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Kumazaki M, Usuku S. Influence of herd immunity on norovirus: a long-term field study of repeated viral gastroenteritis outbreaks at the same facilities. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:265. [PMID: 37101126 PMCID: PMC10132420 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral acute gastroenteritis (AG) is detected worldwide annually. Outbreaks caused by viruses associated with gastroenteritis have been reported repeatedly at the same facilities in Yokohama, Japan over several years. We investigated the statuses of these repeated outbreaks to consider herd immunity at the facility level. METHODS Between September 2007 and August 2017, 1459 AG outbreaks were reported at 1099 facilities. Stool samples were collected for virological testing, and the norovirus gene was amplified and sequenced to determine the genotype using the N-terminal region of the capsid. RESULTS The outbreaks were caused by norovirus, sapovirus, rotavirus A, and rotavirus C. Norovirus was consistently predominant over the 10-year period. Of 1099 facilities, 227 reported multiple outbreaks, of which norovirus-only combinations accounted for 76.2%. More outbreaks were due to different genotype combinations than the same genotype combinations. For facilities that experienced two norovirus outbreaks, the average interval between outbreaks was longer for groups with the same combinations than for groups with different genogroup or genotype combinations, although no statistically significant differences were observed. At 44 facilities, outbreaks occurred repeatedly during the same AG season, and most exhibited combinations of different norovirus genotypes or viruses. Among 49 combinations with the same norovirus genotype at the same facilities over 10 years, the most prevalent genotypes were combinations of genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4), followed by GII.2, GII.6, GII.3, GII.14, and GI.3. The mean interval between outbreaks was 31.2 ± 26.8 months for all combinations, and the mean intervals were longer for non-GII.4 genotype cases than for GII.4 cases, and statistically significant differences were observed (t-test, P < 0.05). Additionally, these average intervals were longer for kindergarten/nursery schools and primary schools than for nursing homes for older adults (t-test, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Repeated AG outbreaks at the same facilities in Yokohama during the 10-year study period included mainly norovirus combinations. Herd immunity at the facility level was maintained for at least the same AG season. Norovirus genotype-specific herd immunity was maintained for an average of 31.2 months during the study period, and these intervals differed depending on genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kumazaki
- Microbiological Testing and Research Division, Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, 2-7-1 Tomiokahigashi, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan.
| | - Shuzo Usuku
- Microbiological Testing and Research Division, Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, 2-7-1 Tomiokahigashi, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan
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152
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Tan MTH, Gong Z, Li D. Use of Zebrafish Embryos To Reproduce Human Norovirus and To Evaluate Human Norovirus Infectivity Decay after UV Treatment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0011523. [PMID: 36943055 PMCID: PMC10132098 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00115-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports an essential improvement of the method for replication of human norovirus (HNoV) with the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. With three HNoV genotypes and P-types GII.2[P16], GII.4[P16], and GII.17[P31], we demonstrated that this tool had higher efficiency and robustness than the zebrafish larvae as reported previously. When zebrafish larvae were injected with virus (1.6 ± 0.3 log genome copies/10 larvae), a significant increase of virus genome copies was detected at 2 days postinfection (dpi; 4.4 ± 0.8 log genome copies/10 larvae, P < 0.05) and the viral loads started to decrease gradually from 3 dpi. In comparison, when the viruses were injected into the zebrafish embryos, significant virus replication was noticed from 1 dpi and lasted to 6 dpi (P < 0.05). The virus levels detected at 3 dpi had the highest mean value and the smallest variation (7.7 ± 0.2 log genome copies/10 larvae). The high levels of virus replication enabled continuous passaging for all three strains up to four passages. The zebrafish embryo-generated HNoVs showed clear patterns of binding to human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in human saliva by a simple saliva-binding reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Last, in a disinfection study, it was shown that a dose of 6 mJ/cm2 UV254 was able induce a >2-log reduction in HNoV infectivity for all three HNoV strains tested, suggesting that HNoVs were more UV susceptible than multiple enteric viruses and commonly used HNoV surrogates as tested before. IMPORTANCE HNoVs are a leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. The zebrafish embryo tool as developed in this study serves as an efficient way to generate viruses with high titers and clean background and a straightforward platform to evaluate HNoV inactivation efficacies. It is expected that this tool will not only benefit epidemiological research on HNoV but also be used to generate HNoV inactivation parameters which are highly needed by the water treatment and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Turk Hsern Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Hung CH, Yen JB, Chang PJ, Chen LW, Huang TY, Tsai WJ, Tsai YC. Characterization of Human Norovirus Nonstructural Protein NS1.2 Involved in the Induction of the Filamentous Endoplasmic Reticulum, Enlarged Lipid Droplets, LC3 Recruitment, and Interaction with NTPase and NS4. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030812. [PMID: 36992520 PMCID: PMC10053803 DOI: 10.3390/v15030812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNVs) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. NS1.2 is critical for HuNV pathogenesis, but the function is still unclear. The GII NS1.2 of HuNVs, unlike GI NS1.2, was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets (LDs) and is accompanied by a distorted-filamentous ER morphology and aggregated-enlarged LDs. LC3 was recruited to the NS1.2-localized membrane through an autophagy-independent pathway. NS1.2, expressed from a cDNA clone of GII.4 norovirus, formed complexes with NTPase and NS4, which exhibited aggregated vesicle-like structures that were also colocalized with LC3 and LDs. NS1.2 is structurally divided into three domains from the N terminus: an inherently disordered region (IDR), a region that contains a putative hydrolase with the H-box/NC catalytic center (H-box/NC), and a C-terminal 251-330 a.a. region containing membrane-targeting domain. All three functional domains of NS1.2 were required for the induction of the filamentous ER. The IDR was essential for LC3 recruitment by NS1.2. Both the H-Box/NC and membrane-targeting domains are required for the induction of aggregated-enlarged LDs, NS1.2 self-assembly, and interaction with NTPase. The membrane-targeting domain was sufficient to interact with NS4. The study characterized the NS1.2 domain required for membrane targeting and protein-protein interactions, which are crucial for forming a viral replication complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Bei Yen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Wen Chen
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chung Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chin Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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154
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Dinu S, Oprea M, Iordache RI, Rusu LC, Usein CR. Genome characterisation of norovirus GII.P17-GII.17 detected during a large gastroenteritis outbreak in Romania in 2021. Arch Virol 2023; 168:116. [PMID: 36947248 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Genotype GII.P17-G.II.17 emerged in Asia between 2013 and 2015 and transiently replaced the GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant circulating at that time. We present the genome characterisation of a GII.P17-GII.17 strain causing a large outbreak in Romania in 2021. Our study shows that the 2021 strain belongs to a novel cluster of genotype GII.17, different from the two previously recognised P.17 clusters. Distinctive substitutions in predicted conformational epitopes of VP1 were identified for this new cluster. Also, our phylogenetic analysis showed the existence of another P.17 cluster grouping strains from France and Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Dinu
- Molecular Epidemiology for Communicable Diseases Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independenței, Bucharest, 050096, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Oprea
- Molecular Epidemiology for Communicable Diseases Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independenței, Bucharest, 050096, Romania
| | - Ramona-Ionela Iordache
- Molecular Epidemiology for Communicable Diseases Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independenței, Bucharest, 050096, Romania
| | - Lavinia-Cipriana Rusu
- National Institute of Public Health, National Center for Surveillance and Control of Communicable Diseases, 1-3 Doctor Leonte Anastasievici, Bucharest, 050463, Romania
| | - Codruța-Romanița Usein
- Molecular Epidemiology for Communicable Diseases Laboratory, Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, 103 Splaiul Independenței, Bucharest, 050096, Romania
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155
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Lindesmith LC, Brewer-Jensen PD, Conrad H, O’Reilly KM, Mallory ML, Kelly D, Williams R, Edmunds WJ, Allen DJ, Breuer J, Baric RS. Emergent variant modeling of the serological repertoire to norovirus in young children. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100954. [PMID: 36854303 PMCID: PMC10040388 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Human norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. Young children and the elderly bear the greatest burden of disease, representing more than 200,000 deaths annually. Infection prevalence peaks at younger than 2 years and is driven by novel GII.4 variants that emerge and spread globally. Using a surrogate neutralization assay, we characterize the evolution of the serological neutralizing antibody (nAb) landscape in young children as they transition between sequential GII.4 pandemic variants. Following upsurge of the replacement variant, antigenic cartography illustrates remodeling of the nAb landscape to the new variant accompanied by improved nAb titer. However, nAb relative avidity remains focused on the preceding variant. These data support immune imprinting as a mechanism of immune evasion and GII.4 virus persistence across a population. Understanding the complexities of immunity to rapidly evolving and co-circulating viral variants, like those of norovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), and dengue viruses, will fundamentally inform vaccine design for emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paul D. Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Helen Conrad
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kathleen M. O’Reilly
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1EW 7HT, UK
| | - Michael L. Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rachel Williams
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - W. John Edmunds
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1EW 7HT, UK
| | - David J. Allen
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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156
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Cheng CC, Ke GM, Chu PY, Ke LY. Elucidating the Implications of Norovirus N- and O-Glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and Phosphorylation. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030798. [PMID: 36992506 PMCID: PMC10054809 DOI: 10.3390/v15030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of foodborne gastroenteritis, affecting millions of people worldwide annually. Among the ten genotypes (GI-GX) of norovirus, only GI, GII, GIV, GVIII, and GIX infect humans. Some genotypes reportedly exhibit post-translational modifications (PTMs), including N- and O-glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and phosphorylation, in their viral antigens. PTMs have been linked to increased viral genome replication, viral particle release, and virulence. Owing to breakthroughs in mass spectrometry (MS) technologies, more PTMs have been discovered in recent years and have contributed significantly to preventing and treating infectious diseases. However, the mechanisms by which PTMs act on noroviruses remain poorly understood. In this section, we outline the current knowledge of the three common types of PTM and investigate their impact on norovirus pathogenesis. Moreover, we summarize the strategies and techniques for the identification of PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
