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Stone OA, Zhou B, Red-Horse K, Stainier DYR. Endothelial ontogeny and the establishment of vascular heterogeneity. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100036. [PMID: 34145927 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of distinct cellular identities was pivotal during the evolution of Metazoa, enabling the emergence of an array of specialized tissues with different functions. In most animals including vertebrates, cell specialization occurs in response to a combination of intrinsic (e.g., cellular ontogeny) and extrinsic (e.g., local environment) factors that drive the acquisition of unique characteristics at the single-cell level. The first functional organ system to form in vertebrates is the cardiovascular system, which is lined by a network of endothelial cells whose organ-specific characteristics have long been recognized. Recent genetic analyses at the single-cell level have revealed that heterogeneity exists not only at the organ level but also between neighboring endothelial cells. Thus, how endothelial heterogeneity is established has become a key question in vascular biology. Drawing upon evidence from multiple organ systems, here we will discuss the role that lineage history may play in establishing endothelial heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver A Stone
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bin Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biology, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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152
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Peguera B, Segarra M, Acker-Palmer A. Neurovascular crosstalk coordinates the central nervous system development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:202-213. [PMID: 34077852 PMCID: PMC8411665 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the review: The synchronic development of vascular and nervous systems is orchestrated by common molecules that regulate the communication between both systems. The identification of these common guiding cues and the developmental processes regulated by neurovascular communication are slowly emerging. In this review, we describe the molecules modulating the neurovascular development and their impact in processes such as angiogenesis, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and brain homeostasis. Recent findings: Blood vessels not only are involved in nutrient and oxygen supply of the central nervous system (CNS) but also exert instrumental functions controlling developmental neurogenesis, CNS cytoarchitecture, and neuronal plasticity. Conversely, neurons modulate CNS vascularization and brain endothelial properties such as blood–brain barrier and vascular hyperemia. Summary: The integration of the active role of endothelial cells in the development and maintenance of neuronal function is important to obtain a more holistic view of the CNS complexity and also to understand how the vasculature is involved in neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Peguera
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marta Segarra
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, D-60438, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, Frankfurt am Main, D-60438, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4 Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany.
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153
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Yoon J, Mao Y. Dissecting Molecular Genetic Mechanisms of 1q21.1 CNV in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5811. [PMID: 34071723 PMCID: PMC8197994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to the etiology of neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorders (NDs). Increased CNV burden has been found to be critically involved in NDs compared with controls in clinical studies. The 1q21.1 CNVs, rare and large chromosomal microduplications and microdeletions, are detected in many patients with NDs. Phenotypes of duplication and deletion appear at the two ends of the spectrum. Microdeletions are predominant in individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) and microcephaly, whereas microduplications are predominant in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and macrocephaly. However, its complexity hinders the discovery of molecular pathways and phenotypic networks. In this review, we summarize the recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) that have identified candidate genes positively correlated with 1q21.1 CNVs, which are likely to contribute to abnormal phenotypes in carriers. We discuss the clinical data implicated in the 1q21.1 genetic structure that is strongly associated with neurodevelopmental dysfunctions like cognitive impairment and reduced synaptic plasticity. We further present variations reported in the phenotypic severity, genomic penetrance and inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingwei Mao
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
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154
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Laksitorini MD, Yathindranath V, Xiong W, Parkinson FE, Thliveris JA, Miller DW. Impact of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on ethanol-induced changes in brain endothelial cell permeability. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1118-1137. [PMID: 32998179 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to ethanol is associated with enhanced leakiness in the brain microvessel endothelial cells that form the blood-brain barrier (BBB). As previous studies suggested Wnt/β-catenin signaling could improve the BBB phenotype of brain endothelial cells, we examined the extent to which Wnt signaling is altered following ethanol exposure, using both a cell culture model of the BBB and mice exposed to ethanol, and the ability of Wnt activation to reverse the permeability effects of ethanol. The human brain endothelial cells, hCMEC/D3, were exposed to ethanol (17-200 mM) for various periods of time (0-96 hr) and Wnt signaling, as well as expression of downstream genes influencing BBB integrity in the cell monolayers were monitored. Determination of Wnt signaling in both brain homogenates and brain microvessels from mice exposed to ethanol was also performed. The effects of ethanol on the permeability of the hCMEC/D3 monolayers were examined using both small molecular weight (sodium fluorescein) and large molecular weight (IRdye 800CW PEG) fluorescent markers. Exposure of hCMEC/D3 to ethanol (50 mM) caused a down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a reduction of tight junction protein expression and up-regulation of plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (PLVAP). A similar reduction in Wnt/β-catenin activity in both cortical brain homogenates and isolated cortical cerebral microvessels were observed in mice. Other areas such as cerebellum and striatum displayed as much as 3-6 fold increases in Dkk-1, an endogenous Wnt inhibitor. Ethanol exposure caused significant changes in both sodium fluorescein and IRdye 800CW PEG permeability (2-fold compared to control). The ethanol-induced increases in permeability were attenuated by treatment with known Wnt activators (i.e. LiCl or Wnt3a). Additional screens of CNS active agents with possible Wnt activity indicated fluoxetine could also prevent the permeability effects of ethanol. These studies suggest that ethanol-induced changes in brain microvessel permeability can be reversed through activation of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyn D Laksitorini
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vinith Yathindranath
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Fiona E Parkinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - James A Thliveris
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Donald W Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Kleysen Institute of Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, Canada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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155
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Chico TJA, Kugler EC. Cerebrovascular development: mechanisms and experimental approaches. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4377-4398. [PMID: 33688979 PMCID: PMC8164590 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral vasculature plays a central role in human health and disease and possesses several unique anatomic, functional and molecular characteristics. Despite their importance, the mechanisms that determine cerebrovascular development are less well studied than other vascular territories. This is in part due to limitations of existing models and techniques for visualisation and manipulation of the cerebral vasculature. In this review we summarise the experimental approaches used to study the cerebral vessels and the mechanisms that contribute to their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J A Chico
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
- The Bateson Centre, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Elisabeth C Kugler
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
- The Bateson Centre, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
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156
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Schofield CL, Rodrigo-Navarro A, Dalby MJ, Van Agtmael T, Salmeron-Sanchez M. Biochemical‐ and Biophysical‐Induced Barriergenesis in the Blood–Brain Barrier: A Review of Barriergenic Factors for Use in In Vitro Models. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Tom Van Agtmael
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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157
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Genestine M, Ambriz D, Crabtree GW, Dummer P, Molotkova A, Quintero M, Mela A, Biswas S, Feng H, Zhang C, Canoll P, Hargus G, Agalliu D, Gogos JA, Au E. Vascular-derived SPARC and SerpinE1 regulate interneuron tangential migration and accelerate functional maturation of human stem cell-derived interneurons. eLife 2021; 10:e56063. [PMID: 33904394 PMCID: PMC8099424 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons establish inhibitory microcircuits throughout the neocortex and their dysfunction has been implicated in epilepsy and neuropsychiatric diseases. Developmentally, interneurons migrate from a distal progenitor domain in order to populate the neocortex - a process that occurs at a slower rate in humans than in mice. In this study, we sought to identify factors that regulate the rate of interneuron maturation across the two species. Using embryonic mouse development as a model system, we found that the process of initiating interneuron migration is regulated by blood vessels of the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), an interneuron progenitor domain. We identified two endothelial cell-derived paracrine factors, SPARC and SerpinE1, that enhance interneuron migration in mouse MGE explants and organotypic cultures. Moreover, pre-treatment of human stem cell-derived interneurons (hSC-interneurons) with SPARC and SerpinE1 prior to transplantation into neonatal mouse cortex enhanced their migration and morphological elaboration in the host cortex. Further, SPARC and SerpinE1-treated hSC-interneurons also exhibited more mature electrophysiological characteristics compared to controls. Overall, our studies suggest a critical role for CNS vasculature in regulating interneuron developmental maturation in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Genestine
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daisy Ambriz
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gregg W Crabtree
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Patrick Dummer
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Anna Molotkova
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Michael Quintero
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Angeliki Mela
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Saptarshi Biswas
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Huijuan Feng
- Department of Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Chaolin Zhang
- Department of Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Joseph A Gogos
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Edmund Au
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative ScholarNew YorkUnited States
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158
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Tissue factor pathway inhibitor is required for cerebrovascular development in mice. Blood 2021; 137:258-268. [PMID: 32735640 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) inhibits proteases in the blood coagulation cascade that lead to the production of thrombin, including prothrombinase (factor Xa [FXa]/FVa), the catalytic complex that directly generates thrombin. Thus, TFPI and FV are directly linked in regulating the procoagulant response. Studies using knockout mice indicate that TFPI and FV are necessary for embryogenesis, but their contributions to vascular development are unclear. We performed extensive histological analyses of Tfpi-/- and Tfpi-/-F5-/- mouse embryos to investigate the importance of the interplay between TFPI and FV in regulating hemostasis and vascular development during embryogenesis. We observed normal tissue development throughout Tfpi-/- embryos, except in the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS displayed stunted brain growth, delayed development of the meninges, and severe vascular pathology characterized by the formation of glomeruloid bodies surrounding areas of cellular death, fibrin deposition, and hemorrhage. Removing FV from Tfpi-/- embryos completely ameliorated their brain pathology, suggesting that TFPI dampens FV-dependent procoagulant activity in a manner that modulates cerebrovascular development. Thus, we have identified a previously unrecognized role for TFPI activity within the CNS. This TFPI activity likely diminishes an effect of excess thrombin activity on signaling pathways that control cerebral vascular development.
