151
|
Abstract
The formation and modulation of nitric oxide (NO) in the lungs is reviewed. Its beneficial and deleterious roles in airways diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis, and in animal models is discussed. The pharmacological effects of agents that modulate NO production or act as NO donors are described. The clinical pharmacology of these agents is described and the therapeutic potential for their use in airways disease is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Nevin
- Division of Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Wong PSY, van der Vliet A. Quantitation and localization of tyrosine nitration in proteins. Methods Enzymol 2003; 359:399-410. [PMID: 12481590 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)59202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Y Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
REACTION MECHANISMS OF NITRIC OXIDE WITH BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT METAL CENTERS. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(03)54004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
154
|
Abstract
Mitochondria constitute a primary locus for the intracellular formation and reactions of peroxynitrite, and these interactions are recognized to contribute to the biological and pathological effects of both nitric oxide ((*)NO) and peroxynitrite. Extra- or intramitochondrially formed peroxynitrite can diffuse through mitochondrial compartments and undergo fast direct and free radical-dependent target molecule reactions. These processes result in oxidation, nitration, and nitrosation of critical components in the matrix, inner and outer membrane, and intermembrane space. Mitochondrial scavenging and repair systems for peroxynitrite-dependent oxidative modifications operate but they can be overwhelmed under enhanced cellular (*)NO formation as well as under conditions that lead to augmented superoxide formation by the electron transport chain. Peroxynitrite can lead to alterations in mitochondrial energy and calcium homeostasis and promote the opening of the permeability transition pore. The effects of peroxynitrite in mitochondrial physiology can be largely rationalized based on the reactivities of peroxynitrite and peroxynitrite-derived carbonate, nitrogen dioxide, and hydroxyl radicals with critical protein amino acids and transition metal centers of key mitochondrial proteins. In this review we analyze (i) the existing evidence for the intramitochondrial formation and reactions of peroxynitrite, (ii) the key reactions and fate of peroxynitrite in mitochondria, and (iii) their impact in mitochondrial physiology and signaling of cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Thomas DD, Espey MG, Vitek MP, Miranda KM, Wink DA. Protein nitration is mediated by heme and free metals through Fenton-type chemistry: an alternative to the NO/O2- reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:12691-6. [PMID: 12226478 PMCID: PMC130522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.202312699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical origins of nitrated tyrosine residues (NT) formed in proteins during a variety of pathophysiological conditions remain controversial. Although numerous studies have concluded that NT is a signature for peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) formation, other works suggest the primary involvement of peroxidases. Because metal homeostasis is often disrupted in conditions bearing NT, the role of metals as catalysts for protein nitration was examined. Cogeneration of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O(2)(-)), from spermine/NO (2.7 microM/min) and xanthine oxidase (1-28 microM O(2)(-)/min), respectively, resulted in protein nitration only when these species were produced at approximately equivalent rates. Addition of ferriprotoporphyrin IX (hemin) to this system increased nitration over a broad range of O(2)(-) concentrations with respect to NO. Nitration in the presence of superoxide dismutase but not catalase suggested that ONOO(-) might not be obligatory to this process. Hemin-mediated NT formation required only the presence of NO(2)(-) and H(2)O(2), which are stable end-products of NO and O(2)(-) degradation. Ferrous, ferric, and cupric ions were also effective catalysts, indicating that nitration is mediated by species capable of Fenton-type chemistry. Although ONOO(-) can nitrate proteins, there are severe spatial and temporal constraints on this reaction. In contrast, accumulation of metals and NO(2)(-) subsequent to NO synthase activity can result in far less discriminate nitration in the presence of an H(2)O(2) source. Metal catalyzed nitration may account for the observed specificity of protein nitration seen under pathological conditions, suggesting a major role for translocated metals and the labilization of heme in NT formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Thomas
- Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Kharitonov SA, Donnelly LE, Montuschi P, Corradi M, Collins JV, Barnes PJ. Dose-dependent onset and cessation of action of inhaled budesonide on exhaled nitric oxide and symptoms in mild asthma. Thorax 2002; 57:889-96. [PMID: 12324677 PMCID: PMC1746196 DOI: 10.1136/thorax.57.10.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dose dependent anti-inflammatory effects of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma are difficult to demonstrate in clinical practice. The anti-inflammatory effect of low dose inhaled budesonide on non-invasive exhaled markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed in patients with mild asthma. METHODS 28 patients entered a double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study and were randomly given either 100 or 400 micro g budesonide or placebo once daily, inhaled from a dry powder inhaler (Turbohaler), for 3 weeks followed by 1 week without treatment. Exhaled nitric oxide (NO), exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), nitrite/nitrate, S-nitrosothiols, and 8-isoprostanes in exhaled breath condensate were measured four times during weeks 1 and 4, and once a week during weeks 2 and 3. RESULTS A dose-dependent speed of onset and cessation of action of budesonide was seen on exhaled NO and asthma symptoms. Treatment with 400 micro g/day reduced exhaled NO faster (-2.06 (0.37) ppb/day) than 100 micro g/day (-0.51 (0.35) ppb/day; p<0.01). The mean difference between the effect of 100 and 400 micro g budesonide was -1.55 ppb/day (95% CI -2.50 to -0.60). Pretreatment NO levels were positively related to the subsequent speed of reduction during the first 3-5 days of treatment. Faster recovery of exhaled NO was seen after stopping treatment with budesonide 400 micro g/day (1.89 (1.43) ppb/day) than 100 micro g/day (0.49 (0.34) ppb/day, p<0.01). The mean difference between the effect of 100 and 400 micro g budesonide was 1.40 ppb/day (95% CI -0.49 to 2.31). Symptom improvement was dose-dependent, although symptoms returned faster in patients treated with 400 micro g/day. A significant reduction in exhaled nitrite/nitrate and S-nitrosothiols after budesonide treatment was not dose-dependent. There were no significant changes in exhaled CO or 8-isoprostanes in breath condensate. CONCLUSION Measurement of exhaled NO levels can indicate a dose-dependent onset and cessation of anti-inflammatory action of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with mild asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Kharitonov
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Aldridge RE, Chan T, van Dalen CJ, Senthilmohan R, Winn M, Venge P, Town GI, Kettle AJ. Eosinophil peroxidase produces hypobromous acid in the airways of stable asthmatics. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:847-56. [PMID: 12208372 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase use hydrogen peroxide to produce hypobromous acid and hypochlorous acid. These powerful oxidants may damage the lungs if they are produced as part of the inflammatory response in asthma. The aim of this study was to determine if peroxidases generate hypohalous acids in the airways of individuals with stable asthma, and if they affect lung function. Sputum was induced from patients with mild to moderate asthma and from healthy controls. Eosinophil peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, chlorinated and brominated tyrosyl residues, and protein carbonyls were measured in sputum supernatants. Eosinophil peroxidase protein was significantly elevated in asthmatic subjects whereas myeloperoxidase protein was not. There was significantly more 3-bromotyrosine (Br-Tyr) in proteins from the sputum of asthmatics compared to controls (0.79 vs. 0.23 mmol Br-Tyr/mol Tyr; medians p < .0001). Levels of 3-chlorotyrosine (0.23 vs. 0.14 mmol Cl-Tyr/mol Tyr; medians p = .11) and protein carbonyls (0.347 vs. 0.339 nmol/mg protein; medians p = .56) were not significantly increased in asthmatics. Levels of 3-bromotyrosine were strongly correlated with eosinophil peroxidase protein (r = 0.79, p < .0001). There were no significant correlations between the markers of oxidative stress and lung function. We conclude that eosinophil peroxidase produces substantial amounts of hypobromous acid in the airways of stable asthmatics. Although this highly reactive oxidant is a strong candidate for exacerbating inflammatory tissue damage in the lung, its role in asthma remains uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Aldridge
- The Canterbury Respiratory Research Group, Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Lanone S, Manivet P, Callebert J, Launay JM, Payen D, Aubier M, Boczkowski J, Mebazaa A. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expressed in septic patients is nitrated on selected tyrosine residues: implications for enzymic activity. Biochem J 2002; 366:399-404. [PMID: 12097137 PMCID: PMC1222810 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2002] [Revised: 06/05/2002] [Accepted: 07/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine nitration is a post-translational protein modification with potentially significant biological implications. In the present study we demonstrate, for the first time, that tyrosine residues of human inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) can be nitrated by peroxynitrite in vitro, leading to a decreased activity. Moreover, we show that NOS2 expressed in a skeletal muscle from septic patients is nitrated on selective tyrosine residues belonging to a canonic sequence. This phenomenon could be an endogenous mechanism of in vivo modulation of NOS2 enzymic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lanone
