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Nakanishi K, Takeda S, Sakamoto A, Kitamura A. Effects of ulinastatin treatment on the cardiopulmonary bypass-induced hemodynamic instability and pulmonary dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:1351-7. [PMID: 16540949 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000215110.55899.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between decreased release of proinflammatory cytokines in response to urinary trypsin inhibitor pretreatment and decreased myocardial and lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. SETTING University hospital. SUBJECTS Thirty patients on cardiopulmonary bypass undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. INTERVENTIONS Patients received 5000 units/kg intravenous urinary trypsin inhibitor (n = 15) or 0.9% saline (control, n = 15) immediately before aortic cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Neutrophil elastase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 were measured after intubation (T1), immediately before aortic cannulation (T2), after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (T3), at the end of surgery (T4), and on postoperative days 1 (T5), 3 (T6), and 5 (T7). Simultaneous hematocrit values were obtained at all sample times. Isoenzyme of creatine kinase with muscle and brain subunits, troponin-T, and myosin light chain I were also measured. Various hemodynamic and pulmonary data were obtained perioperatively. Levels of neutrophil elastase and cytokines were corrected for hemodilution. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels were lower at T3 and T4 in the urinary trypsin inhibitor group than in the control group. Stroke volume index was significantly decreased in the control group at T3, and statistical difference was found between groups at T3 (p < .01). Respiratory index and intrapulmonary shunt were significantly higher in the control group than in the urinary trypsin inhibitor group at T3. Changes in respiratory index and intrapulmonary shunt correlated with interleukin-8 levels at T3 (r = .52, p < 00001; r = .37, p < 0001, respectively) and T4 (r = .44, p < .001; r = .24, p < .05, respectively). Neutrophil elastase levels and cardiac marker responses to coronary artery bypass grafting surgery were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Prepump administration of urinary trypsin inhibitor attenuates the elevation of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 release immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakanishi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
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152
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FUJIMURA M, TSUJIURA M, NOMURA M, MIZUGUCHI M, MATSUDA T, MATSUSHIMA K. Sensory neuropeptides are not directly involved in bronchial hyperresponsiveness induced by interleukin-8 in guinea-pigs in vivo. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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153
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DOUGLASS J, DHAMI D, BULPITT M, LINDLEY IJ, SHUTE J, CHURCH MK, HOLGATE ST. Intradermal challenge with interleukin-8 causes tissue oedema and neutrophil accumulation in atopic and non-atopic human subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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154
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Kuwahara I, Lillehoj EP, Lu W, Singh IS, Isohama Y, Miyata T, Kim KC. Neutrophil elastase induces IL-8 gene transcription and protein release through p38/NF-{kappa}B activation via EGFR transactivation in a lung epithelial cell line. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L407-16. [PMID: 16632517 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00471.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the regulation and mechanism of IL-8 expression by A549 human lung carcinoma cells treated with neutrophil elastase (NE). NE-treated cells exhibited significantly higher IL-8 protein levels in culture media compared with cells treated with vehicle alone. Blocking of gene transcription with actinomycin D suggested that NE stimulated IL-8 synthesis via increased mRNA expression, which was verified by real-time RT-PCR. NE activated the IL-8 promoter but did not alter the stability of its mRNA, confirming that the protease induced IL-8 synthesis through increased gene transcription. The results from the use of chemical inhibitors and mutant gene constructs against various signal transduction components seem to suggest the linear signaling pathway involving the activation of PKC-delta --> dual oxidase 1 --> reactive oxygen species --> TNF-alpha-converting enzyme --> EGF receptor --> p38 --> NF-kappaB for NE-activated IL-8 gene expression. A NF-kappaB potential binding site, located between nucleotides -82 and -69 of the IL-8 promoter, was identified as necessary for NE-induced IL-8 transcription. We conclude that NE increases IL-8 transcription through p38/NF-kappaB activation via EGFR transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Kuwahara
- Respiratory Immunology and Asthma Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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155
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Taguchi A, Ohmiya N, Shirai K, Mabuchi N, Itoh A, Hirooka Y, Niwa Y, Goto H. Interleukin-8 promoter polymorphism increases the risk of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer in Japan. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 14:2487-93. [PMID: 16284368 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetic susceptibility may influence gastric carcinogenesis caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. We aimed to clarify the relationship of interleukin (IL)-8 polymorphism with the risk of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. We examined IL-8 -251 T > A, IL-1B -511 C > T, and IL-1RN intron 2 polymorphisms in 252 healthy controls, 215 individuals with atrophic gastritis, and 396 patients with gastric cancer. We also investigated the effect of the IL-8 polymorphism on IL-8 production and histologic degree of gastritis in noncancerous gastric mucosa. Although no correlation was found in the analysis of the IL-1B and IL-1RN polymorphisms, IL-8 -251 A/A genotype held a higher risk of atrophic gastritis [odds ratio (OR), 2.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12-4.94] and gastric cancer (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.08-4.56) compared with the T/T genotype. We also found that the A/A genotype increased the risk of upper-third location (OR, 3.66; 95% CI, 1.46-9.17), diffuse (OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.21-6.39), poorly differentiated (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.14-6.38), lymph node (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.01-6.20), and liver metastasis (OR, 5.63; 95% CI, 1.06-30.04), and p53-mutated (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.13-3.26) subtypes of gastric cancer. The A/A and A/T genotypes were significantly associated with higher levels of IL-8 protein compared with the T/T genotype. Neutrophil infiltration score was significantly higher in the A/A genotype than in the T/T genotype. In conclusion, we showed that the IL-8 -251 T > A polymorphism is associated with higher expression of IL-8 protein, more severe neutrophil infiltration, and increased risk of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Taguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Therapeutic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550 Japan
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156
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Pellmé S, Mörgelin M, Tapper H, Mellqvist UH, Dahlgren C, Karlsson A. Localization of human neutrophil interleukin-8 (CXCL-8) to organelle(s) distinct from the classical granules and secretory vesicles. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 79:564-73. [PMID: 16387844 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0505248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature human neutrophils contain small amounts of interleukin-8 [CXC chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL-8)], which upon proinflammatory activation, increases significantly. It has been suggested that the CXCL-8 content of resting human neutrophils is stored in the secretory vesicles. Here, we have used a fractionation technique, which allows isolation of these vesicles, and we find that CXCL-8 neither colocalizes with the secretory vesicles nor with markers of any of the classical neutrophil granules. To increase resolution in the system, we induced CXCL-8 production by lipopolysaccharide. After 8 h of stimulation, CXCL-8 was visualized within the cell using immunoelectron microscopy. The images revealed CXCL-8-containing stuctures resembling neutrophil granules, and these were distinct from all known neutrophil organelles, as shown by double immunostaining. Further, the CXCL-8 organelle was present in nonstimulated neutrophil cytoplasts, entities lacking all other known granules and secretory vesicles. Upon fractionation of the cytoplasts, CXCL-8 was found to partly cofractionate with calnexin, a marker for endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Thus, part of CXCL-8 may be localized to the ER or ER-like structures in the neutrophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pellmé
- University of Göteborg, Guldhedsgatan 10, S 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden.