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159
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Ihezie SA, Mathew IE, McBride DW, Dienel A, Blackburn SL, Thankamani Pandit PK. Epigenetics in blood-brain barrier disruption. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:17. [PMID: 33823899 PMCID: PMC8025355 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The vessels of the central nervous system (CNS) have unique barrier properties. The endothelial cells (ECs) which comprise the CNS vessels contribute to the barrier via strong tight junctions, specific transporters, and limited endocytosis which combine to protect the brain from toxins and maintains brain homeostasis. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage is a serious secondary injury in various CNS disorders like stroke, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, there are no drugs or therapeutics available to treat specifically BBB damage after a brain injury. Growing knowledge in the field of epigenetics can enhance the understanding of gene level of the BBB and has great potential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies or targets to repair a disrupted BBB. In this brief review, we summarize the epigenetic mechanisms or regulators that have a protective or disruptive role for components of BBB, along with the promising approaches to regain the integrity of BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Ihezie
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Iny Elizebeth Mathew
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Devin W McBride
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ari Dienel
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Spiros L Blackburn
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peeyush Kumar Thankamani Pandit
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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160
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Behrooz AB, Syahir A. Could We Address the Interplay Between CD133, Wnt/β-Catenin, and TERT Signaling Pathways as a Potential Target for Glioblastoma Therapy? Front Oncol 2021; 11:642719. [PMID: 33869033 PMCID: PMC8047678 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.642719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most lethal forms of primary brain tumors. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) play an undeniable role in tumor development by activating multiple signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTOR that facilitate brain tumor formation. CD133, a transmembrane glycoprotein, has been used to classify cancer stem cells (CSCs) in GBM. The therapeutic value of CD133 is a biomarker of the CSC in multiple cancers. It also leads to growth and recurrence of the tumor. More recent findings have confirmed the association of telomerase/TERT with Wnt/β-catenin and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Advance studies have shown that crosstalk between CD133, Wnt/β-catenin, and telomerase/TERT can facilitate GBM stemness and lead to therapeutic resistance. Mechanistic insight into signaling mechanisms downstream of surface biomarkers has been revolutionized by facilitating targeting of tumor-specific molecular deregulation. This review also addresses the importance of interplay between CD133, Wnt/β-catenin and TERT signaling pathways in GSCs and outlines the future therapeutic goals for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Amir Syahir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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161
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Wei L, Dong Y, Sun Y, Mei X, Ma X, Shi J, Yang Q, Ji Y, Zhang Z, Sun H, Sun X, Song S. Anticancer property of Hemp Bioactive Peptides in Hep3B liver cancer cells through Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1833-1841. [PMID: 33841802 PMCID: PMC8020916 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne protein hydrolysates exhibit biological activity that may be therapeutic in a number of human disease settings. Hemp peptides (HP) generated by controlled hydrolysis of hemp proteins have a number of health benefits and are of pharmaceutical value. In the present study, we produce small molecular weight HP from hemp seed and investigate its anticancer properties in Hep3B human liver cancer cells. We demonstrate that HP treatment increased apoptosis, reduced cell viability, and reduced cell migration in Hep3B human liver cancer cells without affecting the normal liver cell line L02. We correlate these phenotypes with increased cellular ROS levels, upregulation of cleaved caspase 3 and Bad, and downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2. HP treatment led to increased Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation, with subsequent downregulation of β-catenin, suggesting β-catenin signaling modulation as a critical mechanism by which HP exhibits anticancer properties. Our findings suggest HP are of potential therapeutic interest for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian‐Hui Wei
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Yan Dong
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Yu‐Feng Sun
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Xue‐Song Mei
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Xue‐Song Ma
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Jie Shi
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Qing‐li Yang
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Yan‐Ru Ji
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Zheng‐Hai Zhang
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Hu‐Nan Sun
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHeilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Xing‐Rong Sun
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesDaqingChina
| | - Shu‐Min Song
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of SciencesDaqingChina
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162
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Lu TM, Barcia Durán JG, Houghton S, Rafii S, Redmond D, Lis R. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells: Current Controversies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:642812. [PMID: 33868008 PMCID: PMC8044318 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.642812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) possess unique properties that are crucial for many functions of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) including maintenance of brain homeostasis and regulation of interactions between the brain and immune system. The generation of a pure population of putative brain microvascular endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cell sources (iBMECs) has been described to meet the need for reliable and reproducible brain endothelial cells in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), embryonic or induced, can be differentiated into large quantities of specialized cells in order to study development and model disease. These hPSC-derived iBMECs display endothelial-like properties, such as tube formation and low-density lipoprotein uptake, high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and barrier-like efflux transporter activities. Over time, the de novo generation of an organotypic endothelial cell from hPSCs has aroused controversies. This perspective article highlights the developments made in the field of hPSC derived brain endothelial cells as well as where experimental data are lacking, and what concerns have emerged since their initial description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Lu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - José Gabriel Barcia Durán
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sean Houghton
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Redmond
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raphaël Lis
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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163
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Zhao XY, Hu SY, Yang JL, Chen XM, Huang XL, Tang LJ, Gu L, Su L. A 3' Untranslated Region Polymorphism of CTNNB1 (Rs2953) Alters MiR-3161 Binding and Affects the Risk of Ischemic Stroke and Coronary Artery Disease in Chinese Han Population. Eur Neurol 2021; 84:85-95. [PMID: 33789307 DOI: 10.1159/000514543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CTNNB1 is reported to be related to the pathological process of ischemic stroke (IS) and coronary artery disease (CAD). Polymorphism located in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of a gene might affect gene expression by modifying binding sites for microRNAs (miRNAs). This study aimed to analyze the association between polymorphism rs2953, which locates in the 3'UTR of CTNNB1, and the risk of IS and CAD. METHODS The CTNNB1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level in peripheral venous blood was measured. In total, 533 patients with IS, 500 patients with CAD, and 531 healthy individuals were genotyped by Sequenom Mass-Array technology. The binding of miR-3161 to CTNNB1 was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS The CTNNB1 mRNA expression level for the IS group was significantly lower than that for the control group. Rs2953 was significantly associated with both IS risk and CAD risk. Significant association was also found between polymorphism rs2953 and many conventional factors, such as serum lipid level, blood coagulation markers, blood glucose level, and homocysteine level in patients. Rs2953 T allele introduced a binding site to miRNA-3161 and thus decreased luciferase activity. CONCLUSION Polymorphism rs2953 is associated with the risk of both IS and CAD. Moreover, polymorphism rs2953 (T) introduces a binding site to miRNA-3161 and thus decreases luciferase activity in cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Shu-Yan Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jia-Lei Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xing-Mei Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Xian-Li Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Lue-Jun Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Lian Gu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Li Su
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Nanning, China
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164
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Kriska J, Janeckova L, Kirdajova D, Honsa P, Knotek T, Dzamba D, Kolenicova D, Butenko O, Vojtechova M, Capek M, Kozmik Z, Taketo MM, Korinek V, Anderova M. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Promotes Differentiation of Ischemia-Activated Adult Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells to Neuronal Precursors. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:628983. [PMID: 33716653 PMCID: PMC7947698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.628983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating endogenous regenerative processes may represent a suitable treatment for central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as stroke or trauma. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs), which naturally reside in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain, proliferate and differentiate to other cell types, and therefore may compensate the negative consequences of ischemic injury. The fate of NS/PCs in the developing brain is largely influenced by Wingless/Integrated (Wnt) signaling; however, its role in the differentiation of adult NS/PCs under ischemic conditions is still enigmatic. In our previous study, we identified the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as a factor promoting neurogenesis at the expense of gliogenesis in neonatal mice. In this study, we used adult transgenic mice in order to assess the impact of the canonical Wnt pathway modulation (inhibition or hyper-activation) on NS/PCs derived from the SVZ, and combined it with the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to disclose the effect of focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). Based on the electrophysiological properties of cultured cells, we first identified three cell types that represented in vitro differentiated NS/PCs – astrocytes, neuron-like cells, and precursor cells. Following FCI, we detected fewer neuron-like cells after Wnt signaling inhibition. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical analysis revealed an overall higher expression of cell-type-specific proteins after FCI, indicating increased proliferation and differentiation rates of NS/PCs in the SVZ. Remarkably, Wnt signaling hyper-activation increased the abundance of proliferating and neuron-like cells, while Wnt pathway inhibition had the opposite effect. Finally, the expression profiling at the single cell level revealed an increased proportion of neural stem cells and neuroblasts after FCI. These observations indicate that Wnt signaling enhances NS/PCs-based regeneration in the adult mouse brain following FCI, and supports neuronal differentiation in the SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucie Janeckova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Honsa