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U408 and IFR 02, Faculté X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
159
|
Dörger M, Allmeling AM, Kiefmann R, Schropp A, Krombach F. Dual role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in acute asbestos-induced lung injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:491-501. [PMID: 12160931 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asbestos fibers-associated pulmonary diseases. By comparing the responses of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knockout and wild-type mice we investigated the consequences of iNOS expression for the development of the inflammatory response and tissue injury upon intratracheal instillation of asbestos fibers. Exposure to asbestos fibers resulted in an increased iNOS mRNA and protein expression in the lungs from wild-type mice. Moreover, iNOS knockout mice exhibited an exceeded pulmonary expression and production of TNF-alpha as well as a higher influx of neutrophils into the alveolar space than wild-type mice. In contrast, iNOS knockout animals displayed an attenuated oxidant-related tissue injury reflected in a decrease in protein leakage and LDH release into the alveolar space as well as weaker nitrotyrosine staining of lung tissue compared to wild-type mice. Data presented here indicate that iNOS-derived NO exerts a dichotomous role in acute asbestos-induced lung injury in that iNOS deficiency resulted in an exacerbated inflammatory response but improved oxidant-promoted lung tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Dörger
- Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Comhair SAA, Erzurum SC. Antioxidant responses to oxidant-mediated lung diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L246-55. [PMID: 12114185 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00491.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated throughout the human body. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants detoxify ROS and RNS and minimize damage to biomolecules. An imbalance between the production of ROS and RNS and antioxidant capacity leads to a state of "oxidative stress" that contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases by damaging lipids, protein, and DNA. In general, lung diseases are related to inflammatory processes that generate increased ROS and RNS. The susceptibility of the lung to oxidative injury depends largely on its ability to upregulate protective ROS and RNS scavenging systems. Unfortunately, the primary intracellular antioxidants are expressed at low levels in the human lung and are not acutely induced when exposed to oxidative stresses such as cigarette smoke and hyperoxia. However, the response of extracellular antioxidant enzymes, the critical primary defense against exogenous oxidative stress, increases rapidly and in proportion to oxidative stress. In this paper, we review how antioxidants in the lung respond to oxidative stress in several lung diseases and focus on the mechanisms that upregulate extracellular glutathione peroxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzy A A Comhair
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Souza JM, Chen Q, Blanchard-Fillion B, Lorch SA, Hertkorn C, Lightfoot R, Weisse M, Friel T, Paxinou E, Themistocleous M, Chov S, Ischiropoulos H. Reactive nitrogen species and proteins: biological significance and clinical relevance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 500:169-74. [PMID: 11764931 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0667-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Souza
- Stokes Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Wang LF, Patel M, Razavi HM, Weicker S, Joseph MG, McCormack DG, Mehta S. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary microvascular protein leak in murine sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:1634-9. [PMID: 12070065 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of nitric oxide (NO) from calcium-independent NO synthase (iNOS) on microvascular protein leak in acute lung injury (ALI) are uncertain, possibly because of disparate effects of iNOS-derived NO from different cells. We assessed the contribution of iNOS from inflammatory versus parenchymal cells to pulmonary protein leak in murine cecal ligation and perforation-induced ALI. We studied iNOS+/+, iNOS-/-, and two reciprocally bone marrow-transplanted iNOS chimeric mice groups: + to - (iNOS+/+ donor bone marrow-transplanted into iNOS-/- recipient mice) and - to +. Sepsis-induced ALI was characterized by pulmonary leukocyte infiltration, increased pulmonary iNOS activity, and increased pulmonary microvascular protein leak, as assessed by Evans blue (EB) dye. Despite equal neutrophil infiltration, sepsis-induced EB-protein leak was eliminated in iNOS-/- mice and in - to + iNOS chimeras (parenchymal cell-localized iNOS) but was preserved in + to - chimeric mice (inflammatory cell-localized iNOS). EB-protein leak was also prevented by pretreatment with allopurinol and superoxide dismutase. Microvascular protein leak in sepsis-induced ALI is uniquely dependent on iNOS in inflammatory cells with no obvious contribution of iNOS in pulmonary parenchymal cells. Pulmonary protein leak is also dependent on superoxide, suggesting an effect of peroxynitrite rather than NO itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Feng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Center, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
Samoszu M, Brennan ML, To V, Leonor L, Zheng L, Fu X, Hazen SL. Association between nitrotyrosine levels and microvascular density in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 74:271-8. [PMID: 12206516 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016328526866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitrotyrosine (NO2Y) is a global marker of protein modification by reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite derived from nitric oxide (NO). Because NO and its derivatives are postulated to enhance carcinogenesis, we used stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry to measure the levels of NO2Y in 30 samples of human breast cancer of varying pathologic types. In the samples tested, the NO2Y levels were generally low (average of 14.1 +/- 9.2 micromol NO2Y per mole of tyrosine). Breast cancers with a high microvascular density, however, had a significantly higher average level of NO2Y than tumors with a low microvascular density (20 v.s. 10 micromol NO2Y per mole of tyrosine, p = 0.007 by two-tailed t-test, assuming unequal variances of two samples). There was no apparent association between NO2Y levels and the differentiation of the tumors, tumor aneuploidy, estrogen receptor status, HER-2 expression, lymph node status, or infiltration of the tumors by neutrophils or eosinophils. When the tissues were stained by immunohistochemistry for NO2Y, the NO2Y was localized predominantly within inflammatory cells located immediately adjacent to blood vessels at the edges of the tumors. NO2Y was generally not evident within the tumor cells or inflammatory cells in the stroma. We conclude that low levels of reactive nitrogen species are located predominantly within inflammatory cells near blood vessels of breast cancer and that higher NO2Y levels are associated with an increased density of blood vessels. Our findings, therefore, support a possible association between inflammatory cells and reactive nitrogen species in modulating microvascular density at the edges of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Samoszu
- Pathology Department, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Brennan ML, Wu W, Fu X, Shen Z, Song W, Frost H, Vadseth C, Narine L, Lenkiewicz E, Borchers MT, Lusis AJ, Lee JJ, Lee NA, Abu-Soud HM, Ischiropoulos H, Hazen SL. A tale of two controversies: defining both the role of peroxidases in nitrotyrosine formation in vivo using eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase-deficient mice, and the nature of peroxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:17415-27. [PMID: 11877405 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112400200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrotyrosine is widely used as a marker of post-translational modification by the nitric oxide ((.)NO, nitrogen monoxide)-derived oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). However, since the discovery that myeloperoxidase (MPO) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) can generate nitrotyrosine via oxidation of nitrite (NO(2)(-)), several questions have arisen. First, the relative contribution of peroxidases to nitrotyrosine formation in vivo is unknown. Further, although evidence suggests that the one-electron oxidation product, nitrogen dioxide ((*)NO(2)), is the primary species formed, neither a direct demonstration that peroxidases form this gas nor studies designed to test for the possible concomitant formation of the two-electron oxidation product, ONOO(-), have been reported. Using multiple distinct models of acute inflammation with EPO- and MPO-knockout mice, we now demonstrate that leukocyte peroxidases participate in nitrotyrosine formation in vivo. In some models, MPO and EPO played a dominant role, accounting for the majority of nitrotyrosine formed. However, in other leukocyte-rich acute inflammatory models, no contribution for either MPO or EPO to nitrotyrosine formation could be demonstrated. Head-space gas analysis of helium-swept reaction mixtures provides direct evidence that leukocyte peroxidases catalytically generate (*)NO(2) formation using H(2)O(2) and NO(2)(-) as substrates. However, formation of an additional oxidant was suggested since both enzymes promote NO(2)(-)-dependent hydroxylation of targets under acidic conditions, a chemical reactivity shared with ONOO(-) but not (*)NO(2). Collectively, our results demonstrate that: 1) MPO and EPO contribute to tyrosine nitration in vivo; 2) the major reactive nitrogen species formed by leukocyte peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of NO(2)(-) is the one-electron oxidation product, (*)NO(2); 3) as a minor reaction, peroxidases may also catalyze the two-electron oxidation of NO(2)(-), producing a ONOO(-)-like product. We speculate that the latter reaction generates a labile Fe-ONOO complex, which may be released following protonation under acidic conditions such as might exist at sites of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Brennan
