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Role of Inflammation in Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:491-501. [PMID: 31705510 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are too multifactorial to be defined as a primarily inflammatory disorder, and increased inflammatory response is not specific to mental disorder only. Numerous factors are involved in neuroinflammation, and there also are many confounding variables, making it difficult to obtain consistent outcomes. Therefore, it is necessary to specify genetic, physiological, and epidemiological attributes of particular population groups vulnerable to inflammatory response as well as the disease subtypes. As of now, definitive inflammatory markers for psychiatric disorders have not been identified, but they could be very useful in patients with minimal vulnerability. In addition, it is possible to use inflammatory markers as depression biomarkers in subtypes of depression, which can serve as bases to develop medications to treat the disorder.
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152
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Sethi R, Gómez-Coronado N, Walker AJ, Robertson OD, Agustini B, Berk M, Dodd S. Neurobiology and Therapeutic Potential of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Inhibitors for Inflammation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:605. [PMID: 31551825 PMCID: PMC6738329 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, are associated with significant illness burden. Accumulating evidence supports an association between these disorders and inflammation. Consequently, anti-inflammatory agents, such as the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, represent a novel avenue to prevent and treat neuropsychiatric illness. In this paper, we first review the role of inflammation in psychiatric pathophysiology including inflammatory cytokines' influence on neurotransmitters, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and microglial mechanisms. We then discuss how cyclooxygenase-2-inhibitors influence these pathways with potential therapeutic benefit, with a focus on celecoxib, due to its superior safety profile. A search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and PsychINFO databases, in addition to Clinicaltrials.gov and the Stanley Medical Research Institute trial registries. The results were presented as a narrative review. Currently available outcomes for randomized controlled trials up to November 2017 are also discussed. The evidence reviewed here suggests cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, and in particular celecoxib, may indeed assist in treating the symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders; however, further studies are required to assess appropriate illness stage-related indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickinder Sethi
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nieves Gómez-Coronado
- Unidad de Gestión Clinica Salud Mental, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Adam J Walker
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Oliver D'Arcy Robertson
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruno Agustini
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Seetal Dodd
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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153
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Bavaresco DV, Colonetti T, Grande AJ, Colom F, Valvassori SS, Quevedo J, da Rosa MI. Efficacy of Celecoxib Adjunct Treatment on Bipolar Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:19-28. [PMID: 30398124 DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666181105162347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by mood disturbances. The pathophysiology of BD is still poorly understood. In the last years, research studies focused on the role of inflammation in BD. OBJECTIVE Performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the potential effect of the cyclo- oxygenases (Cox)-2 inhibitor Celecoxib adjunct treatment in BD through randomized controlled trials (RCT). METHODS A search on the electronic databases was proceeded, on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Biomed Central, Web of Science, IBECS, LILACS, PsycINFO, Congress Abstracts, and Grey literature (Google Scholar and the British Library) for studies published from January 1990 to February 2018. A search strategy was developed using the terms: "Bipolar disorder" or "Bipolar mania" or "Bipolar depression" or "Bipolar mixed" or "Bipolar euthymic" and "Celecoxib" or "Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors" or "Cox-2 inhibitors" as text words and Medical Subject Headings (i.e., MeSH and EMTREE) and searched. The therapeutic effects of adjunctive treatment with Celecoxib were analyzed. The meta-analysis was performed including the results of the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) at the end of RCT. RESULTS Three primary studies were included in the systematic review, with a total of 121 patients. The meta-analysis showed a significant effect on the YMRS scores from patients with BD who used Celecoxib adjuvant treatment in comparison to placebo. CONCLUSION The systematic review suggests that adjuvant treatment with Celecoxib improves the response of major treatments in patients with BD when compared with adjuvant placebo treatment. Systematic Review Registration Number: The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42017067635); in June 06 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Bavaresco
- Translational Biomedicine Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tamy Colonetti
- Translational Biomedicine Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Antônio J Grande
- Laboratorio de Evidencias em Saude, Mestrado Profissional Ensino em Saude, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, MS, Brazil
| | - Francesc Colom
- Mental Health Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar-CIBERSAM, Barcelona-Catalonia, Barcelona, Brazil
| | - Samira S Valvassori
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria I da Rosa
- Translational Biomedicine Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
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154
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Devulder J, Tsicopoulos A, Duez C. Neuroendocrine control of natural killer cell function through the checkpoint molecule PD-1. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:109-111. [PMID: 30467417 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Devulder
- Pulmonary Immunity, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France.,CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne Tsicopoulos
- Pulmonary Immunity, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France.,CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France.,Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France.,Clinique des Maladies Respiratoires et Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, 59037, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Duez
- Pulmonary Immunity, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France. .,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France. .,CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France. .,Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France.
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155
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Bendorius M, Po C, Muller S, Jeltsch-David H. From Systemic Inflammation to Neuroinflammation: The Case of Neurolupus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3588. [PMID: 30428632 PMCID: PMC6274746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It took decades to arrive at the general consensus dismissing the notion that the immune system is independent of the central nervous system. In the case of uncontrolled systemic inflammation, the relationship between the two systems is thrown off balance and results in cognitive and emotional impairment. It is specifically true for autoimmune pathologies where the central nervous system is affected as a result of systemic inflammation. Along with boosting circulating cytokine levels, systemic inflammation can lead to aberrant brain-resident immune cell activation, leakage of the blood⁻brain barrier, and the production of circulating antibodies that cross-react with brain antigens. One of the most disabling autoimmune pathologies known to have an effect on the central nervous system secondary to the systemic disease is systemic lupus erythematosus. Its neuropsychiatric expression has been extensively studied in lupus-like disease murine models that develop an autoimmunity-associated behavioral syndrome. These models are very useful for studying how the peripheral immune system and systemic inflammation can influence brain functions. In this review, we summarize the experimental data reported on murine models developing autoimmune diseases and systemic inflammation, and we explore the underlying mechanisms explaining how systemic inflammation can result in behavioral deficits, with a special focus on in vivo neuroimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykolas Bendorius
- UMR 7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, École Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (ESBS), Laboratoire d'Excellence Médalis, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, 67412 Illkirch, France.
| | - Chrystelle Po
- ICube UMR 7357, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Sylviane Muller
- UMR 7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, École Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (ESBS), Laboratoire d'Excellence Médalis, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, 67412 Illkirch, France.
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Hélène Jeltsch-David
- UMR 7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, École Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (ESBS), Laboratoire d'Excellence Médalis, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, 67412 Illkirch, France.
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156
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The Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus Have Different Reactivities to Proinflammatory Stress: Corticosterone Levels, Cytokine Expression, and Synaptic Plasticity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-018-0665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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157
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Papargyri P, Zapanti E, Salakos N, Papargyris L, Bargiota A, Mastorakos G. Links between HPA axis and adipokines: clinical implications in paradigms of stress-related disorders. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2018; 13:317-332. [PMID: 30422016 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2018.1543585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the human organism, a constant interplay exists between the stress system [which includes the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis] and the adipose tissue. This interplay is mediated by hormones of the HPA axis such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids (GCs) and adipokines secreted by the adipose tissue. AREAS COVERED In this critical review, the bi-directional interactions between HPA axis and the most studied adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, as well as the pro-inflammatory adipocytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL) 6 are presented. Furthermore, these interactions are described in normalcy as well as in specific clinical paradigms of stress-related disorders such as eating disorders, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and stress-related endogenous hypercortisolism states. Wherever new therapeutic strategies emerge, they are presented accordingly. EXPERT COMMENTARY Additional research is needed to clarify the mechanisms involved in the interplay between the HPA axis and the adipose tissue. Research should be focused, in particular, on the development of new therapeutic means targeting dysfunctional adipose tissue in stress-related situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Papargyri
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Evangelia Zapanti
- b Department of Endocrinology , Alexandra Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Nicolaos Salakos
- c Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Loukas Papargyris
- d CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers , Angers , France
- e LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," , Angers , France
| | - Alexandra Bargiota
- f Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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158
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Furtado M, Chow CHT, Owais S, Frey BN, Van Lieshout RJ. Risk factors of new onset anxiety and anxiety exacerbation in the perinatal period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2018; 238:626-635. [PMID: 29957480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though more than 20% of women meet diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder during the perinatal period, very little is known about the predictors of these problems. As a result, we systematically reviewed the literature on risk factors for new onset anxiety and maternal anxiety exacerbation in the perinatal period. METHODS PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Ovid, ProQuest Portal, and Web of Science were searched for studies assessing risk factors for the development of new onset anxiety or anxiety worsening in women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. RESULTS 11,759 citations were identified, with 11 studies meeting eligibility criteria. New onset anxiety was assessed in 7 studies, anxiety worsening in 3, and 1 assessed both. Lower educational attainment, living with extended family members, multiparity, a family history of psychiatric disorders, hyperemesis gravidarum, comorbid sleep disorders, and prenatal oxytocin exposure were risk factors for new onset perinatal anxiety, while presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders and prenatal oxytocin were risk factors for anxiety worsening. LIMITATIONS Studies not explicitly stating whether participants had pre-existing anxiety disorders were excluded. As a result, meta-analysis was not possible for several risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for new onset anxiety and anxiety worsening during the perinatal period include psychological, social, and biological exposures. Given the lack of studies differentiating women with and without pre-existing anxiety disorders, additional research is required in order to determine whether these factors differ from the non-puerperal population, as well as from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Furtado
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada; Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl H T Chow
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sawayra Owais
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada; Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada; Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada; Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan J Van Lieshout
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada; Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada.