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157
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Yasir A, Mahmood Y, Yaqoob MA, Zia UUR, Munoz-Zanzi C, Alam MM, Warraich MA, Hassan Mushtaq M. Epidemiological investigation of norovirus infections in Punjab, Pakistan, through the One Health approach. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1065105. [PMID: 37006581 PMCID: PMC10052407 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1065105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionNorovirus, mainly associated with acute gastroenteritis, is very contagious and can affect a vast range of species ranging from cattle, pigs, dogs, mice, cats, sheep, and lions to humans. It is a foodborne pathogen that mainly transmits through the fecal–oral route.MethodsThis is the first-ever study conducted in Lahore and Sheikhupura districts of Punjab, Pakistan, to investigate noroviruses through the One Health approach. From January 2020 to September 2021, 200 fecal samples were collected from clinical cases of hospitalized patients and 200 fecal samples from sick animals at veterinary hospitals and local farms. In addition, 500 food and beverage samples were collected from street vendors and retail stores. A predesigned questionnaire was used to assess the risk factors and clinical characteristics of sick people and animals.Results and discussionOverall, 14% of the human clinical samples were positive by RT-PCR for genogroup GII. All bovine samples were negative. Food and beverage samples were tested in pools, resulting in sugarcane juice samples positive for genogroup GII. Previous contact with acute gastroenteritis patients, sex, and presence of vomiting were found to be significant risk factors (p ≤ 0.05). The substantial number of diarrhea cases associated with noroviruses calls for additional studies to investigate the epidemiology and transmission and to improve surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Yasir
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Yasir Mahmood
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arsalan Yaqoob
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ubaid-ur-Rehman Zia
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Claudia Munoz-Zanzi
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | | | - Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq
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158
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Li FY, Guo YH, Sun ZL, Liu H, Zhao MC, Cui J, Jiang Y, Shen XX, Ma XJ, Feng ZS. Rapid two-stage amplification in a single tube for simultaneous detection of norovirus GII and group a rotavirus. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24858. [PMID: 36916770 PMCID: PMC10098066 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent viruses currently causing diarrhea are norovirus and rotavirus, and rapid and sensitive detection methods are essential for the early diagnosis of disease. The purpose of this study was to establish a sensitive single-tube two-stage nucleic acid amplification method-reverse transcription recombinase-assisted PCR (RT-RAP)-for simultaneous detection of norovirus GII and group A Rotavirus, with the first stage consisting of isothermal reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification (RT-RAA) and the second stage consisting of qPCR (quantitative PCR). RT-RAP is more sensitive than either RT-RAA or qRT-PCR (quantitative RT-PCR) alone. And the addition of a barrier that can be disassembled after heating enabled the detection of samples within 1 h in a single closed tube. Sensitivity was 10 copies/reaction of norovirus (Novs) GII and group A rotavirus (RVA). In parallel, two hundred fecal specimens were used to evaluate the method and compare it with a commercial fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR. The data showed kappa values of 0.957 and 0.98 (p < 0.05) for detecting Novs GII and RVA by the two methods, indicating the potential of the newly established assay to be applied to clinical and laboratory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yu Li
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hui Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhen-Lu Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Meng-Chuan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jia Cui
- Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin-Xin Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Jun Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Feng
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei Medical Laboratory Clinical Medical Research Center, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
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159
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Plaza-Garrido A, Ampuero M, Gaggero A, Villamar-Ayala CA. Norovirus, Hepatitis A and SARS-CoV-2 surveillance within Chilean rural wastewater treatment plants based on different biological treatment typologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160685. [PMID: 36476771 PMCID: PMC9721186 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater from WWTPs became an interesting source of epidemiological surveillance. However, there is uncertainty about the influence of treatment type on virus removal. The aim of this study was to assess viral surveillance within wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) based on different biological treatments. Seasonal monitoring (autumn-winter and spring-summer) was conducted in 10 Chilean rural WWTPs, which were based on activated sludge, aerated lagoons, bio-discs, constructed wetlands, vermifilters and mixed systems. Viruses were measured (influent/effluent) by the RT-qPCR technique, using a commercial kit for SARS-CoV-2, NoV GI, NoV GII, and HAV. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral variants by genotyping was performed using SARS-CoV-2 Mutation Assays (ThermoFisher Scientific, USA). JC polyomavirus detection (control), as well as a qPCR technique. Results showed that SARS-CoV-2, NoV GI and GII were detected in influents at values between <5 and 462, 0 to 28, and 0 to 75 GC/mL, respectively. HAV was not detected among the studied WWTPs. The monitored WWTPs removed these viruses at percentages between 0 and 100 %. WWTPs based on activated sludge with bio-discs demonstrated to be the most efficient at removing SARS-CoV-2 (up to 98 %) and NoV GI and GII (100 %). Meanwhile, bio-discs technologies were the least efficient for viral removal, due to biofilm detachment, which could also adsorb viral aggregates. A correlation analysis established that solids, pH, and temperature are the most influential parameters in viral removal. Wastewater-based surveillance at WWTP allowed for the detection of Omicron before the Chilean health authorities notified its presence in the population. In addition, surveillance of viruses and other microorganisms could help assess the potential public health risk of wastewater recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Plaza-Garrido
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Victor Jara 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Ampuero
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Aldo Gaggero
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Cristina Alejandra Villamar-Ayala
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Victor Jara 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile.
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160
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Wang J, Ma Y, Li J, Peng R, Mao T, Sun X, Duan Z. An oral NoV-rAd5 vaccine with built-in dsRNA adjuvant elicits systemic immune responses in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109801. [PMID: 36780828 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric pathogen notorious for causing epidemics of acute gastroenteritis. An effective vaccine against NoV is therefore urgently needed. A short double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been described that acts as a retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I agonist to induce the production of type I interferon; it also exhibits adjuvant activity. Using built-in dsRNA of different lengths (DS1 and DS2), we developed a recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5) expressing NoV VP1, and evaluated its immunogenicity following oral administration in a mouse model. An in vitro study demonstrated that the dsRNA adjuvants significantly enhanced VP1 protein expression in infected cells. The oral administration of both rAd5-VP1-DS vaccines elicited high serum levels of VP1-specific IgG and blocking antibodies, as well as strong and long-lasting mucosal immunity. There was no apparent difference in immunostimulatory effects in immunised mice between the two dsRNA adjuvants. This study indicates that an oral NoV-rAd5 vaccine with a built-in dsRNA adjuvant may be developed to prevent NoV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yalin Ma
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; School of Public Health, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rui Peng
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tongyao Mao
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoman Sun
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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da Silva VC, Elois M, Savi BP, Miotto M, De Dea Lindner J, Fongaro G, Souza DSM. Bioaccumulation Dynamic by Crassostrea gigas Oysters of Viruses That Are Proposed as Surrogates for Enteric Virus Contamination in Environmental Samples. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:1-7. [PMID: 36287375 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are filter-feeders and retain sewage-derived pathogens in their organs or tissues. Since most enteric viruses involved in outbreaks cannot grow in cell culture, studies using viral surrogate models are essential. Some species are proposed as surrogates for enteric viruses in environmental samples, including in bivalve mollusk samples, such as murine norovirus type 1 (MNV-1) and somatic (as φX) or F-specific coliphages (as MS2) bacteriophages. This study evaluated the tissue distribution of viral surrogates for enteric virus contamination after their bioaccumulation by Crassostrea gigas. Oyster tissues were analyzed for the distribution of viral surrogates (MNV-1, φX-174, and MS2) in digestive tissue (DT), gills (GL), and mantle (MT) after 4, 6, and 24 h of experimental bioaccumulation. MNV-1 had higher counts at 6 h in DT (1.2 × 103 PFU/g), followed by GL and MT (9.5 × 102 and 3.8 × 102 PFU/g, respectively). The bacteriophage φX-174 had a higher concentration in the MT at 4 and 6 h (3.0 × 102 PFU/g, in both) and MS2 in the GL after 24 h (2.2 × 102 PFU/g). The bioaccumulation pattern of MNV-1 by oysters was similar to the other enteric viruses (more in DT), while that of phages followed distinct patterns from these. Since the MNV-1 is bioaccumulated by C. gigas and is adapted to grow in cell culture, it is an important tool for bioaccumulation and viral inactivation tests in oysters. Although bacteriophage bioaccumulation was not similar to enteric viruses, they can be indicated for viral bioaccumulation analysis, analyzing MT and GL, since they do not bioaccumulate in DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilaine Corrêa da Silva
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Elois
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Pereira Savi
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marília Miotto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Applied Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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162
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Identification of Potential Proteinaceous Ligands of GI.1 Norovirus in Pacific Oyster Tissues. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030631. [PMID: 36992340 PMCID: PMC10058639 DOI: 10.3390/v15030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading foodborne pathogen causing nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. The oyster is an important vehicle for HuNoV transmission, especially the GI.1 HuNoV. In our previous study, oyster heat shock protein 70 (oHSP 70) was identified as the first proteinaceous ligand of GII.4 HuNoV in Pacific oysters besides the commonly accepted carbohydrate ligands, a histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs)-like substance. However the mismatch of the distribution pattern between discovered ligands and GI.1 HuNoV suggests that other ligands may exist. In our study, proteinaceous ligands for the specific binding of GI.1 HuNoV were mined from oyster tissues using a bacterial cell surface display system. Fifty-five candidate ligands were identified and selected through mass spectrometry identification and bioinformatics analysis. Among them, the oyster tumor necrosis factor (oTNF) and oyster intraflagellar transport protein (oIFT) showed strong binding abilities with the P protein of GI.1 HuNoV. In addition, the highest mRNA level of these two proteins was found in the digestive glands, which is consistent with GI.1 HuNoV distribution. Overall the findings suggested that oTNF and oIFT may play important roles in the bioaccumulation of GI.1 HuNoV.