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Gaut JP, Byun J, Tran HD, Lauber WM, Carroll JA, Hotchkiss RS, Belaaouaj A, Heinecke JW. Myeloperoxidase produces nitrating oxidants in vivo. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:1311-9. [PMID: 12021246 PMCID: PMC150982 DOI: 10.1172/jci15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense interest in pathways that generate reactive nitrogen species, the physiologically relevant mechanisms for inflammatory tissue injury remain poorly understood. One possible mediator is myeloperoxidase, a major constituent of neutrophils, monocytes, and some populations of macrophages. The enzyme uses hydrogen peroxide and nitrite to generate 3-nitrotyrosine in vitro. To determine whether myeloperoxidase produces nitrating intermediates in vivo, we used isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to quantify 3-nitrotyrosine in two models of peritoneal inflammation: mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae and mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture. Both models developed an intense neutrophil inflammatory response, and the inflammatory fluid contained markedly elevated levels of 3-chlorotyrosine, a marker of myeloperoxidase action. In striking contrast, 3-nitrotyrosine levels rose only in the mice infected with K. pneumoniae. Levels of total nitrite and nitrate were 20-fold higher in mice injected with K. pneumoniae than in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture. Levels of 3-nitrotyrosine failed to increase in mice infected with K. pneumoniae that lacked functional myeloperoxidase. Our observations provide strong evidence that myeloperoxidase generates reactive nitrogen species in vivo and that it operates in this fashion only when nitrite and nitrate become available. This article was published online in advance of the print edition. The date of publication is available from the JCI website, http://www.jci.org.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Gaut
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Gaut JP, Byun J, Tran HD, Lauber WM, Carroll JA, Hotchkiss RS, Belaaouaj A, Heinecke JW. Myeloperoxidase produces nitrating oxidants in vivo. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0215021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
167
|
Giannopoulou E, Katsoris P, Polytarchou C, Papadimitriou E. Nitration of cytoskeletal proteins in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 400:188-98. [PMID: 12054429 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine nitration is one of the post-translational modifications that alter the biological function of proteins. Two important mechanisms are involved: peroxynitrite formation and myeloperoxidase or eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity. In the present work we studied the nitration of proteins in the in vivo system of chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). 3-Nitrotyrosine was detected only in the insoluble fraction of the CAM homogenate. By immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis, and double immunofluorescence, we identified two major polypeptides that were nitrated: actin and alpha-tubulin. Quantification of actin and alpha-tubulin nitration revealed that they are differentially nitrated during normal development of the chicken embryo CAM. After irradiation, although they were both increased, they required different time periods to return to the physiological levels of nitration. It seems that both peroxynitrite formation and EPO activity are involved in the in vivo tyrosine nitration of cytoskeletal proteins. These data suggest that tyrosine nitration of cytoskeletal proteins has a physiological role in vivo, which depends on the protein involved and is differentially regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Giannopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, GR26504, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Gaut JP, Byun J, Tran HD, Heinecke JW. Artifact-free quantification of free 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-bromotyrosine, and 3-nitrotyrosine in human plasma by electron capture-negative chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2002; 300:252-9. [PMID: 11779118 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Halogenation and nitration of biomolecules have been proposed as key mechanisms of host defense against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Reactive oxidants also have the potential to damage host tissue, and they have been implicated in disease. In the current studies, we describe specific, sensitive, and quantitative methods for detecting three stable markers of oxidative damage: 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-bromotyrosine, and 3-nitrotyrosine. Our results indicate that electron capture-negative chemical ionization-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (EC-NCI GC/MS) is 100-fold more sensitive than liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for analyzing authentic 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-bromotyrosine, and 3-nitrotyrosine. Using an isotopomer of tyrosine to evaluate artifactual production of the analytes during sample preparation and analysis, we found that artifact generation was negligible with either technique. However, LC-MS/MS proved cumbersome for analyzing multiple samples because it required 1.5 h of run and equilibration time per analysis. In contrast, EC-NCI GC/MS required only 5 min of run time per analysis. Using EC-NCI GC/MS, we were able to detect and quantify attomole levels of free 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-bromotyrosine, and 3-nitrotyrosine in human plasma. Our results indicate that EC-NCI GC/MS is a sensitive and specific method for quantifying free 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-bromotyrosine, and 3-nitrotyrosine in biological fluids in a single, rapid analysis and that it avoids generating any of the analytes ex vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Gaut
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Pfeiffer S, Lass A, Schmidt K, Mayer B. Protein tyrosine nitration in mouse peritoneal macrophages activated in vitro and in vivo: evidence against an essential role of peroxynitrite. FASEB J 2001; 15:2355-64. [PMID: 11689461 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0295com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine nitration is considered a key reaction of peroxynitrite-triggered tissue injury in inflammatory diseases. We investigated the potential involvement of peroxynitrite in protein tyrosine nitration in isolated murine peritoneal macrophages activated either in vitro with interferon-gamma/lipopolysaccharide or in vivo by priming mice with Corynebacterium parvum (10 mgxkg-1). Both protocols led to release of NO and accumulation of nitrite accompanied by formation of protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine. Oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123, a measure of peroxynitrite release, remained close to basal levels upon in vitro activation of the macrophages but was increased approximately twofold in vivo. Tyrosine nitration in macrophages activated in vitro was inhibited by catalase and the time course of nitration correlated with nitrite accumulation, whereas superoxide (O2*-) and H2O2 release occurred at much earlier times. To address the contribution of O2*- and peroxynitrite to in vivo nitration, a O2*- scavenger (MnTBAP; 1 mgxkg-1) was given to C. parvum-primed mice. MnTBAP led to almost complete inhibition of C. parvum-triggered O2*- and peroxynitrite release, whereas nitrite accumulation and formation of 3-nitrotyrosine were less affected ( approximately 50% of controls). These results argue against an essential role of peroxynitrite in protein tyrosine nitration in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pfeiffer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Folkerts G, Kloek J, Muijsers RB, Nijkamp FP. Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in airway inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 429:251-62. [PMID: 11698045 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The free radical nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of many biological processes. Interestingly, the molecule appears to be a two-edged sword. Apart from NO having a function as a paracrine messenger, NO-derived oxidants are important weapons against invading pathogens. The role of NO in the airways is similarly ambiguous. Besides the task as a bronchodilator, NO and its derivatives play a role in the pathophysiology of asthma via their putative damaging effects on the airways. This deleterious effect can be increased by a nitrosative response to respiratory tract infections, since both the infectious agent and the host may suffer from the consequent nitrosative stress. Interestingly, respiratory infections can also compromise the beneficial (bronchodilator) effects of NO. This paper gives an overview on NO and its derivatives in the pathophysiology of airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Folkerts
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.082, 3508TB Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