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159
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Georgopoulos AP, James LM, Christova P, Engdahl BE. A Two-Hit Model of The Biological Origin of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH & CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 2:9-14. [PMID: 30957105 PMCID: PMC6446559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder that can develop following exposure to a traumatic event. Although the cause of PTSD is known, the brain mechanisms of its development remain unknown, especially why it arises in some people but not in others. Most of the research on PTSD has dealt with psychological and brain mechanisms underlying its symptomatology, including intrusive memories, fear and avoidance (see ref.1 for a broad coverage of PTSD research)1. Here we focus, instead, on the origin of PTSD, namely on the neural mechanisms underlying its development. Specifically, we propose a two-hit model for PTSD development, with the following components. (a) The 1st hit is a neuroimmune challenge, as a preexisting condition, and the 2nd hit is intense glutamatergic neurotransmission, induced by the traumatic event; (b) the key molecule that mediates the effects of these two hits is intercellular adhesion molecule 5 (ICAM-5) which was found to be differentially expressed in PTSD2. ICAM-5 is activated by neuroimmune challenge3,4 and glutamatergic neurotransmission5,6, it further enhances glutamatergic transmission6, and exerts a potent effect on synapse formation and neural plasticity, in addition to immunoregulatory functions3,4,7; and (c) with respect to the neural network(s) involved, the brain areas most involved are medial temporal cortical areas, and interconnected cortical and subcortical areas8-10. We hypothesize that the net result of intense glutamatergic transmission in those areas induced by a traumatic event in the presence of ongoing neuroimmune challenge leads to increased levels of ICAM-5 which further enhances glutamatergic transmission and thus leads to a state of a neural network with highly correlated neural interactions, as has been observed in functional neuroimaging studies8-10. We assume that such a "locked-in" network underlies the intrusive re-experiencing in PTSD and maintains associated symptomatology, such as fear and avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos P. Georgopoulos
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Brain Sciences Center Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa M. James
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Brain Sciences Center Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peka Christova
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Brain Sciences Center Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian E. Engdahl
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Brain Sciences Center Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-dose hydrocortisone (LDH) enhances aspects of learning and memory in select populations including patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and HIV-infected men. HIV-infected women show impairments in learning and memory, but the cognitive effects of LDH in HIV-infected women are unknown. DESIGN Double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study examining the time-dependent effects of a single low-dose administration of hydrocortisone (10 mg oral) on cognition in 36 HIV-infected women. Participants were first randomized to LDH or placebo and then received the opposite treatment one month later. METHODS Cognitive performance was assessed 30 min and 4 h after pill administration to assess, respectively, nongenomic and genomic effects. Self-reported stress/anxiety and salivary cortisol were assessed throughout sessions. RESULTS LDH significantly increased salivary cortisol levels versus placebo; levels returned to baseline 4-h postadministration. At the 30-min assessment, LDH enhanced verbal learning and delayed memory, working memory, behavioral inhibition, and visuospatial abilities. At the 4-h assessment, LDH enhanced verbal learning and delayed memory compared with placebo. LDH-induced cognitive benefits related to reductions in cytokines and to a lesser extent to increases in cortisol. CONCLUSION The extended benefits from 30 min to 4 h of a single administration of LDH on learning and delayed memory suggest that targeting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may have potential clinical utility in HIV-infected women. These findings contrast with our findings in HIV-infected men who showed improved learning only at the 30-min assessment. Larger, longer term studies are underway to verify possible cognitive enhancing effects of LDH and the clinical significance of these effects in HIV.
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161
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Besedovsky HO. The immune system as a sensorial system that can modulate brain functions and reset homeostasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1437:5-14. [PMID: 30126011 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that activated immune cells release products, typically cytokines, that can convey information to the brain about the type of ongoing peripheral immune responses. This evidence led colleagues and me to categorize the immune system as another sensorial system that, upon receiving this information, can emit neuroendocrine signals with immunoregulatory functions that can also reset homeostatic mechanisms. Here, I discuss evidence and clues indicating (1) possible mechanisms by which cytokines, such as those of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) family, can reset energy homeostasis to balance the high fuel requirement of the immune system and the brain; and (2) the possibility that the tripartite synapse, which includes astrocytes as a third component, processes and integrates immune signals at brain levels with other sensorial signals that the central nervous system permanently receives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo O Besedovsky
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Marburg, Germany
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162
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Crotti C, Biggioggero M, Becciolini A, Favalli EG. Sarilumab: patient-reported outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. PATIENT-RELATED OUTCOME MEASURES 2018; 9:275-284. [PMID: 30154675 PMCID: PMC6108331 DOI: 10.2147/prom.s147286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, strategies for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been increasingly oriented toward more comprehensive control of the disease, taking into account even RA extra-articular manifestations, comorbidities, and the patient’s perception about the disease. The need for improving the shared decision-making process suggested by European League Against Rheumatism recommendations is leading to an increasing interest in the role of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) beside the usual more objective criteria for defining clinical response based on disease-activity composite indices. Measurement of such PROs as pain or fatigue may be significantly influenced by mood disorders often complicating RA, the pathogenesis of which is deeply interconnected with phlogistic processes mediated by proinflammatory cytokines. IL6 is a pleiotropic mediator involved in neuroendocrine and neuropsychological processes, besides its well known effects on immune, cardiovascular, and metabolic systems. Therefore, there is a growing body of evidence about the efficacy of IL6 blockade in PRO improvement in RA patients. Sarilumab is a monoclonal antibody binding both soluble and membrane-bound IL6Rα, inhibiting the IL6-mediated signaling pathway with favorable efficacy and safety profile. This review analyzes the importance of PROs in strategies for the management of RA and the pathogenic mechanisms linking IL6 with the patient’s perception of the disease. Moreover, the main findings from sarilumab randomized controlled trials are summarized in detail, emphasizing the potential role of this IL6 blocker in the holistic treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Crotti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Health Community, University of Milan.,Division of Rheumatology, Gaetano Pini Institute, Milan, Italy
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163
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Roggero E, Del Rey A, Wildmann J, Besedovsky H. Glucocorticoids and sympathetic neurotransmitters modulate the acute immune response to Trypanosoma cruzi. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1437:83-93. [PMID: 30088661 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that natural and adaptive immune responses can trigger neuroendocrine responses. Here, we discuss changes in the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and in autonomic nerves, predominantly of the sympathetic nervous system, in a mouse model of acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. The endocrine response includes a marked increased release of glucocorticoid and a decrease of immune-stimulatory hormones, such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, prolactin, and growth hormone during infection. These endocrine changes result in reduced proinflammatory cytokine production, increased regulatory/effector T cell ratio, and thymus atrophy. The sympathetic activity in the spleen of infected mice is also markedly reduced. However, the residual sympathetic activity can modulate the immune response to the parasite, as shown by increased mortality and production of proinflammatory cytokines in sympathetically denervated, infected mice. The outcome of the neuroendocrine response is the moderation of the intensity of the immune response to the parasite, an effect that results in delayed mortality in susceptible mice, and favors the course toward chronicity in more resistant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Roggero
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Adriana Del Rey
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Wildmann
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hugo Besedovsky
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Marburg, Germany
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Sedghamiz H, Morris M, Craddock TJA, Whitley D, Broderick G. High-fidelity discrete modeling of the HPA axis: a study of regulatory plasticity in biology. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:76. [PMID: 30016990 PMCID: PMC6050677 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a central regulator of stress response and its dysfunction has been associated with a broad range of complex illnesses including Gulf War Illness (GWI) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Though classical mathematical approaches have been used to model HPA function in isolation, its broad regulatory interactions with immune and central nervous function are such that the biological fidelity of simulations is undermined by the limited availability of reliable parameter estimates. METHOD Here we introduce and apply a generalized discrete formalism to recover multiple stable regulatory programs of the HPA axis using little more than connectivity between physiological components. This simple discrete model captures cyclic attractors such as the circadian rhythm by applying generic constraints to a minimal parameter set; this is distinct from Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) models, which require broad and precise parameter sets. Parameter tuning is accomplished by decomposition of the overall regulatory network into isolated sub-networks that support cyclic attractors. Network behavior is simulated using a novel asynchronous updating scheme that enforces priority with memory within and between physiological compartments. RESULTS Consistent with much more complex conventional models of the HPA axis, this parsimonious framework supports two cyclic attractors, governed by higher and lower levels of cortisol respectively. Importantly, results suggest that stress may remodel the stability landscape of this system, favoring migration from one stable circadian cycle to the other. Access to each regime is dependent on HPA axis tone, captured here by the tunable parameters of the multi-valued logic. Likewise, an idealized glucocorticoid receptor blocker alters the regulatory topology such that maintenance of persistently low cortisol levels is rendered unstable, favoring a return to normal circadian oscillation in both cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor expression. CONCLUSION These results emphasize the significance of regulatory connectivity alone and how regulatory plasticity may be explored using simple discrete logic and minimal data compared to conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Sedghamiz
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, 14621 US
| | - Matthew Morris
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, 14621 US
| | - Travis J. A. Craddock
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 8501 SW 124th Avenue, Davie, 33183 US