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163
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Alarcón-Linares ME, Moreno-Docón A, Pérez-Serna L, Camacho J, Rodriguez DS, Gutiérrez-Martín ML, Broncano-Lavado A, Echevarria JE, Cabrerizo M, Fernández-García MD. Rare Recombinant GI.5[P4] Norovirus That Caused a Large Foodborne Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in a Hotel in Spain in 2021. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0485722. [PMID: 36809021 PMCID: PMC10100975 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04857-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are among the most important causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). In summer 2021, a large outbreak of norovirus infections affecting 163 patients, including 15 norovirus-confirmed food handlers, occurred in a hotel in Murcia in southeast Spain. A rare GI.5[P4] norovirus strain was identified as the cause of the outbreak. The epidemiological investigation determined that norovirus transmission might have been initiated through an infected food handler. The food safety inspection found that some symptomatic food handlers continued working during illness. Molecular investigation with whole-genome and ORF1 sequencing provided enhanced genetic discrimination over ORF2 sequencing alone and enabled differentiation of the GI.5[P4] strains into separate subclusters, suggesting different chains of transmission. These recombinant viruses have been identified circulating globally over the last 5 years, warranting further global surveillance. IMPORTANCE Due to the large genetic diversity of noroviruses, it is important to enhance the discriminatory power of typing techniques to differentiate strains when investigating outbreaks and elucidating transmission chains. This study highlights the importance of (i) using whole-genome sequencing to ensure genetic differentiation of GI noroviruses to track chains of transmission during outbreak investigations and (ii) the adherence of symptomatic food handlers to work exclusion rules and strict hand hygiene practices. To our knowledge, this study provides the first full-length genome sequences of GI.5[P4] strains apart from the prototype strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Moreno-Docón
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- IMIB—Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Juan Camacho
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Broncano-Lavado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria—Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital Universitario, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Emilio Echevarria
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Cabrerizo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María D. Fernández-García
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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164
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Kambhampati AK, Calderwood L, Wikswo ME, Barclay L, Mattison CP, Balachandran N, Vinjé J, Hall AJ, Mirza SA. Spatiotemporal Trends in Norovirus Outbreaks in the United States, 2009-2019. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:667-673. [PMID: 35913377 PMCID: PMC11389822 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, noroviruses cause infections year-round but have recognized winter seasonality in the Northern Hemisphere and yearly variations in incidence. With candidate norovirus vaccines in development, understanding temporal and geographic trends in norovirus disease is important to inform potential vaccination strategies and evaluate vaccine impact. METHODS We analyzed data from the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) and CaliciNet on single-state norovirus outbreaks that occurred during August 2009-July 2019 in the contiguous United States. We defined norovirus season onset and offset as the weeks by which 10% and 90% of norovirus outbreaks in a surveillance year occurred, respectively, and duration as the difference in weeks between onset and offset. We compared norovirus seasons across surveillance years and geographic regions. RESULTS During August 2009-July 2019, 24 995 single-state norovirus outbreaks were reported to NORS and/or CaliciNet. Nationally, the median norovirus season duration was 24 weeks, with onset occurring between October and December and offset occurring between April and May. Across all years combined, we observed a west-to-east trend in seasonality, with the earliest onset (October) and latest offset (May) occurring in western regions and the latest onset (December) and earliest offset (April) occurring in northeastern regions. CONCLUSIONS Timing and duration of the US norovirus season varied annually but generally occurred during October-May. Norovirus wintertime seasonality was less distinct in western regions and was progressively more pronounced moving east. Further understanding the drivers of spatiotemporal dynamics of norovirus could provide insights into factors that promote virus transmission and help guide future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K Kambhampati
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura Calderwood
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Cherokee Nation Assurance, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Mary E Wikswo
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Leslie Barclay
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire P Mattison
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Cherokee Nation Assurance, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Neha Balachandran
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Cherokee Nation Assurance, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aron J Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara A Mirza
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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165
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Lipska AG, Sieradzan AK, Czaplewski C, Lipińska AD, Ocetkiewicz KM, Proficz J, Czarnul P, Krawczyk H, Liwo A. Long-time scale simulations of virus-like particles from three human-norovirus strains. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:1470-1483. [PMID: 36799410 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of the virus like particles (VLPs) corresponding to the GII.4 Houston, GII.2 SMV, and GI.1 Norwalk strains of human noroviruses (HuNoV) that cause gastroenteritis was investigated by means of long-time (about 30 μs in the laboratory timescale) molecular dynamics simulations with the coarse-grained UNRES force field. The main motion of VLP units turned out to be the bending at the junction between the P1 subdomain (that sits in the VLP shell) and the P2 subdomain (that protrudes outside) of the major VP1 protein, this resulting in a correlated wagging motion of the P2 subdomains with respect to the VLP surface. The fluctuations of the P2 subdomain were found to be more pronounced and the P2 domain made a greater angle with the normal to the VLP surface for the GII.2 strain, which could explain the inability of this strain to bind the histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka G Lipska
- Centre of Informatics Tri-city Academic Supercomputer and Network (CI TASK), Gdańsk University of Technology, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam K Sieradzan
- Centre of Informatics Tri-city Academic Supercomputer and Network (CI TASK), Gdańsk University of Technology, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Cezary Czaplewski
- Centre of Informatics Tri-city Academic Supercomputer and Network (CI TASK), Gdańsk University of Technology, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrea D Lipińska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof M Ocetkiewicz
- Centre of Informatics Tri-city Academic Supercomputer and Network (CI TASK), Gdańsk University of Technology, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Proficz
- Centre of Informatics Tri-city Academic Supercomputer and Network (CI TASK), Gdańsk University of Technology, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Czarnul
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Henryk Krawczyk
- Centre of Informatics Tri-city Academic Supercomputer and Network (CI TASK), Gdańsk University of Technology, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Liwo
- Centre of Informatics Tri-city Academic Supercomputer and Network (CI TASK), Gdańsk University of Technology, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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166
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Raymond P, Paul S, Guy RA. Impact of Capsid and Genomic Integrity Tests on Norovirus Extraction Recovery Rates. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040826. [PMID: 36832901 PMCID: PMC9957022 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading pathogen responsible for food-borne illnesses. However, both infectious and non-infectious HuNoV can be detected by RT-qPCR. This study evaluated the efficiency of different capsid integrity treatments coupled with RT-qPCR or a long-range viral RNA (long RT-qPCR) detection to reduce the recovery rates of heat inactivated noroviruses and fragmented RNA. The three capsid treatments evaluated (RNase, the intercalating agent PMAxx and PtCl4) reduced the recovery of heat inactivated HuNoV and murine norovirus (MNV) spiked on lettuce, when combined with the ISO 15216-1:2017 extraction protocols. However, PtCl4 also reduced non-heat-treated noroviruses recovery as estimated by RT-qPCR. The PMAxx and RNase treatments had a similar effect on MNV only. The most efficient approaches, the RNase and PMAxx treatments, reduced the heat-inactivated HuNoV recovery rates estimated using RT-qPCR by 2 and >3 log, respectively. The long RT-qPCR detection approach also reduced the recovery rates of heat inactivated HuNoV and MNV by 1.0 and 0.5 log, respectively. Since the long-range viral RNA amplification could be applied to verify or confirm RT-qPCR results, it also provides some advantages by reducing the risk of false positive HuNoV results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Raymond
- St-Hyacinthe Laboratory—Food Virology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylvianne Paul
- St-Hyacinthe Laboratory—Food Virology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Rebecca A. Guy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Enteric Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
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167
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Chadwick PR, Trainor E, Marsden GL, Mills S, Chadwick C, O'Brien SJ, Evans CM, Mullender C, Strazds P, Turner S, Weston V, Toleman MS, de Barros C, Kontkowski G, Bak A. Guidelines for the management of norovirus outbreaks in acute and community health and social care settings. J Hosp Infect 2023:S0195-6701(23)00043-9. [PMID: 36796728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eamonn Trainor
- Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, UK.
| | - Gemma L Marsden
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
| | - Samuel Mills
- British Infection Association, Seafield, West Lothian, UK; Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Cariad M Evans
- Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Pixy Strazds
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; St Andrew's Healthcare, Northampton, UK
| | - Sarah Turner
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; Stockport Council, Stockport, UK
| | - Valya Weston
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; NHS England, London, UK
| | - Michelle S Toleman
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Aggie Bak
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK
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168
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Umair M, Rehman Z, Haider SA, Usman M, Rana MS, Ikram A, Salman M. First report of coinfection and whole-genome sequencing of norovirus and sapovirus in an acute gastroenteritis patient from Pakistan. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28458. [PMID: 36597899 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases in infants and children in developing countries including Pakistan. In Pakistan, rotavirus (RVA) is known to contribute significantly to pediatric diarrheal illness, but the contribution of other viruses is still unclear. In the current study we have identified a case of mixed infection of norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) in a 2-year-old child with acute gastroenteritis. The sample was initially processed for the detection of group A RVA through ELISA followed by NoV using RT-PCR assay. The sample tested positive for NoV RNA and was later subjected to whole-genome sequencing using meta-genome approach on Miseq (Illumina) platform. Sequencing results revealed GII.15 genotype of NoV that clustered with viruses from China and USA from 2017 to 2021. We also retrieved the complete genome of SaV (GI.1 genotype) from the same sample and phylogenetic analysis showed clustering with strains reported from Japan, South Korea, US, and Taiwan during 2012-2016. This is the first report from Pakistan that confirms coinfection of NoV and SaV and elucidates their whole genomes. We recommend initiation of NoV and SaV surveillance program to ascertain disease burden and explore genetic diversity, especially as RVA vaccines have been included in national immunization program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massab Umair
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaira Rehman
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Adnan Haider
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Aamer Ikram
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
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169
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Role of Noroviruses in Sporadic Acute Gastroenteritis Cases from Children Attending a Large Referral Children's Hospital in Buenos Aires City, Argentina. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:94-98. [PMID: 36638391 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses (NVs) are recognized as the leading cause of sporadic and epidemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide, in all age groups. Although there is increasing knowledge that NVs are responsible for many acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Argentina, studies to estimate prevalence in sporadic cases are scarce. METHODS A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted with children under 5 years with acute gastroenteritis attending the outpatient department at the "Ricardo Gutiérrez" Children's Hospital (RGCH) in Buenos Aires City between June 2017 and June 2021. Sociodemographic, clinical and epidemiologic data were recorded. Stool samples were tested and genotyped for norovirus. Association between norovirus detection and demographic and clinical variables was assessed. RESULTS A total of 350 children with acute diarrhea were included, of which stool samples were collected for 332 (94.9%). Norovirus was detected in 81 cases (24.4%). Vomiting and moderate/severe diarrhea were more frequent in norovirus-positive than norovirus-negative children. However, the presence of watery diarrhea and a history of rotavirus vaccination were significantly associated with norovirus etiology. GII and GII.4 were the most frequently detected genogroup and genotype, respectively. CONCLUSIONS NVs were detected with high frequency, mostly in children between 6 months and 2 years old, reinforcing the hypothesis of a newly updated scenario of norovirus predominance over rotavirus. Watery diarrhea, complete vaccination against rotavirus and vomiting are 3 key parameters that should raise suspicion of possible norovirus gastroenteritis. Continuous and active norovirus surveillance in this age group is important because children represent a priority group for norovirus vaccine design and development.