Wong PS, Eiserich JP, Reddy S, Lopez CL, Cross CE, van der Vliet A. Inactivation of glutathione S-transferases by nitric oxide-derived oxidants: exploring a role for tyrosine nitration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 394:216-28. [PMID: 11594736 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive intermediates derived from nitric oxide ((*)NO) are thought to play a contributing role in disease states associated with inflammation and infection. We show here that glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), principal enzymes responsible for detoxification of endogenous and exogenous electrophiles, are susceptible to inactivation by reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Treatment of isolated GSTs or rat liver homogenates with either peroxynitrite, the myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite system, or tetranitromethane, resulted in loss of GST activity with a concomitant increase in the formation of protein-associated 3-nitrotyrosine (NO(2)Tyr). This inactivation was only partially (<25%) reversible by dithiothreitol, and exposure of GSTs to hydrogen peroxide or S-nitrosoglutathione was only partially inhibitory (<25%) and did not result in protein nitration. Thus, irreversible modifications such as tyrosine nitration may have contributed to GST inactivation by RNS. Since all GSTs contain a critical, highly conserved, active-site tyrosine residue, we postulated that this Tyr residue might present a primary target for nitration by RNS, thus leading to enzyme inactivation. To directly investigate this possibility, we analyzed purified mouse liver GST-mu, following nitration by several RNS, by trypsin digestion, HPLC separation, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight analysis, to determine the degree of tyrosine nitration of individual Tyr residues. Indeed, nitration was found to occur preferentially on several tyrosine residues located in and around the GST active site. However, RNS concentrations that resulted in near complete GST inactivation only caused up to 25% nitration of even preferentially targeted tyrosine residues. Hence, nitration of active-site tyrosine residues may contribute to GST inactivation by RNS, but is unlikely to fully account for enzyme inactivation. Overall, our studies illustrate a potential mechanism by which RNS may promote (oxidative) injury by environmental pollutants in association with inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Wong
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
Grzelak A, Balcerczyk A, Mateja A, Bartosz G. Hemoglobin can nitrate itself and other proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1528:97-100. [PMID: 11687295 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of human hemoglobin with nitrite and hydrogen peroxide was found to induce autonitration and nitration of another protein (bovine serum albumin), as demonstrated by detection of nitrotyrosine residues in Western blots of separated membrane proteins. Inhibition of nitration by conversion of hemoglobin into the cyanmet form demonstrates that nitration is due to the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin. Incubation of whole erythrocytes with nitrite and hydrogen peroxide induces nitration of erythrocyte membrane proteins, much stronger when cellular catalase was inhibited with azide. These results suggest that hemoglobin and other hemoproteins may contribute to the tyrosine nitration in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Grzelak
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Łódź, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Duguet A, Iijima H, Eum SY, Hamid Q, Eidelman DH. Eosinophil peroxidase mediates protein nitration in allergic airway inflammation in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1119-26. [PMID: 11673196 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.7.2010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The eosinophilic inflammatory response in asthma is associated with protein nitration, detected as immunostaining for 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT). As the presence of 3NT is strongly correlated with upregulation of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (NOS II), it has been hypothesized that 3NT formation results from the action of peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a highly reactive NO derivative produced from the reaction of molecular NO and O2-. However, recent observations have suggested that the action of peroxidases, including eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), may be responsible for protein nitration. In this study, we used murine models of allergic asthma to address the relative contribution of EPO and NOS II to protein nitration. We studied EPO-deficient New Zealand White (NZW) mice, which were sensitized and challenged intranasally with ovalbumin (OVA). Despite comparable levels of eosinophilia, NO, and superoxide production, NZW mice exhibited markedly decreased 3NT staining around the airways after OVA challenge when compared with two other strains (A/J and C57BL/6J). Immunocytochemical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and lung sections suggested that 3NT staining was largely confined to eosinophils. This was confirmed by Western Blot analysis of proteins from different subsets of BAL cells that demonstrated a marked decrease in 3NT formation in eosinophils from NZW mice. These results contrast with those obtained in OVA-sensitized and -challenged NOS II deficient mice, which despite decreased NO production, exhibited similar 3NT staining in the airways after OVA challenge as in wild-type control mice. In this model, protein nitration was thus not a function of NO production by NOS II. We conclude that in the mouse, 3NT formation after specific allergen challenge is dependent on EPO activity, particularly in eosinophils themselves. In contrast, 3NT formation is not driven by upregulation of NOS II expression in this model and does not appear to depend on increases in the level of NO production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Duguet
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Respiratory Division, and Montreal Chest Institute Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
Pfeiffer S, Lass A, Schmidt K, Mayer B. Protein tyrosine nitration in cytokine-activated murine macrophages. Involvement of a peroxidase/nitrite pathway rather than peroxynitrite. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:34051-8. [PMID: 11425852 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100585200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxynitrite, formed in a rapid reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion radical (O(2)), is thought to mediate protein tyrosine nitration in various inflammatory and infectious diseases. However, a recent in vitro study indicated that peroxynitrite exhibits poor nitrating efficiency at biologically relevant steady-state concentrations (Pfeiffer, S., Schmidt, K., and Mayer, B. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 6346-6352). To investigate the molecular mechanism of protein tyrosine nitration in intact cells, murine RAW 264.7 macrophages were activated with immunological stimuli, causing inducible NO synthase expression (interferon-gamma in combination with either lipopolysaccharide or zymosan A), followed by the determination of protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine levels and release of potential triggers of nitration (NO, O(2)*, H(2)O(2), peroxynitrite, and nitrite). Levels of 3-nitrotyrosine started to increase at 16-18 h and exhibited a maximum at 20-24 h post-stimulation. Formation of O(2) was maximal at 1-5 h and decreased to base line 5 h after stimulation. Release of NO peaked at approximately 6 and approximately 9 h after stimulation with interferon-gamma/lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma/zymosan A, respectively, followed by a rapid decline to base line within the next 4 h. NO formation resulted in accumulation of nitrite, which leveled off at about 50 microm 15 h post-stimulation. Significant release of peroxynitrite was detectable only upon treatment of cytokine-activated cells with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate, which led to a 2.2-fold increase in dihydrorhodamine oxidation without significantly increasing the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine. Tyrosine nitration was inhibited by azide and catalase and mimicked by incubation of unstimulated cells with nitrite. Together with the striking discrepancy in the time course of NO/O(2) release versus 3-nitrotyrosine formation, these results suggest that protein tyrosine nitration in activated macrophages is caused by a nitrite-dependent peroxidase reaction rather than peroxynitrite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pfeiffer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Boersma BJ, Barnes S, Kirk M, Wang CC, Smith M, Kim H, Xu J, Patel R, Darley-Usmar VM. Soy isoflavonoids and cancer -- metabolism at the target site. Mutat Res 2001; 480-481:121-7. [PMID: 11506805 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are members of the broad class of plant polyphenols that have been shown in vivo to have benefit in the prevention of a wide variety of chronic diseases, including cancer. For genistein (5,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone) (GEN), the major isoflavone in soy, reported mechanisms for these biological activities are numerous and include regulation of estrogen-mediated events, inhibition of tyrosine kinase and DNA topoisomerase activities, synthesis and release of TGF beta, and modulation of apoptosis. However, the biochemical effects of GEN in cell culture occur at concentrations in the micromolar range, far above the circulating levels of the unconjugated GEN. This may point to the limitations of cell culture for the evaluation of the activity and mechanisms of potential anti-carcinogens. GEN is extensively metabolized in vivo, with only about 14-16% excreted in an unmodified form. Metabolism may also occur because of interaction between GEN (as well as other polyphenols) and oxidants produced by inflammatory cells (HOCl, HOBr and ONOO(-)). These react with GEN to form brominated, chlorinated and/or nitrated GEN. Emerging evidence indicates that these modifications may substantially increase the biological activities of the parent compound. Future investigations of GEN and other polyphenols must, therefore, take into account metabolism at the tissue site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Boersma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VH G009, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Muijsers RBR, van Ark I, Folkerts G, Koster AS, van Oosterhout AJM, Postma DS, Nijkamp FP. Apocynin and 1400 W prevents airway hyperresponsiveness during allergic reactions in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:434-40. [PMID: 11564663 PMCID: PMC1572946 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The contribution of reactive nitrogen species to the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of allergic inflammation was investigated by the use of selective inhibitors of nitric oxide and superoxide formation. 