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Computer Science, and Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, 8501 SW 124th Avenue, Davie, 33183 US
| | - Darrell Whitley
- School of Computer Science, Colorado State University, University Ave, Fort Collins, 80521 US
| | - Gordon Broderick
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, 14621 US
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, One Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, 14623 US
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165
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Yeoh SW, Holmes ACN, Saling MM, Everall IP, Nicoll AJ. Depression, fatigue and neurocognitive deficits in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatol Int 2018; 12:294-304. [PMID: 29931590 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-018-9879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection experience a range of symptoms including depression, fatigue and neurocognitive deficits, impairing quality of life. Depression, in particular, may be reactive to increased psychosocial stress, and the physical symptoms of advanced HCV or associated comorbidities. However, even patients at an early stage of HCV infection, with minimal hepatic inflammation or comorbidities, report more depressive symptoms and fatigue than the general population. Similarly, specific neurocognitive deficits occur in early stage HCV infection and are independent of the presence of depression or encephalopathy. Therefore, intracerebral neurobiological changes associated with HCV may potentially explain these symptoms. These changes may arise from infiltration of the brain by peripherally induced cytokines, as well as direct neuropathic effects of HCV viral particles penetrating the blood-brain barrier. These phenomena parallel those reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HCV-associated intracerebral changes include upregulated inflammatory responses, altered neurotransmitter levels, hormonal dysregulation, and release of neurotoxic substances. These may subsequently lead to abnormal neuronal conduction and function in areas of the brain governing affective responses, emotional processing, motivation, attention and concentration. Although direct-acting antiviral medications lead to high rates of HCV clearance, intracerebral changes may not be subsequently reversed and symptoms of depression, fatigue and neurocognitive deficits may persist. There is an ongoing role for multidisciplinary care and pharmacotherapy to manage these symptoms in HCV patients. Furthermore, there may be opportunities for future therapies to specifically target and ameliorate HCV-associated intracerebral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sern Wei Yeoh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health, 3 West, Building B, 8 Arnold St, Box Hill, VIC, 3128, Australia.
| | - Alex C N Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan St, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Michael M Saling
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, 12th Floor, Redmond Barry Building, Parkville Campus, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia, 3010.,Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Austin Health, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, 300 Waterdale Rd, Ivanhoe, VIC, 3079, Australia.,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ian P Everall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan St, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Amanda J Nicoll
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health, 3 West, Building B, 8 Arnold St, Box Hill, VIC, 3128, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan St, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
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166
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De Silva MSI, Dayton AW, Rhoten LR, Mallett JW, Reese JC, Squires MD, Dalley AP, Porter JP, Judd AM. Involvement of adenosine monophosphate activated kinase in interleukin-6 regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme in the bovine zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Steroids 2018; 134:53-66. [PMID: 29501754 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In bovine adrenal zona fasciculata (ZF) and NCI-H295R cells, interleukin-6 (IL-6) increases cortisol release, increases expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) (increases steroidogenic proteins), and decreases the expression of adrenal hypoplasia congenita-like protein (DAX-1) (inhibits steroidogenic proteins). In contrast, IL-6 decreases bovine adrenal zona reticularis (ZR) androgen release, StAR, P450scc, and SF-1 expression, and increases DAX-1 expression. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) activated kinase (AMPK) regulates steroidogenesis, but its role in IL-6 regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis is unknown. In the present study, an AMPK activator (AICAR) increased (P < 0.01) NCI-H295R StAR promoter activity, StAR and P450scc expression, and the phosphorylation of AMPK (PAMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (PACC) (indexes of AMPK activity). In ZR (decreased StAR, P450scc, SF-1, increased DAX-1) (P < 0.01) and ZF tissues (increased StAR, P450scc, SF-1, decreased DAX-1) (P < 0.01), AICAR modified StAR, P450scc, SF-1 and DAX-1 mRNAs/proteins similar to the effects of IL-6. The activity (increased PAMPK and PACC) (P < 0.01) of AMPK in the ZF and ZR was increased by AICAR and IL-6. In support of an AMPK role in IL-6 ZF and ZR effects, the AMPK inhibitor compound C blocked (P < 0.01) the effects of IL-6 on the expression of StAR, P450scc, SF-1, and DAX-1. Therefore, IL-6 modification of the expression of StAR and P450scc in the ZF and ZR may involve activation of AMPK and these changes may be related to changes in the expression of SF-1 and DAX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matharage S I De Silva
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Adam W Dayton
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Lance R Rhoten
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - John W Mallett
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jared C Reese
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mathieu D Squires
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Andrew P Dalley
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - James P Porter
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Allan M Judd
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States.
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de Abreu MS, Giacomini ACVV, Zanandrea R, Dos Santos BE, Genario R, de Oliveira GG, Friend AJ, Amstislavskaya TG, Kalueff AV. Psychoneuroimmunology and immunopsychiatry of zebrafish. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 92:1-12. [PMID: 29609110 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of neural and immune disorders, their etiology and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. As the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly utilized as a powerful model organism in biomedical research, mounting evidence suggests these fish as a useful tool to study neural and immune mechanisms and their interplay. Here, we discuss zebrafish neuro-immune mechanisms and their pharmacological and genetic modulation, the effect of stress on cytokines, as well as relevant models of microbiota-brain interplay. As many human brain diseases are based on complex interplay between the neural and the immune system, here we discuss zebrafish models, as well as recent successes and challenges, in this rapidly expanding field. We particularly emphasize the growing utility of zebrafish models in translational immunopsychiatry research, as they improve our understanding of pathogenetic neuro-immune interactions, thereby fostering future discovery of potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Ana C V V Giacomini
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Zanandrea
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna E Dos Santos
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Genario
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ashton J Friend
- Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine SB RAS, and Department of Neuroscience, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia; Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Pesochny, Russia; Laboratory of Translational Biopsychiatry, Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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168
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Rateni L, Lupo S, Racca L, Palazzi J, Ghersevich S. Assessing endocrine and immune parameters in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients before and after the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2018; 62:64-71. [PMID: 29694639 PMCID: PMC10118694 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective The present study compares immune and endocrine parameters between HIV-infected patients who underwent the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS-P) during antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HIV-patients who did not undergo the syndrome (non-IRIS-P). Materials and methods Blood samples were obtained from 31 HIV-infected patients (15 IRIS-P and 16 non-IRIS-P) before ART (BT) and 48 ± 2 weeks after treatment initiation (AT). Plasma Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-18 (IL-18) were determined by ELISA. Cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and thyroxin concentrations were measured using chemiluminescence immune methods. Results Concentrations of IL-6 (7.9 ± 1.9 pg/mL) and IL-18 (951.5 ± 233.0 pg/mL) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in IRIS-P than in non-IRIS-P (3.9 ± 1.0 pg/mL and 461.0 ± 84.4 pg/mL, respectively) BT. Mean T4 plasma level significantly decreased in both groups of patients after treatment (p < 0.05). In both groups cortisol levels were similar before and after ART (p > 0.05). Levels of DHEA-S in IRIS-P decreased AT (1080.5 ± 124.2 vs. 782.5 ± 123.8 ng/mL, p < 0.05) and they were significantly lower than in non-IRIS-P (782.5 ± 123.8 vs. 1203.7 ± 144.0 ng/mL, p < 0.05). IRIS-P showed higher values of IL-6 and IL-18 BT and lower levels of DHEA-S AT than in non-IRIS-P. Conclusion These parameters could contribute to differentiate IRIS-P from non-IRIS-P. The significant decrease in DHEA-S levels in IRIS-P after ART might suggest a different adrenal response in these patients, which may reflect the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rateni
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sergio Lupo
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Liliana Racca
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jorge Palazzi
- Center for Assistance and Comprehensive Clinical Research, Rosario, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sergio Ghersevich
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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169
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Psychiatric Symptoms in Survivors of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Effects of Age, Sex, and Immune Modulation. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 14:960-967. [PMID: 28358594 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201606-468oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Psychiatric morbidity after acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is common, and our current ability to predict psychiatric symptoms based on patient- and illness-specific factors is limited. OBJECTIVES We assessed symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in long-term survivors of ARDS, as well as the associated changes in cortisol levels. METHODS The participants were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or placebo conducted at three academic medical centers. There were 132 patients enrolled, and 44 patients completed 6-month follow-up questionnaires (45% of survivors). RESULTS Six months after enrollment, survivors completed the Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome 10 Questions Inventory, Impact of Event Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess psychiatric symptoms. Plasma cortisol levels during treatment were measured by immunoassay. Thirty-six percent of patients reported significant psychiatric symptoms on at least one scale. GM-CSF-treated patients reported more severe posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms than patients in the placebo group. In multiple regression analyses, younger age, female sex, higher severity of illness, fewer steroid treatment days, and GM-CSF treatment were all independently associated with more severe psychiatric symptoms on at least one scale. CONCLUSIONS 6 months after ARDS, age, sex, illness severity, steroids, and GM-CSF treatment were associated with psychiatric symptom scores. These associations should be confirmed in a larger population. Clinical Trial registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00201409).