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170
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Functional and structural characterization of Norovirus GII.6 in recognizing histo-blood group antigens. Virol Sin 2023; 38:56-65. [PMID: 36216242 PMCID: PMC10006186 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are receptors or attachment factors that affect the prevalence and host susceptibility of NoVs. GII.6 NoV is one of the predominant genotypes in humans, which recognizes the type ABO secretor of HBGAs. However, the structural basis of GII.6 NoV's interaction with HBGAs receptors remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the binding features of the GII.6 strain to HBGAs using saliva- and glycan-ELISA assays and characterized the molecular basis of the GII.6 virus that recognizes H disaccharide. We showed that the GII.6 P domain recognized some A and O secretor's saliva samples, most B secretor's saliva samples, and H disaccharide antigen, but did not bind non-secretors' saliva. Further, we determined the crystal structures of GII.6 and its complex with H disaccharides at 1.7 Å, revealing that the P domain of GII.6 shares the conventional binding interface and mode of GII HBGAs. Single residue mutations at the GII.6-H binding sites could inhibit the binding of GII.6 to HBGAs, demonstrating that the interaction residues were crucial in maintaining NoV-glycan integrity. Finally, structural and sequence analyses showed that the major residues of the GII.6-H interaction were conserved among NoVs in the GII genogroup. Taken together, our study characterized the functional and structural features of GII.6 that allow it to interact with HBGAs, and shed light on NoV evolution, epidemiology, and anti-viral drug development.
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171
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Zhang Q, Zhu S, Zhang X, Su L, Ni J, Zhang Y, Fang L. Recent insights into reverse genetics of norovirus. Virus Res 2023; 325:199046. [PMID: 36657615 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis globally, and poses substantial threats to public health. Despite substantial progress made in preventing norovirus diseases, the lack of a robust virus culture system has hampered biological research and effective strategies to combat this pathogen. Reverse genetic system is the technique to generate infectious viruses from cloned genetic constructs, which is a powerful tool for the investigation of viral pathogenesis and for the development of novel drugs and vaccines. The strategies of reverse genetics include bacterial artificial chromosomes, vaccinia virus vectors, and entirely plasmid-based systems. Since each strategy has its pros and cons, choosing appropriate approaches will greatly improve the efficiency of virus rescue. Reverse genetic systems that have been employed for norovirus greatly extend its life cycle and facilitate the development of medical countermeasures. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the structure, transmission, genetic evolution and clinical manifestations of norovirus, and describe recent advances in the studies of norovirus reverse genetics as well as its future prospects for therapeutics and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Zhang
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuirong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Lingxuan Su
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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172
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Li Y, Xue L, Gao J, Cai W, Zhang Z, Meng L, Miao S, Hong X, Xu M, Wu Q, Zhang J. A systematic review and meta-analysis indicates a substantial burden of human noroviruses in shellfish worldwide, with GII.4 and GII.2 being the predominant genotypes. Food Microbiol 2023; 109:104140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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173
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Benchmarking Bioinformatic Tools for Amplicon-Based Sequencing of Norovirus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0152222. [PMID: 36541780 PMCID: PMC9888279 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01522-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to survey noroviruses in our environment, it is essential that both wet-lab and computational methods are fit for purpose. Using a simulated sequencing data set, denoising-based (DADA2, Deblur and USEARCH-UNOISE3) and clustering-based pipelines (VSEARCH and FROGS) were compared with respect to their ability to represent composition and sequence information. Open source classifiers (Ribosomal Database Project [RDP], BLASTn, IDTAXA, QIIME2 naive Bayes, and SINTAX) were trained using three different databases: a custom database, the NoroNet database, and the Human calicivirus database. Each classifier and database combination was compared from the perspective of their classification accuracy. VSEARCH provides a robust option for analyzing viral amplicons based on composition analysis; however, all pipelines could return OTUs with high similarity to the expected sequences. Importantly, pipeline choice could lead to more false positives (DADA2) or underclassification (FROGS), a key aspect when considering pipeline application for source attribution. Classification was more strongly impacted by the classifier than the database, although disagreement increased with norovirus GII.4 capsid variant designation. We recommend the use of the RDP classifier in conjunction with VSEARCH; however, maintenance of the underlying database is essential for optimal use. IMPORTANCE In benchmarking bioinformatic pipelines for analyzing high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data sets, we provide method standardization for bioinformatics broadly and specifically for norovirus in situations for which no officially endorsed methods exist at present. This study provides recommendations for the appropriate analysis and classification of norovirus amplicon HTS data and will be widely applicable during outbreak investigations.
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174
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Cornejo-Sánchez T, Soldevila N, Coronas L, Alsedà M, Godoy P, Razquín E, Sabaté S, Guix S, Rodríguez Garrido V, Bartolomé R, Domínguez A, Belver AI, Camps N, Minguell S, Carol M, Izquierdo C, Parrón I, Pérez C, Rovira A, Sabaté M, Sala MR, Vileu RM, Barrabeig I, Jané M, Martínez A, Torner N, de Benito J, Moreno-Martínez A, Rius C, de Andres A, Camprubí E, Cunillé M, Forns ML, de Simón M. Epidemiology of GII.4 and GII.2 norovirus outbreaks in closed and semi-closed institutions in 2017 and 2018. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1659. [PMID: 36717621 PMCID: PMC9886968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infections are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, with genotypes GII.2 and GII.4 being the most prevalent. The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of GII.2 and GII.4 norovirus outbreaks reported in Catalonia in closed or semi-closed institutions in 2017 and 2018. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of GII.2 and GII.4 outbreaks were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated. 61 outbreaks were reported: GII.4 was the causative agent in 12 outbreaks (30%) and GII.2 in 9 outbreaks (22.5%). GII.2 outbreaks were detected more frequently in schools or summer camps (66.7%) and GII.4 outbreaks in nursing homes (91.7%) (p = 0.01). Ninety-three people were affected in GII.2 outbreaks and 94 in GII.4 outbreaks. The median age was 15 years (range: 1-95 years) in GII.2 outbreaks and 86 years (range: 0-100 years) in GII.4 outbreaks (p < 0.001). Nausea, abdominal pain, and headache were observed more frequently in persons affected by GII.2 outbreaks (p < 0.05). Symptomatic cases presented a higher viral load suggestive of greater transmission capacity, although asymptomatic patients presented relevant loads indicative of transmission capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Núria Soldevila
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salut Pública (CIBERSP), Madrid, Spain. .,Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lorena Coronas
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Alsedà
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Godoy
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salut Pública (CIBERSP), Madrid, Spain.,Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Biomédica de Lleida, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Efrén Razquín
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Sabaté
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Departament de Genètica Microbiologia i Estadística, Grup de Virus Entèrics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | | | - Rosa Bartolomé
- Laboratori de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Domínguez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salut Pública (CIBERSP), Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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175
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Patterns and Temporal Dynamics of Natural Recombination in Noroviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020372. [PMID: 36851586 PMCID: PMC9961210 DOI: 10.3390/v15020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses infect a wide range of mammals and are the major cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Recombination at the junction of ORF1 encoding nonstructural proteins and ORF2 encoding major capsid protein VP1 is a well-known feature of noroviruses. Using all available complete norovirus sequences, we systematically analyzed patterns of natural recombination in the genus Norovirus both throughout the genome and across the genogroups. Recombination events between nonstructural (ORF1) and structural genomic regions (ORF2 and ORF3) were found in all analyzed genogroups of noroviruses, although recombination was most prominent between members of GII, the most common genogroup that infects humans. The half-life times of recombinant forms (clades without evidence of recombination) of human GI and GII noroviruses were 10.4 and 8.4-11.3 years, respectively. There was evidence of many recent recombination events, and most noroviruses that differed by more than 18% of nucleotide sequence were recombinant relative to each other. However, there were no distinct recombination events between viruses that differed by over 42% in ORF2/3, consistent with the absence of systematic recombination between different genogroups. The few inter-genogroup recombination events most likely occurred between ancient viruses before they diverged into contemporary genogroups. The recombination events within ORF1 or between ORF2/3 were generally rare. Thus, noroviruses routinely exchange full structural and nonstructural blocks of the genome, providing a modular evolution.