2. Sensitized mice, repeatedly challenged with ovalbumin showed a significant (P<0.001, n=9) increase in airway responsiveness measured using whole body plethysmography. This hyperresponsiveness was accompanied by an influx of eosinophils into the airway lumen and increased levels of ovalbumin-specific serum IgE. 3. Treatment of mice with the iNOS inhibitor 1400 W or the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor apocynin did not significantly alter cellular influx into the airway lumen nor serum ovalbumin specific IgE. In contrast, apocynin as well as 1400 W inhibited ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (P<0.001 and P<0.05 respectively, n=9). Furthermore, the airways of allergen challenged animals showed clear 3-nitrotyrosine staining, which was mainly located in eosinophils. Remarkably, treatment with apocynin or 1400 W did not alter 3-nitrotyrosine staining. 4. These data suggest that the development of airway hyperresponsiveness during the airway inflammation upon ovalbumin challenge is dependent on the release of both superoxide and nitric oxide and is therefore likely to be dependent on reactive nitrogen species. This mechanism, however, is not reflected by 3-nitrotyrosine formation in the airways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B R Muijsers
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Ark
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Andries S Koster
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon J M van Oosterhout
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Oostersingel 59, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans P Nijkamp
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Wedgwood S, McMullan DM, Bekker JM, Fineman JR, Black SM. Role for endothelin-1-induced superoxide and peroxynitrite production in rebound pulmonary hypertension associated with inhaled nitric oxide therapy. Circ Res 2001; 89:357-64. [PMID: 11509453 DOI: 10.1161/hh1601.094983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that inhaled nitric oxide (NO) decreases nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in vivo and that this inhibition is associated with rebound pulmonary hypertension upon acute withdrawal of inhaled NO. We have also demonstrated that inhaled NO elevates plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels and that pretreatment with PD156707, an ETA receptor antagonist, blocks the rebound hypertension. The objectives of this study were to further elucidate the role of ET-1 in the rebound pulmonary hypertension upon acute withdrawal of inhaled NO. Inhaled NO (40 ppm) delivered to thirteen 4-week-old lambs decreased NOS activity by 36.2% in control lambs (P<0.05), whereas NOS activity was preserved in PD156707-treated lambs. When primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells were exposed to ET-1, superoxide production increased by 33% (P<0.05). This increase was blocked by a preincubation with PD156707. Furthermore, cotreatment of cells with ET-1 and NO increased peroxynitrite levels by 26% (P<0.05), whereas preincubation of purified human endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein with peroxynitrite generated a nitrated enzyme with 50% activity relative to control (P<0.05). Western blot analysis of peripheral lung extracts obtained after 24 hours of inhaled NO revealed a 90% reduction in 3-nitrotyrosine residues (P<0.05) in PD156707-treated lambs. The nitration of eNOS was also reduced by 40% in PD156707-treated lambs (P<0.05). These data suggest that the reduction of NOS activity associated with inhaled NO therapy may involve ETA receptor-mediated superoxide production. ETA receptor antagonists may prevent rebound pulmonary hypertension by protecting endogenous eNOS activity during inhaled NO therapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Inhalation
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/chemically induced
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/prevention & control
- Lung/chemistry
- Lung/metabolism
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nitrates/chemistry
- Nitrates/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/administration & dosage
- Nitric Oxide/adverse effects
- Nitric Oxide/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/chemistry
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/isolation & purification
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Pulmonary Artery/cytology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin A
- Secondary Prevention
- Sheep
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives
- Tyrosine/analysis
- Tyrosine/biosynthesis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Wedgwood
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
178
|
Abstract
Eosinophil peroxidase has been implicated in promoting oxidative tissue damage in a variety of inflammatory conditions, including asthma. It uses H(2)O(2) to oxidize chloride, bromide and thiocyanate to their respective hypohalous acids. The aim of this study was to establish which oxidants eosinophil peroxidase produces under physiological conditions. By measuring rates of H(2)O(2) utilization by the enzyme at neutral pH, we determined the catalytic rate constants for bromide and thiocyanate as 248 and 223 s(-1) and the Michaelis constants as 0.5 and 0.15 mM respectively. On the basis of these values thiocyanate is preferred 2.8-fold over bromide as a substrate for eosinophil peroxidase. Eosinophil peroxidase catalysed substantive oxidation of chloride only below pH 6.5. We found that when eosinophil peroxidase or myeloperoxidase oxidized thiocyanate, another product besides hypothiocyanite was formed; it also converted methionine into methionine sulphoxide. During the oxidation of thiocyanate, the peroxidases were present as their compound II forms. Compound II did not form when GSH was included to scavenge hypothiocyanite. We propose that the unidentified oxidant was derived from a radical species produced by the one-electron oxidation of hypothiocyanite. We conclude that at plasma concentrations of bromide (20-120 microM) and thiocyanate (20-100 microM), hypobromous acid and oxidation products of thiocyanate are produced by eosinophil peroxidase. Hypochlorous acid is likely to be produced only when substrates preferred over chloride are depleted. Thiocyanate should be considered to augment peroxidase-mediated toxicity because these enzymes can convert relatively benign hypothiocyanite into a stronger oxidant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J van Dalen
- Free Radical Research Group, Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine, P. O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Boer JD, Meurs H, Flendrig L, Koopal M, Zaagsma J. Role of nitric oxide and superoxide in allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity after the late asthmatic reaction in guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:1235-42. [PMID: 11498508 PMCID: PMC1621143 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. In the present study, the roles of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anions (O2(-)) in allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR) after the late asthmatic reaction (LAR) were investigated ex vivo, by examining the effects of the NO synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) on the responsiveness to methacholine of isolated perfused guinea-pig tracheae from unchallenged (control) animals and from animals 24 h after ovalbumin challenge. 2. At 24 h after allergen challenge, the animals developed AHR in vivo, as indicated by a mean 2.63 +/- 0.54 fold (P < 0.05) increase in sensitivity to histamine inhalation. 3. Compared to unchallenged controls, tracheal preparations from the ovalbumin-challenged guinea-pigs displayed a significant 1.8 fold (P < 0.01) increase in the maximal response (E(max)) to methacholine, both after intraluminal (IL) and extraluminal (EL) administration of the agonist. No changes were observed in the sensitivity (pEC(50)) to the agonist. Consequently, the DeltapEC(50) (EL-IL), as a measure of epithelial integrity, was unchanged. 4. In the presence of L-NAME (100 microM, IL), tracheae from control guinea-pigs showed a 1.6 fold (P < 0.05) increase in the E(max) of IL methacholine. By contrast, the E(max) of IL methacholine was significantly decreased in the presence of 100 u ml(-1) EL SOD (54% of control, P < 0.01). 5. Remarkably, the increased responsiveness to IL methacholine at 24 h after allergen challenge was reversed by L-NAME to control (P < 0.01), and a similar effect was observed with SOD (P < 0.01). 6. The results indicate that both NO and O2(-) are involved in the tracheal hyperreactivity to methacholine after the LAR, possibly by promoting airway smooth muscle contraction through the formation of peroxynitrite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob de Boer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Centre for Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Meurs