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170
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Niemegeers P, De Boer P, Dumont GJH, Van Den Eede F, Fransen E, Claes SJ, Morrens M, Sabbe BGC. Differential Effects of Inflammatory and Psychosocial Stress on Mood, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, and Inflammation in Remitted Depression. Neuropsychobiology 2018; 74:150-158. [PMID: 28445888 DOI: 10.1159/000466698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly recurrent. This may be due to increased stress sensitivity after remission. Both inflammatory and psychosocial stressors are implicated in the pathogenesis of MDD, but the additive or differential effect is unclear. METHODS We conducted a single-blind placebo-controlled study to investigate the effects of inflammatory stress (i.e., typhoid vaccination), psychosocial stress (i.e., Trier Social Stress Test [TSST]), or a combination of both in women (25-45 years old) with (partially) remitted recurrent MDD (n = 21) and healthy female controls (n = 18). We evaluated the effect on mood measured by the Profile of Mood States, markers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, and inflammatory system activation. The study was performed during 2 testing days, separated by a washout of 7-14 days. In a crossover design, subjects received one of the interventions on one day and placebo on the other. RESULTS A lowering of mood was seen in patients (β [95% CI] = -4.79 [-6.82 to -2.75], p < 0.001) only after vaccination, but not after the TSST or the combination; this effect was not observed in controls. Controls experienced a significantly different response on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) after vaccination, with a general rise in ACTH not observed in patients. In both groups, the TSST activated the HPA axis and suppressed the inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSIONS There is a differential effect of inflammatory and psychosocial stress on mood and HPA axis activation in patients with remitted recurrent MDD. This may be an interesting treatment target in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Niemegeers
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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171
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Tuchscherer M, Puppe B, Tuchscherer A, Kanitz E. Psychosocial stress sensitizes neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses to Escherichia coli challenge in domestic piglets. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 68:274-287. [PMID: 29102802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to psychosocial stress can have a profound impact on immune reactivity and health mediated by hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis activation. However, current knowledge regarding the mechanisms involved in cross-sensitization between stress and the immune system is limited. Here, we investigated the effects of a single social isolation followed by repeated oral Escherichia coli (E. coli) applications on cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), haptoglobin and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in the blood; on clinical signs of disease; and on mRNA expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2), TNF-α and IL-6 in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and spleen of 7-, 21- and 35-day-old piglets. Additionally, the protein levels of splenic TNF-α and IL-6 were analyzed. Non-isolated, E. coli-challenged piglets served as a control. Social isolation for 4 h induced a rise in the plasma cortisol concentrations immediately after social treatment and after repeated E. coli applications in isolated compared to non-isolated piglets. The circulating TNF-α concentration was not affected by social treatment. Furthermore, previously isolated piglets showed a higher frequency of signs of disease in response to E. coli challenge than non-isolated piglets, while the haptoglobin and CRP concentrations did not significantly differ between social treatments. In the brain, 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2 and IL-6 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and GR, and 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 mRNA expression in the PFC were higher in isolated, E. coli-challenged piglets than in the corresponding controls. Moreover, isolated piglets also displayed higher MR, 11β-HSD1 and IL-6 mRNA expression levels and TNF-α concentrations in the spleen. The stress-induced alterations in the hypothalamus and spleen were particularly pronounced in younger piglets. The present findings may contribute to a better understanding of the complex interplay between early psychological stress and an increased risk of disease and might also have implications on aspects of the health and welfare of farm animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Tuchscherer
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Birger Puppe
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ellen Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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Breen MS, Tylee DS, Maihofer AX, Neylan TC, Mehta D, Binder EB, Chandler SD, Hess JL, Kremen WS, Risbrough VB, Woelk CH, Baker DG, Nievergelt CM, Tsuang MT, Buxbaum JD, Glatt SJ. PTSD Blood Transcriptome Mega-Analysis: Shared Inflammatory Pathways across Biological Sex and Modes of Trauma. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:469-481. [PMID: 28925389 PMCID: PMC5770765 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome-wide screens of peripheral blood during the onset and development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicate widespread immune dysregulation. However, little is known as to whether biological sex and the type of traumatic event influence shared or distinct biological pathways in PTSD. We performed a combined analysis of five independent PTSD blood transcriptome studies covering seven types of trauma in 229 PTSD and 311 comparison individuals to synthesize the extant data. Analyses by trauma type revealed a clear pattern of PTSD gene expression signatures distinguishing interpersonal (IP)-related traumas from combat-related traumas. Co-expression network analyses integrated all data and identified distinct gene expression perturbations across sex and modes of trauma in PTSD, including one wound-healing module downregulated in men exposed to combat traumas, one IL-12-mediated signaling module upregulated in men exposed to IP-related traumas, and two modules associated with lipid metabolism and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity upregulated in women exposed to IP-related traumas. Remarkably, a high degree of sharing of transcriptional dysregulation across sex and modes of trauma in PTSD was also observed converging on common signaling cascades, including cytokine, innate immune, and type I interferon pathways. Collectively, these findings provide a broad view of immune dysregulation in PTSD and demonstrate inflammatory pathways of molecular convergence and specificity, which may inform mechanisms and diagnostic biomarkers for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Breen
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1668, New York, NY 10029, USA, Tel: +1 212 241 0242, Fax: 212 828 4221, E-mail:
| | - Daniel S Tylee
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology, Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab), SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Divya Mehta
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sharon D Chandler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan L Hess
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology, Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab), SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher H Woelk
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK,Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology, Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab), SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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173
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Justice NJ. The relationship between stress and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:127-133. [PMID: 29888308 PMCID: PMC5991350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is critically involved in the development and progression of disease. From the stress of undergoing treatments to facing your own mortality, the physiological processes that stress drives have a serious detrimental effect on the ability to heal, cope and maintain a positive quality of life. This is becoming increasingly clear in the case of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases involve the devastating loss of cognitive and motor function which is stressful in itself, but can also disrupt neural circuits that mediate stress responses. Disrupting these circuits produces aberrant emotional and aggressive behavior that causes long-term care to be especially difficult. In addition, added stress drives progression of the disease and can exacerbate symptoms. In this review, I describe how neural and endocrine pathways activated by stress interact with ongoing neurodegenerative disease from both a clinical and experimental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Justice
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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174
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Walker DJ, Spencer KA. Glucocorticoid programming of neuroimmune function. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 256:80-88. [PMID: 28728884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life physiological systems strive to maintain homeostasis and these systems are susceptible to exposure to maternal or environmental perturbations, particularly during embryonic development. In some cases, these perturbations may influence genetic and physiological processes that permanently alter the functioning of these physiological systems; a process known as developmental programming. In recent years, the neuroimmune system has garnered attention for its fundamental interactions with key hormonal systems, such as the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The ultimate product of this axis, the glucocorticoid hormones, play a key role in modulating immune responses within the periphery and the CNS as part of the physiological stress response. It is well-established that elevated glucocorticoids induced by developmental stress exert profound short and long-term physiological effects, yet there is relatively little information of how these effects are manifested within the neuroimmune system. Pre and post-natal periods are prime candidates for manipulation in order to uncover the physiological mechanisms that underlie glucocorticoid programming of neuroimmune responses. Understanding the potential programming role of glucocorticoids may be key in uncovering vulnerable windows of CNS susceptibility to stressful experiences during embryonic development and improve our use of glucocorticoids as therapeutics in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Walker
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen A Spencer
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, United Kingdom
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175
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Petrescu AD, Kain J, Liere V, Heavener T, DeMorrow S. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Dysfunction in Cholestatic Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:660. [PMID: 30483216 PMCID: PMC6240761 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis has an important role in maintaining the physiological homeostasis in relation to external and internal stimuli. The HPA axis dysfunctions were extensively studied in neuroendocrine disorders such as depression and chronic fatigue syndrome but less so in hepatic cholestasis, cirrhosis or other liver diseases. The HPA axis controls many functions of the liver through neuroendocrine forward signaling pathways as well as negative feedback mechanisms, in health and disease. This review describes cell and molecular mechanisms of liver and HPA axis physiology and pathology. Evidence is presented from clinical and experimental model studies, demonstrating that dysfunctions of HPA axis are correlated with liver cholestatic disorders. The functional interactions of HPA axis with the liver and immune system in cases of bacterial and viral infections are also discussed. Proinflammatory cytokines stimulate glucocorticoid (GC) release by adrenals but they also inhibit bile acid (BA) efflux from liver. Chronic hepatic inflammation leads to cholestasis and impaired GC metabolism in the liver, so that HPA axis becomes depressed. Recently discovered interactions of GC with self-oscillating transcription factors that generate circadian rhythms of gene expression in brain and liver, in the context of GC replacement therapies, are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D. Petrescu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Jessica Kain