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176
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Zhou N, Huang Y, Zhou L, Li M, Jin H. Molecular Evolution of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Region in Norovirus Genogroup I. Viruses 2023; 15:166. [PMID: 36680206 PMCID: PMC9861054 DOI: 10.3390/v15010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading viral agent of gastroenteritis in humans. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is essential in the replication of norovirus RNA. Here, we present a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the norovirus GI RdRp gene. Our results show that the norovirus GI RdRp gene can be divided into three groups, and that the most recent common ancestor was 1484. The overall evolutionary rate of GI RdRp is 1.821 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. Most of the amino acids of the GI RdRp gene were under negative selection, and only a few positively selected sites were recognized. Amino acid substitutions in the GI RdRp gene accumulated slowly over time. GI.P1, GI.P3 and GI.P6 owned the higher evolutionary rates. GI.P11 and GI.P13 had the faster accumulation rate of amino acid substitutions. GI.P2, GI.P3, GI.P4, GI.P6 and GI.P13 presented a strong linear evolution. These results reveal that the norovirus GI RdRp gene evolves conservatively, and that the molecular evolutionary characteristics of each P-genotype are diverse. Sequencing in RdRp and VP1 of norovirus should be advocated in the surveillance system to explore the effect of RdRp on norovirus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingma Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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177
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Matamoros DJP, Worsfold CS, Campos RC, Acuña HMB, Chacón EC, Sánchez CFJ. Molecular characterization of norovirus and sapovirus detected in animals and humans in Costa Rica: Zoo-anthropozoonotic potential of human norovirus GII.4. Open Vet J 2023; 13:74-89. [PMID: 36777439 PMCID: PMC9897497 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Noroviruses (NoV) and sapoviruses (SaV) are major causes of acute viral gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, as well as gastrointestinal infections in animals. However, it has not been determined whether these viruses are zoonotic pathogens. Aim In this study, we investigated the presence of NoV and SaV in stool samples from dogs, pigs, cows, and humans to determine some aspects of the molecular epidemiology and the genetic relationship of several strains present in these species. Methods Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of NoV and SaV strains present in stool samples from humans and dogs with diarrhea, pigs, and cattle with and without diarrhea were carried out during fragmented periods from 2002 to 2012. Results Of all samples analyzed, 11.6% (123/1,061) of the samples were positive for NoV and 0.88% (9/1,023) were positive for SaV. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed 16 human strains of NoV (HuNoV) belonging to HuNoV G?/GII.P2 (1), GII.4/GII.P4 (5), G?/GII.P4 (9), and GII.6/GII.P6 (1) and allowed us to verify and assign three strains of human SaV to genotypes GI.2 (1) and GII.5 (2). In dogs, eight strains of NoV [HuNoV G?/GII.P4 (4) and canine G?/GVI.P1 (4)] and two strains of canine SaV were determined. In pigs, six strains were assigned to HuNoV G?/GII.P4 and four strains to porcine SaV were assigned to genogroup GIII (2), GVIII (1), and GXI (1). In bovines, five strains were characterized as HuNoV G?/GII.P4. Conclusions This study showed that NoV and SaV prototype strains have been present in humans and dogs in Costa Rica. Additionally, it revealed that the zoonotic potential of SaV is very limited, while the zoonotic implications for HuNoV GII.4 are stronger due to the simultaneous circulation of strains related to HuNoV GII.4 in four species, which suggests a zoo-anthropozoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derling José Pichardo Matamoros
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (PPCARN), University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Pedro, Costa Rica,Veterinary Virology Diagnostic and Research Unit (UNDIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Barreal de Heredia, Costa Rica,Corresponding Author: Derling José Pichardo Matamoros. Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (PPCARN), University of Costa Rica (UCR), San Pedro, Costa Rica.
| | | | - Rocío Cortés Campos
- Veterinary Virology Diagnostic and Research Unit (UNDIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Barreal de Heredia, Costa Rica,Tropical Diseases Research Program (PIET), School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Barreal de Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Hilda María Bolaños Acuña
- National Bacteriological Reference Center of the Costa Rican Institute for Teaching and Research in Health and Nutrition (CNRB-INCIENSA), San Diego, Costa Rica
| | - Elena Campos Chacón
- National Bacteriological Reference Center of the Costa Rican Institute for Teaching and Research in Health and Nutrition (CNRB-INCIENSA), San Diego, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Francisco Jiménez Sánchez
- Veterinary Virology Diagnostic and Research Unit (UNDIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Barreal de Heredia, Costa Rica,Tropical Diseases Research Program (PIET), School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Barreal de Heredia, Costa Rica
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178
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Phengma P, Khamrin P, Jampanil N, Yodmeeklin A, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N, Kumthip K. The emergence of recombinant norovirus GII.12[P16] and predominance of GII.3[P12] strains in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2019-2020. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28321. [PMID: 36397269 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) are important pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in all age groups, commonly in children worldwide. Recently, a number of studies have reported a wide variety of NoV recombinant strains. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of NoV and SaV recombinant strains circulating in Chiang Mai, Thailand, during 2019-2020. One hundred and twenty-four NoV and seven SaV strains detected in children admitted to the hospital with AGE were included in this study. The partial RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp)/VP1 regions of these NoV and SaV strains were analyzed by phylogenetic analysis, Simplot, and RDP software. Overall, eight recombination patterns of NoV were detected. NoV GII.4[P16] was the most common strain detected (39.1%), followed by GII.3[P12] (25.0%), GII.4[P31] (17.2%), and other recombinant strains were detected at a lower rate. NoV GII.12[P16] strains were detected for the first time in Thailand. For SaV, none of the recombinant strains was detected. All SaV strains, GI.1/GI.1, GI.2/GI.2, and GII.5/GII.5, exhibited VP1 genotype corresponded to RdRp genotype. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the distribution and diversity of NoV and SaV recombinant strains circulating in pediatric patients with AGE in Chiang Mai, during 2019-2020 with the emergence of NoV GII.3[P12] and GII.12[P16].
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Affiliation(s)
- Phitchakorn Phengma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence (Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nutthawadee Jampanil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Arpaporn Yodmeeklin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence (Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence (Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence (Emerging and Re-Emerging Diarrheal Viruses), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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179
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Tohma K, Ushijima H. [Molecular epidemiology and evolution of human noroviruses]. Uirusu 2023; 73:17-32. [PMID: 39343517 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.73.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the most common viral cause of acute gastroenteritis after the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. Norovirus infection can cause severe symptoms in vulnerable populations including young children and the elderly. Thus, it is still a leading cause of death from diarrhea in children in developing countries. Recent advancement of genomics platforms facilitated understanding of the epidemiology of norovirus, while the whole picture of norovirus diversity is still undetermined. Currently, there are no approved vaccines for norovirus, but state-of-the-art norovirus cultivation systems could elucidate the antigenic diversity of this fast-evolving virus. In this review, we will summarize the historical and latest findings of norovirus epidemiology, diversity, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, Unites States
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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180
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Gao J, Zhang Z, Xue L, Li Y, Cheng T, Meng L, Li Y, Cai W, Hong X, Zhang J, Wang J, Chen M, Ye Q, Ding Y, Wu Q. GII.17[P17] and GII.8[P8] noroviruses showed different RdRp activities associated with their epidemic characteristics. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28216. [PMID: 36254681 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is the primary foodborne pathogenic agent causing viral acute gastroenteritis. It possesses broad genetic diversity and the prevalence of different genotypes varies substantially. However, the differences in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity among different genotypes of noroviruses remain unclear. In this study, the molecular mechanism of RdRp activity difference between the epidemic strain GII.17[P17] and the non-epidemic strain GII.8[P8] was characterized. By evaluating the evolutionary history of RdRp sequences with Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, the evolution rate of GII.17[P17] variants was higher than that of GII.8[P8] variants (1.22 × 10-3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year to 9.31 × 10-4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year, respectively). The enzyme catalytic reaction demonstrated that the Vmax value of GII.17[P17] RdRp was 2.5 times than that of GII.8[P8] RdRp. And the Km of GII.17[P17] and GII.8[P8] RdRp were 0.01 and 0.15 mmol/L, respectively. Then, GII.8[P8] RdRp fragment mutants (A-F) were designed, among which GII.8[P8]-A/B containing the conserved motif G/F were found to have significant effects on improving RdRp activity. The Km values of GII.8[P8]-A/B reached 0.07 and 0.06 mmol/L, respectively. And their Vmax values were 1.34 times than that of GII.8[P8] RdRp. In summary, our results suggested that RdRp activities were correlated with their epidemic characteristics. These findings will ultimately provide a better understanding in replication mechanism of noroviruses and development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilei Zhang
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Communication Department, Shanghai Customs College, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luobing Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
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181
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Soiza RL, Scicluna C, Bilal S. Virus Infections in Older People. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:149-183. [PMID: 37120468 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Older people are more prone to viral infections, and often have worse outcomes. This was well demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic, where a disproportionate number of deaths occurred in the oldest and frailest people. The assessment of the older person with a viral infection is complicated by the high prevalence of multiple comorbidities and sensory or cognitive impairment. They often present with common geriatric syndromes such as falls or delirium, rather than the more typical features of a viral illness in younger people. Comprehensive geriatric assessment by a specialist multidisciplinary team is the gold standard of management, as viral illness is unlikely to present in isolation of other healthcare needs. We discuss the presentation, diagnosis, prevention, and management of common viral infections-respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, norovirus, influenza, hepatitis, herpes, and dengue viruses-with special consideration of infections in the older patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy L Soiza
- Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Chiara Scicluna
- Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sana Bilal
- Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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182
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Cho EJ, Cha Y, Lee SK, Kim HS, Kim JS, Lee EJ, Lee N, Hong KH, Huh HJ, Cha YJ, Kim HS. Development and Characterization of Synthetic Norovirus RNA for Use in Molecular Detection Methods. Ann Lab Med 2023; 43:38-44. [PMID: 36045055 PMCID: PMC9467847 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2023.43.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reference materials are essential for the quality assurance of molecular detection methods. We developed and characterized synthetic norovirus GI and GII RNA reference materials. Methods Norovirus GI and GII RNA sequences including the ORF1-ORF2 junction region were designed based on 1,495 reported norovirus sequences and synthesized via plasmid preparation and in vitro transcription. The synthetic norovirus GI and GII RNAs were evaluated using six commercial norovirus detection kits used in Korea and subjected to homogeneity and stability analyses. A multicenter study involving five laboratories and using four commercial real-time PCR norovirus detection assays was conducted for synthetic norovirus RNA characterization and uncertainty measurements. Results The synthetic norovirus GI and GII RNAs were positively detected using the six commercial norovirus detection kits and were homogeneous and stable for one year when stored at -20°C or -70°C. All data from the five laboratories were within a range of 1.0 log copies/μL difference for each RNA, and the overall mean concentrations for norovirus GI and GII RNAs were 7.90 log copies/μL and 6.96 log copies/μL, respectively. Conclusions The synthetic norovirus GI and GII RNAs are adequate for quality control based on commercial molecular detection reagents for noroviruses with high sequence variability. The synthetic RNAs can be used as reference materials in norovirus molecular detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Younggil Cha
