151
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Wang Y, Sims CE, Allbritton NL. Enterochromaffin Cell-Enriched Monolayer Platform for Assaying Serotonin Release from Human Primary Intestinal Cells. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12330-12337. [PMID: 32819098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine (EE) cells within the intestinal epithelium produce a range of hormones that have key roles in modulating satiety and feeding behavior in humans. The regulation of hormone release from EE cells as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat metabolic disorders is highly sought after by the pharmaceutical industry. However, functional studies are limited by the scarcity of EE cells (or surrogates) in both in vivo and in vitro systems. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells are a subtype of EE cells that produce serotonin (5HT). Here, we explored simple strategies to enrich EC cells in in vitro monolayer systems derived from human primary intestinal stem cells. During differentiation of the monolayers, the EC cell lineage was significantly altered by both the culture method [air-liquid interface (ALI) vs submerged] and the presence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Compared with traditional submerged cultures without VIP, VIP-assisted ALI culture significantly boosted the number of EC cells and their 5HT secretion by up to 430 and 390%, respectively. The method also increased the numbers of other subtypes of EE cells such as L cells. Additionally, this method generated monolayers with enhanced barrier integrity, so that directional (basal or apical) 5HT secretion was measurable. For all donor tissues, the enriched EC cells improved the signal-to-background ratio and reliability of 5HT release assays. The enhancement in the 5HT secretion behavior was consistent over time from a single donor, but significant variation in the amount of secreted 5HT was present among tissues derived from five different donors. To demonstrate the utility of the EC-enriched monolayer system, 13 types of pungent food ingredients were screened for their ability to stimulate 5HT secretion. Curcumin found in the spice turmeric derived from the Curcuma longa plant was found to be the most potent secretagogue. This EC-enriched cell monolayer platform can provide a valuable analytical tool for the high-throughput screening of nutrients and gut microbial components that alter the secretion of 5HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Christopher E Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
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152
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Rajan A, Robertson MJ, Carter HE, Poole NM, Clark JR, Green SI, Criss ZK, Zhao B, Karandikar U, Xing Y, Margalef-Català M, Jain N, Wilson RL, Bai F, Hyser JM, Petrosino J, Shroyer NF, Blutt SE, Coarfa C, Song X, Prasad BVV, Amieva MR, Grande-Allen J, Estes MK, Okhuysen PC, Maresso AW. Enteroaggregative E. coli Adherence to Human Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Drives Segment and Host Specific Responses to Infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008851. [PMID: 32986782 PMCID: PMC7553275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a significant cause of acute and chronic diarrhea, foodborne outbreaks, infections of the immunocompromised, and growth stunting in children in developing nations. There is no vaccine and resistance to antibiotics is rising. Unlike related E. coli pathotypes that are often associated with acute bouts of infection, EAEC is associated with persistent diarrhea and subclinical long-term colonization. Several secreted virulence factors have been associated with EAEC pathogenesis and linked to disease in humans, less certain are the molecular drivers of adherence to the intestinal mucosa. We previously established human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) as a model system to study host-EAEC interactions and aggregative adherence fimbriae A (AafA) as a major driver of EAEC adherence to HIEs. Here, we report a large-scale assessment of the host response to EAEC adherence from all four segments of the intestine across at least three donor lines for five E. coli pathotypes. The data demonstrate that the host response in the duodenum is driven largely by the infecting pathotype, whereas the response in the colon diverges in a patient-specific manner. Major pathways altered in gene expression in each of the four enteroid segments differed dramatically, with responses observed for inflammation, apoptosis and an overwhelming response to different mucin genes. In particular, EAEC both associated with large mucus droplets and specific mucins at the epithelial surface, binding that was ameliorated when mucins were removed, a process dependent on AafA. Pan-screening for glycans for binding to purified AafA identified the human ligand as heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Removal of HSPG abrogated EAEC association with HIEs. These results may mean that the human intestine responds remarkably different to distinct pathobionts that is dependent on the both the individual and intestinal segment in question, and uncover a major role for surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans as tropism-driving factor in adherence and/or colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubama Rajan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Robertson
- Molecular and Cell Biology-Mol. Regulation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Hannah E. Carter
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nina M. Poole
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Clark
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sabrina I. Green
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Zachary K. Criss
- Department of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Boyang Zhao
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Umesh Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yikun Xing
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Mar Margalef-Català
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Jain
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Reid L. Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Joseph Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Department of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Molecular and Cell Biology-Mol. Regulation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - BV Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Manuel R. Amieva
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Jane Grande-Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Pablo C. Okhuysen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Anthony W. Maresso
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
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153
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Boisen N, Østerlund MT, Joensen KG, Santiago AE, Mandomando I, Cravioto A, Chattaway MA, Gonyar LA, Overballe-Petersen S, Stine OC, Rasko DA, Scheutz F, Nataro JP. Redefining enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC): Genomic characterization of epidemiological EAEC strains. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008613. [PMID: 32898134 PMCID: PMC7500659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) has been implicated as a common cause of diarrhea in multiple settings, neither its essential genomic nature nor its role as an enteric pathogen are fully understood. The current definition of this pathotype requires demonstration of cellular adherence; a working molecular definition encompasses E. coli which do not harbor the heat-stable or heat-labile toxins of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and harbor the genes aaiC, aggR, and/or aatA. In an effort to improve the definition of this pathotype, we report the most definitive characterization of the pan-genome of EAEC to date, applying comparative genomics and functional characterization on a collection of 97 EAEC strains isolated in the course of a multicenter case-control diarrhea study (Global Enteric Multi-Center Study, GEMS). Genomic analysis revealed that the EAEC strains mapped to all phylogenomic groups of E. coli. Circa 70% of strains harbored one of the five described AAF variants; there were no additional AAF variants identified, and strains that lacked an identifiable AAF generally did not have an otherwise complete AggR regulon. An exception was strains that harbored an ETEC colonization factor (CF) CS22, like AAF a member of the chaperone-usher family of adhesins, but not phylogenetically related to the AAF family. Of all genes scored, sepA yielded the strongest association with diarrhea (P = 0.002) followed by the increased serum survival gene, iss (p = 0.026), and the outer membrane protease gene ompT (p = 0.046). Notably, the EAEC genomes harbored several genes characteristically associated with other E. coli pathotypes. Our data suggest that a molecular definition of EAEC could comprise E. coli strains harboring AggR and a complete AAF(I-V) or CS22 gene cluster. Further, it is possible that strains meeting this definition could be both enteric bacteria and urinary/systemic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Boisen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark T. Østerlund
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine G. Joensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Araceli E. Santiago
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Inacio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Faculty of Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marie A. Chattaway
- Public Health England, Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit (GBRU), Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Laura A. Gonyar
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - O. Colin Stine
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David A. Rasko
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Flemming Scheutz
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James P. Nataro
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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154
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Roh TT, Chen Y, Rudolph S, Gee M, Kaplan DL. InVitro Models of Intestine Innate Immunity. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:274-285. [PMID: 32854949 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have delivered critical insights into mechanisms underlying the intestinal innate immune system; however, inherent differences exist between human and animal systems. To further understand the intestine innate immune system, there is a growing need for in vitro tissue model systems using human cells. A critical feature of in vitro cell and tissue models is the subepithelial environment, which contains additional cell types and includes 2D, microfluidic, organoid, and 3D tissue models. Where mouse models for the study of intestinal innate immune systems fall short, developments from in vitro models continue to grow in importance to aid efforts to understand this system in the context of disease and potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence T Roh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Sara Rudolph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michelle Gee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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155
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Aggregative Adherence Fimbriae II of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Are Required for Adherence and Barrier Disruption during Infection of Human Colonoids. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00176-20. [PMID: 32631917 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00176-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic and asymptomatic infection with the diarrheal pathogen enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is associated with growth faltering in children in developing settings. The mechanism of this association is unknown, emphasizing a need for better understanding of the interactions between EAEC and the human gastrointestinal mucosa. In this study, we investigated the role of the aggregative adherence fimbriae II (AAF/II) in EAEC adherence and pathogenesis using human colonoids and duodenal enteroids. We found that a null mutant in aafA, the major subunit of AAF/II, adhered significantly less than wild-type (WT) EAEC strain 042, and adherence was restored in a complemented strain. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy of differentiated colonoids, which produce an intact mucus layer comprised of the secreted mucin MUC2, revealed bacteria at the epithelial surface and within the MUC2 layer. The WT strain adhered to the epithelial surface, whereas the aafA deletion strain remained within the MUC2 layer, suggesting that the presence or absence of AAF/II determines both the abundance and location of EAEC adherence. In order to determine the consequences of EAEC adherence on epithelial barrier integrity, colonoid monolayers were exposed to EAEC constructs expressing or lacking aafA Colonoids infected with WT EAEC had significantly decreased epithelial resistance, an effect that required AAF/II, suggesting that binding of EAEC to the epithelium is necessary to impair barrier function. In summary, we show that production of AAF/II is critical for adherence and barrier disruption in human colonoids, suggesting a role for this virulence factor in EAEC colonization of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
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156