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Liere
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Trace Heavener
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
- Department of Research Services, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Sharon DeMorrow
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176
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Dantzer R. Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:477-504. [PMID: 29351513 PMCID: PMC5866360 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied in isolation from each other. This has particularly been the case for the immune system. As a consequence of its ties with pathology and microbiology, immunology as a discipline has largely grown independently of physiology. Accordingly, it has taken a long time for immunologists to accept the concept that the immune system is not self-regulated but functions in close association with the nervous system. These associations are present at different levels of organization. At the local level, there is clear evidence for the production and use of immune factors by the central nervous system and for the production and use of neuroendocrine mediators by the immune system. Short-range interactions between immune cells and peripheral nerve endings innervating immune organs allow the immune system to recruit local neuronal elements for fine tuning of the immune response. Reciprocally, immune cells and mediators play a regulatory role in the nervous system and participate in the elimination and plasticity of synapses during development as well as in synaptic plasticity at adulthood. At the whole organism level, long-range interactions between immune cells and the central nervous system allow the immune system to engage the rest of the body in the fight against infection from pathogenic microorganisms and permit the nervous system to regulate immune functioning. Alterations in communication pathways between the immune system and the nervous system can account for many pathological conditions that were initially attributed to strict organ dysfunction. This applies in particular to psychiatric disorders and several immune-mediated diseases. This review will show how our understanding of this balance between long-range and short-range interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system has evolved over time, since the first demonstrations of immune influences on brain functions. The necessary complementarity of these two modes of communication will then be discussed. Finally, a few examples will illustrate how dysfunction in these communication pathways results in what was formerly considered in psychiatry and immunology to be strict organ pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
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177
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Brenhouse HC, Danese A, Grassi-Oliveira R. Neuroimmune Impacts of Early-Life Stress on Development and Psychopathology. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 43:423-447. [PMID: 30003509 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maltreatment and trauma in childhood, termed early-life stress (ELS), has long-term effects on the immune system. ELS impacts immune signaling at the time of exposure but also disrupts the developmental trajectory of certain immunological processes, both in the periphery and in the brain. One consequence of these early alterations is a heightened immune response to stressors later in life. However, chronic and sustained inflammatory response can also lead to excitotoxicity and prevent typical brain development. In this chapter, we discuss current progress toward understanding the contribution of neuroimmune signaling to ELS-attributable dysfunction or maladaptation with a focus on postnatal experiences. To do so we first present an operational definition of ELS. Then, we offer a brief overview of the immune system and neuroimmune development, followed by a section discussing the interaction between immunity, childhood trauma, and mental disorders in humans. We present evidence from animal models about immune alterations after ELS and discuss the ways in which ELS-induced immune changes ultimately affect brain and behavior, as well as the importance of individual differences and future directions in this field. Taken together, we submit that when encountered with ELS, some core brain circuits could develop differently via various mechanisms involving dysfunctional immune reprograming. However, given the remarkable plasticity of both the brain and the immune system, many of the deleterious effects of ELS may be mitigated with interventions that account for sex and target neuroimmune interactions over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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178
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O'Doherty DCM, Ryder W, Paquola C, Tickell A, Chan C, Hermens DF, Bennett MR, Lagopoulos J. White matter integrity alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:1327-1338. [PMID: 29265681 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition which can develop after exposure to traumatic stressors. Seventy-five adults were recruited from the community, 25 diagnosed with PTSD along with 25 healthy and 25 trauma-exposed age- and gender-matched controls. Participants underwent clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging. A previous voxel based morphometry (VBM) study using the same subject cohort identified decreased grey matter (GM) volumes within frontal/subcortical brain regions including the hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This study examines the microstructural integrity of white matter (WM) tracts connecting the aforementioned regions/structures. Using diffusion tensor imaging, we investigated the integrity of frontal/subcortical WM tracts between all three subject groups. Trauma exposed subjects with and without PTSD diagnosis were identified to have significant disruption in WM integrity as indexed by decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the uncinate fasciculus (UF), cingulum cingulate gyrus (CCG), and corpus callosum (CC), when compared with healthy non-trauma-exposed controls. Significant negative correlations were found between total Clinician Administered PTSD scale (CAPS) lifetime clinical subscores and FA values of PTSD subjects in the right UF, CCG, CC body, and right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). An analysis between UF and SLF FA values and VBM determined rostral ACC GM values found a negative correlation in PTSD subjects. Findings suggest that compromised WM integrity in important tracts connecting limbic structures such as the amygdala to frontal regions including the ACC (i.e., the UF and CCG) may contribute to impairments in threat/fear processing associated with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C M O'Doherty
- Brain and Mind Centre, 100 Mallett Street, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Will Ryder
- Brain and Mind Centre, 100 Mallett Street, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Casey Paquola
- Brain and Mind Centre, 100 Mallett Street, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Tickell
- Brain and Mind Centre, 100 Mallett Street, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Charles Chan
- Brain and Mind Centre, 100 Mallett Street, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Brain and Mind Centre, 100 Mallett Street, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Max R Bennett
- Brain and Mind Centre, 100 Mallett Street, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, Queensland, 4575, Australia
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179
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Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:657-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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180
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Du LY, Darroch H, Keerthisinghe P, Ashimbayeva E, Astin JW, Crosier KE, Crosier PS, Warman G, Cheeseman J, Hall CJ. The innate immune cell response to bacterial infection in larval zebrafish is light-regulated. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12657. [PMID: 28978916 PMCID: PMC5627239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12842-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock, which evolved to help organisms harmonize physiological responses to external conditions (such as the light/dark cycle, LD), is emerging as an important regulator of the immune response to infection. Gaining a complete understanding of how the circadian clock influences the immune cell response requires animal models that permit direct observation of these processes within an intact host. Here, we investigated the use of larval zebrafish, a powerful live imaging system, as a new model to study the impact of a fundamental zeitgeber, light, on the innate immune cell response to infection. Larvae infected during the light phase of the LD cycle and in constant light condition (LL) demonstrated enhanced survival and bacterial clearance when compared with larvae infected during the dark phase of the LD cycle and in constant dark condition (DD). This increased survival was associated with elevated expression of the zebrafish orthologues of the mammalian pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, Tumour necrosis factor-α, Interleukin-8 and Interferon-γ, and increased neutrophil and macrophage recruitment. This study demonstrates for the first time that the larval zebrafish innate immune response to infection is enhanced during light exposure, suggesting that, similar to mammalian systems, the larval zebrafish response to infection is light-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Y Du
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Darroch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pramuk Keerthisinghe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Elina Ashimbayeva
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn E Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guy Warman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James Cheeseman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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181
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Kuhlman KR, Chiang JJ, Horn S, Bower JE. Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:166-184. [PMID: 28577879 PMCID: PMC5705276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity has been repeatedly and robustly linked to physical and mental illness across the lifespan. Yet, the biological pathways through which this occurs remain unclear. Functioning of the inflammatory arm of the immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis are both hypothesized pathways through which childhood adversity leads to disease. This review provides a novel developmental framework for examining the role of adversity type and timing in inflammatory and HPA-axis functioning. In particular, we identify elements of childhood adversity that are salient to the developing organism: physical threat, disrupted caregiving, and unpredictable environmental conditions. We propose that existing, well-characterized animal models may be useful in differentiating the effects of these adversity elements and review both the animal and human literature that supports these ideas. To support these hypotheses, we also provide a detailed description of the development and structure of both the HPA-axis and the inflammatory arm of the immune system, as well as recent methodological advances in their measurement. Recommendations for future basic, developmental, translational, and clinical research are discussed.