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Centre for Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard Flendrig
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Centre for Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Koopal
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Centre for Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Zaagsma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Centre for Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Denzler KL, Borchers MT, Crosby JR, Cieslewicz G, Hines EM, Justice JP, Cormier SA, Lindenberger KA, Song W, Wu W, Hazen SL, Gleich GJ, Lee JJ, Lee NA. Extensive eosinophil degranulation and peroxidase-mediated oxidation of airway proteins do not occur in a mouse ovalbumin-challenge model of pulmonary inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1672-82. [PMID: 11466391 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paradigms of eosinophil effector function in the lungs of asthma patients invariably depend on activities mediated by cationic proteins released from secondary granules during a process collectively referred to as degranulation. In this study, we generated knockout mice deficient for eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) to assess the role(s) of this abundant secondary granule protein in an OVA-challenge model. The loss of EPO had no effect on the development of OVA-induced pathologies in the mouse. The absence of phenotypic consequences in these knockout animals extended beyond pulmonary histopathologies and airway changes, as EPO-deficient animals also displayed OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness after provocation with methacholine. In addition, EPO-mediated oxidative damage of proteins (e.g., bromination of tyrosine residues) recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage from OVA-treated wild-type mice was <10% of the levels observed in bronchoalveolar lavage recovered from asthma patients. These data demonstrate that EPO activities are inconsequential to the development of allergic pulmonary pathologies in the mouse and suggest that degranulation of eosinophils recruited to the lung in this model does not occur at levels comparable to those observed in humans with asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Denzler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
181
|
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a simple free radical gas, elicits a surprisingly wide range of physiological and pathophysiological effects. NO interacts with soluble guanylate cyclase to evoke many of these effects. However, NO can also interact with molecular oxygen and superoxide radicals to produce reactive nitrogen species that can modify a number of macromolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. NO can also interact directly with transition metals. Here, we have reviewed the non--3',5'-cyclic-guanosine-monophosphate-mediated effects of NO including modifications of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Davis
- Department of Integrated Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Persinger RL, Blay WM, Heintz NH, Hemenway DR, Janssen-Heininger YM. Nitrogen dioxide induces death in lung epithelial cells in a density-dependent manner. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:583-90. [PMID: 11350828 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.5.4340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (*NO2) is commonly known as an indoor and outdoor air pollutant. Inhalation of *NO2 is associated with epithelial cell injury, inflammation, and the aggravation of asthma. *NO2 can also be formed during inflammation, by the metabolism of nitric oxide. We describe a gas-phase exposure system for in vitro exposure of lung epithelial cells to *NO2. Immunofluorescence revealed 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity of rat alveolar type II epithelial cells exposed to 5 parts per million of *NO2 for 4 h. Comparative analysis of log-phase and confluent cultures demonstrated that cell death occurred extensively in log-phase cells, whereas minimal death was observed in confluent cultures. Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) or the ONOO- generator 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) caused similar amounts of death. Further, exposure of wounded cell cultures to *NO(2) or SIN-1 revealed that death was restricted to cells repopulating a wounded area. Cycloheximide or actinomycin D, inhibitors or protein and messenger RNA synthesis, respectively, significantly reduced terminal transferase reactivity, suggesting that a new protein(s) may be required for cell death. These results suggest that during restitution after pulmonary injury, epithelium may be sensitive to cell death by reactive nitrogen species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Persinger
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
183
|
Greenacre SA, Ischiropoulos H. Tyrosine nitration: localisation, quantification, consequences for protein function and signal transduction. Free Radic Res 2001; 34:541-81. [PMID: 11697033 DOI: 10.1080/10715760100300471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nitration of free tyrosine or protein tyrosine residues generates 3-nitrotyrosine the detection of which has been utilised as a footprint for the in vivo formation of peroxynitrite and other reactive nitrogen species. The detection of 3-nitrotyrosine by analytical and immunological techniques has established that tyrosine nitration occurs under physiological conditions and levels increase in most disease states. This review provides an updated, comprehensive and detailed summary of the tissue, cellular and specific protein localisation of 3-nitrotyrosine and its quantification. The potential consequences of nitration to protein function and the pathogenesis of disease are also examined together with the possible effects of protein nitration on signal transduction pathways and on the metabolism of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Greenacre
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine and Wolfson Centre for Age-related Disease, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
MacPherson JC, Comhair SA, Erzurum SC, Klein DF, Lipscomb MF, Kavuru MS, Samoszuk MK, Hazen SL. Eosinophils are a major source of nitric oxide-derived oxidants in severe asthma: characterization of pathways available to eosinophils for generating reactive nitrogen species. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5763-72. [PMID: 11313420 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil recruitment and enhanced production of NO are characteristic features of asthma. However, neither the ability of eosinophils to generate NO-derived oxidants nor their role in nitration of targets during asthma is established. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry we demonstrate a 10-fold increase in 3-nitrotyrosine (NO(2)Y) content, a global marker of protein modification by reactive nitrogen species, in proteins recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage of severe asthmatic patients (480 +/- 198 micromol/mol tyrosine; n = 11) compared with nonasthmatic subjects (52.5 +/- 40.7 micromol/mol tyrosine; n = 12). Parallel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage proteins for 3-bromotyrosine (BrY) and 3-chlorotyrosine (ClY), selective markers of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)- and myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation, respectively, demonstrated a dramatic preferential formation of BrY in asthmatic (1093 +/- 457 micromol BrY/mol tyrosine; 161 +/- 88 micromol ClY/mol tyrosine; n = 11 each) compared with nonasthmatic subjects (13 +/- 14.5 micromol BrY/mol tyrosine; 65 +/- 69 micromol ClY/mol tyrosine; n = 12 each). Bronchial tissue from individuals who died of asthma demonstrated the most intense anti-NO(2)Y immunostaining in epitopes that colocalized with eosinophils. Although eosinophils from normal subjects failed to generate detectable levels of NO, NO(2-), NO(3-), or NO(2)Y, tyrosine nitration was promoted by eosinophils activated either in the presence of physiological levels of NO(2-) or an exogenous NO source. At low, but not high (e.g., >2 microM/min), rates of NO flux, EPO inhibitors and catalase markedly attenuated aromatic nitration. These results identify eosinophils as a major source of oxidants during asthma. They also demonstrate that eosinophils use distinct mechanisms for generating NO-derived oxidants and identify EPO as an enzymatic source of nitrating intermediates in eosinophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C MacPherson
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Iijima H, Duguet A, Eum SY, Hamid Q, Eidelman DH. Nitric oxide and protein nitration are eosinophil dependent in allergen-challenged mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1233-40. [PMID: 11316664 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.5.2003145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the possible role of eosinophils in NO-mediated tissue injury, we studied a murine model of allergic asthma. Male A/J mice were sensitized and challenged intranasally with ovalbumin (OVA). Following challenge, the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased from 0.4% of total cells at baseline (0.02 x 10(4) cells/ml) to 60.2% at 48 h after the challenge (9.34 x 10(4) cells/ml). The rise in eosinophil count was accompanied by a 40.3% increase in total NO(2-) plus NO(3-) (NO(x)) in BALF. This in turn was accompanied by expression of inducible NO synthase (NOS II) in airway epithelial and inflammatory cells, as well as by evidence of staining for 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT) in peribronchial inflammatory cells and at the epithelial surface. Both NO(x) production and 3NT were significantly reduced by pretreatment of the challenged mice with the highly specific NOS II inhibitor N-3-aminomethyl-benzyl-acetamidine-dihydrochloride (1400W), as well as by the nonselective NOS inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). L-NAME and 1400W also reduced the number of BALF eosinophils (37.2% and 61.5%, respectively, as compared with the control value), suggesting that NO production by NOS II contributes to eosinophil recruitment. To further examine the role of eosinophils, we pretreated additional mice with an anti-interleukin (IL)-5 antibody, which reduced BALF eosinophilia following OVA challenge by 90.1%. In concert with the decrease in eosinophils, the anti-IL-5 antibody reduced NO(x) in BALF almost to the baseline value, and decreased the number of 3NT-positive cells in the peribronchial region by 74.4%. Western blot analysis of protein extracted from whole lung confirmed the reduction in tyrosine nitration by anti-IL-5 antibody. These findings indicate that NO and eosinophilic inflammation are closely coupled, and suggest that eosinophils are an important source of tyrosine nitration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Iijima