- Molecular Diagnostic R&D Center, Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Su Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Han-Sung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nuri Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ki Ho Hong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan, Korea
| | - Young Joo Cha
- Corporate R&D Center for Biological Standards and Control, Resources and Innovation Cooperative, Hanam, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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183
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Giancotti G, Nannetti G, Padalino G, Landini M, Santos-Ferreira N, Van Dycke J, Naccarato V, Patel U, Silvestri R, Neyts J, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Rocha-Pereira J, Brancale A, Ferla S, Bassetto M. Structural Investigations on Novel Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors of Human Norovirus Polymerase. Viruses 2022; 15:74. [PMID: 36680114 PMCID: PMC9864251 DOI: 10.3390/v15010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is the first cause of foodborne disease worldwide, leading to extensive outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, and causing around 200,000 children to die annually in developing countries. No specific vaccines or antiviral agents are currently available, with therapeutic options limited to supportive care to prevent dehydration. The infection can become severe and lead to life-threatening complications in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals, leading to a clear need for antiviral agents, to be used as treatments and as prophylactic measures in case of outbreaks. Due to the key role played by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in the virus life cycle, this enzyme is a promising target for antiviral drug discovery. In previous studies, following in silico investigations, we identified different small-molecule inhibitors of this enzyme. In this study, we rationally modified five identified scaffolds, to further explore structure-activity relationships, and to enhance binding to the RdRp. The newly designed compounds were synthesized according to multiple-step synthetic routes and evaluated for their inhibition of the enzyme in vitro. New inhibitors with low micromolar inhibitory activity of the RdRp were identified, which provide a promising basis for further hit-to-lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Giancotti
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Giulio Nannetti
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gilda Padalino
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Martina Landini
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Nanci Santos-Ferreira
- KU Leuven—Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Dycke
- KU Leuven—Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentina Naccarato
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Usheer Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven—Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jésus Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven—Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
- Vysoká Škola Chemiko-Technologiká v Praze, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Marcella Bassetto
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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184
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The Role of Histo-Blood Group Antigens and Microbiota in Human Norovirus Replication in Zebrafish Larvae. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0315722. [PMID: 36314930 PMCID: PMC9769672 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03157-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the major agent for viral gastroenteritis, causing >700 million infections yearly. Fucose-containing carbohydrates named histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are known (co)receptors for HuNoV. Moreover, bacteria of the gut microbiota expressing HBGA-like structures have shown an enhancing effect on HuNoV replication in an in vitro model. Here, we studied the role of HBGAs and the host microbiota during HuNoV infection in zebrafish larvae. Using whole-mount immunohistochemistry, we visualized the fucose expression in the zebrafish gut for the HBGA Lewis X [LeX, α(1,3)-fucose] and core fucose [α(1,6)-fucose]. Costaining of HuNoV-infected larvae proved colocalization of LeX and to a lower extent core fucose with the viral capsid protein VP1, indicating the presence of fucose residues on infected cells. Upon blocking of fucose expression by a fluorinated fucose analogue, HuNoV replication was strongly reduced. Furthermore, by comparing HuNoV replication in conventional and germfree zebrafish larvae, we found that the natural zebrafish microbiome does not have an effect on HuNoV replication, contrary to earlier reports about the human gut microbiome. Interestingly, monoassociation with the HBGA-expressing Enterobacter cloacae resulted in a minor decrease in HuNoV replication, which was not triggered by a stronger innate immune response. Overall, we show here that fucose has an essential role for HuNoV infection in zebrafish larvae, as in the human host, but their natural gut microbiome does not affect viral replication. IMPORTANCE Despite causing over 700 million infections yearly, many gaps remain in the knowledge of human norovirus (HuNoV) biology due to an historical lack of efficient cultivation systems. Fucose-containing carbohydrate structures, named histo-blood group antigens, are known to be important (co)receptors for viral entry in humans, while the natural gut microbiota is suggested to enhance viral replication. This study shows a conserved mechanism of entry for HuNoV in the novel zebrafish infection model, highlighting the pivotal opportunity this model represents to study entry mechanisms and identify the cellular receptor of HuNoV. Our results shed light on the interaction of HuNoV with the zebrafish microbiota, contributing to the understanding of the interplay between gut microbiota and enteric viruses. The ease of generating germfree animals that can be colonized with human gut bacteria is an additional advantage of using zebrafish larvae in virology. This small animal model constitutes an innovative alternative to high-severity animal models.
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185
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Winder N, Gohar S, Muthana M. Norovirus: An Overview of Virology and Preventative Measures. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122811. [PMID: 36560815 PMCID: PMC9781483 DOI: 10.3390/v14122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric non-enveloped virus which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis across all age groups. It is responsible for around 200,000 deaths annually and outbreaks are common in small communities such as educational and care facilities. 40% of all NoV outbreaks occur in long-term and acute-care facilities, forming the majority of outbreaks. Nosocomial settings set ideal environments for ease of transmission, especially due to the presence of immunocompromised groups. It is estimated to cost global economies around £48 billion a year, making it a global issue. NoV is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and infection with it results in asymptomatic cases or gastrointestinal disease. It has high mutational rates and this allows for new variants to emerge and be more resistant. The classification system available divides NoV into 10 genogroups and 49 genotypes based on whole amino acid sequencing of VP1 capsid protein and partial sequencing of RdRp, respectively. The most predominant genotypes which cause gastroenteritis in humans include GI.1 and GII.4, where GII.4 is responsible for more extreme clinical implications such as hospitalisation. In addition, GII.4 has been responsible for 6 pandemic strains, the last of which is the GII.4 Sydney (2012) variant. In recent years, the successful cultivation of HuNoV was reported in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), which promises to assist in giving a deeper understanding of its underlying mechanisms of infection and the development of more personalized control measures. There are no specific control measures against NoV, therefore common practices are used against it such as hand washing. No vaccine is available, but the HIL-214 candidate passed clinical phase 2b and shows promise.
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186
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Mabasa VV, van Zyl WB, Ismail A, Allam M, Taylor MB, Mans J. Multiple Novel Human Norovirus Recombinants Identified in Wastewater in Pretoria, South Africa by Next-Generation Sequencing. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122732. [PMID: 36560736 PMCID: PMC9788511 DOI: 10.3390/v14122732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) noroviruses are a major cause of viral gastroenteritis. Since the emergence of the Sydney_2012 variant, no novel norovirus GII.4 variants have been reported. The high diversity of noroviruses and periodic emergence of novel strains necessitates continuous global surveillance. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of noroviruses in selected wastewater samples from Pretoria, South Africa (SA) using amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS). Between June 2018 and August 2020, 200 raw sewage and final effluent samples were collected fortnightly from two wastewater treatment plants in Pretoria. Viruses were recovered using skimmed milk flocculation and glass wool adsorption-elution virus recovery methods and screened for noroviruses using a one-step real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The norovirus BC genotyping region (570-579 bp) was amplified from detected norovirus strains and subjected to Illumina MiSeq NGS. Noroviruses were detected in 81% (162/200) of samples. The majority (89%, 89/100) of raw sewage samples were positive for at least one norovirus, compared with 73% (73/100) of final effluent samples. Overall, a total of 89 different GI and GII RdRp-capsid combinations were identified, including 51 putative novel recombinants, 34 previously reported RdRp-capsid combinations, one emerging novel recombinant and three Sanger-sequencing confirmed novel recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vusi Mabasa
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
| | - Walda Brenda van Zyl
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Mushal Allam
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maureen Beatrice Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
| | - Janet Mans
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-12-319-2660
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187
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Chen Y, Wu Q, Li G, Li H, Li W, Li H, Qin L, Zheng H, Liu C, Hou M, Liu L. Identification and genetic characterization of a minor norovirus genotype, GIX.1[GII.P15], from China. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:50. [PMID: 35794533 PMCID: PMC9261040 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human noroviruses, single-stranded RNA viruses in the family Caliciviridae, are a leading cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages worldwide. Despite three decades of genomic sequencing and epidemiological norovirus studies, full-length genome analyses of the non-epidemic or minor norovirus genotypes are rare and genomic regions other than ORF2 and 3′-end of ORF1 have been largely understudied, which hampers a better understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of emergence of new strains. In this study, we detected a rare norovirus genotype, GIX.1[GII.P15], in a vomit sample of a 60 year old woman with acute gastroenteritis using Raji cells and sequenced the complete genome. Results Using electron microscopy, a morphology of spherical and lace-like appearance of norovirus virus particles with a diameter of approximately 30 nm were observed. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 and the RdRp region indicated that the KMN1 strain could be genotyped as GIX.1[GII.P15]. In addition, the VP1 region of KMN1 strain had 94.15% ± 3.54% percent nucleotide identity (PNI) compared to 26 genomic sequences available in GenBank, indicating a higher degree similarity between KMN1 and other GIX.1[GII.P15] strains. Further analysis of the full genome sequence of KMN1 strain showed that a total of 96 nucleotide substitutions (63 in ORF1, 25 in ORF2, and 8 in ORF3) were found across the genome compared with the consensus sequence of GIX.1[GII.P15] genome, and 6 substitutions caused amino acid changes (4 in ORF1, 1 in ORF2, and 1 in ORF3). However, only one nucleotide substitution results in the amino acid change (P302S) in the VP1 protein and the site was located near one of the predicted conformational B epitopes on the dimer structure. Conclusions The genomic information of the new GIX.1[GII.P15] strain KMN1, which was identified in Kunming, China could provide helpful insights for the study of the genetic evolution of the virus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12863-022-01066-6.