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Knotek
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Dzamba
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Kolenicova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Olena Butenko
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Vojtechova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Capek
- Service Laboratory of Light Microscopy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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165
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Fei Y, Zhao B, Zhu J, Fang W, Li Y. XQ-1H promotes cerebral angiogenesis via activating PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin/VEGF signal in mice exposed to cerebral ischemic injury. Life Sci 2021; 272:119234. [PMID: 33607158 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke still ranks as a most lethal disease worldwide. Angiogenesis during the chronic phase of ischemic stroke can alleviate ischemic injury and attenuate neurological deficit. XQ-1H is a new compound derived from the structure modification of ginkgolide B, which exerts anti-inflammation and neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic injury during the acute or subacute phase. However, whether XQ-1H facilitates angiogenesis and neural functional recovery during the chronic phase remains unclear. This research was designed to explore whether XQ-1H promotes angiogenesis after ischemic stroke and to preliminarily elucidate the mechanism. In vitro, XQ-1H was found to facilitate proliferation, migration and tube formation in bEnd.3 cells. In vivo, XQ-1H raised the CD31 positive microvessel number and increased focal cerebral blood flow in mice exposed to cerebral ischemic injury, and improved the neurological function. Mechanism studies revealed that XQ-1H exerted angiogenesis promoting effect via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin/VEGF signal pathway, which was reversed by LY294002 (the specific inhibitor of PI3K/Akt). In conclusion, XQ-1H exerts angiogenetic effect both in vivo and in vitro, which is a potential agent against ischemic stroke during chronic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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166
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Gupta A, Rarick KR, Ramchandran R. Established, New and Emerging Concepts in Brain Vascular Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:636736. [PMID: 33643074 PMCID: PMC7907611 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.636736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the state of our knowledge as it relates to embryonic brain vascular patterning in model systems zebrafish and mouse. We focus on the origins of endothelial cell and the distinguishing features of brain endothelial cells compared to non-brain endothelial cells, which is revealed by single cell RNA-sequencing methodologies. We also discuss the cross talk between brain endothelial cells and neural stem cells, and their effect on each other. In terms of mechanisms, we focus exclusively on Wnt signaling and the recent developments associated with this signaling network in brain vascular patterning, and the benefits and challenges associated with strategies for targeting the brain vasculature. We end the review with a discussion on the emerging areas of meningeal lymphatics, endothelial cilia biology and novel cerebrovascular structures identified in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankan Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Children’s Research Institute (CRI), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kevin R. Rarick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Children’s Research Institute (CRI), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Children’s Research Institute (CRI), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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167
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Kalailingam P, Wang KQ, Toh XR, Nguyen TQ, Chandrakanthan M, Hasan Z, Habib C, Schif A, Radio FC, Dallapiccola B, Weiss K, Nguyen LN. Deficiency of MFSD7c results in microcephaly-associated vasculopathy in Fowler syndrome. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4081-4093. [PMID: 32369449 DOI: 10.1172/jci136727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several missense mutations in the orphan transporter FLVCR2 have been reported in Fowler syndrome. Affected subjects exhibit signs of severe neurological defects. We identified the mouse ortholog Mfsd7c as a gene expressed in the blood-brain barrier. Here, we report the characterizations of Mfsd7c-KO mice and compare these characterizations to phenotypic findings in humans with biallelic FLVCR2 mutations. Global KO of Mfsd7c in mice resulted in late-gestation lethality, likely due to CNS phenotypes. We found that the angiogenic growth of CNS blood vessels in the brain of Mfsd7c-KO embryos was inhibited in cortical ventricular zones and ganglionic eminences. Vascular tips were dilated and fused, resulting in glomeruloid vessels. Nonetheless, CNS blood vessels were intact, without hemorrhage. Both embryos and humans with biallelic FLVCR2 mutations exhibited reduced cerebral cortical layers, enlargement of the cerebral ventricles, and microcephaly. Transcriptomic analysis of Mfsd7cK-KO embryonic brains revealed upregulation of genes involved in glycolysis and angiogenesis. The Mfsd7c-KO brain exhibited hypoxia and neuronal cell death. Our results indicate that MFSD7c is required for the normal growth of CNS blood vessels and that ablation of this gene results in microcephaly-associated vasculopathy in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pazhanichamy Kalailingam
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Qi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiu Ru Toh
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toan Q Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Madhuvanthi Chandrakanthan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zafrul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clair Habib
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aharon Schif
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Rambam Health Care Center, Ruth Children's Hospital, Haifa, Israel
| | - Francesca Clementina Radio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Karin Weiss
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Long N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,SLING and Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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168
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Akay LA, Effenberger AH, Tsai LH. Cell of all trades: oligodendrocyte precursor cells in synaptic, vascular, and immune function. Genes Dev 2021; 35:180-198. [PMID: 33526585 PMCID: PMC7849363 DOI: 10.1101/gad.344218.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are not merely a transitory progenitor cell type, but rather a distinct and heterogeneous population of glia with various functions in the developing and adult central nervous system. In this review, we discuss the fate and function of OPCs in the brain beyond their contribution to myelination. OPCs are electrically sensitive, form synapses with neurons, support blood-brain barrier integrity, and mediate neuroinflammation. We explore how sex and age may influence OPC activity, and we review how OPC dysfunction may play a primary role in numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Finally, we highlight areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Anne Akay
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Audrey H Effenberger
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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169
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Ji YB, Gao Q, Tan XX, Huang XW, Ma YZ, Fang C, Wang SN, Qiu LH, Cheng YX, Guo FY, Chang J. Lithium alleviates blood-brain barrier breakdown after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion by upregulating endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mice. Neuropharmacology 2021; 186:108474. [PMID: 33524408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although upregulation of endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be used to treat blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown caused by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, no agents based on this mechanism are available clinically. Lithium, a medication used for treating bipolar mood disorders, upregulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling, but whether lithium alleviates BBB breakdown after ischemic stroke by upregulating endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling is unclear. Here, we evaluated the BBB-protective effect of lithium in adult mice with 1-h middle cerebral artery occlusion and 48-h reperfusion (MCAO/R) by determining neurological outcomes, BBB function and related molecular components. Furthermore, we assessed the effect and dependence of lithium on Wnt/β-catenin signaling in brain microvascular endothelial cells in cell culture and in mice with conditional endothelial knockout of Wnt7 co-receptor Gpr124. Our data show that lithium treatment (3 mmol/kg) significantly decreased infarct volume (34.1 ± 1.8% versus 58.3 ± 2.8% in vehicle controls, P < 0.0001) and improved neurological outcomes of mice following MCAO/R. Importantly, lithium significantly increased BBB integrity shown by reduction of Evans blue leakage (by 45.7%, P = 0.0064) and blood IgG extravasation (by 65.8%, P < 0.0001) into infarcted brain tissue. Mechanistically, lithium upregulated the activity of endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vivo and in vitro, increased the protein levels of tight junctions (Claudin-5 and ZO-1), and reduced MMP-9 expression. Furthermore, the protective effect of lithium on cerebral damage and BBB integrity was abolished in endothelial Gpr124 knockout mice, indicating the protection of lithium on BBB was mainly dependent on the Gpr124-mediated endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Taken together, our findings indicate that lithium may serve as a therapeutic candidate for treating the BBB breakdown in the early stage of ischemic stroke following reperfusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Bin Ji
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xi-Xi Tan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Neurology, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang, 529500, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yin-Zhong Ma
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lin-Hui Qiu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Fu-You Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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170