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157
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Ransohoff RM. Selective leukocyte chemoattractants emerge from the primeval sup(ernatants). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5567-8. [PMID: 16237039 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.5567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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158
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Kucharzik T, Hudson JT, Lügering A, Abbas JA, Bettini M, Lake JG, Evans ME, Ziegler TR, Merlin D, Madara JL, Williams IR. Acute induction of human IL-8 production by intestinal epithelium triggers neutrophil infiltration without mucosal injury. Gut 2005; 54:1565-72. [PMID: 15987794 PMCID: PMC1774758 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.061168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neutrophil migration in the intestine depends on chemotaxis of neutrophils to CXC chemokines produced by epithelial cells. The goal of this project was to determine if acute induction of a CXC chemokine gradient originating from intestinal epithelial cells is sufficient to induce neutrophil influx into intact intestinal tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS The authors developed a double transgenic mouse model with doxycycline induced human IL-8 expression restricted to intestinal epithelial cells. Doxycycline treatment of double transgenic mice for three days resulted in a 50-fold increase in the caecal IL-8 concentration and influx of neutrophils into the lamina propria. Although neutrophils entered the paracellular space between epithelial cells, complete transepithelial migration was not observed. Doxycycline treatment also increased the water content of the caecal and colonic stool, indicating dysfunctional water transport. However, the transmural electrical resistance was not decreased. Neutrophils recruited to the intestinal epithelium did not show evidence of degranulation and the epithelium remained intact as judged by histology. CONCLUSIONS This conditional transgenic model of chemokine expression provides evidence that acute induction of IL-8 in the intestinal epithelium is sufficient to trigger neutrophil recruitment to the lamina propria, but additional activation signals are needed for full activation and degranulation of neutrophils, mucosal injury, and complete transepithelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kucharzik
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, 105D Whitehead Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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159
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Panichi V, Taccola D, Rizza GM, Consani C, Ghiadoni L, Filippi C, Cristofani R, Panicucci E, Migliori M, Sidoti A, Biagioli M, Boracelli D, Barsotti G, Tetta C. Interleukin-8 Is a Powerful Prognostic Predictor of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Dialytic Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 102:c51-8. [PMID: 16224196 DOI: 10.1159/000088923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cohort studies have demonstrated an association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) appears to be not only the plasma expression of the acute-phase response but also a direct pathogenetic mediator of the atherosclerotic process. METHODS To evaluate the role of IL-8 in predicting outcome, 76 chronic dialytic patients were prospectively followed for 18 months. At baseline, blood samples were taken for analysis of high-sensitivity CRP, IL-6, IL-8 and other standard laboratory analyses. RESULTS Median IL-8 was 5.2 mg/l, therefore near half of the patients had IL-8 values within the range of 'normal limits'. IL-6 and CRP were significantly correlated (r = 0.45, p < 0.001) and a positive correlation was also found between IL-6 and IL-8 (r = 0.39, p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient between IL-6 and CRP was 0.43 (p < 0.001) and 0.50 (p < 0.001) in patients without and with history and/or clinical signs of cardiovascular disease, respectively. After a follow-up of 1.5 years, 8 patients had died from cardiovascular causes and another 7 patients for other reasons; furthermore 9 major nonfatal cardiovascular events were recorded. Stepwise regression analysis showed IL-8 as the strongest independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular events (p = 0.0025) even after adjustment for age and dialytic age, followed by IL-6 and CRP (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Despite a small population and a relatively short follow-up period, this study firstly demonstrated that IL-8 is a powerful independent predictive factor for cardiovascular and overall mortality cause in ESRD patients.
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160
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-8 contributes to cancer progression through its multiple functions. Its angiogenic effects are well known, but more recently it has been found to be mitogenic for some cancer cells. Many cancer cells constitutively produce IL-8 and also express the IL-8 receptors, CXCR1 and 2 on the cell membrane. It has been established that IL-8 is an autocrine growth factor for a variety of human cancer cells. The mitogenic effects of IL-8 directly stimulate growth of cancer mass, and it may play a critical role for cancer cells to regrow in metastatic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ming Zhu
- University of Sheffield Medical School, Institute for Cancer Studies, Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Genomic Medicine, Sheffield, UK.
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161
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Kinoshita M, Okada M, Hara M, Furukawa Y, Matsumori A. Mast Cell Tryptase in Mast Cell Granules Enhances MCP-1 and Interleukin-8 Production in Human Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:1858-63. [PMID: 15976326 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000174797.71708.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have highlighted the pathogenetic importance of chronic inflammation in cardiovascular disorders such as congestive heart failure and atherosclerosis. Mast cells release a wide variety of immune mediators that may initiate inflammatory responses, whereas endothelial cells (ECs) play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases by secreting cytokines. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of mast cells as an activator of ECs. METHODS AND RESULTS ECs harvested from human umbilical cord veins were stimulated with mast cell granules (MCGs) prepared from sonicated human leukemic mast cells. The supernatants and total RNA from cells were collected. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor remained unchanged up to 24 hours. In contrast, levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-8 increased significantly within 6 hours. Northern blot analysis revealed an increase in MCP-1 and IL-8 mRNA expression in MCG-treated ECs. Induction of these chemokines was attenuated by antitryptase neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, MCP-1 and IL-8 were induced in ECs by incubation with human mast cell tryptase, but not with chymase. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the production of MCP-1 and IL-8 in ECs was induced by MCG and amplified by tryptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin, Kyoto, 606-8397, Japan
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162
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Boldrini L, Gisfredi S, Ursino S, Lucchi M, Mussi A, Basolo F, Pingitore R, Fontanini G. Interleukin-8 in non-small cell lung carcinoma: relation with angiogenic pattern and p53 alterations. Lung Cancer 2005; 50:309-17. [PMID: 16125276 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Progression of solid tumors, including NSCLC, is associated with increase in MVC (microvessel count), as a measure of tumor angiogenesis resulting from an imbalance between angiogenic factors and inhibitors. However, since tumor angiogenesis is a multi-step process under the control of various molecules, the mechanism of angiogenesis has not been fully clarified. Interleukin (IL)-8 has been shown to have a potential angiogenic effect in vitro and in vivo, and is overexpressed in several human solid cancers. Among the various angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to correlate with a high MVC and with adverse prognosis in several human cancers, including NSCLC. Alterations of p53 suppressor gene are the most common genetic changes found in malignant tumors; several studies examined the link between aberrant p53 and angiogenesis in lung cancer, but only a few studies report data regarding a relation between p53 mutations and IL-8 expression. In this study we observed a correlation between IL-8 mRNA expression, intratumoral MVC and VEGF mRNA expression levels; furthermore, an aberrant p53 status was related to IL-8 expression. However, in our samples IL-8 levels did not significantly affect prognosis of NSCLC; more studies are required to elucidate the precise role of IL-8 in a large series of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, p53
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Mutation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Survival Analysis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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163
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Matsui S, Matsumoto H, Sonoda Y, Ando K, Aizu-Yokota E, Sato T, Kasahara T. Glycyrrhizin and related compounds down-regulate production of inflammatory chemokines IL-8 and eotaxin 1 in a human lung fibroblast cell line. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:1633-44. [PMID: 15454116 PMCID: PMC7106177 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (GL) is known to have various immunomodulating activities and has long been used clinically as an anti-allergic and anti-hepatitis agent. While the potency of GL against lung inflammatory diseases has been expected, the effect of GL on the lung has been poorly understood. Lung fibroblasts are known as a potent producer of inflammatory chemokines, IL-8 and eotaxin 1, by which neutrophils and eosinophils are strongly attracted during inflammation. Therefore, we studied the effects of GL on the production of these chemokines using a human fetal lung fibroblast cell line, HFL-1, stimulated with TNF-alpha and IL-4. Moreover, we examined the structure-activity relationships of GL to explore more beneficial compounds. 18alpha,beta-GL inhibited IL-8 dose-dependently and inhibited eotaxin 1 slightly. 18alpha,beta-Glycyrrhetic acid (GA) did not inhibit IL-8 but inhibited eotaxin 1. The effect of 18alpha,beta-glycyrrhetic acid monoglucuronide (MGA) resembled that of 18alpha,beta-GL but was weaker. Both 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-18beta-11-deoxo-olean-12-en-30-oic acid (11-deoxo-GL) and 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-olean-11,13,(18)-dien-30-oic acid (hetero-GL) exhibited inhibitory activity with significant cytotoxicity. 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-Glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-18beta-olean-9,12-dien-30-oic acid (homo-GL) did not have cytotoxicity but its activity was mild like that of 18alpha,beta-GL. 3beta-[(2-O-beta-d-Glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-olean-11,13(18)-dien-30-ol (hetero-30-OH-GL) and 3beta-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy]-18beta-olean-9,12-dien-30-ol (homo-30-OH-GL) showed potent inhibitory effects, at concentrations lower than 18alpha,beta-GL with no significant cytotoxicity. These results suggest that GL-related compounds are effective in reducing chemokine production and that GL-modified compounds including hetero-30-OH-GL and homo-30-OH-GL appear most beneficial in view of their inhibitory capacity with less cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Matsui
- International Department, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 8-10-22, Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroatsu Matsumoto
- Research Laboratory, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-2-3, Komatsubara, Zama, Kanagawa 228-0002, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sonoda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kumi Ando
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Eriko Aizu-Yokota
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Toshitsugu Sato
- Research Laboratory, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-2-3, Komatsubara, Zama, Kanagawa 228-0002, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kasahara
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +81-3-5400-2697.