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Hares MF, Tiffney EA, Johnston LJ, Luu L, Stewart CJ, Flynn RJ, Coombes JL. Stem cell-derived enteroid cultures as a tool for dissecting host-parasite interactions in the small intestinal epithelium. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12765. [PMID: 32564379 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium spp. can cause devastating pathological effects in humans and livestock, and in particular to young or immunocompromised individuals. The current treatment plans for these enteric parasites are limited due to long drug courses, severe side effects or simply a lack of efficacy. The study of the early interactions between the parasites and the site of infection in the small intestinal epithelium has been thwarted by the lack of accessible, physiologically relevant and species-specific models. Increasingly, 3D stem cell-derived enteroid models are being refined and developed into sophisticated models of infectious disease. In this review, we shall illustrate the use of enteroids to spearhead research into enteric parasitic infections, bridging the gap between cell line cultures and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam F Hares
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ellen-Alana Tiffney
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luke J Johnston
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lisa Luu
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Robin J Flynn
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janine L Coombes
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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157
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Johnson K, Yin J, In JG, Kulkarni S, Pasricha P, Tse CM, Donowitz M. Cholinergic-induced anion secretion in murine jejunal enteroids involves synergy between muscarinic and nicotinic pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C321-C330. [PMID: 32551856 PMCID: PMC7500216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00179.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine induces robust electrogenic anion secretion in mammalian intestine and it has long been hypothesized that it mediates the epithelial response through the M3 and, to a lesser extent, the M1 muscarinic receptors in the mouse. However, nicotinic receptors have recently been identified in intestinal enterocytes by quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR/RNAseq, although any direct influence on intestinal transport has not been identified. We tested the hypothesis that cholinergic-induced anion secretion in the intestine is a result of both muscarinic and nicotinic pathways that are intrinsic to the intestinal epithelia. We developed a method to generate mouse jejunal enteroid monolayers which were used to measure active electrogenic anion secretion by the Ussing chamber/voltage-clamp technique. Here, we show that the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh) and the muscarinic agonist bethanechol (BCh) stimulate short-lived, concentration-dependent anion secretion in the epithelial cell-only enteroid monolayers. The muscarinic antagonist atropine completely inhibited CCh- and BCh-induced secretion, while the nicotinic antagonist hexamethonium reduced the CCh response by ~45%. While nicotine alone did not alter anion secretion, it increased the BCh-induced increase in short-circuit current in a concentration-dependent manner; this synergy was prevented by pretreatment with hexamethonium. In addition to being sensitive to hexamethonium, monolayers express both classes of cholinergic receptor by qRT-PCR, including 13 of 16 nicotinic receptor subunits. Our findings indicate that an interaction between muscarinic and nicotinic agonists synergistically stimulates anion secretion in mouse jejunal epithelial cells and identify a role for epithelial nicotinic receptors in anion secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jianyi Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julie G In
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Subhash Kulkarni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pankaj Pasricha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chung Ming Tse
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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158
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Hewes SA, Wilson RL, Estes MK, Shroyer NF, Blutt SE, Grande-Allen KJ. In Vitro Models of the Small Intestine: Engineering Challenges and Engineering Solutions. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2020; 26:313-326. [PMID: 32046599 PMCID: PMC7462033 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathologies affecting the small intestine contribute significantly to the disease burden of both the developing and the developed world, which has motivated investigation into the disease mechanisms through in vitro models. Although existing in vitro models recapitulate selected features of the intestine, various important aspects have often been isolated or omitted due to the anatomical and physiological complexity. The small intestine's intricate microanatomy, heterogeneous cell populations, steep oxygen gradients, microbiota, and intestinal wall contractions are often not included in in vitro experimental models of the small intestine, despite their importance in both intestinal biology and pathology. Known and unknown interdependencies between various physiological aspects necessitate more complex in vitro models. Microfluidic technology has made it possible to mimic the dynamic mechanical environment, signaling gradients, and other important aspects of small intestinal biology. This review presents an overview of the complexity of small intestinal anatomy and bioengineered models that recapitulate some of these physiological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Hewes
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Reid L. Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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159
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Sharma A, Raman V, Lee J, Forbes NS. Mucus blocks probiotics but increases penetration of motile pathogens and induces TNF-α and IL-8 secretion. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2540-2555. [PMID: 32396232 PMCID: PMC7806204 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal barrier in combination with innate immune system are the first line of defense against luminal bacteria at the intestinal mucosa. Dysfunction of the mucus layer and bacterial infiltration are linked to tissue inflammation and disease. To study host-bacterial interactions at the mucosal interface, we created an experimental model that contains luminal space, a mucus layer, an epithelial layer, and suspended immune cells. Reconstituted porcine small intestinal mucus formed an 880 ± 230 µm thick gel layer and had a porous structure. In the presence of mucus, sevenfold less probiotic and nonmotile VSL#3 bacteria transmigrated across the epithelial barrier compared to no mucus. The higher bacterial transmigration caused immune cell differentiation and increased the concentration of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α; p < .01). Surprisingly, the mucus layer increased transmigration of pathogenic Salmonella and increased secretion of TNF-α and IL-8 (p < .05). Nonmotile, flagella knockout Salmonella had lower transmigration and caused lower IL-8 and TNF-α secretion (p < .05). These results demonstrate that motility enables pathogenic bacteria to cross the mucus and epithelial layers, which could lead to infection. Using an in vitro coculture platform to understand the interactions of bacteria with the intestinal mucosa has the potential to improve the treatment of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Vishnu Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Jungwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Neil S. Forbes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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160
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Rees WD, Stahl M, Jacobson K, Bressler B, Sly LM, Vallance BA, Steiner TS. Enteroids Derived From Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Display Dysregulated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways, Leading to Differential Inflammatory Responses and Dendritic Cell Maturation. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:948-961. [PMID: 31796949 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Endoplasmic reticulum [ER] stress in intestinal epithelial cells [IECs] contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. We hypothesized that ER stress changes innate signalling in human IECs, augmenting toll-like receptor [TLR] responses and inducing pro-inflammatory changes in underlying dendritic cells [DCs]. METHODS Caco-2 cells and primary human colon-derived enteroid monolayers were exposed to ATP [control stressor] or thapsigargin [Tg] [ER stress inducer], and were stimulated with the TLR5 agonist flagellin. Cytokine release was measured by an enzyme immunoassay. ER stress markers CHOP, GRP78 and XBP1s/u were measured via quantitative PCR and Western blot. Monocyte-derived DCs [moDCs] were cultured with the IEC supernatants and their activation state was measured. Responses from enteroids derived from IBD patients and healthy control participants were compared. RESULTS ER stress enhanced flagellin-induced IL-8 release from Caco-2 cells and enteroids. Moreover, conditioned media activated DCs to become pro-inflammatory, with increased expression of CD80, CD86, MHCII, IL-6, IL-15 and IL-12p70 and decreased expression of CD103 and IL-10. Flagellin-induced IL-8 production correlated with DC activation, suggesting a common stress pathway. Moreover, there were distinct differences in cytokine expression and basal ER stress between IBD and healthy subject-derived enteroid monolayers, suggesting a dysregulated ER stress pathway in IBD-derived enteroids. CONCLUSIONS Cellular stress enhances TLR5 responses in IECs, leading to increased DC activation, indicating a previously unknown mechanistic link between epithelial ER stress and immune activation in IBD. Furthermore, dysregulated ER stress may be propagated from the intestinal epithelial stem cell niche in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Rees
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Stahl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian Bressler
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Providence Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura M Sly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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161
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Kim J, Koo BK, Knoblich JA. Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:571-584. [PMID: 32636524 PMCID: PMC7339799 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 920] [Impact Index Per Article: 230.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The historical reliance of biological research on the use of animal models has sometimes made it challenging to address questions that are specific to the understanding of human biology and disease. But with the advent of human organoids — which are stem cell-derived 3D culture systems — it is now possible to re-create the architecture and physiology of human organs in remarkable detail. Human organoids provide unique opportunities for the study of human disease and complement animal models. Human organoids have been used to study infectious diseases, genetic disorders and cancers through the genetic engineering of human stem cells, as well as directly when organoids are generated from patient biopsy samples. This Review discusses the applications, advantages and disadvantages of human organoids as models of development and disease and outlines the challenges that have to be overcome for organoids to be able to substantially reduce the need for animal experiments. Human organoids are valuable models for the study of development and disease and for drug discovery, thus complementing traditional animal models. The generation of organoids from patient biopsy samples has enabled researchers to study, for example, infectious diseases, genetic disorders and cancers. This Review discusses the advantages, disadvantages and future challenges of the use of organoids as models for human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Juergen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria. .,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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162
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Mucus layer modeling of human colonoids during infection with enteroaggragative E. coli. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10533. [PMID: 32601325 PMCID: PMC7324601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EAEC is a common cause of diarrheal illness worldwide. Pathogenesis is believed to occur in the ileum and colon, where the bacteria adhere and form a robust aggregating biofilm. Among the multiple virulence factors produced by EAEC, the Pic serine protease has been implicated in bacterial colonization by virtue of its mucinolytic activity. Hence, a potential role of Pic in mucus barrier disruption during EAEC infection has been long postulated. In this study, we used human colonoids comprising goblet cells and a thick mucin barrier as an intestinal model to investigate Pic's roles during infection with EAEC. We demonstrated the ability of purified Pic, but not a protease defective Pic mutant to degrade MUC2. Western blot and confocal microscopy analysis revealed degradation of the MUC2 layer in colonoids infected with EAEC, but not with its isogenic EAECpic mutant. Wild-type and MUC2-knockdown colonoids infected with EAEC strains exposed a differential biofilm distribution, greater penetration of the mucus layer and increased colonization of the colonic epithelium by Wild-type EAEC than its isogenic Pic mutant. Higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was seen in colonoids infected with EAEC than EAECpic. Although commensal E. coli expressing Pic degraded MUC2, it did not show improved mucus layer penetration or colonization of the colonic epithelium. Our study demonstrates a role of Pic in MUC2 barrier disruption in the human intestine and shows that colonoids are a reliable system to study the interaction of pathogens with the mucus layer.