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Parab S, Quick RE, Matsuoka RL. Endothelial cell-type-specific molecular requirements for angiogenesis drive fenestrated vessel development in the brain. eLife 2021; 10:64295. [PMID: 33459592 PMCID: PMC7840183 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (vECs) in the brain exhibit structural and functional heterogeneity. Fenestrated, permeable brain vasculature mediates neuroendocrine function, body-fluid regulation, and neural immune responses; however, its vascular formation remains poorly understood. Here, we show that specific combinations of vascular endothelial growth factors (Vegfs) are required to selectively drive fenestrated vessel formation in the zebrafish myelencephalic choroid plexus (mCP). We found that the combined, but not individual, loss of Vegfab, Vegfc, and Vegfd causes severely impaired mCP vascularization with little effect on neighboring non-fenestrated brain vessel formation, demonstrating fenestrated-vEC-specific angiogenic requirements. This Vegfs-mediated vessel-selective patterning also involves Ccbe1. Expression analyses, cell-type-specific ablation, and paracrine activity-deficient vegfc mutant characterization suggest that vEC-autonomous Vegfc and meningeal fibroblast-derived Vegfab and Vegfd are critical for mCP vascularization. These results define molecular cues and cell types critical for directing fenestrated CP vascularization and indicate that vECs’ distinct molecular requirements for angiogenesis underlie brain vessel heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Parab
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Rachael E Quick
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
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171
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Raut S, Patel R, Al-Ahmad AJ. Presence of a mutation in PSEN1 or PSEN2 gene is associated with an impaired brain endothelial cell phenotype in vitro. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:3. [PMID: 33413468 PMCID: PMC7789219 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease. It is an irreversible condition marked by irreversible cognitive loss, commonly attributed to the loss of hippocampal neurons due to the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Although the sporadic form is the most prevalent, the presence of familial form (involving several genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2) of the disease is commonly used as a model for understanding the pathophysiology of the disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a mutation on PSEN1 and PSEN2 genes on the BBB function using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Methods
iPSC lines from patients suffering from a familial form of Alzheimer’s disease and harboring mutations in PSEN1 or PSEN2 were used in this study and compared to a control iPSC line. Cells were differentiated into brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) following established differentiation protocols. Barrier function was assessed by measuring TEER and fluorescein permeability, drug transporter activity was assessed by uptake assay, glucose uptake and metabolism assessed by cell flux analyzer, mitochondrial potential by JC-1, and lysosomal acidification by acridine orange. Results iPSC-derived BMECs from the FAD patient presenting a mutation in the PSEN1 gene showed impaired barrier function compared to the FAD patient harboring a mutation in PSEN2 and to the control group. Such impaired barrier function correlated with poor tight junction complexes and reduced drug efflux pump activity. In addition, both PSEN1 and PSEN2-BMECs displayed reduced bioenergetics, lysosomal acidification, autophagy, while showing an increase in radical oxygen species (ROS) production. Finally, PSEN1- and PSEN2-BMECs showed an elevated secretion of Aβ1–40 peptides compared to control-BMECs. Conclusions Our study reports that iPSC-derived BMECs obtained from FAD patients showed impaired barrier properties and BMEC metabolism. In particular, mutation in the PSEN1 gene was associated with a more detrimental phenotype than mutation in PSEN2, as noted by a reduced barrier function, reduced drug efflux pump activity, and diminished glucose metabolism. Therefore, assessing the contribution of genetic mutations associated with Alzheimer’s disease will allow us to better understand the contribution of the BBB in dementia, but also other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, 1300 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ronak Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, 1300 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Abraham J Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, 1300 South Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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172
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Abstract
The complex development of the brain vascular system can be broken down by embryonic stages and anatomic locations, which are tightly regulated by different factors and pathways in time and spatially. The adult brain is relatively quiescent in angiogenesis. However, under disease conditions, such as trauma, stroke, or tumor, angiogenesis can be activated in the adult brain. Disruption of any of the factors or pathways may lead to malformed vessel development. In this chapter, we will discuss factors and pathways involved in normal brain vasculogenesis and vascular maturation, and the pathogenesis of several brain vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sonali S Shaligram
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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173
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Ta S, Rong X, Guo Z, Jin H, Zhang P, Li F, Li Z, Lin L, Zheng C, Gu Q, Zhang Y, Liu W, Yang Y, Chang J. Variants of WNT7A and GPR124 are associated with hemorrhagic transformation following intravenous thrombolysis in ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:71-81. [PMID: 32991049 PMCID: PMC7804912 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The canonical Wnt signaling pathway plays an essential role in blood-brain barrier integrity and intracerebral hemorrhage in preclinical stroke models. Here, we sought to explore the association between canonical Wnt signaling and hemorrhagic transformation (HT) following intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients as well as to determine the underlying cellular mechanisms. METHODS 355 consecutive AIS patients receiving IVT were included. Blood samples were collected on admission, and HT was detected at 24 hours after IVT. 117 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 28 Wnt signaling genes and exon sequences of 4 core cerebrovascular Wnt signaling components (GPR124, RECK, FZD4, and CTNNB1) were determined using a customized sequencing chip. The impact of identified genetic variants was further studied in HEK 293T cells using cellular and biochemical assays. RESULTS During the study period, 80 patients experienced HT with 27 parenchymal hematoma (PH). Compared to the non-PH patients, WNT7A SNPs (rs2163910, P = .001, OR 2.727; rs1124480, P = .002, OR 2.404) and GPR124 SNPs (rs61738775, P = .012, OR 4.883; rs146016051, P < .001, OR 7.607; rs75336000, P = .044, OR 2.503) were selectively enriched in the PH patients. Interestingly, a missense variant of GPR124 (rs75336000, c.3587G>A) identified in the PH patients resulted in a single amino acid alteration (p.Cys1196Tyr) in the intracellular domain of GPR124. This variant substantially reduced the activity of WNT7B-induced canonical Wnt signaling by decreasing the ability of GPR124 to recruit cytoplasmic DVL1 to the cellular membrane. CONCLUSION Variants of WNT7A and GPR124 are associated with increased risk of PH in patients with AIS after intravenous thrombolysis, likely through regulating the activity of canonical Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ta
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Xianfang Rong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Zhen‐Ni Guo
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Hang Jin
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Fenge Li
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhihuan Li
- Dongguan Enlife Stem Cell Biotechnology InstituteDongguanChina
| | - Lilong Lin
- Dongguan Enlife Stem Cell Biotechnology InstituteDongguanChina
| | | | - Qingquan Gu
- Shenzhen RealOmics Biotech Co., Ltd.ShenzhenChina
| | - Yuan Zhang
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University 1st Affiliated HospitalShenzhen University School of MedicineShenzhenChina
| | - Wenlan Liu
- The Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University 1st Affiliated HospitalShenzhen University School of MedicineShenzhenChina
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
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174
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Wu B, Zhu J, Dai X, Ye L, Wang B, Cheng H, Wang W. Raddeanin A inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis in glioblastoma by downregulating β-catenin expression. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1609-1617. [PMID: 33746577 PMCID: PMC7976575 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.52206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Raddeanin A (RA), an oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin derived from Anemone raddeana Regel, has been found to suppress the viability and metastasis of several cancers, including GBM, through various signaling pathways. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-GBM properties of RA have not been fully elucidated. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis are important for the genesis and progression of GBM. These two crucial processes can be regulated by multiple molecular, including β-catenin, which has been demonstrated to act as a pro-tumorigenic molecular. In this study, we aimed to determine whether RA could suppress EMT and angiogenesis by inhibiting the action of β-catenin in GBM. We found that RA inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migratory properties of GBM cells. RA was also found to have downregulated the expressions of β-catenin and EMT-related biomarkers (N-cadherin, vimentin, and snail). In addition, the overexpression of β-catenin reversed the therapeutic effects of RA exerted on the EMT of GBM cells. RA restricted angiogenesis, as shown by the tube formation assay and CAM assay, while it downregulated VEGF levels in HUVECs. Moreover, massive β-catenin could reverse the suppression of angiogenesis induced by RA. Finally, we demonstrated that RA inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival time in an intracranial U87 xenograft mouse model. Similar to the results in vitro, RA downregulated the expression of β-catenin, EMT makers and VEGF, and decreased vessel density in vivo. In summary, our results demonstrated that RA repressed GBM via downregulating β-catenin-mediated EMT and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China 230032
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, 611731, China
| | - Xingliang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China 230032
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China 230032
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China 230032
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China 230032
| | - Weihong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China 230032
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175
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Astrocyte-derived Wnt growth factors are required for endothelial blood-brain barrier maintenance. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101937. [PMID: 33383106 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of the endothelial blood-brain-barrier (BBB) through Wnt/β-catenin signalling is essential for neuronal function. The cells however, providing Wnt growth factors at the adult neurovascular unit (NVU) are poorly explored. Here we show by conditionally knocking out the evenness interrupted (Evi) gene in astrocytes (EviΔAC) that astrocytic Wnt release is crucial for BBB and NVU integrity. EviΔAC mice developed brain oedema and increased vascular tracer leakage. While brain vascularization and endothelial junctions were not altered in 10 and 40 week-old mice, endothelial caveolin(Cav)-1-mediated vesicle formation was increased in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, astrocytic end-feet were swollen, and aquaporin-4 distribution was disturbed, coinciding with decreased astrocytic Wnt activity. Vascular permeability correlated with increased neuronal activation by c-fos staining, indicative of altered neuronal function. Astrocyte-derived Wnts thus serve to maintain Wnt/β-catenin activity in endothelia and in astrocytes, thereby controlling Cav-1 expression, vesicular abundance, and end-feet integrity at the NVU.