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164
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Kubo F, Ueno S, Hiwatashi K, Sakoda M, Kawaida K, Nuruki K, Aikou T. Interleukin 8 in human hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with cancer cell invasion of vessels but not with tumor angiogenesis. Ann Surg Oncol 2005; 12:800-7. [PMID: 16132378 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenic factor seems necessary for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is a hypervascular malignancy. This study examined the expression of interleukin (IL)-8, a potent angiogenic factor, in HCC samples. METHODS We measured IL-8 expression by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in clinical HCC tissues from 45 patients who underwent surgical resection. We then assessed correlations between IL-8 expression and microvessel growth or clinicopathologic factors. We also elucidated the in vitro effect of IL-8 on HepG2 development by using fluorometric assays of proliferation, chemotaxis, and invasion. RESULTS The expression of IL-8 did not significantly correlate with the microvessel count in HCC tissues, but the incidence of microscopic vessel invasion was significantly higher in IL-8-positive than in IL-8-negative tissues. Thus, more IL-8 was expressed in HCCs at pathologic stage III/IV than in those at stage I/II. Assays in vitro showed that IL-8 stimulates HepG2 chemotactic and invasive activities rather than cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The expression of IL-8 in human HCC has more relevance to metastatic potential, such as vessel invasion, than to angiogenesis or cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitake Kubo
- Course of Advanced Therapeutics, Field of Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology and Digestive Surgery, KagoshimaUniversity Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.
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165
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Uehara H, Troncoso P, Johnston D, Bucana CD, Dinney C, Dong Z, Fidler IJ, Pettaway CA. Expression of interleukin-8 gene in radical prostatectomy specimens is associated with advanced pathologic stage. Prostate 2005; 64:40-9. [PMID: 15651067 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that relative expression of E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and -9, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular permeability factor in radical prostatectomy specimens (RP) can distinguish organ-confined cancers from advanced prostate cancers. Here, we evaluate the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), two other genes involved in angiogenesis and metastasis, in RP specimens. METHODS The expression level of IL-8 and bFGF mRNA in the invasive edge of 41 prostate cancers of different stages was determined using a rapid colorimetric in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. Gene expression levels of IL-8 and bFGF were correlated with the Gleason score and pathologic stage to ascertain their relationship to prostate cancer progression. RESULTS The expression of IL-8 and bFGF genes was detected by ISH in histologically normal prostate gland epithelium as well as in glands with foci of cancer. Increased mRNA expression of IL-8 was associated with both the Gleason score and pathologic stage of tumors and distinguished organ-confined from non-confined tumors (P = 0.002). In contrast, the expression of bFGF mRNA did not correlate with the Gleason score or pathologic stage. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of Il-8 mRNA, but not bFGF mRNA, in RP specimens is directly associated with progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Uehara
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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167
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Ito K, Mizutani A, Kira S, Mori M, Iwasaka H, Noguchi T. Effect of Ulinastatin, a human urinary trypsin inhibitor, on the oleic acid-induced acute lung injury in rats via the inhibition of activated leukocytes. Injury 2005; 36:387-94. [PMID: 15710155 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2004.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is often caused by fat tissue embolism. One of the most common animal models of ARDS is produced by direct administration of oleic acid (OA). Activated leukocytes are critically involved in the pathological mechanism in this model. Human urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) is known to inhibit production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which potently stimulates leukocyte activation. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether UTI improves OA-induced lung injury in rats by inhibiting activated leukocytes via TNF-alpha production. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were subjected to a single intravenous administration of OA into the pedicle vein. Acute lung injury was evaluated by arterial blood gases and histological changes in lungs. Pulmonary vascular permeability, accumulation of neutrophils, and the levels of TNF-alpha in lung tissues were also examined. Rats were divided into four experimental groups: a sham operated, OA, OA + UTI, and OA + nitrogen mustard (NM)-induced leukocytopenia group. UTI was intravenously administered 30 min before OA administration. Leukocytopenia was induced by the administration of NM. RESULTS UTI significantly improved the OA-induced histological changes for 4 h after OA administration. The OA-induced reduction of PaO2, the increase of pulmonary vascular permeability, and the levels of MPO activity and TNF-alpha in lung tissues were significantly improved in rats administrated UTI. The effects in the leukocytopenia group were similar to those in the UTI-administered group. CONCLUSION Leukocytes play a critical role in the development of OA-induced lung injury. It was suggested that UTI contributed to the reduction in the OA-induced lung injury by inhibiting TNF-alpha and thereby suppressing leukocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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168
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Morozumi T, Kubota T, Sugita N, Itagaki M, Yoshie H. Alterations of gene expression in human neutrophils induced by smoking cessation. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:1110-6. [PMID: 15560814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of smoking cessation on the peripheral neutrophil mRNA expression levels for inflammatory cytokines, chemokine, growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixteen male smokers (aged 22-39 [25.3+/-4.0] years), with no clinical signs of periodontal and systemic diseases, were recruited. The experiment was performed before (baseline) and at 1, 4 and 8 weeks after smoking cessation. The status of smoking and smoking cessation was verified by exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) concentration and serum cotinine concentration. Neutrophils were isolated from each subjects' peripheral blood, then the cell was stimulated with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). The mRNA expression levels for interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and MMP-8 were analyzed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions. The same experiment was performed on 11 non-smoking controls (four female and seven male), aged 23-27 (24.4+/-1.2) years. RESULTS Eleven of 16 smokers successfully completed smoking cessation for 8 weeks. At 1 day after smoking cessation, there was a statistically significantly lower CO concentration than at baseline (p<0.01). Also, cotinine concentration markedly decreased at the second measurement, which was taken at 1 week. All of the analyzed mRNA expression levels of neutrophils from smokers were statistically significantly lower than that in non-smokers (p<0.01: IL-1 beta, IL-8, VEGF; p<0.05: TNF-alpha, MMP-8). The MMP-8 mRNA levels were statistically significantly increased at 8 weeks after smoking cessation compared with the baseline (p<0.05). Although the other mRNA expression levels were also elevated gradually from the baseline, they did not reach the statistically significant levels at 8 weeks after smoking cessation. CONCLUSION The results showed that the neutrophil transcript levels in smokers were generally lower than those in non-smokers, which could be related to an impairment of neutrophils by smoking effects. The significant increase of MMP-8 mRNA levels were associated with the effects of smoking cessation, while recovery of the other mRNA levels seemed to require a bit longer period beyond 8 weeks after smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Morozumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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169
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Lu CH, Chao PC, Borel CO, Yang CP, Yeh CC, Wong CS, Wu CT. Preincisional intravenous pentoxifylline attenuating perioperative cytokine response, reducing morphine consumption, and improving recovery of bowel function in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:1465-1471. [PMID: 15502050 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000132974.32249.c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine release during surgery can produce a long-lasting hyperalgesia. Thus, preoperatively-administered cytokine inhibitors might reduce the production of cytokines, decreasing central nervous system sensitization and improving the quality of postoperative pain relief. We investigated the hypothesis that preincisional IV pentoxifylline (PTX) treatment could attenuate the release of proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8) and antiinflammatory (IL-1 receptor antagonist) cytokines in patients who underwent elective colorectal cancer surgery. Forty patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups of 20 each: the PTX group received a PTX 5 mg/kg IV infusion before the induction of anesthesia, whereas the control group received an equal volume of normal saline. Venous blood samples were obtained at frequent intervals. After surgery, all patients received patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine for postoperative pain relief. Patients in the PTX group exhibited longer PCA trigger times, less morphine consumption, and a faster return of bowel function compared with patients in the control group. Moreover, the plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1 receptor antagonist were less in the treatment group, and there was no significant difference in wound infections, tumor recurrence, or metastatic rates between groups during a 2-yr follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chueng-He Lu