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182
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Avitsur R, Paley S, Franko M, Wolff N, Eyal N, Doron R. Escitalopram or novel herbal treatments differentially alter cytokine and behavioral responses to immune challenge. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 309:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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183
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Iglesias-Osma MC, Blanco EJ, Carretero-Hernández M, García-Barrado MJ, Catalano-Iniesta L, Carretero M, Sánchez-Robledo V, Carretero J. Endothelial immunocytochemical expression of pituitary IL-1β and its relation to ACTH-positive cells is regulated by corticosterone in the male rat. Cytokine 2017; 99:9-17. [PMID: 28675823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a cytokine linking the neuroendocrine system and metabolic homeostasis. We have previously demonstrated the relevance of IL-1β for maintaining the pituitary ACTH-producing cells by immuno-blocking its effects in pituitary cultures. However, the morphological characteristics and the intimate relationship of the pituitary cells expressing IL-1β and ACTH remain unknown. For determining pituitary variations of immunoreactivity for IL-1β and its relation with ACTH-positive cells under stress situations, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of IL-1β and ACTH in the pituitary gland of adult rats, in the absence or presence of corticosterone, by establishing different groups: untreated, sham-operated, and bilaterally adrenalectomized animals. In the rats subjected to surgery, the glucocorticoid was administered on the same day of the intervention and on the third day post-surgery. Interestingly, it was observed that IL-1β was located in the pituitary endothelial cells at the hypophyseal portal vessels, regardless of the treatment schedule. When comparing the pituitary immunoreactive surface to IL-1β expression without corticosterone, adrenalectomized animals displayed a significantly greater area than the sham-operated animals. Corticosterone significantly inhibited the effect of adrenalectomy depending on the time interval it was administered. By in situ hybridization, IL-1β mRNA expression was also correlated with immnunocytochemical expression of pituitary IL-1β. Our results demonstrate that IL-1β is a constitutive element in endothelial portal pituitary vessels and under stress experimental conditions IL-1β increases its expression and its relation with ACTH-positive cells, suggesting that IL-1β could participate in an autocrine-paracrine fashion thereby modulating the pituitary population of ACTH-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Iglesias-Osma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique J Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - María José García-Barrado
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Leonardo Catalano-Iniesta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Carretero
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Virginia Sánchez-Robledo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Carretero
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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184
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Ngo Ndjom CG, Kantor LV, Jones HP. CRH Affects the Phenotypic Expression of Sepsis-Associated Virulence Factors by Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 1 In vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:263. [PMID: 28690980 PMCID: PMC5479890 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening health condition caused by infectious pathogens of the respiratory tract, and accounts for 28–50% of annual deaths in the US alone. Current treatment regimen advocates the use of corticosteroids as adjunct treatment with antibiotics, for their broad inhibitory effect on the activity and production of pro-inflammatory mediators. However, despite their use, corticosteroids have not proven to be able to reverse the death incidence among septic patients. We have previously demonstrated the potential for neuroendocrine factors to directly influence Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence, which may in turn mediate disease outcome leading to sepsis and septic shock. The current study investigated the role of Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in mediating key markers of pneumococcal virulence as important phenotypic determinants of sepsis and septic shock risks. In vitro cultures of serotype 1 pneumococcal strain with CRH promoted growth rate, increased capsule thickness and penicillin resistance, as well as induced pneumolysin gene expression. These results thus provide significant insights of CRH–pathogen interactions useful in understanding the underlying mechanisms of neuroendocrine factor's role in the onset of community acquired pneumonias (CAP), sepsis and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette G Ngo Ndjom
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science CenterFort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Lindsay V Kantor
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science CenterFort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Harlan P Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science CenterFort Worth, TX, United States
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185
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186
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Exposure to the Herbicide Atrazine Nonlinearly Affects Tadpole Corticosterone Levels. J HERPETOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1670/16-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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187
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Ghosh S, Sinha JK, Muralikrishna B, Putcha UK, Raghunath M. Chronic transgenerational vitamin B12 deficiency of severe and moderate magnitudes modulates adiposity-probable underlying mechanisms. Biofactors 2017; 43:400-414. [PMID: 28186655 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that severe but not moderate vitamin B12 deficiency altered body composition and induced adiposity in female C57BL/6 mice. This study aims to elucidate the effects of chronic transgenerational dietary vitamin B12 restriction on body composition and various biochemical parameters in the F1 generation offspring of our mouse models of severe and moderate vitamin B12 deficiency established earlier. Female weanling C57BL/6 mice received, ad libitum, for 4 weeks a (i) control diet, (ii) vitamin B12-restricted diet with pectin as dietary fiber (severely deficient diet), or (iii) vitamin B12-restricted diet with cellulose as dietary fiber (moderately deficient diet) and then mated with control males. The offspring of control and severely deficient dams continued on the respective diets of their mothers. Few moderately deficient dams were rehabilitated to control diet from parturition and their pups were weaned to control diet. Also, some offspring born to moderately B12 deficient dams were weaned to control diet, while others continued on the same diet as their mothers. Various parameters were determined in the F1 offspring after 12 and 36 weeks of feeding. The results indicate that both severe and moderate maternal vitamin B12 restrictions were associated with accelerated catch-up growth, increased body fat percentage, visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, fasting hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in the F1 offspring. Inflammation, increased glucocorticoid and oxidative stress and poor antioxidant defence probably underlie these adverse effects. Rehabilitation from parturition but not weaning was beneficial in delaying the onset of the adverse outcomes in the offspring. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(3):400-414, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Ghosh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), ICMR, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Sinha
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), ICMR, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Bojanapalli Muralikrishna
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), ICMR, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Uday Kumar Putcha
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), ICMR, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Manchala Raghunath
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), ICMR, Hyderabad, 500007, India
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188
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Onufriev MV, Freiman SV, Peregud DI, Kudryashova IV, Tishkina AO, Stepanichev MY, Gulyaeva NV. Neonatal Proinflammatory Stress Induces Accumulation of Corticosterone and Interleukin-6 in the Hippocampus of Juvenile Rats: Potential Mechanism of Synaptic Plasticity Impairments. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:275-281. [PMID: 28320268 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases in early postnatal ontogenesis can induce neuroinflammation, disrupt normal central nervous system development, and contribute to pathogenesis of cerebral pathologies in adults. To study long-term consequences of such early stress, we induced neonatal proinflammatory stress (NPS) by injecting bacterial lipopolysaccharide into rat pups on postnatal days 3 and 5 and then assessed the levels of corticosterone, proinflammatory cytokines and their mRNAs, and neurotrophins and their mRNAs in the hippocampus and neocortex of the one-month-old animals. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was studied in hippocampal slices as an index of synaptic plasticity. NPS-induced impairments of LTP were accompanied by the accumulation of corticosterone and IL-6 in the hippocampus. In the neocortex, a decrease in exon IV BDNF mRNA was detected. We suggest that excessive corticosterone delivery to hippocampal receptors and proinflammatory changes persisting during brain maturation are among the principal molecular mechanisms responsible for NPS-induced neuroplasticity impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Onufriev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
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Strickland J, McIlmoil S, Williams BJ, Seager DC, Porter JP, Judd AM. Interleukin-6 increases the expression of key proteins associated with steroidogenesis in human NCI-H295R adrenocortical cells. Steroids 2017; 119:1-17. [PMID: 28063793 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced cortisol release (CR) were investigated by exposing H295R cells to IL-6 and determining mRNA/protein expression (PCR/western blots) for steroidogenic enzymes (SE), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) (enhances SE/StAR expression), activator protein 1 (AP-1) (regulates SE/StAR expression) and adrenal hypoplasia congenita-like protein (DAX-1) (inhibits SE/StAR expression). Promoter activity of StAR (SPA) was measured by a luciferase-coupled promoter. Cortisol release was increased by 10ng/mL IL-6 (24h P<0.01). Proteins/mRNAs (StAR, cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, SF-1, AP-1) and SPA were increased by IL-6 (60min 1-50ng/mL IL-6; 5ng/mL IL-6 30-120min P<0.05). Four other SE proteins/mRNAs were also increased by 10ng/mL IL-6 (60min P<0.01). Protein/mRNA for DAX-1 was decreased by IL-6 (60min 1-50ng/mL IL-6; 5ng/mL IL-6 30-120min P<0.01). Phosphorylation of Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) was increased by IL-6 (JAK2 60min 1-50ng/mL IL-6; 10ng/mL IL-6 5-60min P<0.05; STAT1 and STAT3 60min 10ng/mL IL-6 P<0.01). Inhibition of JAK/STAT with AG490 (10μM) or piceatannol (50μM) blocked (P<0.01 10ng/mL IL-6vs. IL-6 plus AG490 or piceatannol) IL-6-induced increases in SPA and StAR mRNA. In summary, IL-6-induced CR may be facilitated by increased StAR and SE mediated by increased SF-1 and AP-1, decreased DAX-1, and increased phosphorylation of JAK/STAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janae Strickland
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, 2025 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Stephen McIlmoil
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, 2025 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Brice J Williams
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, 2025 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Dennis C Seager
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, 2025 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - James P Porter
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, 2025 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Allan M Judd
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, 2025 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States.