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176
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Vieira JR, Shah B, Ruiz de Almodovar C. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Spinal Cord Vascularization. Front Physiol 2020; 11:599897. [PMID: 33424624 PMCID: PMC7793711 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.599897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic central nervous system (CNS) development, the neural and the vascular systems communicate with each other in order to give rise to a fully functional and mature CNS. The initial avascular CNS becomes vascularized by blood vessel sprouting from different vascular plexus in a highly stereotypical and controlled manner. This process is similar across different regions of the CNS. In particular for the developing spinal cord (SC), blood vessel ingression occurs from a perineural vascular plexus during embryonic development. In this review, we provide an updated and comprehensive description of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this stereotypical and controlled patterning of blood vessels in the developing embryonic SC, identified using different animal models. We discuss how signals derived from neural progenitors and differentiated neurons guide the SC growing vasculature. Lastly, we provide a perspective of how the molecular mechanisms identified during development could be used to better understand pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ricardo Vieira
- European Center for Angioscience, Medicine Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bhavin Shah
- European Center for Angioscience, Medicine Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodovar
- European Center for Angioscience, Medicine Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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177
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Activation of endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling by protective astrocytes repairs BBB damage in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101963. [PMID: 33249091 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of astrocytes in dysregulation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function following ischemic stroke is not well understood. Here, we investigate the effects of restoring the repair properties of astrocytes on the BBB after ischemic stroke. Mice deficient for NHE1, a pH-sensitive Na+/H+ exchanger 1, in astrocytes have reduced BBB permeability after ischemic stroke, increased angiogenesis and cerebral blood flow perfusion, in contrast to wild-type mice. Bulk RNA-sequencing transcriptome analysis of purified astrocytes revealed that ∼177 genes were differentially upregulated in mutant astrocytes, with Wnt7a mRNA among the top genes. Using a Wnt reporter line, we confirmed that the pathway was upregulated in cerebral vessels of mutant mice after ischemic stroke. However, administration of the Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor, XAV-939, blocked the reparative effects of Nhe1-deficient astrocytes. Thus, astrocytes lacking pH-sensitive NHE1 protein are transformed from injurious to "protective" by inducing Wnt production to promote BBB repair after ischemic stroke.
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178
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Aghaizu ND, Jin H, Whiting PJ. Dysregulated Wnt Signalling in the Alzheimer's Brain. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E902. [PMID: 33255414 PMCID: PMC7761504 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signalling system is essential for both the developing and adult central nervous system. It regulates numerous cellular functions ranging from neurogenesis to blood brain barrier biology. Dysregulated Wnt signalling can thus have significant consequences for normal brain function, which is becoming increasingly clear in Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that is the most prevalent form of dementia. AD exhibits a range of pathophysiological manifestations including aberrant amyloid precursor protein processing, tau pathology, synapse loss, neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier breakdown, which have been associated to a greater or lesser degree with abnormal Wnt signalling. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of Wnt signalling in the CNS, and the research that implicates dysregulated Wnt signalling in the ageing brain and in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss the opportunities for therapeutic intervention in AD via modulation of the Wnt signalling pathway, and highlight some of the challenges and the gaps in our current understanding that need to be met to enable that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozie D. Aghaizu
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Hanqing Jin
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Paul J. Whiting
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- ARUK Drug Discovery Institute (DDI), University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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179
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Embryonic periventricular endothelial cells demonstrate a unique pro-neurodevelopment and anti-inflammatory gene signature. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20393. [PMID: 33230288 PMCID: PMC7683543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain embryonic periventricular endothelial cells (PVEC) crosstalk with neural progenitor cells (NPC) promoting mutual proliferation, formation of tubular-like structures in the former and maintenance of stemness in the latter. To better characterize this interaction, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis of mouse PVEC vs. adult brain endothelial cells (ABEC) in mono-culture or NPC co-culture. We identified > 6000 differentially expressed genes (DEG), regardless of culture condition. PVEC exhibited a 30-fold greater response to NPC than ABEC (411 vs. 13 DEG). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEG that were higher or lower in PVEC vs. ABEC identified "Nervous system development" and "Response to Stress" as the top significantly different biological process, respectively. Enrichment in canonical pathways included HIF1A, FGF/stemness, WNT signaling, interferon signaling and complement. Solute carriers (SLC) and ABC transporters represented an important subset of DEG, underscoring PVEC's implication in blood-brain barrier formation and maintenance of nutrient-rich/non-toxic environment. Our work characterizes the gene signature of PVEC and their important partnership with NPC, underpinning their unique role in maintaining a healthy neurovascular niche, and in supporting brain development. This information may pave the way for additional studies to explore their therapeutic potential in neuro-degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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180
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Gherardelli C, Cisternas P, Gutiérrez J, Martinez M, Inestrosa NC. Andrographolide restores glucose uptake in rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1222-1233. [PMID: 33124061 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral glucose hypometabolism is a common pathophysiological characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. This metabolic dysfunction includes alterations in glucose transport from the blood into the neurons by the facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs). Several studies suggest that metabolic disturbances precede clinical symptoms and correlate with disease progression. Some groups have started to explore the use of therapeutic strategies that target decreased cerebral glucose metabolism to promote its availability. We selected Andrographolide (Andro), a natural product obtained from Andrographis paniculate that has both anti-hyperglycemic and anti-diabetic effects. Although it was shown to promote glucose uptake in vivo, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the acute effects of Andro on glucose transport and metabolism using primary rat hippocampal neuronal cultures. Our results showed that Andro enhances neuronal glucose uptake and stimulates glucose metabolism by inducing GLUT3 and 4 expression in neurons, as well as by promoting glycolysis. We also observed that Andro-mediated effects depend on the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), one of the central regulators of glucose metabolism. Our studies open the possibility to use Andro as a drug to restore glucose levels in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Gherardelli
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joel Gutiérrez
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Milka Martinez
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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181
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Profaci CP, Munji RN, Pulido RS, Daneman R. The blood-brain barrier in health and disease: Important unanswered questions. J Exp Med 2020; 217:151582. [PMID: 32211826 PMCID: PMC7144528 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood vessels vascularizing the central nervous system exhibit a series of distinct properties that tightly control the movement of ions, molecules, and cells between the blood and the parenchyma. This "blood-brain barrier" is initiated during angiogenesis via signals from the surrounding neural environment, and its integrity remains vital for homeostasis and neural protection throughout life. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction contributes to pathology in a range of neurological conditions including multiple sclerosis, stroke, and epilepsy, and has also been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This review will discuss current knowledge and key unanswered questions regarding the blood-brain barrier in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina P Profaci
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Roeben N Munji
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Robert S Pulido
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Richard Daneman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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182
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Chavali M, Ulloa-Navas MJ, Pérez-Borredá P, Garcia-Verdugo JM, McQuillen PS, Huang EJ, Rowitch DH. Wnt-Dependent Oligodendroglial-Endothelial Interactions Regulate White Matter Vascularization and Attenuate Injury. Neuron 2020; 108:1130-1145.e5. [PMID: 33086038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated oligodendroglial-vascular crosstalk during brain development, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We report that oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) contact sprouting endothelial tip cells in mouse, ferret, and human neonatal white matter. Using transgenic mice, we show that increased or decreased OPC density results in cognate changes in white matter vascular investment. Hypoxia induced increases in OPC numbers, vessel density and endothelial cell expression of the Wnt pathway targets Apcdd1 and Axin2 in white matter, suggesting paracrine OPC-endothelial signaling. Conditional knockout of OPC Wntless resulted in diminished white matter vascular growth in normoxia, whereas loss of Wnt7a/b function blunted the angiogenic response to hypoxia, resulting in severe white matter damage. These findings indicate that OPC-endothelial cell interactions regulate neonatal white matter vascular development in a Wnt-dependent manner and further suggest this mechanism is important in attenuating hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manideep Chavali
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; New Born Brain Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria José Ulloa-Navas
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, TERCEL, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Borredá
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, TERCEL, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, TERCEL, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | | | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; New Born Brain Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