- Departments of *Anesthesiology and †Colon and Rectal Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, National Defense University, Taipei, Taiwan; and ‡Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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170
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Sparmann A, Bar-Sagi D. Ras-induced interleukin-8 expression plays a critical role in tumor growth and angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 2004; 6:447-58. [PMID: 15542429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of Ras oncogenes in promoting cellular transformation is well established. However, the contribution of Ras signaling to interactions between tumor cells and their host environment remains poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that the inflammatory mediator interleukin-8 (CXCL-8/IL-8) is a transcriptional target of Ras signaling. Using a tumor xenograft model, we show that Ras-dependent CXCL-8 secretion is required for the initiation of tumor-associated inflammation and neovascularization. Collectively, our data identify a novel mechanism by which the Ras oncogene can elicit a stromal response that fosters cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Sparmann
- Graduate Program in Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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171
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Lund BT, Ashikian N, Ta HQ, Chakryan Y, Manoukian K, Groshen S, Gilmore W, Cheema GS, Stohl W, Burnett ME, Ko D, Kachuck NJ, Weiner LP. Increased CXCL8 (IL-8) expression in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 155:161-71. [PMID: 15342208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS which is characterized by large mononuclear cell infiltration and significant demyelination. CXCL8 is a chemo-attractant for both neutrophils and monocytes and triggers their firm adhesion to endothelium. In this study, we demonstrate that serum CXCL8 and CXCL8 secretion from PBMCs are significantly higher in untreated MS patients compared to controls and are significantly reduced in MS patients receiving interferon-beta1a therapy. We suggest that CXCL8 may serve as a marker of monocyte activity in MS and may play a role in monocyte recruitment to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett T Lund
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, MCH-142, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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172
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De Larco JE, Wuertz BRK, Furcht LT. The Potential Role of Neutrophils in Promoting the Metastatic Phenotype of Tumors Releasing Interleukin-8. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:4895-900. [PMID: 15297389 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, several groups have shown a direct correlation between the inappropriate or ectopic release of interleukin (IL)-8 by tumor cells in vitro and their growth and metastatic potential using in vivo models of tumor growth. IL-8 is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant. Neutrophils, as "early responders" to wounds and infections, release enzymes to remodel the extracellular matrix of the tissues through which they migrate to reach the site of the wound or infection. It is proposed that the host's cellular response to IL-8 released by tumor cells enhances angiogenesis and contributes to tumor growth and progression. The activities released by the responding neutrophils could serve as enablers of tumor cell migration through the extracellular matrix, helping them enter the vasculature and journey to new, metastatic sites. The reactive oxygen species produced by neutrophilic oxidases to kill invading organisms have the potential to interact with tumor cells to attenuate their apoptotic cascade and increase their mutational rate. It is proposed that the increase in metastatic potential of tumors ectopically releasing IL-8 is, in part, attributable to their ability to attract neutrophils. Discussed here are possible mechanisms by which the neutrophils responding to ectopic IL-8 contribute to the in vivo growth, progression, and metastatic potential of tumor cells. Possible targets are also presented for the development of therapies to attenuate the effects of the ectopic IL-8 release by tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E De Larco
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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173
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Monteseirín J, Chacón P, Vega A, El Bekay R, Alvarez M, Alba G, Conde M, Jiménez J, Asturias JA, Martínez A, Conde J, Pintado E, Bedoya FJ, Sobrino F. Human neutrophils synthesize IL-8 in an IgE-mediated activation. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:692-700. [PMID: 15178703 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0903441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that neutrophils are responsible for the release of large amounts of the inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8), associated with inflammation. To further define the mechanisms implicated, we have analyzed the response of human neutrophils from allergic patients to specific antigens or challenge with anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibodies. Neutrophils showed a dose- and time-dependent production of IL-8. The release of the cytokine was parallel to expression of IL-8 mRNA analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction. This expression was transient-it occurred after 3 h of anti-IgE treatment and was maintained for 18 h. Trifluoperazine, EGTA, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase inhibitors, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers inhibited IL-8 production, indicating a critical dependence of calcium and oxidative stress. Moreover, an inhibitory effect of cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressor that inhibits calcineurin activity, on IL-8 release and IL-8 mRNA expression was observed. This is the first evidence of the involvement of ROS and calcium/calcineurin in IgE-dependent IL-8 production. These findings open new perspectives into the functional role of neutrophils in IgE-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Monteseirín
- Departamento de Medicina, Servicio de Immunología y alergia, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
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174
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Itou T, Yoshida Y, Shoji Y, Sugisawa H, Endo T, Sakai T. Molecular cloning and expression of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) interleukin-8. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 65:1351-4. [PMID: 14709826 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bottlenose dolphin interleukin (IL)-8 cDNA was molecularly cloned. The dolphin IL-8 has an open reading frame of 303-bp encoding 101 amino acids. The homology of the amino acid sequence with that of other species was: sheep, 89.1%; cattle, 88.1%; pig, 85.1%; dog, 85.1%; horse, 79.2%; human, 74.5%; and macaque, 72.3%. The amino acid sequence suggested that dolphin IL-8 was a CXC chemokine. The recombinant dolphin IL-8 protein was recognized with anti-ovine IL-8 monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Itou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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175
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Sakamoto H, Sakamaki T, Kanda T, Tsuchiya Y, Sato M, Sato H, Oyama Y, Sawada Y, Tamura JI, Nagai R, Kurabayashi M. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor is an Autocrine Growth Factor for Cardiac Myxoma Cells. Circ J 2004; 68:488-93. [PMID: 15118294 DOI: 10.1253/circj.68.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac myxomas are generally considered benign, but malignant tumors have been reported. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic factor, plays a role in the growth, progression, and metastasis of solid tumors and it has been reported that VEGF expression is upregulated in cardiac myxomas that have a high microvessel density. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cardiac myxoma cells possess a VEGF-autocrine system that regulates tumor growth. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of VEGF and its receptors, VEGFR-1 (flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR/flk-1), in the cytoplasm of tumor cells from 18 of 18 myxoma tissue specimens examined. Two different myxoma cell lines were established and constitutively secreted large amounts of VEGF as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of VEGF, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 mRNA was detected in both cell lines by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Myxoma cell proliferation, as determined by thymidine incorporation, was enhanced by the addition of VEGF in a dose-dependent manner, and cell proliferation was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of a neutralizing VEGF antibody. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that cardiac myxoma cells possess a VEGF-autocrine system, which could contribute to the malignant potential of histologically benign myxomas through direct stimulation of tumor cell growth as well as through induction of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironosuke Sakamoto
- Departments of General Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Maebashi, Japan.