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Abstract
Peroxynitrite promotes oxidative damage and is implicated in the pathophysiology of various diseases that involve accelerated rates of nitric oxide and superoxide formation. The unambiguous detection of peroxynitrite in biological systems is, however, difficult due to the combination of a short biological half-life, limited diffusion, multiple target molecule reactions, and participation of alternative oxidation/nitration pathways. In this review, we provide the conceptual framework and a comprehensive analysis of the current experimental strategies that can serve to unequivocally define the existence and quantitation of peroxynitrite in biological systems of different levels of organization and complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Mitra SN, Slungaard A, Hazen SL. Role of eosinophil peroxidase in the origins of protein oxidation in asthma. Redox Rep 2001; 5:215-24. [PMID: 10994876 DOI: 10.1179/135100000101535771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are uniquely endowed with an arsenal of enzymes that enable them to generate an array of reactive oxidants and diffusible radical species. The formidable arsenal at their disposal likely evolved because of the central role these phagocytes play in combating invading helminths and other large metazoan pathogens. Although these leukocytes constitute an essential component of the effector limb of host defenses, they also are implicated in contributing to inflammatory tissue injury. The growing prevalence and severity of asthma, a respiratory disease characterized by recruitment and activation of eosinophils in the airways of affected individuals, has focused research efforts on elaborating the many potential mechanisms through which eosinophils may contribute to tissue injury and oxidative modification of biological targets in asthma. Eosinophil activation is strongly suspected as playing a contributory role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Accordingly, an understanding of the basic chemical pathways available to the leukocytes for generating specific reactive oxidants and diffusible radical species in vivo is required. In the following review, recent progress in the elaboration of specific mechanisms through which eosinophils generate oxidants and other reactive species are discussed. The potential contributions of these intermediates to modification of biological targets during asthma are described. Particular emphasis is placed upon the secreted hemoprotein eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), a central participant in generation of reactive oxidants and diffusible radical species by the phagocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Mitra
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
|
189
|
Strohmeier GR, Walsh JH, Klings ES, Farber HW, Cruikshank WW, Center DM, Fenton MJ. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein potentiates airway reactivity in a murine model of allergic asthma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2063-70. [PMID: 11160257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of allergic asthma is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiologic data often show no clear relationship between the levels of allergen and clinical symptoms. Recent data suggest that bacterial LPS may be a risk factor related to asthma severity. Airborne LPS is typically present at levels that are insufficient to activate alveolar macrophages in the absence of the accessory molecule LPS binding protein (LBP). LBP levels are markedly elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids obtained from asthmatic subjects compared with those in normal controls. We hypothesized that LBP present in the lung could augment the pulmonary inflammation and airway reactivity associated with allergic asthma by sensitizing alveolar macrophages to LPS or other bacterial products and triggering them to release proinflammatory mediators. We compared wild-type (WT) and LBP-deficient mice using a defined Ag immunization and aerosol challenge model of allergic asthma. Immunized LBP-deficient mice did not develop substantial Ag-induced airway reactivity, whereas WT mice developed marked bronchoconstriction following aerosol Ag sensitization and challenge with methacholine. Similarly, production of NO synthase 2 protein and the NO catabolite peroxynitrite was dramatically higher in the lungs of WT mice following challenge compared with that in LBP-deficient mice. Thus, NO production appears to correlate with airway reactivity. In contrast, both mice developed similar pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltrates and elevated mucin production. Thus, LBP appears to participate in the development of Ag-induced airway reactivity and peroxynitrite production, but does not seem to be required for the development of pulmonary inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Strohmeier
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Baldus S, Castro L, Eiserich JP, Freeman BA. Is *NO news bad news in acute respiratory distress syndrome? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:308-10. [PMID: 11179096 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.ed2000c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
191
|
Arlandson M, Decker T, Roongta VA, Bonilla L, Mayo KH, MacPherson JC, Hazen SL, Slungaard A. Eosinophil peroxidase oxidation of thiocyanate. Characterization of major reaction products and a potential sulfhydryl-targeted cytotoxicity system. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:215-24. [PMID: 11013238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004881200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the pseudohalide thiocyanate (SCN(-)) is the preferred substrate for eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) in fluids of physiologic halide composition, the product(s) of this reaction have not been directly identified, and mechanisms underlying their cytotoxic potential are poorly characterized. We used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and quantitative chemical analysis to identify the principal reaction products of both the EPO/SCN(-)/H(2)O(2) system and activated eosinophils as roughly equimolar amounts of OSCN(-) (hypothiocyanite) and OCN(-) (cyanate). Red blood cells exposed to increasing concentrations of OSCN(-)/OCN(-) are first depleted of glutathione, after which glutathione S-transferase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase then ATPases undergo sulfhydryl (SH) reductant-reversible inactivation before lysing. OSCN(-)/OCN(-) inactivates red blood cell membrane ATPases 10-1000 times more potently than do HOCl, HOBr, and H(2)O(2). Exposure of glutathione S-transferase to [(14)C]OSCN(-)/OCN(-) causes SH reductant-reversible disulfide bonding and covalent isotope labeling. We propose that EPO/SCN(-)/H(2)O(2) reaction products comprise a potential SH-targeted cytotoxic system that functions in striking contrast to HOCl, the highly but relatively indiscriminantly reactive product of the neutrophil myeloperoxidase system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Arlandson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
Abstract
The eosinophil has a potent armory of proinflammatory mediators with considerable potential to initiate and sustain an inflammatory response. These include cytotoxic granule proteins, cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. Eosinophils are considered important in the immune response to infection with helminthic parasitic worms. Incrementally increasing evidence supports a critical role for their proinflammatory activities in diverse human conditions, most notably in allergic diseases such as asthma. In these conditions severe tissue damage is a consequence of an inappropriate accumulation of eosinophils and the subsequent release of their highly toxic granule proteins. In addition, release of granule-associated products such as chemokines and cytokines at the sites of inflammation is likely to have significant paracrine and autocrine relevance. This review will update recent developments in understanding the role that eosinophil granule proteins play in human disease, particularly those of the respiratory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Walsh
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Foresterhill, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Abstract
We now show that NO serves as a substrate for multiple members of the mammalian peroxidase superfamily under physiological conditions. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase all catalytically consumed NO in the presence of the co-substrate hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Near identical rates of NO consumption by the peroxidases were observed in the presence versus absence of plasma levels of Cl(-). Although rates of NO consumption in buffer were accelerated in the presence of a superoxide-generating system, subsequent addition of catalytic levels of a model peroxidase, MPO, to NO-containing solutions resulted in the rapid acceleration of NO consumption. The interaction between NO and compounds I and II of MPO were further investigated during steady-state catalysis by stopped-flow kinetics. NO dramatically influenced the build-up, duration, and decay of steady-state levels of compound II, the rate-limiting intermediate in the classic peroxidase cycle, in both the presence and absence of Cl(-). Collectively, these results suggest that peroxidases may function as a catalytic sink for NO at sites of inflammation, influencing its bioavailability. They also support the potential existence of a complex and interdependent relationship between NO levels and the modulation of steady-state catalysis by peroxidases in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Abu-Soud