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163
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Hosic S, Lake W, Stas E, Koppes R, Breault DT, Murthy SK, Koppes AN. Cholinergic Activation of Primary Human Derived Intestinal Epithelium Does Not Ameliorate TNF-α Induced Injury. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:487-505. [PMID: 33184579 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The intestinal epithelium contains specialized cells including enterocytes, goblet, Paneth, enteroendocrine, and stem cells. Impaired barrier integrity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease is characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Prior studies in immortalized lines such as Caco-2, without native epithelial heterogeneity, demonstrate the amelioration of TNF-α compromised barrier integrity via nicotinic (nAChR) or muscarinic (mAChR) acetylcholine receptor activation. Methods A tissue-engineered model of primary human small intestinal epithelium was derived from dissociated organoids cultured on collagen-coated Transwells. Differentiation was accomplished with serum-containing media and compared to Caco-2 and HT-29 regarding alkaline phosphatase expression, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and IL-8 secretion. Inflammation was modeled via basal stimulation with TNF-α (25 ng/mL) with or without nicotine (nAChR agonist) or bethanechol (mAChR agonist). Apoptosis, density (cells/cm2), TEER, lucifer yellow permeability, 70 kDa dextran transport, cell morphology, and IL-8 secretion were characterized. Results Primary intestinal epithelium demonstrates significant functional differences compared to immortalized cells, including increased barrier integrity, IL-8 expression, mucus production, and the presence of absorptive and secretory cells. Exposure to TNF-α impaired barrier integrity, increased apoptosis, altered morphology, and increased secretion of IL-8. Stimulation of nAChR with nicotine did not ameliorate TNF-α induced permeability nor alter 70 kDa dextran transport. However, stimulation of mAChR with bethanechol decreased transport of 70 kDa dextran but did not ameliorate TNF-α induced paracellular permeability. Conclusions A primary model of intestinal inflammation was evaluated, demonstrating nAChR or mAChR activation does not have the same protective effects compared to immortalized epithelium. Inclusion of other native stromal support cells are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjin Hosic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Will Lake
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Eric Stas
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ryan Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Shashi K Murthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Abigail N Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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164
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Cassotta M, Forbes-Hernández TY, Calderón Iglesias R, Ruiz R, Elexpuru Zabaleta M, Giampieri F, Battino M. Links between Nutrition, Infectious Diseases, and Microbiota: Emerging Technologies and Opportunities for Human-Focused Research. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1827. [PMID: 32575399 PMCID: PMC7353391 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between nutrition and human infectious diseases has always been recognized. With the emergence of molecular tools and post-genomics, high-resolution sequencing technologies, the gut microbiota has been emerging as a key moderator in the complex interplay between nutrients, human body, and infections. Much of the host-microbial and nutrition research is currently based on animals or simplistic in vitro models. Although traditional in vivo and in vitro models have helped to develop mechanistic hypotheses and assess the causality of the host-microbiota interactions, they often fail to faithfully recapitulate the complexity of the human nutrient-microbiome axis in gastrointestinal homeostasis and infections. Over the last decade, remarkable progress in tissue engineering, stem cell biology, microfluidics, sequencing technologies, and computing power has taken place, which has produced a new generation of human-focused, relevant, and predictive tools. These tools, which include patient-derived organoids, organs-on-a-chip, computational analyses, and models, together with multi-omics readouts, represent novel and exciting equipment to advance the research into microbiota, infectious diseases, and nutrition from a human-biology-based perspective. After considering some limitations of the conventional in vivo and in vitro approaches, in this review, we present the main novel available and emerging tools that are suitable for designing human-oriented research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cassotta
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Tamara Yuliett Forbes-Hernández
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Ruben Calderón Iglesias
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberto Ruiz
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Maria Elexpuru Zabaleta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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165
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Roodsant T, Navis M, Aknouch I, Renes IB, van Elburg RM, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC, Schultsz C, van der Ark KCH, Sridhar A, Muncan V. A Human 2D Primary Organoid-Derived Epithelial Monolayer Model to Study Host-Pathogen Interaction in the Small Intestine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:272. [PMID: 32656095 PMCID: PMC7326037 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut organoids are stem cell derived 3D models of the intestinal epithelium that are useful for studying interactions between enteric pathogens and their host. While the organoid model has been used for both bacterial and viral infections, this is a closed system with the luminal side being inaccessible without microinjection or disruption of the organoid polarization. In order to overcome this and simplify their applicability for transepithelial studies, permeable membrane based monolayer approaches are needed. In this paper, we demonstrate a method for generating a monolayer model of the human fetal intestinal polarized epithelium that is fully characterized and validated. Proximal and distal small intestinal organoids were used to generate 2D monolayer cultures, which were characterized with respect to epithelial cell types, polarization, barrier function, and gene expression. In addition, viral replication and bacterial translocation after apical infection with enteric pathogens Enterovirus A71 and Listeria monocytogenes were evaluated, with subsequent monitoring of the pro-inflammatory host response. This human 2D fetal intestinal monolayer model will be a valuable tool to study host-pathogen interactions and potentially reduce the use of animals in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roodsant
- Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marit Navis
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ikrame Aknouch
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B Renes
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruurd M van Elburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Emma Children's Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kees C H van der Ark
- Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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166
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Hosic S, Bindas AJ, Puzan ML, Lake W, Soucy JR, Zhou F, Koppes RA, Breault DT, Murthy SK, Koppes AN. Rapid Prototyping of Multilayer Microphysiological Systems. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:2949-2963. [PMID: 34275297 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic organs-on-chips aim to realize more biorelevant in vitro experiments compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) static cell culture. Often such devices are fabricated via poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) soft lithography, which offers benefits (e.g., high feature resolution) along with drawbacks (e.g., prototyping time/costs). Here, we report benchtop fabrication of multilayer, PDMS-free, thermoplastic organs-on-chips via laser cut and assembly with double-sided adhesives that overcome some limitations of traditional PDMS lithography. Cut and assembled chips are economical to prototype ($2 per chip), can be fabricated in parallel within hours, and are Luer compatible. Biocompatibility was demonstrated with epithelial line Caco-2 cells and primary human small intestinal organoids. Comparable to control static Transwell cultures, Caco-2 and organoids cultured on chips formed confluent monolayers expressing tight junctions with low permeability. Caco-2 cells-on-chip differentiated ∼4 times faster, including increased mucus, compared to controls. To demonstrate the robustness of cut and assemble, we fabricated a dual membrane, trilayer chip integrating 2D and 3D compartments with accessible apical and basolateral flow chambers. As proof of concept, we cocultured a human, differentiated monolayer and intact 3D organoids within multilayered contacting compartments. The epithelium exhibited 3D tissue structure and organoids expanded close to the adjacent monolayer, retaining proliferative stem cells over 10 days. Taken together, cut and assemble offers the capability to rapidly and economically manufacture microfluidic devices, thereby presenting a compelling fabrication technique for developing organs-on-chips of various geometries to study multicellular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjin Hosic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adam J Bindas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Marissa L Puzan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Will Lake
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jonathan R Soucy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Fanny Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ryan A Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Principal Faculty, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Shashi K Murthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Abigail N Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 313 Snell Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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167
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Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most challenging health concerns facing society. Available drugs treat the symptoms but there is no cure. This presents an urgent need to better understand human diabetes in order to develop improved treatments or target remission. New disease models need to be developed that more accurately describe the pathology of diabetes. Organoid technology provides an opportunity to fill this knowledge gap. Organoids are 3D structures, established from pluripotent stem cells or adult stem/progenitor cells, that recapitulate key aspects of the in vivo tissues they mimic. In this review we briefly introduce organoids and their benefits; we focus on organoids generated from tissues important for glucose homeostasis and tissues associated with diabetic complications. We hope this review serves as a touchstone to demonstrate how organoid technology extends the research toolbox and can deliver a step change of discovery in the field of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Tsakmaki
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Patricia Fonseca Pedro
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Gavin A Bewick
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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168
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Choi KYG, Wu BC, Lee AHY, Baquir B, Hancock REW. Utilizing Organoid and Air-Liquid Interface Models as a Screening Method in the Development of New Host Defense Peptides. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:228. [PMID: 32509598 PMCID: PMC7251080 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs), also known as antimicrobial peptides, are naturally occurring polypeptides (~12–50 residues) composed of cationic and hydrophobic amino acids that adopt an amphipathic conformation upon folding usually after contact with membranes. HDPs have a variety of biological activities including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-biofilm functions. Although HDPs have the potential to address the global threat of antibiotic resistance and to treat immune and inflammatory disorders, they have yet to achieve this promise. Indeed, there are several challenges associated with bringing peptide-based drug candidates from the lab bench to clinical practice, including identifying appropriate indications, stability, toxicity, and cost. These challenges can be addressed in part by the development of innate defense regulator (IDR) peptides and peptidomimetics, which are synthetic derivatives of HDPs with similar or better efficacy, increased stability, and reduced toxicity and cost of the original HDP. However, one of the largest gaps between basic research and clinical application is the validity and translatability of conventional model systems, such as cell lines and animal models, for screening HDPs and their derivatives as potential drug therapies. Indeed, such translation has often relied on animal models, which have only limited validity. Here we discuss the recent development of human organoids for disease modeling and drug screening, assisted by the use of omics analyses. Organoids, developed from primary cells, cell lines, or human pluripotent stem cells, are three-dimensional, self-organizing structures that closely resemble their corresponding in vivo organs with regards to immune responses, tissue organization, and physiological properties; thus, organoids represent a reliable method for studying efficacy, formulation, toxicity and to some extent drug stability and pharmacodynamics. The use of patient-derived organoids enables the study of patient-specific efficacy, toxicogenomics and drug response predictions. We outline how organoids and omics data analysis can be leveraged to aid in the clinical translation of IDR peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Yee Grace Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bing Catherine Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Huei-Yi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Beverlie Baquir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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169