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176
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Sims-Mourtada JC, Guzman-Rojas L, Rangel R, Nghiem DX, Ullrich SE, Guret C, Cain K, Martinez-Valdez H. In vivo expression of interleukin-8, and regulated on activation, normal, T-cell expressed, and secreted, by human germinal centre B lymphocytes. Immunology 2003; 110:296-303. [PMID: 14632656 PMCID: PMC1783051 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell homing within germinal centres (GCs) is required for humoral B-cell responses. However, the mechanisms implicated in the recruitment of T cells into the GC are not completely understood. Here we show, by immunohistology, and Northern and Western blots, that in vivo human GC B lymphocytes can express CxC and CC chemokines. Moreover, B-cell subset-specific experiments reveal that interleukin (IL)-8 and regulated on activation, normal, T-cell expressed, and secreted (RANTES) are predominantly expressed by GC centroblast and centrocytes, suggesting that chemokine expression is essential at stages in which B-lymphocytes engage in active antigen-dependent interactions with T lymphocytes. In keeping with this hypothesis, we show that the T cells recruited into the GC correlatively express the receptors for IL-8 and RANTES. We propose that chemokine expression is a key B-cell function that facilitates T-lymphocyte recruitment into the GCs and supports cognate B-cell : T-cell encounters. Moreover, our data are consistent with the impaired homing of T cells to secondary lymphoid organs in mice that are either deficient in CC and CxC chemokines or their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliana Guzman-Rojas
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USA
| | - Roberto Rangel
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USA
| | - Dat X Nghiem
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Kelly Cain
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USA
| | - Hector Martinez-Valdez
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USA
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177
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De Larco JE, Wuertz BRK, Yee D, Rickert BL, Furcht LT. Atypical methylation of the interleukin-8 gene correlates strongly with the metastatic potential of breast carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:13988-93. [PMID: 14623984 PMCID: PMC283533 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2335921100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that a strong correlation exists between the metastatic potential of breast carcinoma cell lines and their ectopic expression of IL-8. The undifferentiated, highly metastatic cell lines with high metastatic potential produce much more IL-8 than their differentiated lower metastatic counterparts. After eliminating the possibility that transcription factor activity was responsible for differences in IL-8 release, we examined the IL-8 gene for possible epigenetic modifications. Here, we report an aberrant methylation pattern that may be responsible for the differences in IL-8 release between the high and low metastatic cell lines. We determined that none of the deoxycytidylate-phosphate-deoxyguanylate (CpG) sites in the reported IL-8 promoter were methylated in either cell type. Much further upstream in the IL-8 gene, two CpG sites were identified that are differentially methylated. These two sites were fully methylated in the high metastatic cell lines, which produce large quantities of IL-8 and remain unmethylated in the low metastatic cell lines where the IL-8 gene is relatively silent. The DNA methylation results presented here differ from the common epigenetic paradigm in which methylation of promoter CpG islands silences gene expression, suggesting that there are additional epigenetic control mechanisms that as yet have not been fully appreciated or explored.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/secondary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Interleukin-8/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Luciferases/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E De Larco
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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178
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Shiohara M, Gombart AF, Sekiguchi Y, Hidaka E, Ito S, Yamazaki T, Koeffler HP, Komiyama A. Phenotypic and functional alterations of peripheral blood monocytes in neutrophil-specific granule deficiency. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 75:190-7. [PMID: 14576362 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0203063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency (SGD) is a rare, congenital disease characterized by atypical neutrophil structure and function, resulting in recurrent bacterial infections from early infancy. Homozygous recessive mutations in the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein epsilon (C/EBPepsilon) gene were described in two of five SGD patients, indicating loss of C/EBPepsilon function as the primary genetic defect in this disease. C/EBPepsilon is expressed in murine and human macrophages. Macrophages from the C/EBPepsilon-deficient mice show impaired differentiation, phagocytic activity, and transcription of macrophage-specific genes. To determine if monocyte/macrophage cells are impacted in SGD, we analyzed phenotypic features of peripheral blood (PB) monocytes in a SGD individual lacking functional C/EBPepsilon. Flow cytometric analysis of PB leukocytes revealed aberrant expression of CD45, CD11b, CD14, CD15, and CD16 on cells from the SGD individual. Also, the PB CD14(+) cells from this individual, weakly stained for the monocyte-specific enzyme, nonspecific esterase, and electron microscopic examination, indicated morphologic differences between the SGD cells and those from normal controls. Serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the SGD individual during a severe bacterial infection were lower compared with levels in other non-SGD individuals with sepsis. In contrast, serum IL-8 levels were markedly elevated in the SGD individual compared with those of non-SGD individuals in sepsis. PB CD14(+) cells from the SGD individual expressed higher IL-8 mRNA levels compared with normal controls in response to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma. These phenotypic and functional alterations of PB monocytes in the SGD individual suggest that C/EBPepsilon plays a critical role in monocyte/macrophage development of humans and is consistent with observations in the murine system. This study implicates abnormalities in monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils in the onset and development of SGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Shiohara
- Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621 Japan.
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179
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Owhashi M, Taoka Y, Ishii K, Nakazawa S, Uemura H, Kambara H. Identification of a ubiquitin family protein as a novel neutrophil chemotactic factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 309:533-9. [PMID: 12963022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil chemotaxis is a process that is essential for the recruitment of neutrophils to an inflamed site. In the present study, we found a remarkable increase in neutrophil chemotactic activity in the lysate of red blood cells (RBC) of mice infected with murine malaria, Plasmodium yoelii. A neutrophil chemotactic factor with an apparent molecular weight of 17 kDa (IP17) was isolated from RBC by a combination of anion-exchange chromatography on DE52 and cation-exchange chromatography on Mono S. A comprehensive GenBank database search of N-terminal amino acid sequences and MALDI-TOF mass analysis of IP17 revealed that IP17 is identical to a murine homologue of ISG15/UCRP, a member of the ubiquitin family of proteins that are inducible by interferon-beta. Recombinant mouse ISG15 showed neutrophil chemotactic activity comparable to that of natural IP17. IP17 showed specific chemotactic activity forward neutrophils and activated neutrophils to induce the release of eosinophil chemotactic factors. These results suggest that the ubiquitin family protein ISG15/UCRP has novel functions in neutrophil-mediated immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Owhashi
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan.
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180
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Kumar S, Bahn RS. Relative overexpression of macrophage-derived cytokines in orbital adipose tissue from patients with graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:4246-50. [PMID: 12970294 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disorder involving the adipose and connective tissues of the orbit. The study of cytokines present in these tissues may reveal the nature of the cells and immune responses involved in GO pathogenesis. In the current study, we performed relative quantification of the expression of cytokine genes in orbital adipose tissue from patients with GO (n = 6) and normal individuals (n = 2). Real-time RT-PCR was performed using fluorescent probes and primers for cytokines including IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha. Results showed IL-1 beta to be the gene having the greatest fold expression increase over normal in four of six patients. TNF-alpha was increased in all six GO patients. In addition, IL-8, IL-10, and IFN-gamma were increased in five of six GO patients. We found no evidence of either IL-4 or IL-5 expression in any of the GO or normal samples. The increased expression of the macrophage-derived cytokines IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-10 suggests the presence of macrophage activation and ongoing antigen presentation within the orbit in GO. In addition, the overexpression of IFN-gamma, without evidence of IL-4 or IL-5 expression, supports the concept that cell-mediated, rather than humoral, immunity plays the predominant role in pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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181
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Weber M, Sydlik C, Quirling M, Nothdurfter C, Zwergal A, Heiss P, Bell S, Neumeier D, Ziegler-Heitbrock HWL, Brand K. Transcriptional inhibition of interleukin-8 expression in tumor necrosis factor-tolerant cells: evidence for involvement of C/EBP beta. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23586-93. [PMID: 12707271 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211646200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is some evidence that the potent cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is able to induce tolerance after repeated stimulation of cells. To investigate the molecular mechanisms mediating this phenomenon, the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), which is regulated by transcription factors NF-kappaB and C/EBPbeta, was monitored under TNF tolerance conditions. Pretreatment of monocytic cells for 72 h with low TNF doses inhibited TNF-induced (restimulation with a high dose) IL-8 promoter-dependent transcription as well as IL-8 production. Under these conditions neither activation of NF-kappaB nor IkappaB proteolysis was affected after TNF re-stimulation, albeit a slightly reduced IkappaB-alpha level was found in the TNF pretreated but not re-stimulated sample. Remarkably, in tolerant cells an increased binding of C/EBPbeta to its IL-8 promoter-specific DNA motif as well as an elevated association of C/EBPbeta protein with p65-containing NF-kappaB complexes was observed. Finally, overexpression of C/EBPbeta, but not p65 or Oct-1, markedly prevented TNF-induced IL-8 promoter-dependent transcription. Taken together, these data indicate that the expression of IL-8 is inhibited at the transcriptional level in TNF-tolerant cells and C/EBPbeta is involved under these conditions in mediating the negative-regulatory effects, a mechanism that may play a role in inflammatory processes such as sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Weber
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 München, Germany
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182
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Ohashi K, Naruto M, Nakaki T, Sano E. Identification of interleukin-8 converting enzyme as cathepsin L. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1649:30-9. [PMID: 12818188 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IL-8 is produced by various cells, and the NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequence of IL-8 displays heterogeneity among cell types. The mature form of IL-8 has 72 amino acids (72IL-8), while a precursor form (77IL-8) of IL-8 has five additional amino acids to the 72IL-8 NH(2)-terminal. However, it has been unclear how IL-8 is processed to yield the mature form. In this study, converting enzyme was purified as a single 31-kDa band on silver-stained polyacrylamide gel from 160 l of cultured fibroblast supernatant by sequential chromatography. NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequence analysis revealed a sequence, EAPRSVDWRE, which was identified as a partial sequence of cathepsin L. Polyclonal antibodies raised against cathepsin L recognized the purified converting enzyme on Western blot. Moreover, human hepatic cathepsin L cleaved 77IL-8 between Arg(5) and Ser(6), which is the same cleavage site as the putative converting enzyme, resulting in 72IL-8 formation. These data indicate that the converting enzyme of the partially purified fraction of the human fibroblast culture supernatant was cathepsin L. Furthermore, 72IL-8 was sevenfold more potent than 77IL-8 in a neutrophil chemotaxis assay. These results show that cathepsin L is secreted from human fibroblasts in response to external stimuli and plays an important role in IL-8 processing in inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Ohashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc, 1111 Tebiro, Kanagawa Kamakura 248-8555, Japan.