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183
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Menet R, Bourassa P, Calon F, ElAli A. Dickkopf-related protein-1 inhibition attenuates amyloid-beta pathology associated to Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104881. [PMID: 33068684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes the leading cause of dementia worldwide. It is associated to amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation and tau hyper-phosphorylation, accompanied by a progressive cognitive decline. Evidence suggests that the canonical Wnt pathway is deregulated in AD. Pathway activity is mediated by β-catenin stabilization in the cytosol, and subsequent translocation to the nucleus to regulate the expression of several genes implicated in brain homeostasis and functioning. It was recently proposed that Dickkopf-related protein-1 (DKK1), an endogenous antagonist of the pathway, might be implicated in AD pathogenesis. Here, we hypothesized that canonical Wnt pathway deactivation associated to DKK1 induction contributes to late-onset AD pathogenesis, and thus DKK1 neutralization could attenuate AD pathology. For this purpose, human post-mortem AD brain samples were used to assess pathway activity, and aged APPswe/PS1 mice were used to investigate DKK1 in late-onset AD-like pathology and therapy. Our findings indicate that β-catenin levels progressively decrease in the brain of AD patients, correlating with the duration of symptoms. Next, we found that Aβ pathology in APPswe/PS1 mediates DKK1 induction in the brain. Pharmacological neutralization of DKK1's biological activity in APPswe/PS1 mice restores pathway activity by stabilizing β-catenin, attenuates Aβ pathology, and ameliorates the memory of mice. Attenuation of AD-like pathology upon DKK1 inhibition is accompanied by a reduced protein expression of beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1). Moreover, DKK1 inhibition enhances vascular density, promotes blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity by increasing claudin 5, glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member-1 (ABCB1) protein expression, as well as ameliorates synaptic plasticity by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) protein expression. DKK1 conditional induction reduces claudin 5, abcb1, and psd-95 mRNA expression, validating its inhibition effects. Our results indicate that neutralization of DKK1's biological activity attenuates AD-like pathology by restoring canonical Wnt pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Menet
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Bourassa
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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184
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Cohen-Salmon M, Slaoui L, Mazaré N, Gilbert A, Oudart M, Alvear-Perez R, Elorza-Vidal X, Chever O, Boulay AC. Astrocytes in the regulation of cerebrovascular functions. Glia 2020; 69:817-841. [PMID: 33058289 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most numerous type of neuroglia in the brain and have a predominant influence on the cerebrovascular system; they control perivascular homeostasis, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, the dialogue with the peripheral immune system, the transfer of metabolites from the blood, and blood vessel contractility in response to neuronal activity. These regulatory processes occur in a specialized interface composed of perivascular astrocyte extensions that almost completely cover the cerebral blood vessels. Scientists have only recently started to study how this interface is formed and how it influences cerebrovascular functions. Here, we review the literature on the astrocytes' role in the regulation of the cerebrovascular system. We cover the anatomy and development of the gliovascular interface, the known gliovascular functions, and molecular factors, the latter's implication in certain pathophysiological situations, and recent cutting-edge experimental tools developed to examine the astrocytes' role at the vascular interface. Finally, we highlight some open questions in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Leila Slaoui
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Noémie Mazaré
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alice Gilbert
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marc Oudart
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Rodrigo Alvear-Perez
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Xabier Elorza-Vidal
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Oana Chever
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Boulay
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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185
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Chavkin NW, Walsh K, Hirschi KK. Isolation of Highly Purified and Viable Retinal Endothelial Cells. J Vasc Res 2020; 58:49-57. [PMID: 33022674 PMCID: PMC7850292 DOI: 10.1159/000510533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal mouse retinal vascularization model has been widely used in the vascular biology field to investigate mechanisms of angiogenesis and arterial-venous fate specification during blood vessel formation and maturation. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing can further elucidate mechanisms of blood vessel formation and remodeling in this, as well as other, vascular development models. However, an optimized method for isolating retinal endothelial cells that limits tissue digestion-induced cell damage is required for next-generation sequencing applications. In this study, we established a method for isolating neonatal retinal endothelial cells that optimizes cell viability and purity. The CD31+/CD45- endothelial cell population was fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-isolated from digested postnatal retinas, found to be highly enriched for endothelial cell gene expression, and exhibited no change in viability for 60 min post-FACS. Thus, this method for retinal endothelial cell isolation is compatible with next-generation sequencing applications. Combining this isolation method with next-generation sequencing will enable further delineation of mechanisms underlying vascular development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Chavkin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,
- Department of Cardiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Cardiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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186
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Bicker J, Alves G, Fonseca C, Falcão A, Fortuna A. Repairing blood-CNS barriers: Future therapeutic approaches for neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105226. [PMID: 33007420 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) drug development faces significant difficulties that translate into high rates of failure and lack of innovation. The pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders often results in the breakdown of blood-CNS barriers, disturbing the CNS microenvironment and worsening disease progression. Therefore, restoring the integrity of blood-CNS barriers may have a beneficial influence in several CNS disorders and improve treatment outcomes. In this review, pathways that may be modulated to protect blood-CNS barriers from neuroinflammatory and oxidative insults are featured. First, the participation of the brain endothelium and glial cells in disruption processes is discussed. Then, the relevance of regulatory systems is analysed, specifically the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, the renin-angiotensin system, sleep and circadian rhythms, and glutamate neurotransmission. Lastly, compounds of endogenous and exogenous origin that are known to mediate the repair of blood-CNS barriers are presented. We believe that enhancing the protection of blood-CNS barriers is a promising therapeutic strategy to pursue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bicker
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carla Fonseca
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
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187
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Watanabe C, Imaizumi T, Kawai H, Suda K, Honma Y, Ichihashi M, Ema M, Mizutani KI. Aging of the Vascular System and Neural Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:557384. [PMID: 33132896 PMCID: PMC7550630 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.557384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates have acquired complex high-order functions facilitated by the dispersion of vascular and neural networks to every corner of the body. Blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to all cells and provide essential transport systems for removing waste products. For these functions, tissue vascularization must be spatiotemporally appropriate. Recent studies revealed that blood vessels create a tissue-specific niche, thus attracting attention as biologically active sites for tissue development. Each capillary network is critical for maintaining proper brain function because age-related and disease-related impairment of cognitive function is associated with the loss or diminishment of brain capillaries. This review article highlights how structural and functional alterations in the brain vessels may change with age and neurogenerative diseases. Capillaries are also responsible for filtering toxic byproducts, providing an appropriate vascular environment for neuronal function. Accumulation of amyloid β is a key event in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have focused on associations reported between Alzheimer’s disease and vascular aging. Furthermore, the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic systems contribute to a functional unit for clearance of amyloid β from the brain from the central nervous system into the cervical lymph nodes. This review article will also focus on recent advances in stem cell therapies that aim at repopulation or regeneration of a degenerating vascular system for neural diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Watanabe
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Imaizumi
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kawai
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuma Suda
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Honma
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Ichihashi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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188
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da Silva SM, Campos GD, Gomes FCA, Stipursky J. Radial Glia-endothelial Cells' Bidirectional Interactions Control Vascular Maturation and Astrocyte Differentiation: Impact for Blood-brain Barrier Formation. Curr Neurovasc Res 2020; 16:291-300. [PMID: 31633476 DOI: 10.2174/1567202616666191014120156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the developing cerebral cortex, Radial Glia (RG) multipotent neural stem cell, among other functions, differentiate into astrocytes and serve as a scaffold for blood vessel development. After some time, blood vessel Endothelial Cells (ECs) become associated with astrocytes to form the neurovascular Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) unit. OBJECTIVE Since little is known about the mechanisms underlying bidirectional RG-ECs interactions in both vascular development and astrocyte differentiation, this study investigated the impact of interactions between RG and ECs mediated by secreted factors on EC maturation and gliogenesis control. METHODS First, we demonstrated that immature vasculature in the murine embryonic cerebral cortex physically interacts with Nestin positive RG neural stem cells in vivo. Isolated Microcapillary Brain Endothelial Cells (MBEC) treated with the conditioned medium from RG cultures (RG-CM) displayed decreased proliferation, reduction in the protein levels of the endothelial tip cell marker Delta-like 4 (Dll4), and decreased expression levels of the vascular permeability associated gene, plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein-1 (PLVAP1). These events were also accompanied by increased levels of the tight junction protein expression, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). RESULTS Finally, we demonstrated that isolated RG cells cultures treated with MBEC conditioned medium promoted the differentiation of astrocytes in a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) dependent manner. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the bidirectional interaction between RG and ECs is essential to induce vascular maturation and astrocyte generation, which may be an essential cell-cell communication mechanism to promote BBB establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqueira M da Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Gisbert D Campos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Flávia C A Gomes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Joice Stipursky