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188
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Genetic characteristics of archival noroviruses detected from the 1970s to the 1990s. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2723-2727. [PMID: 36087133 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genetic characterization of archival specimens is important for evaluating the evolutionary processes of noroviruses. Complete viral genome sequences, GVIII.1[GII.P28] and GIX.1[GII.P15], were determined from two archival specimens collected in Tokyo, Japan, in 1986 and 1995. In addition, complete VP1 and partial RdRp sequences of four samples collected between 1975 and 1983 were determined. Two viruses were classified as GI.5[P5] and GI.9[P9]; however, the viruses from the other two samples could not be assigned to any known genotypes using norovirus typing tools and phylogenetic analysis, suggesting that they might be untypable genotypes. Further evolutionary analysis of these viruses is warranted.
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189
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Philip AA, Patton JT. Generation of Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Human Norovirus Capsid Proteins. J Virol 2022; 96:e0126222. [PMID: 36314817 PMCID: PMC9682992 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01262-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus, a segmented double-stranded RNA virus of the Reoviridae family, is a primary cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. In countries where rotavirus vaccines are widely used, norovirus (NoV) has emerged as the major cause of acute gastroenteritis. Towards the goal of creating a combined rotavirus-NoV vaccine, we explored the possibility of generating recombinant rotaviruses (rRVs) expressing all or portions of the NoV GII.4 VP1 capsid protein. This was accomplished by replacing the segment 7 NSP3 open reading frame with a cassette encoding, sequentially, NSP3, a 2A stop-restart translation element, and all or portions (P, P2) of NoV VP1. In addition to successfully recovering rRVs with modified SA11 segment 7 RNAs encoding NoV capsid proteins, analogous rRVs were recovered through modification of the segment 7 RNA of the RIX4414 vaccine strain. An immunoblot assay confirmed that rRVs expressed NoV capsid proteins as independent products. Moreover, VP1 expressed by rRVs underwent dimerization and was recognized by conformational-dependent anti-VP1 antibodies. Serially passaged rRVs that expressed the NoV P and P2 were genetically stable, retaining additional sequences of up to 1.1 kbp without change. However, serially passaged rRVs containing the longer 1.6-kb VP1 sequence were less stable and gave rise to virus populations with segment 7 RNAs lacking VP1 coding sequences. Together, these studies suggest that it may be possible to develop combined rotavirus-NoV vaccines using modified segment 7 RNA to express NoV P or P2. In contrast, development of potential rotavirus-NoV vaccines expressing NoV VP1 will need additional efforts to improve genetic stability. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the two most important causes of acute viral gastroenteritis (AGE) in infants and young children. While the incidence of RV AGE has been brought under control in many countries through the introduction of universal mass vaccination with live attenuated RV vaccines, similar highly effective NoV vaccines are not available. To pursue the development of a combined RV-NoV vaccine, we examined the potential of using RV as an expression vector of all or portions of the NoV capsid protein VP1. Our results showed that by replacing the NSP3 open reading frame in RV genome segment 7 RNA with a coding cassette for NSP3, a 2A stop-restart translation element, and VP1, recombinant RVs can be generated that express NoV capsid proteins. These findings raise the possibility of developing new generations of RV-based combination vaccines that provide protection against a second enteric pathogen, such as NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha A. Philip
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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190
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Cao R, Ma X, Pan M. Molecular characteristics of norovirus in sporadic and outbreak cases of acute gastroenteritis and in sewage in Sichuan, China. Virol J 2022; 19:180. [DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Norovirus is highly diverse and constant surveillance is essential for the prevention and control of norovirus gastroenteritis.
Methods
From 2015 to 2019, fecal samples were collected from sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis reported to Sichuan center for disease control and prevention. Sewage samples were collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Sichuan. All samples were tested for norovirus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Norovirus-positive clinical samples were sequenced by Sanger sequencing. Sewage samples were sequenced by amplicon and virome sequencing.
Results
A total of 1462 fecal samples were collected and 11 different norovirus genotypes were detected. GII.4 Sydney 2012[P31] and GII.3[P12] were the dominant genotypes in sporadic cases whereas GII.2[P16] and GII.17[P17] were the dominant genotypes in outbreaks. GII.3 was predominant in children 0–6 months of age during spring and summer, while GII.4 was predominant in children older than 6 months and in the autumn. The detection rate of GII.17[P17] increased with age. In sewage, 16 genotypes were detected. GII.3, GII.4, GI.1, and GI.2 were the dominant genotypes.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that multiple norovirus genotypes co-circulate in Sichuan. It is vital to continuously trace the genetic diversity of norovirus to give a future perspective on surveillance needs and guide vaccine design and policy decisions.
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191
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Li M, Li K, Lan H, Hao X, Liu Y, Zhou C. Investigation of genotype diversity of 7,804 norovirus sequences in humans and animals of China. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1429-1435. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Norovirus is a prominent enteric virus responsible for severe acute gastroenteritis disease burden worldwide. In our current study, we analyzed 7,804 norovirus sequences of human and animals in China which were detected from 1980 to 2020 from GenBank. The GenBank database was searched up to May 2021 with the following search terms: “norovirus” or “norwalk virus” and “China.” The 7,804 norovirus sequences were collected and evaluated by phylogenetic analysis using MEGA X software package. The online typing tool (https://www.rivm.nl/mpf/typingtool/norovirus/) was used to confirm the genotypes. There were 36 norovirus genotypes prevailing in China. GII.4 was the most prevalent genotype, and GII.2, GII.3 and GII.17 also emerged during different time periods. Most sequences were detected in East China (41.72%, 3,256/7,804), but different norovirus genotypes were distributed widely across the country. A variety of norovirus genotypes, including GI, GII, GIII, GIV, GV, GVI, GVII and GX, were reported in different animals. Furthermore, a GI.3 sequence detected from animal had high identity with norovirus detected in human from the same region, indicating the potential norovirus zoonotic transmission in China. In conclusion, these results indicated that norovirus sequences with considerable genetic diversity distributed widely in China, with potential reverse zoonotic transmission from human to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Li
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , 2 Tiantanxili Rd, Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Kejian Li
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Haiyun Lan
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Xiaotian Hao
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yan Liu
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , 2 Tiantanxili Rd, Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
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192
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Wang L, Ji L, Li H, Xu D, Chen L, Zhang P, Wang W. Early evolution and transmission of GII.P16-GII.2 norovirus in China. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac250. [PMID: 36124949 PMCID: PMC9635637 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. During 2016-2017, a novel recombinant GII.P16-GII.2 genotype of norovirus suddenly appeared and over the next several years became the predominant strain in both China and worldwide. To better understand the origin and diffusion of the GII.P16-GII.2 genotype in China, we conducted molecular evolutionary analyses, including phylodynamics and phylogeography. Moreover, to trace person-to-person transmission of GII.P16-GII.2 norovirus, we applied the novel method, TransPhylo, to a historical phylogeny using sequences obtained from a publicly available database. A time-scaled phylogenetic tree indicated that the time to the most recent common ancestor of the GII.P16-GII.2 major capsid protein (VP1) gene diverged from the GII.P2-GII.2 VP1 gene at 2,001.03 with an evolutionary rate of 3.32 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. The time to the most recent common ancestor of the GII.P16-GII.2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region diverged from the GII.P16-GII.4 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region at 2,013.28 with an evolutionary rate of 9.44 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. Of these 2 genomic regions, VP1 gene sequence variations were the most influenced by selective pressure. A phylogeographic analysis showed that GII.P16-GII.2 strains in China communicated most frequently with those in the United States, Australia, Thailand, and Russia, suggesting import from Australia to Taiwan and from the United States to Guangdong. TransPhylo analyses indicated that the basic reproductive number (R0) and sampling proportion (pi) of GII.P16-GII.2 norovirus were 1.99 (95% confidence interval: 1.58-2.44) and 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.63-0.88), respectively. Strains from the United States and Australia were responsible for large spread during the evolution and transmission of the virus. Coastal cities and places with high population densities should be closely monitored for norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hao Li
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Deshun Xu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Corresponding author: Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China. (PZ)
| | - Weibing Wang
- Corresponding author: School of Public Health & Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China. (WW)
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193
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Osborn B, Pan CY, Hatada A, Hatfield J, Wagner J, Oakeson K, Montmayeur A, Morales C, Vinjé J. Cluster of Norovirus Genogroup IX Outbreaks in Long-Term Care Facilities, Utah, USA, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2312-2315. [PMID: 36286223 PMCID: PMC9622255 DOI: 10.3201/eid2811.220842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report 5 clustered acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in long-term care facilities in Utah, USA, that were linked to healthcare employees working at multiple facilities. Four outbreaks were caused by norovirus genotype GIX. We recommend continued norovirus surveillance and genotyping to determine contributions of this genotype to norovirus outbreaks.