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Driehuis E, Oosterom N, Heil SG, Muller IB, Lin M, Kolders S, Jansen G, de Jonge R, Pieters R, Clevers H, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM. Patient-derived oral mucosa organoids as an in vitro model for methotrexate induced toxicity in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231588. [PMID: 32421698 PMCID: PMC7233536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently established a protocol to grow wildtype human oral mucosa organoids. These three-dimensional structures can be maintained in culture long-term, do not require immortalization, and recapitulate the multilayered composition of the epithelial lining of the oral mucosa. Here, we validate the use of this model to study the effect of Leucovorin (LV) on Methotrexate (MTX)-induced toxicity. MTX is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Although effective, the use of MTX often results in severe side-effects, including oral mucositis, which is characterized by epithelial cell death. Here, we show that organoids are sensitive to MTX, and that the addition of LV reduces MTX toxicity, in both a concentration- and timing-dependent manner. Additionally, we show that a 24 hour ‘pretreatment’ with LV reduces MTX-induced cell death, suggesting that such a pretreatment could decrease mucositis in patients. Taken together, we provide the first in vitro model to study the effect of MTX on wildtype oral mucosa cells. Our findings underscore the relevance of the clinically applied LV regimen and highlight the potential of this model to further optimize modifications in dosing and timing of Leucovorin on oral mucosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Driehuis
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N. Oosterom
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S. G. Heil
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I. B. Muller
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Lin
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. Kolders
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G. Jansen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. de Jonge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H. Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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170
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Wodzanowski KA, Cassel SE, Grimes CL, Kloxin AM. Tools for probing host-bacteria interactions in the gut microenvironment: From molecular to cellular levels. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127116. [PMID: 32223923 PMCID: PMC7476074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Healthy function of the gut microenvironment is dependent on complex interactions between the bacteria of the microbiome, epithelial and immune (host) cells, and the surrounding tissue. Misregulation of these interactions is implicated in disease. A range of tools have been developed to study these interactions, from mechanistic studies to therapeutic evaluation. In this Digest, we highlight select tools at the cellular and molecular level for probing specific cell-microenvironment interactions. Approaches are overviewed for controlling and probing cell-cell interactions, from transwell and microfluidic devices to engineered bacterial peptidoglycan fragments, and cell-matrix interactions, from three-dimensional scaffolds to chemical handles for in situ modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha E Cassel
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Catherine L Grimes
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States; Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - April M Kloxin
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States; Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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171
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Cervin J, Boucher A, Youn G, Björklund P, Wallenius V, Mottram L, Sampson NS, Yrlid U. Fucose-Galactose Polymers Inhibit Cholera Toxin Binding to Fucosylated Structures and Galactose-Dependent Intoxication of Human Enteroids. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1192-1203. [PMID: 32134631 PMCID: PMC7227030 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A promising strategy to limit cholera
severity involves blockers
mimicking the canonical cholera toxin ligand (CT) ganglioside GM1.
However, to date the efficacies of most of these blockers have been
evaluated in noncellular systems that lack ligands other than GM1.
Importantly, the CT B subunit (CTB) has a noncanonical site that binds
fucosylated structures, which in contrast to GM1 are highly expressed
in the human intestine. Here we evaluate the capacity of norbornene
polymers displaying galactose and/or fucose to block CTB binding to
immobilized protein-linked glycan structures and also to primary human
and murine small intestine epithelial cells (SI ECs). We show that
the binding of CTB to human SI ECs is largely dependent on the noncanonical
binding site, and interference with the canonical site has a limited
effect while the opposite is observed with murine SI ECs. The galactose–fucose
polymer blocks binding to fucosylated glycans but not to GM1. However,
the preincubation of CT with the galactose–fucose polymer only
partially blocks toxic effects on cultured human enteroid cells, while
preincubation with GM1 completely blocks CT-mediated secretion. Our
results support a model whereby the binding of fucose to the noncanonical
site places CT in close proximity to scarcely expressed galactose
receptors such as GM1 to enable binding via the canonical site leading
to CT internalization and intoxication. Our finding also highlights
the importance of complementing CTB binding studies with functional
intoxication studies when assessing the efficacy inhibitors of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Cervin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Boucher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gyusaang Youn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, United States
| | - Per Björklund
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, 416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ville Wallenius
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, 416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lynda Mottram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3400, United States
| | - Ulf Yrlid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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172
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Jose SS, De Zuani M, Tidu F, Hortová Kohoutková M, Pazzagli L, Forte G, Spaccapelo R, Zelante T, Frič J. Comparison of two human organoid models of lung and intestinal inflammation reveals Toll-like receptor signalling activation and monocyte recruitment. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1131. [PMID: 32377340 PMCID: PMC7200218 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The activation of immune responses in mucosal tissues is a key factor for the development and sustainment of several pathologies including infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. However, translational research and personalised medicine struggle to advance because of the lack of suitable preclinical models that successfully mimic the complexity of human tissues without relying on in vivo mouse models. Here, we propose two in vitro human 3D tissue models, deprived of any resident leucocytes, to model mucosal tissue inflammatory processes. Methods We developed human 3D lung and intestinal organoids differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells to model mucosal tissues. We then compared their response to a panel of microbial ligands and investigated their ability to attract and host human primary monocytes. Results Mature lung and intestinal organoids comprised epithelial (EpCAM+) and mesenchymal (CD73+) cells which responded to Toll‐like receptor stimulation by releasing pro‐inflammatory cytokines and expressing tissue inflammatory markers including MMP9, COX2 and CRP. When added to the organoid culture, primary human monocytes migrated towards the organoids and began to differentiate to an ‘intermediate‐like’ phenotype characterised by increased levels of CD14 and CD16. Conclusion We show that human mucosal organoids exhibit proper immune functions and successfully mimic an immunocompetent tissue microenvironment able to host patient‐derived immune cells. Our experimental set‐up provides a novel tool to tackle the complexity of immune responses in mucosal tissues which can be tailored to different human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sushama Jose
- International Clinical Research Center St. Anne's University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marco De Zuani
- International Clinical Research Center St. Anne's University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic
| | - Federico Tidu
- International Clinical Research Center St. Anne's University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic.,Department of Biology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | | | - Lucia Pazzagli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and University Research Center for Functional Genomic (C.U.R.Ge.F) University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- International Clinical Research Center St. Anne's University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and University Research Center for Functional Genomic (C.U.R.Ge.F) University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Experimental Medicine and University Research Center for Functional Genomic (C.U.R.Ge.F) University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Jan Frič
- International Clinical Research Center St. Anne's University Hospital Brno Brno Czech Republic.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Prague Czech Republic
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173
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Ghosh P, Swanson L, Sayed IM, Mittal Y, Lim BB, Ibeawuchi SR, Foretz M, Viollet B, Sahoo D, Das S. The stress polarity signaling (SPS) pathway serves as a marker and a target in the leaky gut barrier: implications in aging and cancer. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e201900481. [PMID: 32041849 PMCID: PMC7012149 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier separates trillions of microbes from the largest immune system in the body; when compromised, a "leaky" gut barrier fuels systemic inflammation, which hastens the progression of chronic diseases. Strategies to detect and repair the leaky gut barrier remain urgent and unmet needs. Recently, a stress-polarity signaling (SPS) pathway has been described in which the metabolic sensor, AMP-kinase acts via its effector, GIV (also known as Girdin) to augment epithelial polarity exclusively under energetic stress and suppresses tumor formation. Using murine and human colon-derived organoids, and enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) that are exposed to stressors, we reveal that the SPS-pathway is active in the intestinal epithelium and requires a catalytically active AMP-kinase. Its pharmacologic augmentation resists stress-induced collapse of the epithelium when challenged with microbes or microbial products. In addition, the SPS-pathway is suppressed in the aging gut, and its reactivation in enteroid-derived monolayers reverses aging-associated inflammation and loss of barrier function. It is also silenced during progression of colorectal cancers. These findings reveal the importance of the SPS-pathway in the gut and highlights its therapeutic potential for treating gut barrier dysfunction in aging, cancer, and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lee Swanson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Yash Mittal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Blaze B Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Marc Foretz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (French Institute of Health and Medical Research) (INSERM) U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Center for Scientific Research) (CNRS) United for Medical Research (UMR) 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (French Institute of Health and Medical Research) (INSERM) U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Center for Scientific Research) (CNRS) United for Medical Research (UMR) 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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174
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Ye W, Luo C, Li C, Huang J, Liu F. Organoids to study immune functions, immunological diseases and immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 477:31-40. [PMID: 32112908 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional organoid culture systems show great promise as innovative physiological and pathophysiological models. Their applications in immunological research have been widely explored. For instance, immune organoids allow functional studies of immune system-related conditions, in a context that closely mimics the in vivo microenvironment, enabling an in-depth understanding of the immune tissue structures and functions. The newly developed coculture organoid and the air-liquid interface (ALI) systems also provided new insights for studying epithelia-immune cell interactions based on their endogenous distribution. Additionally, organoids have enabled the innovation of immunological disease models and exploration of the link between immunity and cancer, showing potential for personalized immunotherapy. This review is an overview of recent advances in the application of organoids in immunological research. Furthermore, the potential improvements for further utilization of organoids in personalized immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China; Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Luo
- Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China; Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China.