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183
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Reale M, Di Giulio C, Cacchio M, Barbacane RC, Grilli A, Felaco M, Bianchi G, Di Gioacchino M, Conti P. Oxygen supply modulates MCP-1 release in monocytes from young and aged rats: decrease of MCP-1 transcription and translation is age-related. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 248:1-6. [PMID: 12870648 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024154704469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyper or hypoxia may affect the immune system's chemokine production. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), an important chemotactic cytokine can be activated by active oxygen species. Groups of rats were exposed to hypoxic and hyperoxic environmental conditions for 60 h and MCP-1 was determined in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells by Elisa and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). In this study we evaluated if the ability of monocytes to produce MCP-1 under basal conditions or after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was differently affected by exposure to hyper or hypoxic conditions in young and aged rats. MCP-1 expression and production in monocyte/macrophages from rats at normoxic conditions was reduced in aged subjects. However, spontaneous, LPS or PHA-induced MCP-1 production was up-regulated by exposure to hyperoxic conditions in both young (62 +/- 8, 99 +/- 7, 102 +/- 8 pg/ml, respectively) and aged rats (79 +/- 4, 112 +/- 9, 117 +/- 10 pg/ ml, respectively). We conclude that hyperoxia is an important regulator of MCP-1 release and support the hypothesis that increased % of O2 may serve to initiate MCP-1 production which then serves to recruit and regulate the distribution of mononuclear cells to the sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reale
- Immunology Division, Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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184
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Ribeiro FP, Furlaneto CJ, Hatanaka E, Ribeiro WB, Souza GM, Cassatella MA, Campa A. mRNA expression and release of interleukin-8 induced by serum amyloid A in neutrophils and monocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2003; 12:173-8. [PMID: 12857601 PMCID: PMC1781605 DOI: 10.1080/0962935031000134897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute phase response is a systemic reaction to inflammatory processes characterized by multiple physiological adaptations, including the hepatic synthesis of acute-phase proteins. In humans, serum amyloid A (SAA) is one of the most prominent of these proteins. Despite the huge increase of serum levels of SAA in inflammation, its biological role remains to be elucidated, even though SAA is undoubtedly active in neutrophils. In a previous study, we reported that SAA induces the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-8 from human blood neutrophils. Here, we extend our earlier study, focusing on the effect of SAA on neutrophil IL-8 transcription and on the signaling pathways involved. We demonstrate herein that SAA, in relatively low concentrations (0.4-100 microg/ml) compared with those found in plasma in inflammatory conditions, induces a dose-dependent release of IL-8 from neutrophils. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB 203580 inhibits the IL-8 mRNA expression and the release of protein from neutrophils. The release of IL-8 from SAA-stimulated neutrophils is strongly suppressed by the addition of N-acetyl-l-cysteine, alpha-mercaptoethanol, glutathione, and dexamethasone. SAA also induces IL-8 expression and release from monocytes. In conclusion, SAA appears to be an important mediator of the inflammatory process, possibly contributing to the pool of IL-8 produced in chronic diseases, which may play a role in degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pereira Ribeiro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-900, SP, Brazil
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185
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Kano R, Hasegawa A, Watanabe S, Sato H, Nakamura Y. Candida albicans induced interleukin 8 production by human keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2003; 31:233-5. [PMID: 12727029 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(03)00043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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186
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Song CH, Lee JS, Lee SH, Lim K, Kim HJ, Park JK, Paik TH, Jo EK. Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv-infected human monocytes. J Clin Immunol 2003; 23:194-201. [PMID: 12797541 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023309928879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) was investigated in human monocytes that were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Analysis of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and p38 kinase showed rapid phosphorylation of both subfamilies in response to M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Using highly specific inhibitors of p38 (SB203580) and of MAPK kinase-1 (U0126 and PD98059), we found that both p38 and ERK were essential for M. tuberculosis H37Rv-induced TNF-alpha production, whereas activation of the p38 pathway, but not that of ERK, was essential for M. tuberculosis H37Rv-induced IL-10 production. Interestingly, the ERK pathway, but not that of p38, was critical for MCP-1 secretion from human monocytes that were infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv. However, IL-8 secretion was not regulated by ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK. Collectively, these results suggest that induction of the MAPK pathway is required for the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-10, and MCP-1 by human monocytes during M. tuberculosis H37Rv infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hwa Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 6 Munhwa-dong, Jung-ku, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
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187
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Mulayim N, Palter SF, Kayisli UA, Senturk L, Arici A. Chemokine receptor expression in human endometrium. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:1491-5. [PMID: 12606476 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.009639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a role in endometrial physiology and pathology and may affect endometrial receptivity and menstrual shedding. Chemokines exert their effect by binding to their relevant receptors, the expression levels of which may modulate their action. In the present study, we examined the expression of chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 (receptors for interleukin-8) and CCR5 (receptor for RANTES [regulated-on-activation, normal-T-cell-expressed and -secreted], macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-1alpha, and MIP-1beta) in human endometrium. Human endometria (n = 35) were grouped according to the menstrual cycle phase and examined by immunohistochemistry for CXCR1, CXCR2, and CCR5. In both epithelial and stromal cells, CXCR1 and CXCR2 immunoreactivity was detected. Staining was most prominent at the apical and basal aspects of epithelial cells. Intense CCR5 immunostaining was observed in epithelial and stromal compartments throughout the menstrual cycle. Epithelial and stromal staining for CXCR1 reached a peak at the midsecretory phase, during which it was significantly higher than the level of staining during the proliferative phase (P < 0.05). Immunostaining for CXCR2 and CCR5 showed no significant variation across the menstrual cycle. Expression of interleukin-8 and RANTES in endometrium, together with the presence of their receptors, suggests that autocrine and paracrine interactions involving these chemokines may participate in endometrial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naciye Mulayim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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188
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Mulayim N, Palter SF, Selam B, Arici A. Expression and regulation of interleukin-8 in human fallopian tubal cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188:651-6. [PMID: 12634636 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2003.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human fallopian tube creates the microenvironment for fertilization and early embryogenesis. Salpingitis may result in infertility and ectopic pregnancy by causing tubal blockage and hydrosalpinx. To better understand the relationship between infectious inflammation and tubal damage, we investigated the expression and regulation of interleukin-8 in human tubal epithelial and stromal cells in culture. STUDY DESIGN Human fallopian tube epithelial and stromal cell cultures were used to measure interleukin-8 messenger RNA and interleukin-8 protein levels at basal conditions and after stimulation with interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Northern blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to evaluate messenger RNA and protein levels, respectively. RESULTS Tubal epithelial cells expressed high levels of interleukin-8 messenger RNA and secreted significantly more immunoreactive interleukin-8 into culture medium than did tubal stromal cells (2065 +/- 153 pg/mg vs 530 +/- 56 pg/mg of total protein, P <.01). Interleukin-1alpha and TNF-alpha treatments induced a concentration-dependent increase in interleukin-8 messenger RNA expression in both epithelial and stromal cells. However, at the protein level, although interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatments increased the secretion of interleukin-8 from stromal cells significantly, similar treatments had no effect on interleukin-8 secretion from epithelial cells. CONCLUSION The expression of interleukin-8 in human tubal epithelial and stromal cells is different. Interleukin-8 expression of tubal epithelial and stromal cells in response to inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha also varies. This may be important in the pathogenesis of salpingitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naciye Mulayim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn 06520, USA