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
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189
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Menet R, Lecordier S, ElAli A. Wnt Pathway: An Emerging Player in Vascular and Traumatic Mediated Brain Injuries. Front Physiol 2020; 11:565667. [PMID: 33071819 PMCID: PMC7530281 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.565667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway, which comprises the canonical and non-canonical pathways, is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that regulates crucial biological aspects throughout the development and adulthood. Emergence and patterning of the nervous and vascular systems are intimately coordinated, a process in which Wnt pathway plays particularly important roles. In the brain, Wnt ligands activate a cell-specific surface receptor complex to induce intracellular signaling cascades regulating neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neuronal plasticity, synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, vascular stabilization, and inflammation. The Wnt pathway is tightly regulated in the adult brain to maintain neurovascular functions. Historically, research in neuroscience has emphasized essentially on investigating the pathway in neurodegenerative disorders. Nonetheless, emerging findings have demonstrated that the pathway is deregulated in vascular- and traumatic-mediated brain injuries. These findings are suggesting that the pathway constitutes a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic protective and restorative interventions. Yet, targeting a complex multifunctional signal transduction pathway remains a major challenge. The review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the implication of Wnt pathway in the pathobiology of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, as well as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Furthermore, the review will present the strategies used so far to manipulate the pathway for therapeutic purposes as to highlight potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Menet
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Lecordier
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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190
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Macrophage-derived Wnt signaling increases endothelial permeability during skeletal muscle injury. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:1235-1244. [PMID: 32909096 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The inflammatory response and the presence of macrophages are reported to be necessary for proper muscle regeneration. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing how macrophages signal to promote muscle regeneration is incomplete. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we conditionally deleted Wls, which is required for Wnt secretion, from macrophages and examined the impact on endothelial permeability following muscle injury. The expression of Wnt ligands and Wls was increased in the tibialis anterior (TA) of mice 2 days following BaCl2 injury. Loss of macrophage Wls inhibited the loss of endothelial barrier function, as measured by transendothelial resistance and Evans blue dye permeability assays. Interestingly, the blockade in endothelial permeability correlated with reduced VEGF levels and pretreatment of wild type endothelial cells with a VEGFR2 blocking antibody was sufficient to reduce endothelial permeability induced by stimulated macrophage supernatant. We also found that macrophage Wls-null TAs had myocytes with reduced cross-sectional area 7 day post-injury suggesting a delay in muscle regeneration. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that macrophage-derived Wnt signaling increases endothelial permeability in a VEGF-dependent fashion following muscle injury. Our findings implicate macrophages as a primary source of Wnt ligands following muscle injury and highlight the Wnt pathway as a therapeutic target following injury.
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191
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Fei YX, Zhu JP, Zhao B, Yin QY, Fang WR, Li YM. XQ-1H regulates Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway and ameliorates the integrity of blood brain barrier in mice with acute ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:269-288. [PMID: 32916221 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
10-O-(N, N-dimethylaminoethyl) ginkgolide B methanesulfonate (XQ-1H), a novel analog of ginkgolide B, has been preliminarily recognized to show bioactivities against ischemia-induced injury. However, the underlying mechanism still remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of XQ-1H against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) from the perspective of blood brain barrier (BBB) protection, and explore whether the underlying mechanism is associated with Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway activation. The therapeutic effects of XQ-1H were evaluated in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and in immortalized mouse cerebral endothelial cells (bEnd.3) challenged by oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Results showed that treatment with XQ-1H improved neurological behavior, reduced brain infarction volume, diminished edema, and attenuated the disruption of BBB in vivo. In vitro, XQ-1H increased cell viability and maintained the barrier function of bEnd.3 monolayer after OGD/R. Moreover, the protection of XQ-1H was accompanied with activation of Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway and upregulation of tight junction proteins. Notably, the protection of XQ-1H was abolished by Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin inhibitor XAV939 or β-catenin siRNA, indicating XQ-1H exerted protection in a Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin dependent profile. In summary, XQ-1H attenuated brain injury and maintained BBB integrity after CIRI, and the possible underlying mechanism may be related to the activation of Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway and upregulation of tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qi-Yang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wei-Rong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yun-Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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192
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Ouali Alami N, Tang L, Wiesner D, Commisso B, Bayer D, Weishaupt J, Dupuis L, Wong P, Baumann B, Wirth T, Boeckers TM, Yilmazer-Hanke D, Ludolph A, Roselli F. Multiplexed chemogenetics in astrocytes and motoneurons restore blood-spinal cord barrier in ALS. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/11/e201900571. [PMID: 32900826 PMCID: PMC7479971 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemogenetic motoneuron excitation and astrocyte GPCR-Gi signaling restore blood–spinal cord barrier, disrupted in four ALS mouse models, revealing its role in disease progression but not initiation. Blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption is thought to contribute to motoneuron (MN) loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is currently unclear whether impairment of the BSCB is the cause or consequence of MN dysfunction and whether its restoration may be directly beneficial. We revealed that SOD1G93A, FUSΔNLS, TDP43G298S, and Tbk1+/− ALS mouse models commonly shared alterations in the BSCB, unrelated to motoneuron loss. We exploit PSAM/PSEM chemogenetics in SOD1G93A mice to demonstrate that the BSCB is rescued by increased MN firing, whereas inactivation worsens it. Moreover, we use DREADD chemogenetics, alone or in multiplexed form, to show that activation of Gi signaling in astrocytes restores BSCB integrity, independently of MN firing, with no effect on MN disease markers and dissociating them from BSCB disruption. We show that astrocytic levels of the BSCB stabilizers Wnt7a and Wnt5a are decreased in SOD1G93A mice and strongly enhanced by Gi signaling, although further decreased by MN inactivation. Thus, we demonstrate that BSCB impairment follows MN dysfunction in ALS pathogenesis but can be reversed by Gi-induced expression of astrocytic Wnt5a/7a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa Ouali Alami
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroanatomy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Linyun Tang
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Diana Wiesner
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | | | - David Bayer
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,CEMMA Graduate School, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Luc Dupuis
- Inserm U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence; Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Phillip Wong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bernd Baumann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Albert Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
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193
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Luo X, Li L, Zheng W, Gu L, Zhang X, Li Y, Xie Z, Cheng Y. HLY78 protects blood-brain barrier integrity through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:107-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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194
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Cottarelli A, Corada M, Beznoussenko GV, Mironov AA, Globisch MA, Biswas S, Huang H, Dimberg A, Magnusson PU, Agalliu D, Lampugnani MG, Dejana E. Fgfbp1 promotes blood-brain barrier development by regulating collagen IV deposition and maintaining Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Development 2020; 147:dev.185140. [PMID: 32747434 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) blood vessels contain a functional blood-brain barrier (BBB) that is necessary for neuronal survival and activity. Although Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for BBB development, its downstream targets within the neurovasculature remain poorly understood. To identify targets of Wnt/β-catenin signaling underlying BBB maturation, we performed a microarray analysis that identified Fgfbp1 as a novel Wnt/β-catenin-regulated gene in mouse brain endothelial cells (mBECs). Fgfbp1 is expressed in the CNS endothelium and secreted into the vascular basement membrane during BBB formation. Endothelial genetic ablation of Fgfbp1 results in transient hypervascularization but delays BBB maturation in specific CNS regions, as evidenced by both upregulation of Plvap and increased tracer leakage across the neurovasculature due to reduced Wnt/β-catenin activity. In addition, collagen IV deposition in the vascular basement membrane is reduced in mutant mice, leading to defective endothelial cell-pericyte interactions. Fgfbp1 is required cell-autonomously in mBECs to concentrate Wnt ligands near cell junctions and promote maturation of their barrier properties in vitro Thus, Fgfbp1 is a crucial extracellular matrix protein during BBB maturation that regulates cell-cell interactions and Wnt/β-catenin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Cottarelli
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM), 20139 Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Monica Corada