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175
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Sayed IM, Suarez K, Lim E, Singh S, Pereira M, Ibeawuchi SR, Katkar G, Dunkel Y, Mittal Y, Chattopadhyay R, Guma M, Boland BS, Dulai PS, Sandborn WJ, Ghosh P, Das S. Host engulfment pathway controls inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. FEBS J 2020; 287:3967-3988. [PMID: 32003126 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) urgently need new biomarkers as a significant proportion of patients, do not respond to current medications. Inflammation is a common factor in these diseases, and microbial sensing in the intestinal tract is critical to initiate the inflammation. We have identified ELMO1 (engulfment and cell motility protein 1) as a microbial sensor in epithelial and phagocytic cells that turns on inflammatory signals. Using a stem cell-based 'gut-in-a-dish' coculture model, we studied the interactions between microbes, epithelium, and monocytes in the context of IBD. To mimic the in vivo cell physiology, enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) were generated from the organoids isolated from WT and ELMO1-/- mice and colonic biopsies of IBD patients. The EDMs were infected with the IBD-associated microbes to monitor the inflammatory responses. ELMO1-depleted EDMs displayed a significant reduction in bacterial internalization, a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine productions and monocyte recruitment. The expression of ELMO1 is elevated in the colonic epithelium and in the inflammatory infiltrates within the lamina propria of IBD patients where the higher expression is positively correlated with the elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MCP-1 and TNF-α. MCP-1 is released from the epithelium and recruits monocytes to the site of inflammation. Once recruited, monocytes require ELMO1 to engulf the bacteria and propagate a robust TNF-α storm. These findings highlight that the dysregulated epithelial ELMO1 → MCP-1 axis can serve as an early biomarker in the diagnostics of IBD and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Suarez
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Lim
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sujay Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Matheus Pereira
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Gajanan Katkar
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yash Mittal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ranajoy Chattopadhyay
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brigid S Boland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Parambir S Dulai
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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176
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Mechanical Stimuli Affect Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin-Cyclic GMP Signaling in a Human Enteroid Intestine-Chip Model. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00866-19. [PMID: 31818966 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00866-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling host-pathogen interactions with human intestinal epithelia using enteroid monolayers on permeable supports (such as Transwells) represents an alternative to animal studies or use of colon cancer-derived cell lines. However, the static monolayer model does not expose epithelial cells to mechanical forces normally present in the intestine, including luminal flow and serosal blood flow (shear force) or peristaltic forces. To determine the contribution of mechanical forces in the functional response of human small intestine to a virulence factor of a pathogenic intestinal bacterium, human jejunal enteroids were cultured as monolayers in microengineered fluidic-based Organ-Chips (Intestine-Chips) exposed to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin A (ST) and evaluated under conditions of static fluid, apical and basolateral flow, and flow plus repetitive stretch. Application of flow increased epithelial cell height and apical and basolateral secretion of cyclic GMP (cGMP) under baseline, unstimulated conditions. Addition of ST under flow conditions increased apical and basolateral secretion of cGMP relative to the level under static conditions but did not enhance intracellular cGMP accumulation. Cyclic stretch did not have any significant effect beyond that contributed by flow. This study demonstrates that fluid flow application initiates changes in intestinal epithelial cell characteristics relative to those of static culture conditions under both baseline conditions and with exposure to ST enterotoxin and suggests that further investigations of the application of these mechanical forces will provide insights into physiology and pathophysiology that more closely resemble intact intestine than study under static conditions.
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177
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Miller CP, Shin W, Ahn EH, Kim HJ, Kim DH. Engineering Microphysiological Immune System Responses on Chips. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:857-872. [PMID: 32673588 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissues- and organs-on-chips are microphysiological systems (MPSs) that model the architectural and functional complexity of human tissues and organs that is lacking in conventional cell monolayer cultures. While substantial progress has been made in a variety of tissues and organs, chips recapitulating immune responses have not advanced as rapidly. This review discusses recent progress in MPSs for the investigation of immune responses. To illustrate recent developments, we focus on two cases in point: immunocompetent tumor microenvironment-on-a-chip devices that incorporate stromal and immune cell components and pathomimetic modeling of human mucosal immunity and inflammatory crosstalk. More broadly, we discuss the development of systems immunology-on-a-chip devices that integrate microfluidic engineering approaches with high-throughput omics measurements and emerging immunological applications of MPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Woojung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Eun Hyun Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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178
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Duque-Correa MA, Maizels RM, Grencis RK, Berriman M. Organoids - New Models for Host-Helminth Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:170-181. [PMID: 31791691 PMCID: PMC7106373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are multicellular culture systems that replicate tissue architecture and function, and are increasingly used as models of viral, bacterial, and protozoan infections. Organoids have great potential to improve our current understanding of helminth interactions with their hosts and to replace or reduce the dependence on using animal models. In this review, we discuss the applicability of this technology to helminth infection research, including strategies of co-culture of helminths or their products with organoids and the challenges, advantages, and drawbacks of the use of organoids for these studies. We also explore how complementing organoid systems with other cell types and components may allow more complex models to be generated in the future to further investigate helminth-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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179
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Min S, Kim S, Cho SW. Gastrointestinal tract modeling using organoids engineered with cellular and microbiota niches. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:227-237. [PMID: 32103122 PMCID: PMC7062772 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of organoid technology has attracted great attention in gastroenterology because the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can be recapitulated in vitro using organoids, enabling disease modeling and mechanistic studies. However, to more precisely emulate the GI microenvironment in vivo, several neighboring cell types and types of microbiota need to be integrated into GI organoids. This article reviews the recent progress made in elucidating the crosstalk between GI organoids and components of their microenvironment. We outline the effects of stromal cells (such as fibroblasts, neural cells, immune cells, and vascular cells) on the gastric and intestinal epithelia of organoids. Because of the important roles that microbiota play in the physiology and function of the GI tract, we also highlight interactions between organoids and commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms and viruses. GI organoid models that contain niche components will provide new insight into gastroenterological pathophysiology and disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Min
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Suran Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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180
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Xie C, Fan Y, Huang Y, Wu S, Xu H, Liu L, Hu Y, Huang Q, Shi H, Wang L, Xu H, Su J, Ren J. Class A1 scavenger receptors mediated macrophages in impaired intestinal barrier of inflammatory bowel disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:106. [PMID: 32175399 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background This study was to investigate the cytokines and phenotype of macrophages pre-treated with class A1 scavenger receptor (SR-A1) antibody in vitro and the influence on apoptotic pathway of colonic epithelial cells, and to explore the role of SR-A1 mediated macrophages in impaired intestinal barrier of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Methods Mouse macrophage RAW264.7 was pre-treated with SR-A1 antibody in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Transwell system was employed for co-culture of RAW264.7 and Caco-2 in the presence of LPS and IFN-γ, with or without SR-A1 antibody pre-treatment. The percentage of F4/80+CD11c+ macrophages, apoptosis rate of Caco-2 cells, and expression of apoptosis and tight junction proteins in Caco-2 cells was determined. Results Pre-treatment with SR-A1 antibody up-regulated IL-10 expression in RAW264.7, whereas down-regulated the expression of TNF and iNOS. Immunofluorescence staining indicated the upregulation of NF-κB p-p56 after LPS stimulation was significantly inhibited in the presence of SR-A1 antibody. The increase in p-JNK expression was inhibited by SR-A1 antibody. Transwell assay showed the percentage of F4/80+CD11c+ macrophages and apoptotic Caco-2 cells increased after treatment with LPS and IFN-γ, which could be reversed in the presence of SR-A1 antibody. The induction of cleaved caspase-3 and claudin-1 in Caco-2 cells was also suppressed when SR-A1 antibody pre-treatment. Conclusions Pre-treatment with SR-A1 antibody can inhibit inflammatory response in LPS-induced macrophages in a NF-κB dependent manner. Pre-treatment with SR-A1 antibody also inhibits M1 phenotype expression of macrophages, and attenuates the pro-apoptotic effect on colonic epithelial cells and disruption of intestinal barrier integrity induced by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Yanyun Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Yinshi Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shuangting Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Haimei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Lupeng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Yiqun Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Qingwen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Huaxiu Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Jingling Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
| | - Jianlin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China
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181
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Breyner NM, Hecht M, Nitz N, Rose E, Carvalho JL. In vitro models for investigation of the host-parasite interface - possible applications in acute Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2020; 202:105262. [PMID: 31706861 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is the main parasitic disease in the Western Hemisphere, with an increasing number of cases, especially in non-endemic regions. The disease is characterized by cardiomegaly and mega viscera, nevertheless, the clinical outcome is hard to predict, underscoring the need for further research into the pathophysiology of CD. Even though most basic and translational research involving CD is performed using in vivo models, in vitro models arise as an ethical, rapidly evolving, and physiologically relevant alternative for CD research. In the present review, we discuss the past and recent in vitro models available to study the host-parasite interface in cardiac and intestinal CD, critically analyzing the possibilities and limitations of state-of-the-art alternatives for the CD host-parasite investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Martins Breyner
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Mariana Hecht
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ester Rose
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Catholic University of Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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182
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Briguglio M, Hrelia S, Malaguti M, De Vecchi E, Lombardi G, Banfi G, Riso P, Porrini M, Romagnoli S, Pino F, Crespi T, Perazzo P. Oral Supplementation with Sucrosomial Ferric Pyrophosphate Plus L-Ascorbic Acid to Ameliorate the Martial Status: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020386. [PMID: 32024027 PMCID: PMC7071340 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered martial indices before orthopedic surgery are associated with higher rates of complications and greatly affect the patient’s functional ability. Oral supplements can optimize the preoperative martial status, with clinical efficacy and the patient’s tolerability being highly dependent on the pharmaceutical formula. Patients undergoing elective hip/knee arthroplasty were randomized to be supplemented with a 30-day oral therapy of sucrosomial ferric pyrophosphate plus L-ascorbic acid. The tolerability was 2.7% among treated patients. Adjustments for confounding factors, such as iron absorption influencers, showed a relevant response limited to older patients (≥ 65 years old), whose uncharacterized Hb loss was averted upon treatment with iron formula. Older patients with no support lost −2.8 ± 5.1%, while the intervention group gained +0.7 ± 4.6% of circulating hemoglobin from baseline (p = 0.019). Gastrointestinal diseases, medications, and possible dietary factors could affect the efficacy of iron supplements. Future opportunities may consider to couple ferric pyrophosphate with other nutrients, to pay attention in avoiding absorption disruptors, or to implement interventions to obtain an earlier martial status optimization at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Briguglio
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (S.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Sergio Romagnoli
- Joint Replacement Department, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Fabio Pino
- Post-operative Intensive Care Unit & Anesthesia, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy; (F.P.); (T.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Tiziano Crespi
- Post-operative Intensive Care Unit & Anesthesia, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy; (F.P.); (T.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Paolo Perazzo
- Post-operative Intensive Care Unit & Anesthesia, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy; (F.P.); (T.C.); (P.P.)