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189
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Fujimori Y, Kataoka M, Tada S, Takehara H, Matsuo K, Miyake T, Okahara M, Yamadori I, Tanimoto M. The role of interleukin-8 in interstitial pneumonia. Respirology 2003; 8:33-40. [PMID: 12856739 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A variety of inflammatory cells accumulate in the lungs of patients with interstitial lung disease. The potential for IL-8 to be released from these cells into the lungs of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), interstitial pneumonia with collagen vascular disease (IP-CVD), sarcoidosis (SAR) and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) was investigated. METHODOLOGY IL-8 levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in BAL fluid and serum, and the expression of IL-8 in the lungs of these patients was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Serum IL-8 levels were significantly elevated in patients with IIP (P < 0.05) and SAR (P < 0.01). In BAL fluid, the IL-8 level was significantly higher in patients with IIP (P < 0.05), IP-CVD (P < 0.01), SAR (P < 0.01) and HP (P < 0.01). In several cases, IL-8 level correlated with neutrophil density. The IL-8 immunopositive cells were type II pulmonary epithelial cells and alveolar and interstitial macrophages in patients with IIP and IP-CVD. CONCLUSIONS IL-8 is likely to be a key factor in the pathogenesis of fibrosis of the lung and in lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Fujimori
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
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190
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Yamazaki K, Yamada E, Kanaji Y, Yanagisawa T, Kato Y, Takano K, Obara T, Sato K. Genes regulated by thyrotropin and iodide in cultured human thyroid follicles: analysis by cDNA microarray. Thyroid 2003; 13:149-58. [PMID: 12699589 DOI: 10.1089/105072503321319459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin (TSH) regulates a number of genes in thyrocytes, leading to iodide uptake, de novo synthesis and release of thyroid hormones, and cell proliferation, accompanied by increased blood flow. At higher doses of iodide, however, the TSH-induced increases in thyroid hormone release and blood flow are downregulated, and high iodide intake occasionally worsens autoimmune thyroiditis. To elucidate the genes involved in such effects, we cultured human thyrocytes and examined genes modulated by TSH and iodide, using a cDNA microarray study, which can analyze 2400 genes in each run. When thyroid follicles were cultured with TSH for 2 days, more than 100 genes were upregulated. These genes included those for enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, adenylate and guanylate cyclases, and enzyme involved in cell proliferation. When thyroid follicles were cultured with high iodide concentrations (10(-5) M) for 24 hours, more than 100 genes were upregulated. Interesting genes were interleukin-8, IFP53, 90-kd heat shock protein, osteopontin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. These results were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by Southern blot hybridization. In summary, TSH upregulated a number of genes regulating thyroid functions. It is intriguing that thyroid follicles cultured with a high iodide concentration (10(-5) M) increased the expression levels of genes capable of modulating lymphocyte functions, even though immunocompetent cells were extensively removed by the present experimental culture conditions. Although we have analyzed only approximately 6%-8% of all human genes, the cDNA microarray study is a powerful tool to elucidate the effects of TSH and iodide on thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Yamazaki
- Thyroid Disease Institute, Kanaji Hospital, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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191
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Wierda WG, Johnson MM, Do KA, Manshouri T, Dey A, O'Brien S, Giles FJ, Kantarjian H, Thomas D, Faderl S, Lerner S, Keating M, Albitar M. Plasma interleukin 8 level predicts for survival in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2003; 120:452-6. [PMID: 12580959 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The malignant B cells of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) constitutively express interleukin 8 (IL-8) and IL-8 receptors. Ex vivo culture with exogenous IL-8 enhances IL-8 expression and prolongs leukaemia cell survival, partly through increased bcl-2 expression. IL-8 may function as an autocrine growth and apoptosis resistance factor in CLL. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic relevance of plasma IL-8 levels in 151 CLL patients [median age 61 years (range, 32-84 years), median plasma IL-8 level 18.9 pg/ml (9.1-89.1 pg/ml)]. All Rai stages were represented; advanced stage was associated with significantly higher plasma IL-8 levels (P < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis). Also, plasma IL-8 level was correlated with serum beta2-microglobulin (beta2-M) (R = 0.24, P = 0.0081), haemoglobin (R = -0.39, P < 0.0001) and platelet count (R = -0.23, P = 0.0049) by Spearman's rank correlation. Univariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards models identified elevated IL-8 and beta2-M as significant prognostic factors with relative risks of 7.43 (P = 9.1 x 10(-9)) and 16.40 (P = 5.9 x 10(-10)) respectively. High levels of IL-8 were associated with shorter survival independent of beta2-M level. Using recursive-partitioning procedures, an IL-8 cut-off point of 26.2 pg/ml segregated a group of CLL patients with significantly shorter survival (median 9.3 months) (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, plasma IL-8 level in CLL patients correlates with other prognostic factors, such as Rai stage and beta2-M, and is associated with increased risk of death in CLL patients. The role of IL-8 inhibitors in the treatment of patients with CLL should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Wierda
- Department of Leukaemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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192
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Mahad DJ, Ransohoff RM. The role of MCP-1 (CCL2) and CCR2 in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Semin Immunol 2003; 15:23-32. [PMID: 12495638 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-5323(02)00125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest inflammatory demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS). In MS, CNS inflammation is associated with demyelination and axonal degeneration, which leads to clinical presentation. Expression and cellular localization of CCL2/MCP-1 and CCR2 in MS have been described in the three compartments: brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Evidence from descriptive, transgenic, knockout and neutralizing studies of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) points towards a nonredundant role of CCL2 and CCR2 in the recruitment of inflammatory infiltrate into the CNS. Hence, CCL2 and CCR2 may be targets for specific and effective treatment in MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Cerebrospinal Fluid/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL2/cerebrospinal fluid
- Chemokine CCL2/immunology
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/blood
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/cerebrospinal fluid
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/blood
- Multiple Sclerosis/cerebrospinal fluid
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/blood
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Don J Mahad
- Department of Neurosciences, Mail Code NC30, The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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193
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Schaider H, Oka M, Bogenrieder T, Nesbit M, Satyamoorthy K, Berking C, Matsushima K, Herlyn M. Differential response of primary and metastatic melanomas to neutrophils attracted by IL-8. Int J Cancer 2003; 103:335-43. [PMID: 12471616 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IL-8 is a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils, and it is constitutively produced by many tumors, including human melanomas. To determine the biologic importance of IL-8 for melanoma cells from primary and metastatic lesions, we transduced selected cell lines constitutively producing low levels of IL-8 with IL-8 cDNA using a replication-deficient adenoviral vector. Nontumorigenic SBcl2 primary melanoma cells formed tumors when transduced with increasing plaque-forming units of IL-8 per cell. However, at high IL-8 transduction levels (100 ng/ml/10(5) cells in 48 hr), tumor growth was impaired due to massive neutrophil infiltration. A similar biphasic response was observed in WM115 primary melanomas, which are tumorigenic but not metastatic. Depletion of neutrophils with an antibody that blocks the accumulation of granulocytes at the site of inflammation enabled transduced primary melanomas secreting high levels of IL-8 to survive and grow. In contrast, highly tumorigenic and metastatic 451Lu cells showed marked increases in tumor growth and number of metastatic foci in the lungs depending on the expression levels of IL-8. Cytotoxicity assays with isolated neutrophils confirmed the preferential killing of primary over metastatic melanoma cells. SBcl2 cells stimulated by IL-8 to form tumors in immunodeficient mice were induced to produce VEGF, suggesting that the angiogenic response is enhanced due to increased growth factor production. Our results demonstrate that nontumorigenic primary melanomas depend on IL-8 stimulation in vivo for growth and that tumor growth depends on the level of neutrophil infiltration. Metastatic melanomas proliferate in vivo independently of infiltrating neutrophils.