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria A Globisch
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
| | - Saptarshi Biswas
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hua Huang
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
| | - Peetra U Magnusson
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA .,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Lampugnani
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM), 20139 Milan, Italy .,Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM), 20139 Milan, Italy .,Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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195
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Marks K, Coutinho E, Vincent A. Maternal-Autoantibody-Related (MAR) Autism: Identifying Neuronal Antigens and Approaching Prospects for Intervention. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082564. [PMID: 32784803 PMCID: PMC7465310 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate the existence of a maternal-autoantibody-related subtype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To date, a large number of studies have focused on describing patterns of brain-reactive serum antibodies in maternal-autoantibody-related (MAR) autism and some have described attempts to define the antigenic targets. This article describes evidence on MAR autism and the various autoantibodies that have been implicated. Among other possibilities, antibodies to neuronal surface protein Contactin Associated Protein 2 (CASPR2) have been found more frequently in mothers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders or autism, and two independent experimental studies have shown pathogenicity in mice. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is another possible target for maternal antibodies as demonstrated in mice. Here, we discuss the growing evidence, discuss issues regarding biomarker definition, and summarise the therapeutic approaches that might be used to reduce or prevent the transfer of pathogenic maternal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Marks
- Medical Sciences Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK;
| | - Ester Coutinho
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, SE5 9RT London, UK;
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Vincent
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, SE1 1UL London, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-781-722-4849 or +44-186-555-9636
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196
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Xiao M, Xiao ZJ, Yang B, Lan Z, Fang F. Blood-Brain Barrier: More Contributor to Disruption of Central Nervous System Homeostasis Than Victim in Neurological Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:764. [PMID: 32903669 PMCID: PMC7438939 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic but solid shield in the cerebral microvascular system. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by regulating the exchange of materials between the circulation and the brain and protects the neural tissue from neurotoxic components as well as pathogens. Here, we discuss the development of the BBB in physiological conditions and then focus on the role of the BBB in cerebrovascular disease, including acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Finally, we summarize recent advancements in the development of therapies targeting the BBB and outline future directions and outstanding questions in the field. We propose that BBB dysfunction not only results from, but is causal in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders; the BBB is more a contributor to the disruption of CNS homeostasis than a victim in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Jie Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziwei Lan
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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197
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Wang H, Zhou K, Li W, Du J, Xiao J. Ctnnb1 transcriptional upregulation compensates for Mdm2/p53-mediated β-catenin degradation in neutrophils following cardioembolic stroke. Gene 2020; 766:145022. [PMID: 32758579 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying cardioembolic stroke can promote recovery and reduce the risk of recurrent embolisms. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression datasets from cardioembolic patients and healthy controls were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE58294). The Limma software package was utilized to identify differentially-expressed genes (DEGs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of the DEGs was performed using STRING. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to build a gene co-expression network. In vitro experiments assessed the effects on neutrophils exposed to oxygen and glucose-deprived (OGD) cortical neurons. An in vivo murine model of thromboembolic stroke was constructed through thrombin injection to examine effects on circulating neutrophils. Mechanistic in vitro studies were conducted using the proteasome inhibitor MG132, the p53-Mdm2 binding inhibitor Nutlin-3a, Mdm2 small-interfering RNA (siRNA), and Ctnnb1 siRNA. RESULTS DEG analysis identified 44 upregulated and 66 downregulated genes in cardioembolic stroke PBMCs. PPI analysis of these DEGs yielded one eight-node protein module with β-catenin (CTNNB1) as the central hub protein. Integration of the DEGs with WGCNA-derived hub genes revealed the key hub DEGs CTNNB1 and mouse double minute 2 (MDM2). Follow-up experiments revealed Mdm2, p53, and phospho-β-catenin upregulation in neutrophils exposed to OGD neurons in vitro and following thromboembolic stroke in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that neutrophils transcriptionally upregulate Ctnnb1 expression to compensate for Mdm2/p53-mediated β-catenin degradation induced by exposure to OGD neurons, thereby promoting neutrophil survival. CONCLUSION Compensatory Ctnnb1 transcriptional upregulation in neutrophils induced by ischemic neuron exposure may be involved in promoting neutrophil survival following cardioembolic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chongqing Seventh People's Hospital, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Jianlin Du
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing 400014, China.
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198
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Santander N, Lizama CO, Meky E, McKinsey GL, Jung B, Sheppard D, Betsholtz C, Arnold TD. Lack of Flvcr2 impairs brain angiogenesis without affecting the blood-brain barrier. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4055-4068. [PMID: 32369453 PMCID: PMC7410045 DOI: 10.1172/jci136578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowler syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive brain vascular disorder caused by mutation in FLVCR2 in humans. The disease occurs during a critical period of brain vascular development, is characterized by glomeruloid vasculopathy and hydrocephalus, and is almost invariably prenatally fatal. Here, we sought to gain insights into the process of brain vascularization and the pathogenesis of Fowler syndrome by inactivating Flvcr2 in mice. We showed that Flvcr2 was necessary for angiogenic sprouting in the brain, but surprisingly dispensable for maintaining the blood-brain barrier. Endothelial cells lacking Flvcr2 had altered expression of angiogenic factors, failed to adopt tip cell properties, and displayed reduced sprouting, leading to vascular malformations similar to those seen in humans with Fowler syndrome. Brain hypovascularization was associated with hypoxia and tissue infarction, ultimately causing hydrocephalus and death of mutant animals. Strikingly, despite severe vascular anomalies and brain tissue infarction, the blood-brain barrier was maintained in Flvcr2 mutant mice. Our Fowler syndrome model therefore defined the pathobiology of this disease and provided new insights into brain angiogenesis by showing uncoupling of vessel morphogenesis and blood-brain barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos O. Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Bongnam Jung
- Integrated Cardiometabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Cell Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Integrated Cardiometabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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199
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Wang Z, Liu CH, Huang S, Fu Z, Tomita Y, Britton WR, Cho SS, Chen CT, Sun Y, Ma JX, He X, Chen J. Wnt signaling activates MFSD2A to suppress vascular endothelial transcytosis and maintain blood-retinal barrier. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba7457. [PMID: 32923627 PMCID: PMC7455181 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) causes retinal edema and vision loss. We investigated the role of Wnt signaling in maintaining the BRB by limiting transcytosis. Mice lacking either the Wnt co-receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5-/- ) or the Wnt ligand Norrin (Ndpy/- ) exhibit increased retinal vascular leakage and enhanced endothelial transcytosis. Wnt signaling directly controls the transcription of an endothelium-specific transcytosis inhibitor, major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a (MFSD2A), in a β-catenin-dependent manner. MFSD2A overexpression reverses Wnt deficiency-induced transcytosis in endothelial cells and in retinas. Moreover, Wnt signaling mediates MFSD2A-dependent vascular endothelium transcytosis through a caveolin-1 (CAV-1)-positive caveolae pathway. In addition, levels of omega-3 fatty acids are also decreased in Wnt signaling-deficient retinas, reflecting the basic function of MFSD2A as a lipid transporter. Our findings uncovered the Wnt/β-catenin/MFSD2A/CAV-1 axis as a key pathway governing endothelium transcytosis and inner BRB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William R. Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steve S. Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chuck T. Chen
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-01, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jian-xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xi He
- The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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200
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Segarra M, Aburto MR, Hefendehl J, Acker-Palmer A. Neurovascular Interactions in the Nervous System. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2020; 35:615-635. [PMID: 31590587 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cross talk between the nervous and vascular systems is necessary to maintain the correct coupling of organ structure and function. Molecular pathways shared by both systems are emerging as major players in the communication of the neuronal compartment with the endothelium. Here we review different aspects of this cross talk and how vessels influence the development and homeostasis of the nervous system. Beyond the classical role of the vasculature as a conduit to deliver oxygen and metabolites needed for the energy-demanding neuronal compartment, vessels emerge as powerful signaling systems that control and instruct a variety of cellular processes during the development of neurons and glia, such as migration, differentiation, and structural connectivity. Moreover, a broad spectrum of mild to severe vascular dysfunctions occur in various pathologies of the nervous system, suggesting that mild structural and functional changes at the neurovascular interface may underlie cognitive decline in many of these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Segarra
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; , .,Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria R Aburto
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; , .,Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmin Hefendehl
- Neurovascular Disorders, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; , .,Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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