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183
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Lu X, Xie S, Ye L, Zhu L, Yu Q. Lactobacillus Protects Against S. Typhimurium-Induced Intestinal Inflammation by Determining the Fate of Epithelial Proliferation and Differentiation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900655. [PMID: 31953989 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The influence of the intestinal microbiota, such as Lactobacillus, on the intestinal mucosa, particularly intestinal stem cells, remains incompletely understood. In this study, mice and intestinal organoids are used to explore the regulatory effect of Lactobacillus on the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS This study demonstrates that S. typhimurium causes intestinal epithelial damage and affected growth of intestinal organoids. S. typhimurium also colonizes the intestine and then causes pathological changes to the intestinal epithelium, intestinal inflammation, and even death. However, L. acidophilus alleviates damage to intestinal organoids, increases the survival ratio of mice infected with S. typhimurium, and reduces tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion. Moreover, L. acidophilus affects the differentiation of epithelial cells through inhibition of the excessive expansion of goblet cells and Paneth cells induced by S. typhimurium to avoid over-exhaustion. Finally, it is also demonstrated that L. acidophilus ameliorates overactivation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway by Salmonella, depending on the contact with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), to affect the proliferation of the intestinal epithelium. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that L. acidophilus protects the intestinal mucosa against S. typhimurium infection through not only the inhibition of pathogen invasion but also determination of the fate of the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Xie
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Ye
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Linda Zhu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
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184
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Angus HCK, Butt AG, Schultz M, Kemp RA. Intestinal Organoids as a Tool for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 6:334. [PMID: 32010704 PMCID: PMC6978713 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are difficult to model as freshly acquired tissues are short-lived, provide data as a snapshot in time, and are not always accessible. Many patients with IBD are non-responders to first-line treatments, and responders are prone to developing resistance to treatment over time—resulting in reduced patient quality of life, increased time to remission, and potential relapse. IBD is heterogenous and we are yet to fully understand the mechanisms of disease; thus, our ability to diagnose and prescribe optimal treatment remains ineffective. Intestinal organoids are derived from patient tissues expanded in vitro. Organoids offer unique insight into individual patient disease and are a potential route to personalized treatments. However, organoid models do not contain functional microbial and immune cell components. In this review, we discuss immune cell subsets in the context of IBD, and the requirement of immune cell and microbial components in organoid models for IBD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish C K Angus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A Grant Butt
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Schultz
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Roslyn A Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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185
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Human Gastrointestinal Organoid Models for Studying Microbial Disease and Cancer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 430:55-75. [PMID: 32889597 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the major discoveries in stem cell research in the past decade embraces the development of "organs in a dish," also known as "organoids." Organoids are three-dimensional cellular structures derived from primary stem cells of different organ-specific cell types which are capable of self-renewal and maintenance of the parental lineages. Researchers have developed in vitro organoid models to mimic in vivo host-microbial interactions and disease. In this review, we focus on the use of gastrointestinal organoids as models of microbial disease and cancer.
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186
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Yanda MK, Guggino WB, Cebotaru L. A new role for heat shock factor 27 in the pathophysiology of Clostridium difficile toxin B. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G120-G129. [PMID: 31709831 PMCID: PMC6985846 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00166.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clostridiumdifficile (CD) is a common pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal inflammatory diarrhea in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy. Its virulence derives from two toxins, toxin CD, A and B (TcdA and TcdB) (Borriello et al. Rev Infect Dis 12, Suppl 2: S185-191, 1990). Among the prime candidates for CD colonization are patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), who are routinely treated with antibiotics and frequently hospitalized. Indeed, ~50% of patients with CF are colonized with virulent forms of CD but do not exhibit diarrhea (Bauer et al. Clin Microbiol Infect 20: O446-O449, 2014; Binkovitz et al. Am J Roentgenol 172: 517-521, 199; Zemljic et al. Anaerobe 16: 527-532, 2010). We found that TcdB has global effects on colonic cells, including reducing the steady-state levels of sodium-proton exchange regulatory factors, reducing the levels of heat shock protein (Hsp) 27, and increasing the fraction of total Hsp27 bound to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Also, since some mutations in CFTR seem to be protective, we asked whether CFTR is a target of TcdB. We show here that TcdB increases the maturation of CFTR and transiently increases its function. These combined effects promote increased surface expression of CFTR, resulting in a transient increase in Cl- secretion. This increase is followed by a precipitous decline in both CFTR-dependent Cl- secretion and transepithelial resistance (TER), suggesting a breakdown in the epithelial cells' tight junctions. We also found that overexpressing Hsp27 reverses some of the deleterious effects of TcdB, in particular preserving TER and therefore likely the maintenance of barrier function. Thus, our data suggest that Hsp27 plays a role in the diarrhea generated by CD infection and is a potential therapeutic target for treating this diarrhea.NEW & NOTEWORTHYClostridium difficile (CD) is a common pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal inflammatory diarrhea in patients undergoing antibiotic therapy. We provide new evidence that heat shock protein (Hsp) 27 is one of the key players in CD pathology and that increasing Hsp27 can prevent the decrease in transepithelial resistance induced by toxin CD B, pointing the way for pharmacologic therapies for patients with chronic CD infection that can increase Hsp27 as a means to mitigate the effects of CD on gastrointestinal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali K. Yanda
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B. Guggino
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liudmila Cebotaru
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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187
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Kumar M, Singh P, Murugesan S, Vetizou M, McCulloch J, Badger JH, Trinchieri G, Al Khodor S. Microbiome as an Immunological Modifier. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2055:595-638. [PMID: 31502171 PMCID: PMC8276114 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9773-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans are living ecosystems composed of human cells and microbes. The microbiome is the collection of microbes (microbiota) and their genes. Recent breakthroughs in the high-throughput sequencing technologies have made it possible for us to understand the composition of the human microbiome. Launched by the National Institutes of Health in USA, the human microbiome project indicated that our bodies harbor a wide array of microbes, specific to each body site with interpersonal and intrapersonal variabilities. Numerous studies have indicated that several factors influence the development of the microbiome including genetics, diet, use of antibiotics, and lifestyle, among others. The microbiome and its mediators are in a continuous cross talk with the host immune system; hence, any imbalance on one side is reflected on the other. Dysbiosis (microbiota imbalance) was shown in many diseases and pathological conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, diabetes, and cancer. The microbial composition mirrors inflammation variations in certain disease conditions, within various stages of the same disease; hence, it has the potential to be used as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Parul Singh
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Selvasankar Murugesan
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marie Vetizou
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John McCulloch
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Souhaila Al Khodor
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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188
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Blutt SE, Klein OD, Donowitz M, Shroyer N, Guha C, Estes MK. Use of organoids to study regenerative responses to intestinal damage. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G845-G852. [PMID: 31589468 PMCID: PMC7132322 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal organoid cultures provide an in vitro model system for studying pathways and mechanisms involved in epithelial damage and repair. Derived from either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells or adult intestinal stem cells or tissues, these self-organizing, multicellular structures contain polarized mature cells that recapitulate both the physiology and heterogeneity of the intestinal epithelium. These cultures provide a cutting-edge technology for defining regenerative pathways that are induced following radiation or chemical damage, which directly target the cycling intestinal stem cell, or damage resulting from viral, bacterial, or parasitic infection of the epithelium. Novel signaling pathways or biological mechanisms identified from organoid studies that mediate regeneration of the epithelium following damage are likely to be important targets of preventive or therapeutic modalities to mitigate intestinal injury. The evolution of these cultures to include more components of the intestinal wall and the ability to genetically modify them are key components for defining the mechanisms that modulate epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Blutt
- 1Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ophir D. Klein
- 2Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California,3Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark Donowitz
- 4Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,5Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Noah Shroyer
- 6Department of Medicine, Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandan Guha
- 7Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein, Bronx, New York
| | - Mary K. Estes
- 1Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,6Department of Medicine, Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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189