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194
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Sasaki T, Kano R, Sato H, Nakamura Y, Watanabe S, Hasegawa A. Effects of staphylococci on cytokine production from human keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:46-50. [PMID: 12534593 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus skin infection is characterized by the infiltration of numerous neutrophils within the epidermis; however, the precise mechanism of epidermal infiltration of neutrophils during skin infection with staphylococci is not well understood and the factors regulating the neutrophil recruitment are yet to be determined. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of staphylococci on cytokine production from keratinocytes, specifically to elucidate the mechanisms of neutrophil infiltration within the epidermis in cutaneous microbial infection. METHODS Cytokine production from human keratinocytes was examined after stimulation with heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and S. intermedius. RESULTS Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were detected in the culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay but IL-1beta, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha were not. IL-6 and IL-8 mRNAs were also confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the keratinocytes stimulated with killed staphylococci for 1, 3, 6, 10 and 24 h. CONCLUSIONS These results could explain the epidermal infiltration of neutrophils in cutaneous infection with staphylococci, suggesting that the analysis of cytokines might add valuable information for the pathogenesis of cutaneous infection with Staphylococcus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510, Japan
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195
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KITAZAWA H, INO T, KAWAI Y, ITOH T, SAITO T. Rapid activation of Mac-1(CD11b/CD18) molecules on macrophages by a new chemotactic factor ‘Gasserokine’ produced by Lactobacillus gasseri
JCM1131T. Anim Sci J 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1344-3941.2002.00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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196
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Ito K, Ozasa H, Yoneya R, Horikawa S. Splenectomy ameliorates hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury mediated by heme oxygenase-1 induction in the rat. LIVER 2002; 22:467-73. [PMID: 12445171 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.01685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induces severe organic injury. I/R injury seems to be mainly caused by oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the spleen in experimental hepatic I/R injury in the rat. Stress protein heme oxygenase (HO)-1 plays a protective role against the oxidative injury. In normal state, HO-1 is highly expressed in the spleen. METHODS Liver HO-1 expression was assessed by Western blot before and after splenects. Liver injury was assessed by measurement of ALT and AST and by histopathology. RESULTS Although HO-1 was not detected in normal liver, levels of HO-1 protein gradually increased and peaked on 3 days after splenectomy. When splenectomy was performed 3 days prior to the hepatic (45-min) ischemia followed by (2-h) reperfusion, the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), as markers for hepatic injury, were improved compared to the rats with I/R alone. In addition, prior administration of zinc-protoporphyrin IX, a specific inhibitor of HO, suppressed the protective effect of the splenectomy on the subsequent hepatic I/R injury. Histopathological examination also confirmed these results. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the elevated HO-1 levels by splenectomy play a protective role against hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ito
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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197
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Watanabe T, Higuchi K, Tanigawa T, Tominaga K, Fujiwara Y, Arakawa T. Mechanisms of peptic ulcer recurrence: role of inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 2002. [DOI: 10.1163/156856002321544765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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198
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Kosaka K, Fujiwara H, Tatsumi K, Yoshioka S, Sato Y, Egawa H, Higuchi T, Nakayama T, Ueda M, Maeda M, Fujii S. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) activates monocytes to produce interleukin-8 via a different pathway from luteinizing hormone/HCG receptor system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:5199-208. [PMID: 12414893 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate immune-endocrine interactions between the embryo and the mother early in pregnancy, we examined the effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on IL-8 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Recombinant HCG promoted IL-8 secretion by PBMC derived from nonpregnant women. The induction of IL-8 mRNA expression was observed after 30 min of HCG stimulation. Adsorption of the HCG with anti-HCG antibodies confirmed the specificity of this effect. The translocation of nuclear factor kappaB into the nucleus and subsequent IL-8 production were observed mainly in monocytes, and IL-8 production was reduced when a proteasome inhibitor was added to inactivate nuclear factor kappaB. Although fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled HCG was bound to the majority of monocytes, cell surface expression of HCG receptor was hardly detected. IL-8 production by HCG was not affected by inhibitors of protein kinases A and C. In contrast, this stimulation was attenuated by D-mannose, which inhibits binding to C-type lectins. The basal IL-8 production by PBMC from women early in pregnancy was significantly elevated, compared with that from nonpregnant women. This study showed that human monocytes respond to HCG and secrete IL-8 through a pathway different from the HCG receptor system, suggesting that this glycoprotein hormone can react with not only endocrine cells but also immune cells early in pregnancy, probably via primitive systems such as C-type lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Kosaka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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199
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Khabar KSA, Polyak SJ. Hepatitis C virus-host interactions: the NS5A protein and the interferon/chemokine systems. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22:1005-12. [PMID: 12433279 DOI: 10.1089/107999002760624224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions that occur between viral proteins and host factors, such as cellular proteins and signal transduction machinery, have a significant influence on the replication, persistence, and pathogenesis of all viruses. This is exemplified by hepatitis C virus (HCV), which infects an estimated 3% of the world's population and is a significant cause of liver disease. HCV-host interactions also affect the outcome of interferon (IFN) antiviral therapy, which is effective only in certain patients. In this review, we focus on the HCV nonstructural 5A (NS5A) protein, a model for diverse virus-host interactions, and highlight the interaction of viruses, including HCV, with the chemokine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S A Khabar
- Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Deregowski V, Delhalle S, Benoit V, Bours V, Merville MP. Identification of cytokine-induced nuclear factor-kappaB target genes in ovarian and breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:873-81. [PMID: 12213581 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
NF-kappaB is a pleiotropic transcription factor controlling the expression of many genes and viruses. NF-kappaB plays a role in immune response, cellular adhesion or acute phase response. It also inhibits apoptosis and favors cancer cell survival. We studied the expression of genes controlled by NF-kappaB in ovarian and breast adenocarcinoma cancer cells. We stably transfected OVCAR-3 and MCF7 A/Z cells with an expression vector coding for the mutated inhibitor IkappaBalpha, which sequesters NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. We stimulated control and IkappaBalpha expressing cells with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha and extracted the RNA, which was reverse-transcribed and hybridized to DNA microarrays. Several of the genes identified were not known as NF-kappaB target genes. Among them, we confirmed the differential expression of ephrin-A1 and caveolin-1 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results showed an NF-kappaB-dependent induction of ephrin-A1 and caveolin-1 mRNAs after stimulation with TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, confirming that NF-kappaB controls target genes implied in tumor angiogenesis and cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Deregowski
- Laboratories of Clinical Chemistry and Human Genetics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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