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190
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Pošćić N, Montanari T, D’Andrea M, Licastro D, Pilla F, Ajmone-Marsan P, Minuti A, Sgorlon S. Breed and adaptive response modulate bovine peripheral blood cells' transcriptome. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:11. [PMID: 28149510 PMCID: PMC5264304 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive response includes a variety of physiological modifications to face changes in external or internal conditions and adapt to a new situation. The acute phase proteins (APPs) are reactants synthesized against environmental stimuli like stress, infection, inflammation. METHODS To delineate the differences in molecular constituents of adaptive response to the environment we performed the whole-blood transcriptome analysis in Italian Holstein (IH) and Italian Simmental (IS) breeds. For this, 663 IH and IS cows from six commercial farms were clustered according to the blood level of APPs. Ten extreme individuals (five APP+ and APP- variants) from each farm were selected for the RNA-seq using the Illumina sequencing technology. Differentially expressed (DE) genes were analyzed using dynamic impact approach (DIA) and DAVID annotation clustering. Milk production data were statistically elaborated to assess the association of APP+ and APP- gene expression patterns with variations in milk parameters. RESULTS The overall de novo assembly of cDNA sequence data generated 13,665 genes expressed in bovine blood cells. Comparative genomic analysis revealed 1,152 DE genes in the comparison of all APP+ vs. all APP- variants; 531 and 217 DE genes specific for IH and IS comparison respectively. In all comparisons overexpressed genes were more represented than underexpressed ones. DAVID analysis revealed 369 DE genes across breeds, 173 and 73 DE genes in IH and IS comparison respectively. Among the most impacted pathways for both breeds were vitamin B6 metabolism, folate biosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Both DIA and DAVID approaches produced a high number of significantly impacted genes and pathways with a narrow connection to adaptive response in cows with high level of blood APPs. A similar variation in gene expression and impacted pathways between APP+ and APP- variants was found between two studied breeds. Such similarity was also confirmed by annotation clustering of the DE genes. However, IH breed showed higher and more differentiated impacts compared to IS breed and such particular features in the IH adaptive response could be explained by its higher metabolic activity. Variations of milk production data were significantly associated with APP+ and APP- gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Pošćić
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science (DI4A), University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Tommaso Montanari
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science (DI4A), University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Mariasilvia D’Andrea
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Danilo Licastro
- CBM S.c.r.l, SS 14 – km 163.5 AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, TS Italy
| | - Fabio Pilla
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Paolo Ajmone-Marsan
- Institute of Zootechnics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29133 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Institute of Zootechnics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29133 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Sandy Sgorlon
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science (DI4A), University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
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191
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Akcan N, Serakıncı N, Turkgenc B, Bundak R, Bahceciler N, Temel SG. A Novel TBX19 Gene Mutation in a Case of Congenital Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency Presenting with Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:64. [PMID: 28458651 PMCID: PMC5394421 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency (CIAD) is a rare disease characterized by low adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels. To date, recurrent pulmonary infections in infancy have not been reported as an accompanying symptom of CIAD. CASE PRESENTATION A 7-year-old boy was hospitalized nine times for recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. The results of all tests for the possible causes of wheezing were within the normal limits. His ACTH and cortisol levels were persistently low. All other pituitary hormone levels, and adrenal ultrasound and pituitary magnetic resonance imaging results, were normal. Molecular analyses confirmed the diagnosis of CIAD by identifying compound heterozygosity for two mutations in the TBX19 gene. The first was a novel frameshift c.665delG variant in exon 4 of the TBX19 gene, leading to premature termination that was predicted to result in a non-functional truncated protein. The second was a nonsense C-to-T transition in exon 6 of the TBX19 gene, resulting in an arg286-to-ter mutation (dbSNP: rs74315376). Both parents were heterozygous for one of the mutations. CONCLUSION Here, we presented a new mutation in the TBX19 gene in a patient with CIAD who presented with recurrent respiratory tract infections. This expands the mutation spectrum in this disorder. To conclude, adrenal insufficiency should be considered in patients with unexplained recurrent infections to prevent a delay in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Akcan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Near East, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nedime Serakıncı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Near East, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Burcu Turkgenc
- Genetic Diagnostic Center, University of Acıbadem, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ruveyde Bundak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Kyrenia, Kyrenia, Cyprus
| | - Nerin Bahceciler
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Near East, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sehime G. Temel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Near East, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Uludag, Bursa, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Sehime G. Temel,
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192
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The associations among vitamin D deficiency, C-reactive protein, and depressive symptoms. J Psychosom Res 2016; 90:98-104. [PMID: 27772566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to be associated with depression, but the underlying mechanisms aren't well understood. Our study aims to investigate the associations among serum vitamin D, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and depressive symptoms. METHODS Serum levels of Vitamin D and CRP were measured from 52,228 participants. Depressive symptoms were assessed using a Korean version of the CES-D scale. We used logistic regression to calculate the odds ratio (ORs) of depressive symptoms according to vitamin D and CRP levels. The regressions were adjusted for covariates, and each model was adjusted mutually for vitamin D and CRP levels. RESULTS A significant difference was found in vitamin D status between depressed and non-depressed participants, but CRP status was not significantly different. The OR for the presence of depressive symptoms was significantly increased in participants with vitamin D deficiency after adjusting for potentially confounding factors (Adjusted OR=1.158, 95% CI=1.003-1.336, p=0.046). The OR of depressive symptoms was not significantly increased in individuals with high (3.01-10mg/L) CRP level compared to individuals with low (≤3mg/L) CRP level (Adjusted OR=1.004, 95% CI=0.821-1.227, p=0.97). There was no significant association between vitamin D and CRP level. Additional adjustment for serum CRP level did not weaken the resulting association between vitamin D deficiency and the presence of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Vitamin D deficiency was associated with depressive symptoms, but elevated serum CRP level was not. The results indicate that CRP level does not account for the association between vitamin D deficiency and the presence of depressive symptoms.
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193
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Hypofunction in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) as a Consequence of Activated Immune-Inflammatory and Oxidative and Nitrosative Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6806-6819. [PMID: 27766535 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that immune-inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways play a role in the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). There is also evidence that these neuroimmune diseases are accompanied by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hypoactivity as indicated by lowered baseline glucocorticoid levels. This paper aims to review the bidirectional communications between immune-inflammatory and O&NS pathways and HPA axis hypoactivity in ME/CFS, considering two possibilities: (a) Activation of immune-inflammatory pathways is secondary to HPA axis hypofunction via attenuated negative feedback mechanisms, or (b) chronic activated immune-inflammatory and O&NS pathways play a causative role in HPA axis hypoactivity. Electronic databases, i.e., PUBMED, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were used as sources for this narrative review by using keywords CFS, ME, cortisol, ACTH, CRH, HPA axis, glucocorticoid receptor, cytokines, immune, immunity, inflammation, and O&NS. Findings show that activation of immune-inflammatory and O&NS pathways in ME/CFS are probably not secondary to HPA axis hypoactivity and that activation of these pathways may underpin HPA axis hypofunction in ME/CFS. Mechanistic explanations comprise increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, T regulatory responses with elevated levels of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β, elevated levels of nitric oxide, and viral/bacterial-mediated mechanisms. HPA axis hypoactivity in ME/CFS is most likely a consequence and not a cause of a wide variety of activated immune-inflammatory and O&NS pathways in that illness.
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194
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Chen TS, Wu YC, Chi SC. Decreasing salinity of seawater moderates immune response and increases survival rate of giant groupers post betanodavirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:325-334. [PMID: 27569983 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Giant groupers (Epinephelus lanceolatus), an important aquaculture fish in Asia, are attacked by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), belonging to betanodavirus. Environmental salinity can affect fish immunity and physiology. We examined whether decreasing salinity from 30 to 15 ppt during acclimation of groupers could affect survival with NNV infection and the associated factors. Although NNV infection decreased muscle moisture, up-regulated the gene expression of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter isoform 2, and elevated plasma cortisol level in groupers, these factors were not related to the higher mortality of groupers reared at 30-ppt salinity (S30-groupers), compared to 15-ppt reared groupers (S15-groupers). Infected S30-groupers exhibited high leukocyte count and innate immune gene expression level. Moreover, NNV-infected dead S30-groupers showed high IL-1β gene expression level but low NNV load in the brain. The high or excess IL-1β gene expression levels in the brain of NNV-infected S30-groupers may be the factor in high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tz-Shiang Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Shau-Chi Chi
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Jeon SW, Kim YK. Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: Cause or consequence in that illness? World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:283-293. [PMID: 27679767 PMCID: PMC5031928 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression results from changes in the central nervous system (CNS) that may result from immunological abnormalities. The immune system affects the CNS through cytokines, which regulate brain activities and emotions. Cytokines affect two biological systems that are most associated with the pathophysiology of depression: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the catecholamine/sympathetic nervous system. Neuroinflammation and cytokines affect the brain signal patterns involved in the psychopathology of depression and the mechanisms of antidepressants, and they are associated with neurogenesis and neural plasticity. These observations suggest that neuroinflammation and cytokines might cause and/or maintain depression, and that they might be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of depression. This psychoneuroimmunologic perspective might compensate for some of the limitations of the monoamine theory by suggesting that depression is a result of a failure to adapt to stress and that inflammatory responses and cytokines are involved in this process. In this review, the interactions of cytokines with the CNS, neuroendocrine system, neurotransmitters, neurodegeneration/neurogenesis, and antidepressants are discussed. The roles of cytokines in the etiology and psychopathology of depression are examined. The use of cytokine inhibitors or anti-inflammatory drugs in depression treatment is explored. Finally, the significance and limitations of the cytokine hypothesis are discussed.