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Werts AD, Fulton WB, Ladd MR, Saad-Eldin A, Chen YX, Kovler ML, Jia H, Banfield EC, Buck RH, Goehring K, Prindle T, Wang S, Zhou Q, Lu P, Yamaguchi Y, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ. A Novel Role for Necroptosis in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:403-423. [PMID: 31756560 PMCID: PMC7015998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease of premature infants characterized by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent intestinal inflammation and enterocyte death. Given that necroptosis is a proinflammatory cell death process that is linked to bacterial signaling, we investigated its potential role in NEC, and the mechanisms involved. METHODS Human and mouse NEC intestine were analyzed for necroptosis gene expression (ie, RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL), and protein activation (phosphorylated RIPK3). To evaluate a potential role for necroptosis in NEC, the effects of genetic (ie, Ripk3 knockout or Mlkl knockout) or pharmacologic (ie, Nec1s) inhibition of intestinal inflammation were assessed in a mouse NEC model, and a possible upstream role of TLR4 was assessed in Tlr4-deficient mice. The NEC-protective effects of human breast milk and its constituent milk oligosaccharides on necroptosis were assessed in a NEC-in-a-dish model, in which mouse intestinal organoids were cultured as either undifferentiated or differentiated epithelium in the presence of NEC bacteria and hypoxia. RESULTS Necroptosis was activated in the intestines of human and mouse NEC in a TLR4-dependent manner, and was up-regulated specifically in differentiated epithelium of the immature ileum. Inhibition of necroptosis genetically and pharmacologically reduced intestinal-epithelial cell death and mucosal inflammation in experimental NEC, and ex vivo in the NEC-in-a-dish system. Strikingly, the addition of human breast milk, or the human milk oligosaccharide 2 fucosyllactose in the ex vivo system, reduced necroptosis and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Necroptosis is activated in the intestinal epithelium upon TLR4 signaling and is required for NEC development, and explains in part the protective effects of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Werts
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B Fulton
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mitchell R Ladd
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ali Saad-Eldin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yue X Chen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark L Kovler
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emilyn C Banfield
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Thomas Prindle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanxia Wang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qinjie Zhou
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peng Lu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yukihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - David J Hackam
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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190
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Das B, Okamoto K, Rabalais J, Kozan PA, Marchelletta RR, McGeough MD, Durali N, Go M, Barrett KE, Das S, Sivagnanam M. Enteroids expressing a disease-associated mutant of EpCAM are a model for congenital tufting enteropathy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G580-G591. [PMID: 31433211 PMCID: PMC6879886 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00098.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by severe intestinal failure in infancy and mutations in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) gene. Previous studies of CTE in mice expressing mutant EpCAM show neonatal lethality. Hence, to study the cellular, molecular, and physiological alterations that result from EpCAM mutation, a tamoxifen-inducible mutant EpCAM enteroid model has been generated. The presence of mutant EpCAM in the model was confirmed at both mRNA and protein levels. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated the reduced expression of mutant EpCAM. Mutant enteroids had reduced budding potential as well as significantly decreased mRNA expression for epithelial lineage markers (Mucin 2, lysozyme, sucrase-isomaltase), proliferation marker Ki67, and secretory pathway transcription factors (Atoh1, Hnf1b). Significantly decreased numbers of Paneth and goblet cells were confirmed by staining. These findings were correlated with intestinal tissue from CTE patients and the mutant mice model that had significantly fewer Paneth and goblet cells than in healthy counterparts. FITC-dextran studies demonstrated significantly impaired barrier function in monolayers derived from mutant enteroids compared with control monolayers. In conclusion, we have established an ex vivo CTE model. The role of EpCAM in the budding potential, differentiation, and barrier function of enteroids is noted. Our study establishes new facets of EpCAM biology that will aid in understanding the pathophysiology of CTE and role of EpCAM in health and disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we develop a novel ex vivo enteroid model for congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE) based on epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) gene mutations found in patients. With this model we demonstrate the role of EpCAM in maintaining the functional homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium, including differentiation, proliferation, and barrier integrity. This study further establishes a new direction in EpCAM biology that will help in understanding the detailed pathophysiology of CTE and role of EpCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Das
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin Okamoto
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John Rabalais
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Philip A. Kozan
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Matthew D. McGeough
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nassim Durali
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Maria Go
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kim E. Barrett
- 2Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Soumita Das
- 3Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mamata Sivagnanam
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California,4Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California
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191
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Roh TT, Chen Y, Paul HT, Guo C, Kaplan DL. 3D bioengineered tissue model of the large intestine to study inflammatory bowel disease. Biomaterials 2019; 225:119517. [PMID: 31580968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro model of intestinal epithelium with an immune component was bioengineered to mimic immunologic responses seen in inflammatory bowel disease. While intestinal immune phenomena can be modeled in transwells and 2D culture systems, 3D tissue models improve physiological relevance by providing a 3D substrate which enable migration of macrophages towards the epithelium. An intestinal epithelial layer comprised of non-transformed human colon organoid cells and a subepithelial layer laden with monocyte-derived macrophages was bioengineered to mimic native intestinal mucosa cell organization using spongy biomaterial scaffolds. Confluent monolayers with microvilli, a mucus layer, and infiltration of macrophages to the basal side of the epithelium were observed. Inflammation, induced by E. coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide and interferon γ resulted in morphological changes to the epithelium, resulting in ball-like structures, decreased epithelial coverage, and increased migration of macrophages to the epithelium. Analysis of cytokines present in the inflamed tissue model demonstrated significantly upregulated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are often associated with active inflammatory bowel disease, including CXCL10, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-2, and MIP-1β. The macrophage layer enhanced epithelial and biochemical responses to inflammatory insult, and this new tissue system may be useful to study and develop potential therapies for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence T Roh
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby St. Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby St. Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Harry T Paul
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby St. Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Chengchen Guo
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby St. Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby St. Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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192
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Almeqdadi M, Mana MD, Roper J, Yilmaz ÖH. Gut organoids: mini-tissues in culture to study intestinal physiology and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C405-C419. [PMID: 31216420 PMCID: PMC6766612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00300.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro, cell cultures are essential tools in the study of intestinal function and disease. For the past few decades, monolayer cellular cultures, such as cancer cell lines or immortalized cell lines, have been widely applied in gastrointestinal research. Recently, the development of three-dimensional cultures known as organoids has permitted the growth of normal crypt-villus units that recapitulate many aspects of intestinal physiology. Organoid culturing has also been applied to study gastrointestinal diseases, intestinal-microbe interactions, and colorectal cancer. These models are amenable to CRISPR gene editing and drug treatments, including high-throughput small-molecule testing. Three-dimensional intestinal cultures have been transplanted into mice to develop versatile in vivo models of intestinal disease, particularly cancer. Limitations of currently available organoid models include cost and challenges in modeling nonepithelial intestinal cells, such as immune cells and the microbiota. Here, we describe the development of organoid models of intestinal biology and the applications of organoids for study of the pathophysiology of intestinal diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Almeqdadi
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Miyeko D Mana
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jatin Roper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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193
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Ladd MR, Costello CM, Gosztyla C, Werts AD, Johnson B, Fulton WB, Martin LY, Redfield EJ, Crawford B, Panaparambil R, Sodhi CP, March JC, Hackam DJ. Development of Intestinal Scaffolds that Mimic Native Mammalian Intestinal Tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1225-1241. [PMID: 30652526 PMCID: PMC6760185 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This study is significant because it demonstrates an attempt to design a scaffold specifically for small intestine using a novel fabrication method, resulting in an architecture that resembles intestinal villi. In addition, we use the versatile polymer poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) for artificial intestine, which has tunable mechanical and degradation properties that can be harnessed for further fine-tuning of scaffold design. Moreover, the utilization of PGS allows for future development of growth factor and drug delivery from the scaffolds to promote artificial intestine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R. Ladd
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cait M. Costello
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Carolyn Gosztyla
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adam D. Werts
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Blake Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B. Fulton
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura Y. Martin
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth J. Redfield
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Bryan Crawford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rohan Panaparambil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chhinder P. Sodhi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John C. March
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - David J. Hackam
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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194
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Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells with important roles in tissue homeostasis, inflammation and pathologies. Hence, macrophage populations represent promising targets for modern medicine. Exploiting the potential of macrophage-targeted therapies will require a thorough understanding of the mechanisms controlling their development, specialization and maintenance throughout their lifespan. Macrophages have been studied in vitro for many years, but recent advances in the field of macrophage biology have called into question the validity of traditional approaches. New models, such as recent innovations in generating macrophages from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), must take into account the impact of heterogeneity in the origin and tissue-specific functions of macrophages. Here, we discuss these protocols and argue for a better understanding of the type of macrophages made in vitro; we also encourage recognition of the importance of tissue identity of macrophages, which cannot be recapitulated by cytokine-dependent protocols. We suggest that a two-step model - in which iPSC-derived macrophages are first generated based on their ontogeny and then conditioned by their tissue-specific environment - offers immense potential for generating biologically relevant macrophages for future studies.