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Duda JE, Giasson BI, Chen Q, Gur TL, Hurtig HI, Stern MB, Gollomp SM, Ischiropoulos H, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Widespread nitration of pathological inclusions in neurodegenerative synucleinopathies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:1439-45. [PMID: 11073803 PMCID: PMC1885725 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species may play a mechanistic role in neurodegenerative diseases by posttranslationally altering normal brain proteins. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate that an anti-3-nitrotyrosine polyclonal antibody stains all of the major hallmark lesions of synucleinopathies including Lewy bodies, Lewy neurites and neuraxonal spheroids in dementia with Lewy bodies, the Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease, and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1, as well as glial and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. This antibody predominantly recognized nitrated alpha-synuclein when compared to other in vitro nitrated constituents of these pathological lesions, such as neurofilament subunits and microtubules. Collectively, these findings imply that alpha-synuclein is nitrated in pathological lesions. The widespread presence of nitrated alpha-synuclein in diverse intracellular inclusions suggests that oxidation/nitration is involved in the onset and/or progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Duda
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Pong K, Doctrow SR, Baudry M. Prevention of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium- and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nitration of tyrosine hydroxylase and neurotoxicity by EUK-134, a superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic, in cultured dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res 2000; 881:182-9. [PMID: 11036157 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the selective degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we tested the efficacy of EUK-134, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase mimetic, on the nitration of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a marker of oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity produced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in primary DAergic neuron cultures. Exposure of cultures to 10 microM MPP(+) reduced dopamine (DA) uptake and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (THir) neurons to 56 and 52% of control, while exposure to 30 microM 6-OHDA reduced DA uptake and the number of THir neurons to 58 and 59% of control, respectively. Pretreatment of cultures with 0.5 microM EUK-134 completely protected DAergic neurons against MPP(+)- and 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity. Exposure of primary neuron cultures to either MPP(+) or 6-OHDA produced nitration of tyrosine residues in TH. Pretreatment of cultures with 0.5 microM EUK-134 completely prevented MPP(+)- or 6-OHDA-induced nitration of tyrosine residues in TH. Taken together, these results support the idea that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critically involved in MPP(+)- and 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity and suggest a potential therapeutic role for synthetic catalytic scavengers of ROS, such as EUK-134, in the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Pong
- Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, 90089-2520, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
196
|
Abstract
The respiratory tract is subjected to a variety of environmental stresses, including oxidizing gases, particulates, and airborne microorganisms, that together, may injure structural and functional lung components and thereby jeopardize the primary lung function of gas exchange. To cope with such various environmental threats, the lung has developed elaborate defense mechanisms that include inflammatory-immune pathways as well as several antioxidant systems. These defense systems operate largely in extracellular spaces, thus protecting underlying bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells from injury, although these cells themselves are also active participants in such (inflammatory) defense mechanisms. Although potentially harmful, oxidants are increasingly recognized as pathophysiologic mediators produced primarily by inflammatory-immune cells as a host defense mechanism, but also by various other cell types as an intracellular mediator in various cell responses, thus affecting inflammatory-immune processes or inducing resistance. The molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in such processes are the focus of much current investigation. Nitric oxide, a messenger molecule produced by many lung cell types, also modulates oxidant-mediated processes, thereby giving rise to a new family of reactive nitrogen species ("nitrosants") with potentially unique signaling properties. The complex role of oxidants and nitrosants in various pathophysiologic processes in the lung have confounded the design of therapeutic approaches with antioxidant substrates. This review discusses current knowledge regarding extracellular antioxidant defenses in the lung, and oxidant/nitrosant mechanisms operating under inflammatory-immune conditions and their potential contribution to common lung diseases. Finally, some recent developments in antioxidant therapeutic strategies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A van der Vliet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Affiliation(s)
- R Dworski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
van der Vliet A, Eiserich JP, Cross CE. Nitric oxide: a pro-inflammatory mediator in lung disease? Respir Res 2000; 1:67-72. [PMID: 11667967 PMCID: PMC59543 DOI: 10.1186/rr14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2000] [Revised: 07/31/2000] [Accepted: 07/31/2000] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract are commonly associated with elevated production of nitric oxide (NO*) and increased indices of NO* -dependent oxidative stress. Although NO* is known to have anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, various lines of evidence support the contribution of NO* to lung injury in several disease models. On the basis of biochemical evidence, it is often presumed that such NO* -dependent oxidations are due to the formation of the oxidant peroxynitrite, although alternative mechanisms involving the phagocyte-derived heme proteins myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase might be operative during conditions of inflammation. Because of the overwhelming literature on NO* generation and activities in the respiratory tract, it would be beyond the scope of this commentary to review this area comprehensively. Instead, it focuses on recent evidence and concepts of the presumed contribution of NO* to inflammatory diseases of the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A van der Vliet
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
199
|
Cassina AM, Hodara R, Souza JM, Thomson L, Castro L, Ischiropoulos H, Freeman BA, Radi R. Cytochrome c nitration by peroxynitrite. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:21409-15. [PMID: 10770952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m909978199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), the product of superoxide (O(2)) and nitric oxide (.NO) reaction, inhibits mitochondrial respiration and can stimulate apoptosis. Cytochrome c, a mediator of these two aspects of mitochondrial function, thus represents an important potential target of ONOO(-) during conditions involving accelerated rates of oxygen radical and.NO generation. Horse heart cytochrome c(3+) was nitrated by ONOO(-), as indicated by spectral changes, Western blot analysis, and mass spectrometry. A dose-dependent loss of cytochrome c(3+) 695 nm absorption occurred, inferring that nitration of a critical heme-vicinal tyrosine (Tyr-67) promoted a conformational change, displacing the Met-80 heme ligand. Nitration was confirmed by cross-reactivity with a specific antibody against 3-nitrotyrosine and by increased molecular mass compatible with the addition of a nitro-(-NO(2)) group. Mass analysis of tryptic digests indicated the preferential nitration of Tyr-67 among the four conserved tyrosine residues in cytochrome c. Cytochrome c(3+) was more extensively nitrated than cytochrome c(2+) because of the preferential oxidation of the reduced heme by ONOO(-). Similar protein nitration patterns were obtained by ONOO(-) reaction in the presence of carbon dioxide, whereupon secondary nitrating species arise from the decomposition of the nitroso-peroxocarboxylate (ONOOCO(2)(-)) intermediate. Peroxynitrite-nitrated cytochrome c displayed significant changes in redox properties, including (a) increased peroxidatic activity, (b) resistance to reduction by ascorbate, and (c) impaired support of state 4-dependent respiration in intact rat heart mitochondria. These results indicate that cytochrome c nitration may represent both oxidative and signaling events occurring during .NO- and ONOO(-)-mediated cell injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Cassina
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina and Laboratorio de Enzimologia, Instituto de Quimica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
Affiliation(s)
- J W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8046, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|