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196
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Merlo E, Podratz PL, Sena GC, de Araújo JFP, Lima LCF, Alves ISS, Gama-de-Souza LN, Pelição R, Rodrigues LCM, Brandão PAA, Carneiro MTWD, Pires RGW, Martins-Silva C, Alarcon TA, Miranda-Alves L, Silva IV, Graceli JB. The Environmental Pollutant Tributyltin Chloride Disrupts the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis at Different Levels in Female Rats. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2978-95. [PMID: 27267847 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is an environmental contaminant that is used as a biocide in antifouling paints. TBT has been shown to induce endocrine-disrupting effects. However, studies evaluating the effects of TBT on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are especially rare. The current study demonstrates that exposure to TBT is critically responsible for the improper function of the mammalian HPA axis as well as the development of abnormal morphophysiology in the pituitary and adrenal glands. Female rats were treated with TBT, and their HPA axis morphophysiology was assessed. High CRH and low ACTH expression and high plasma corticosterone levels were detected in TBT rats. In addition, TBT leads to an increased in the inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression in the hypothalamus of TBT rats. Morphophysiological abnormalities, including increases in inflammation, a disrupted cellular redox balance, apoptosis, and collagen deposition in the pituitary and adrenal glands, were observed in TBT rats. Increases in adiposity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ protein expression in the adrenal gland were observed in TBT rats. Together, these data provide in vivo evidence that TBT leads to functional dissociation between CRH, ACTH, and costicosterone, which could be associated an inflammation and increased of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in hypothalamus. Thus, TBT exerts toxic effects at different levels on the HPA axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Merlo
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Priscila L Podratz
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Gabriela C Sena
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Julia F P de Araújo
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Leandro C F Lima
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Izabela S S Alves
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Letícia N Gama-de-Souza
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Renan Pelição
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Lívia C M Rodrigues
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Poliane A A Brandão
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Maria T W D Carneiro
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Rita G W Pires
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Cristina Martins-Silva
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Tamara A Alarcon
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Ian V Silva
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology (E.M., P.L.P., G.C.S., J.F.P.d.A., I.S.S.A., L.N.G.-d.S., I.V.S., J.B.G.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Physiology (L.C.F.L.), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences (R.P., L.C.M.R., R.G.W.P., C.M.-S., T.A.A.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Department of Chemistry (P.A.A.B., M.T.W.D.C.), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; Experimental Endocrinology Research Group (L.M.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil; and Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology (L.M.-A.), School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vitória ES, 29040090 Brazil
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Avitsur R, Grinshpahet R, Goren N, Weinstein I, Kirshenboim O, Chlebowski N. Prenatal SSRI alters the hormonal and behavioral responses to stress in female mice: Possible role for glucocorticoid resistance. Horm Behav 2016; 84:41-9. [PMID: 27283378 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Life time prevalence of major depression disorder (MDD) is higher in women compared to men especially during the period surrounding childbirth. Women suffering from MDD during pregnancy use antidepressant medications, particularly Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI). These drugs readily cross the placental barrier and impact the developing fetal brain. The present study assessed the effects of prenatal exposure to fluoxetine (FLX), an SSRI antidepressant drug, on corticosterone and behavioral responses to stress in female mice. In young females, prenatal FLX significantly elevated corticosterone response to continuous stress. In adults, prenatal FLX augmented corticosterone response to acute stress and suppressed the response to continuous stress. Additionally, prenatal FLX significantly augmented stress-induced increase in locomotion and reduced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in adult, but not young mice. The dexamethasone suppression test revealed that prenatal FLX induced a state of glucocorticoid resistance in adult females, indicating that the negative feedback control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress was disrupted. These findings provide the first indication of altered hormonal and behavioral responses to continuous stress and suggest a role for the development of glucocorticoid resistance in these effects. According to these findings, prenatal environment may have implications for stress sensitivity and responsiveness to life challenges. Furthermore, this study may assist in understanding the limitations and precautions that should be taken in the use of SSRIs during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Avitsur
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Rachel Grinshpahet
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naama Goren
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Weinstein
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Or Kirshenboim
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noa Chlebowski
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
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198
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Horn SR, Charney DS, Feder A. Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:119-132. [PMID: 27417856 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
All individuals experience stressful life events, and up to 84% of the general population will experience at least one potentially traumatic event. In some cases, acute or chronic stressors lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other psychopathology; however, the majority of people are resilient to such effects. Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully in the face of stress and adversity. A wealth of research has begun to identify the genetic, epigenetic, neural, and environmental underpinnings of resilience, and has indicated that resilience is mediated by adaptive changes encompassing several environmental factors, neural circuits, numerous neurotransmitters, and molecular pathways. The first part of this review focuses on recent findings regarding the genetic, epigenetic, developmental, psychosocial, and neurochemical factors as well as neural circuits and molecular pathways that underlie the development of resilience. Emerging and exciting areas of research and novel methodological approaches, including genome-wide gene expression studies, immune, endocannabinoid, oxytocin, and glutamatergic systems, are explored to help delineate innovative mechanisms that may contribute to resilience. The second part reviews several interventions and preventative approaches designed to enhance resilience in both developmental and adult populations. Specifically, the review will delineate approaches aimed to bolster resilience in individuals with PTSD. Furthermore, we discuss novel pharmacologic approaches, including the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ketamine and neuropeptide Y (NPY), as exciting new prospects for not only the treatment of PTSD but as new targets to enhance resilience. Our growing understanding of resilience and interventions will hopefully lead to the development of new strategies for not just treating PTSD but also screening and early identification of at-risk youth and adults. Taken together, efforts aimed at dissemination and implementation of novel interventions to enhance resilience will have to keep pace with the growth of new preventive and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Horn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis S Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Feder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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199
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Adrenal-Derived Hormones Differentially Modulate Intestinal Immunity in Experimental Colitis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4936370. [PMID: 27403034 PMCID: PMC4923585 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4936370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The adrenal glands are able to modulate immune responses through neuroimmunoendocrine interactions and cortisol secretion that could suppress exacerbated inflammation such as in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, here we evaluated the role of these glands in experimental colitis induced by 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in C57BL/6 mice subjected to adrenalectomy, with or without glucocorticoid (GC) replacement. Mice succumbed to colitis without adrenals with a higher clinical score and augmented systemic levels of IL-6 and lower LPS. Furthermore, adrenalectomy negatively modulated systemic regulatory markers. The absence of adrenals resulted in augmented tolerogenic lamina propria dendritic cells but no compensatory local production of corticosterone and decreased mucosal inflammation associated with increased IFN-γ and FasL in the intestine. To clarify the importance of GC in this scenario, GC replacement in adrenalectomized mice restored different markers to the same degree of that observed in DSS group. Finally, this is the first time that adrenal-derived hormones, especially GC, were associated with the differential local modulation of the gut infiltrate, also pointing to a relationship between adrenalectomy and the modulation of systemic regulatory markers. These findings may elucidate some neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms that dictate colitis outcome.
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200
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Suzuki N, Nakanishi K, Yoneda M, Hirofuji T, Hanioka T. Relationship between salivary stress biomarker levels and cigarette smoking in healthy young adults: an exploratory analysis. Tob Induc Dis 2016; 14:20. [PMID: 27274336 PMCID: PMC4896002 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-016-0085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the relationships among salivary stress biomarkers, cigarette smoking, and mood states. Methods The study population comprised 49 healthy sixth-year dental students at Fukuoka Dental College (39 men, 10 women; age, 23–31 years). Lifetime exposure to smoking was calculated using the Brinkman index (BI). Resting saliva samples were collected, and concentrations of cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were determined. Mood states (tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, fatigue, confusion, and vigor) over the previous week were assessed using the Profile of Mood States - Brief Japanese Version. Results Salivary IL-1β levels were significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (P = 0.044), regardless of the BI or mood state. A significant positive correlation was evident between the TNF-α level and the BI (P = 0.036), and the SIgA level was positively correlated with the BI (P = 0.067) but did not reach statistical significance. In terms of mood states, higher fatigue scores and lower vigor scores were observed in smokers. The TNF-α level and vigor score were negatively correlated (r = –0.229, P = 0.135), but the correlation did not reach statistical significance. However, the SIgA level and fatigue score were significantly positively correlated (r = 0.410, P = 0.005). Conclusions The TNF-α and SIgA levels were both positively correlated with the BI. Furthermore, the TNF-α level was negatively correlated with the vigor score, whereas the SIgA level was positively correlated with the fatigue score. Thus, salivary levels of TNF-α and SIgA may be used as biomarkers of mood states in healthy young smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Suzuki
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193 Japan
| | - Kosuke Nakanishi
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193 Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoneda
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193 Japan
| | - Takao Hirofuji
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193 Japan
| | - Takashi Hanioka
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193 Japan
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