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195
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Yoo JH, Donowitz M. Intestinal enteroids/organoids: A novel platform for drug discovery in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4125-4147. [PMID: 31435168 PMCID: PMC6700704 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of biologics such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal antibodies followed by anti-integrins has dramatically changed the therapeutic paradigm of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Furthermore, a newly developed anti-p40 subunit of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 (ustekinumab) has been recently approved in the United States for patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease who have failed treatment with anti-TNFs. However, these immunosuppressive therapeutics which focus on anti-inflammatory mechanisms or immune cells still fail to achieve long-term remission in a significant percentage of patients. This strongly underlines the need to identify novel treatment targets beyond immune suppression to treat IBD. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in the pathogenesis of IBD. Physical, biochemical and immunologic driven barrier dysfunctions of epithelial cells contribute to the development of IBD. In addition, the recent establishment of adult stem cell-derived intestinal enteroid/organoid culture technology has allowed an exciting opportunity to study human IECs comprising all normal epithelial cells. This long-term epithelial culture model can be generated from endoscopic biopsies or surgical resections and recapitulates the tissue of origin, representing a promising platform for novel drug discovery in IBD. This review describes the advantages of intestinal enteroids/organoids as a research tool for intestinal diseases, introduces studies with these models in IBD, and gives a description of the current status of therapeutic approaches in IBD. Finally, we provide an overview of the current endeavors to identify a novel drug target for IBD therapy based on studies with human enteroids/organoids and describe the challenges in using enteroids/organoids as an IBD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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196
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Mottram L, Chakraborty S, Cox E, Fleckenstein J. How genomics can be used to understand host susceptibility to enteric infection, aiding in the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic interventions. Vaccine 2019; 37:4805-4810. [PMID: 30709726 PMCID: PMC6663652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to the modern sequencing era, the extent to which infectious disease imposes selective pressures on the worldwide human population is being revealed. This is aiding our understanding of the underlying immunological and host mechanistic defenses against these pathogens, as well as potentially assisting in the development of vaccines and therapeutics to control them. As a consequence, the workshop "How genomics can be used to understand host susceptibility to enteric infection, aiding in the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic interventions" at the VASE 2018 meeting, aimed to discuss how genomics and related tools could be used to assist Shigella and ETEC vaccine development. The workshop featured four short presentations which highlighted how genomic applications can be used to assist in the identification of genetic patterns related to the virulence of disease, or host genetic factors that could contribute to immunity or successful vaccine responses. Following the presentations, there was an open debate with workshop attendees to discuss the best ways to utilise such genomic studies, to improve or accelerate the process of both Shigella and ETEC vaccine development. The workshop concluded by making specific recommendations on how genomic research methods could be strengthened and harmonised within the ETEC and Shigella research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Mottram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - James Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
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197
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Liu G, Betts C, Cunoosamy DM, Åberg PM, Hornberg JJ, Sivars KB, Cohen TS. Use of precision cut lung slices as a translational model for the study of lung biology. Respir Res 2019; 20:162. [PMID: 31324219 PMCID: PMC6642541 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models remain invaluable for study of respiratory diseases, however, translation of data generated in genetically homogeneous animals housed in a clean and well-controlled environment does not necessarily provide insight to the human disease situation. In vitro human systems such as air liquid interface (ALI) cultures and organ-on-a-chip models have attempted to bridge the divide between animal models and human patients. However, although 3D in nature, these models struggle to recreate the architecture and complex cellularity of the airways and parenchyma, and therefore cannot mimic the complex cell-cell interactions in the lung. To address this issue, lung slices have emerged as a useful ex vivo tool for studying the respiratory responses to inflammatory stimuli, infection, and novel drug compounds. This review covers the practicality of precision cut lung slice (PCLS) generation and benefits of this ex vivo culture system in modeling human lung biology and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Liu
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Betts
- Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Danen M Cunoosamy
- Bioscience, Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Present Address: Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Per M Åberg
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jorrit J Hornberg
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kinga Balogh Sivars
- RIA Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Taylor S Cohen
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20877, USA.
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198
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Monteagudo-Mera A, Rastall RA, Gibson GR, Charalampopoulos D, Chatzifragkou A. Adhesion mechanisms mediated by probiotics and prebiotics and their potential impact on human health. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6463-6472. [PMID: 31267231 PMCID: PMC6667406 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion ability to the host is a classical selection criterion for potential probiotic bacteria that could result in a transient colonisation that would help to promote immunomodulatory effects, as well as stimulate gut barrier and metabolic functions. In addition, probiotic bacteria have a potential protective role against enteropathogens through different mechanisms including production of antimicrobial compounds, reduction of pathogenic bacterial adhesion and competition for host cell binding sites. The competitive exclusion by probiotic bacteria has a beneficial effect not only on the gut but also in the urogenital tract and oral cavity. On the other hand, prebiotics may also act as barriers to pathogens and toxins by preventing their adhesion to epithelial receptors. In vitro studies with different intestinal cell lines have been widely used along the last decades to assess the adherence ability of probiotic bacteria and pathogen antagonism. However, extrapolation of these results to in vivo conditions still remains unclear, leading to the need of optimisation of more complex in vitro approaches that include interaction with the resident microbiota to address the current limitations. The aim of this mini review is to provide a comprehensive overview on the potential effect of the adhesive properties of probiotics and prebiotics on the host by focusing on the most recent findings related with adhesion and immunomodulatory and antipathogenic effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monteagudo-Mera
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK.
| | - Robert A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Glenn R Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Dimitris Charalampopoulos
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Afroditi Chatzifragkou
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
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199
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Schnalzger TE, de Groot MH, Zhang C, Mosa MH, Michels BE, Röder J, Darvishi T, Wels WS, Farin HF. 3D model for CAR-mediated cytotoxicity using patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100928. [PMID: 31036555 PMCID: PMC6576164 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered lymphocytes has shown impressive results in leukemia. However, for solid tumors such as colorectal cancer (CRC), new preclinical models are needed that allow to test CAR-mediated cytotoxicity in a tissue-like environment. Here, we developed a platform to study CAR cell cytotoxicity against 3-dimensional (3D) patient-derived colon organoids. Luciferase-based measurement served as a quantitative read-out for target cell viability. Additionally, we set up a confocal live imaging protocol to monitor effector cell recruitment and cytolytic activity at a single organoid level. As proof of principle, we demonstrated efficient targeting in diverse organoid models using CAR-engineered NK-92 cells directed toward a ubiquitous epithelial antigen (EPCAM). Tumor antigen-specific cytotoxicity was studied with CAR-NK-92 cells targeting organoids expressing EGFRvIII, a neoantigen found in several cancers. Finally, we tested a novel CAR strategy targeting FRIZZLED receptors that show increased expression in a subgroup of CRC tumors. Here, comparative killing assays with normal organoids failed to show tumor-specific activity. Taken together, we report a sensitive in vitro platform to evaluate CAR efficacy and tumor specificity in a personalized manner.
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MESH Headings
- Cells, Cultured
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Models, Biological
- Organoids/pathology
- Primary Cell Culture/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/therapeutic use
- Tissue Culture Techniques/methods
- Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Schnalzger
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marnix Hp de Groot
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed H Mosa
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgitta E Michels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jasmin Röder
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tahmineh Darvishi
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Henner F Farin
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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200
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Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Desvaux M, De Paepe K, Gresse R, Sauvaitre T, Forano E, de Wiele TV, Schüller S, Juge N, Blanquet-Diot S. Experimental models to study intestinal microbes–mucus interactions in health and disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:457-489. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A close symbiotic relationship exists between the intestinal microbiota and its host. A critical component of gut homeostasis is the presence of a mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal tract. Mucus is a viscoelastic gel at the interface between the luminal content and the host tissue that provides a habitat to the gut microbiota and protects the intestinal epithelium. The review starts by setting up the biological context underpinning the need for experimental models to study gut bacteria-mucus interactions in the digestive environment. We provide an overview of the structure and function of intestinal mucus and mucins, their interactions with intestinal bacteria (including commensal, probiotics and pathogenic microorganisms) and their role in modulating health and disease states. We then describe the characteristics and potentials of experimental models currently available to study the mechanisms underpinning the interaction of mucus with gut microbes, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. We then discuss the limitations and challenges facing this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 , USA
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA 30303 , USA
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kim De Paepe
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Raphaële Gresse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Sauvaitre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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