gene expression patterning in 3D artificial tissues, which we call "heat exchangers for actuation of transcription" (HEAT). This approach leverages fluid-based heat transfer from printed networks in the tissues to activate heat-inducible transgenes expressed by embedded cells. We show that gene expression patterning can be tuned both spatially and dynamically by varying channel network architecture, fluid temperature, fluid flow direction, and stimulation timing in a user-defined manner and maintained in vivo. We apply this approach to activate the 3D positional expression of Wnt ligands and Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulators, which are major regulators of development, homeostasis, regeneration, and cancer throughout the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Corbett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wesley B Fabyan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bagrat Grigoryan
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Colleen E O'Connor
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fredrik Johansson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ivan Batalov
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary C Regier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jordan S Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Kelly R Stevens
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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198
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Dunham C, Havlioglu N, Chamberlain A, Lake S, Meyer G. Adipose stem cells exhibit mechanical memory and reduce fibrotic contracture in a rat elbow injury model. FASEB J 2020; 34:12976-12990. [PMID: 33411380 PMCID: PMC8745456 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001274r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is driven by a misdirected cell response causing the overproduction of extracellular matrix and tissue dysfunction. Numerous pharmacological strategies have attempted to prevent fibrosis but have attained limited efficacy with some detrimental side effects. While stem cell treatments have provided more encouraging results, they have exhibited high variability and have not always improved tissue function. To enhance stem cell efficacy, we evaluated whether mechanical memory could direct cell response. We hypothesized that mechanically pre-conditioning on a soft matrix (soft priming) will delay adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) transition to a pro-fibrotic phenotype, expanding their regenerative potential, and improving healing in a complex tissue environment. Primary ASCs isolated from rat and human subcutaneous fat exhibited mechanical memory, demonstrated by a delayed cell response to stiffness following two weeks of soft priming including decreased cell area, actin coherency, and extracellular matrix production compared to cells on stiff substrates. Soft primed ASCs injected into our rat model of post-traumatic elbow contracture decreased histological evidence of anterior capsule fibrosis and increased elbow range-of-motion when evaluated by joint mechanics. These findings suggest that exploiting mechanical memory by strategically controlling the culture environment during cell expansion may improve the efficacy of stem cell-based therapies targeting fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey Dunham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Necat Havlioglu
- Department of Pathology, John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron Chamberlain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Spencer Lake
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gretchen Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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199
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Effects of extracellular matrix viscoelasticity on cellular behaviour. Nature 2020; 584:535-546. [PMID: 32848221 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 884] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Substantial research over the past two decades has established that extracellular matrix (ECM) elasticity, or stiffness, affects fundamental cellular processes, including spreading, growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation and organoid formation. Linearly elastic polyacrylamide hydrogels and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers coated with ECM proteins are widely used to assess the role of stiffness, and results from such experiments are often assumed to reproduce the effect of the mechanical environment experienced by cells in vivo. However, tissues and ECMs are not linearly elastic materials-they exhibit far more complex mechanical behaviours, including viscoelasticity (a time-dependent response to loading or deformation), as well as mechanical plasticity and nonlinear elasticity. Here we review the complex mechanical behaviours of tissues and ECMs, discuss the effect of ECM viscoelasticity on cells, and describe the potential use of viscoelastic biomaterials in regenerative medicine. Recent work has revealed that matrix viscoelasticity regulates these same fundamental cell processes, and can promote behaviours that are not observed with elastic hydrogels in both two- and three-dimensional culture microenvironments. These findings have provided insights into cell-matrix interactions and how these interactions differentially modulate mechano-sensitive molecular pathways in cells. Moreover, these results suggest design guidelines for the next generation of biomaterials, with the goal of matching tissue and ECM mechanics for in vitro tissue models and applications in regenerative medicine.
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200
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Chu HY, Chen YJ, Hsu CJ, Liu YW, Chiou JF, Lu LS, Tseng FG. Physical Cues in the Microenvironment Regulate Stemness-Dependent Homing of Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2176. [PMID: 32764400 PMCID: PMC7464848 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific microenvironmental factors contribute to the targeting preferences of metastatic cancers. However, the physical attributes of the premetastatic microenvironment are not yet fully characterized. In this research, we develop a transwell-based alginate hydrogel (TAH) model to study how permeability, stiffness, and roughness of a hanging alginate hydrogel regulate breast cancer cell homing. In this model, a layer of physically characterized alginate hydrogel is formed at the bottom of a transwell insert, which is placed into a matching culture well with an adherent monolayer of breast cancer cells. We found that breast cancer cells dissociate from the monolayer and home to the TAH for continual growth. The process is facilitated by the presence of rich serum in the upper chamber, the increased stiffness of the gel, as well as its surface roughness. This model is able to support the homing ability of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells drifting across the vertical distance in the culture medium. Cells homing to the TAH display stemness phenotype morphologically and biochemically. Taken together, these findings suggest that permeability, stiffness, and roughness are important physical factors to regulate breast cancer homing to a premetastatic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Yao Chu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-W.L.)
| | - Yin-Ju Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (J.-F.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jieh Hsu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-W.L.)
| | - Yang-Wei Liu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-W.L.)
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (J.-F.C.)
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Long-Sheng Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (J.-F.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (C.-J.H.); (Y.-W.L.)
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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