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194
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Tofani S, Ianiro G, De Sabato L, Monini M, Angeloni G, Ponterio E, D'Agostino C, Di Bari MA, Valeri M, Di Bartolo I. Detection and whole genome sequencing of murine norovirus in animal facility in Italy. Anim Biotechnol 2022; 33:1142-1149. [PMID: 33511904 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1876081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Viruses belonging to the genus Norovirus (NoV) of the family Caliciviridae are the major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. NoVs are classified into 10 genogroups (GI-GX), and those belonging to the genogroup GV are able to infect several species of rodents. To evaluate the circulation of MNV among mice housed in an Italian facility, sampling was performed over two separate periods, in 2011, and 3 years later in 2014. During the two samplings, 75 fecal samples were collected from healthy mice housed in the animal facility and subjected to RT-PCR for viral detection. After the analysis, 41/75 animals (54.6%) resulted positive for the presence of MNV in feces. Nucleotide sequencing revealed the presence of two MNV variants co-circulating in both 2011 and 2014. One MNV strain was isolated on RAW264.7 cell line, and subjected to full genome sequencing. Our study showed that the murine noroviruses are widespread in the investigated animal facility, despite guidelines for animal care and maintenance. Full genome sequence analysis of the MNV strain described in this study showed a correlation with other strains circulating in Europe. Understanding the molecular epidemiology of this virus should give insight into its natural history and evolution in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tofani
- Complex Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca De Sabato
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Angeloni
- Research and International Cooperation Office, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ponterio
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia D'Agostino
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Angelo Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Valeri
- Center for Animal Research and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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195
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Elbashir I, Aldoos NF, Mathew S, Al Thani AA, Emara MM, Yassine HM. Molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity, and vaccine availability of viral acute gastroenteritis in the middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1193-1211. [PMID: 36240530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis is the cause of considerable mortality and morbidity worldwide, particularly among children under five years in underdeveloped countries. Most acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases are attributed to viral etiologies, including rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus. This paper aimed to determine the prevalence rate of different viral etiologies of AGE in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Moreover, this paper explored rotavirus phylogenetic relatedness, compared VP7 and VP4 antigenic regions of rotavirus with vaccine strains, and explored the availability of vaccines in the MENA region. The literature search identified 160 studies from 18 countries from 1980 to 2019. The overall prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and sapovirus were 29.8 %, 13.9 %, 6.3 %, 3.5 %, and 3.2 % of tested samples, respectively. The most common rotavirus genotype combinations in the MENA region were G1P[8], G9P[9], and G2P[4], whereas GII.4 was the predominant norovirus genotype all of which were reported in almost all the studies with genotyping data. The comparison of VP7 and VP4 between circulating rotavirus in the MENA region and vaccine strains has revealed discrete divergent regions, including the neutralizing epitopes. Rotavirus vaccine was introduced to most of the countries of the MENA region; however, only a few studies have assessed the effectiveness of vaccine introduction. This paper provides a comprehensive update on the prevalence of the different viral agents of AGE in the MENA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa Elbashir
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Noor F Aldoos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Shilu Mathew
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Asmaa A Al Thani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohamed M Emara
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar.
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196
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Helm EW, Peiper AM, Phillips M, Williams CG, Sherman MB, Kelley T, Smith HQ, Jacobs SO, Shah D, Tatum SM, Iyer N, Grodzki M, Morales Aparicio JC, Kennedy EA, Manzi MS, Baldridge MT, Smith TJ, Karst SM. Environmentally-triggered contraction of the norovirus virion determines diarrheagenic potential. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1043746. [PMID: 36389732 PMCID: PMC9664153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1043746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of severe childhood diarrhea and foodborne disease worldwide. While they are a major cause of disease in all age groups, infections in the very young can be quite severe with annual estimates of 50,000-200,000 fatalities in children under 5 years old. In spite of the remarkable disease burden associated with norovirus infections in people, very little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms underlying norovirus diarrhea, principally because of the lack of tractable small animal models. We recently demonstrated that wild-type neonatal mice are susceptible to murine norovirus (MNV)-induced acute self-resolving diarrhea in a time course mirroring human norovirus disease. Using this robust pathogenesis model system, we demonstrate that virulence is regulated by the responsiveness of the viral capsid to environmental cues that trigger contraction of the VP1 protruding (P) domain onto the particle shell, thus enhancing receptor binding and infectivity. The capacity of a given MNV strain to undergo this contraction positively correlates with infection of cells expressing low abundance of the virus receptor CD300lf, supporting a model whereby virion contraction triggers infection of CD300lflo cell types that are responsible for diarrhea induction. These findings directly link environmentally-influenced biophysical features with norovirus disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Helm
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amy M. Peiper
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew Phillips
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Caroline G. Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael B. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Theresa Kelley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Q. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sorin O. Jacobs
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dhairya Shah
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah M. Tatum
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Neha Iyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marco Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joyce C. Morales Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mikayla S. Manzi
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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197
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Viral metagenomics reveals persistent as well as dietary acquired viruses in Antarctic fur seals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18207. [PMID: 36307519 PMCID: PMC9616810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses linked to animals inhabiting Antarctic latitudes remain poorly studied. Remote environments hosting large pinniped populations may be prone to exposure of immunologically naïve animals to new infectious agents due to increasing human presence or introduction of new animal species. Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) inhabiting the Western Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands are challenged because of climate change and increased anthropogenic activity. In the present study, the fecal and serum virome of A. gazella was characterized by applying target enrichment next generation sequencing. The resulting viromes were dominated by CRESS-DNA sequences. Viruses known to infect vertebrate and invertebrate hosts were also observed in fecal samples. Fur seal picornavirus was present in all the fecal pools studied suggesting it is a prevalent virus in these species. Six different viruses presenting similarities with previously described A. gazella viruses or other otariids and mammal viruses were identified as potential new A. gazella viruses. Also, diet-derived viruses such as crustacean viruses were present in fecal content. Penguin viruses, but not fish viruses, were also detected. Obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the viral community present in these species, which is relevant for its conservation.
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198
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do Nascimento LG, Sarmento SK, Leonardo R, Gutierrez MB, Malta FC, de Oliveira JM, Guerra CR, Coutinho R, Miagostovich MP, Fumian TM. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Enteric Viruses in Bivalve Mollusks Collected in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Viruses 2022; 14:2359. [PMID: 36366459 PMCID: PMC9695388 DOI: 10.3390/v14112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral bivalve contamination is a recognized food safety hazard. Therefore, this study investigated the detection rates, seasonality, quantification, and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in bivalve samples (mussels and oysters). We collected 97 shellfish samples between March 2018 and February 2020. The screening of samples by qPCR or RT-qPCR revealed the detection of norovirus (42.3%), rotavirus A (RVA; 16.5%), human adenovirus (HAdV; 24.7%), and human bocavirus (HBoV; 13.4%). There was no detection of hepatitis A virus. In total, 58.8% of shellfish samples tested positive for one or more viruses, with 42.1% of positive samples contaminated with two or more viruses. Norovirus showed the highest median viral load (3.3 × 106 GC/g), followed by HAdV (median of 3.5 × 104 GC/g), RVA (median of 1.5 × 103 GC/g), and HBoV (median of 1.3 × 103 GC/g). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that norovirus strains belonged to genotype GII.12[P16], RVA to genotype I2, HAdV to types -C2, -C5, and -F40, and HBoV to genotypes -1 and -2. Our results demonstrate the viral contamination of bivalves, emphasizing the need for virological monitoring programs to ensure the quality and safety of shellfish for human consumption and as a valuable surveillance tool to monitor emerging viruses and novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Gonçalves do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raphael Leonardo
- Laboratory of Viral Morphology and Morphogenesis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Meylin Bautista Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rezende Guerra
- Laboratory of Marine Genetics, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Sea Studies Institute Admiral Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo 28930-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Marine Genetics, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Sea Studies Institute Admiral Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo 28930-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
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199
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Lindesmith LC, Boshier FAT, Brewer-Jensen PD, Roy S, Costantini V, Mallory ML, Zweigart M, May SR, Conrad H, O’Reilly KM, Kelly D, Celma CC, Beard S, Williams R, Tutill HJ, Becker Dreps S, Bucardo F, Allen DJ, Vinjé J, Goldstein RA, Breuer J, Baric RS. Immune Imprinting Drives Human Norovirus Potential for Global Spread. mBio 2022; 13:e0186122. [PMID: 36102514 PMCID: PMC9600701 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01861-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex interactions between virus and host that drive new strain evolution is key to predicting the emergence potential of variants and informing vaccine development. Under our hypothesis, future dominant human norovirus GII.4 variants with critical antigenic properties that allow them to spread are currently circulating undetected, having diverged years earlier. Through large-scale sequencing of GII.4 surveillance samples, we identified two variants with extensive divergence within domains that mediate neutralizing antibody binding. Subsequent serological characterization of these strains using temporally resolved adult and child sera suggests that neither candidate could spread globally in adults with multiple GII.4 exposures, yet young children with minimal GII.4 exposure appear susceptible. Antigenic cartography of surveillance and outbreak sera indicates that continued population exposure to GII.4 Sydney 2012 and antigenically related variants over a 6-year period resulted in a broadening of immunity to heterogeneous GII.4 variants, including those identified here. We show that the strongest antibody responses in adults exposed to GII.4 Sydney 2012 are directed to previously circulating GII.4 viruses. Our data suggest that the broadening of antibody responses compromises establishment of strong GII.4 Sydney 2012 immunity, thereby allowing the continued persistence of GII.4 Sydney 2012 and modulating the cycle of norovirus GII.4 variant replacement. Our results indicate a cycle of norovirus GII.4 variant replacement dependent upon population immunity. Young children are susceptible to divergent variants; therefore, emergence of these strains worldwide is driven proximally by changes in adult serological immunity and distally by viral evolution that confers fitness in the context of immunity. IMPORTANCE In our model, preepidemic human norovirus variants harbor genetic diversification that translates into novel antigenic features without compromising viral fitness. Through surveillance, we identified two viruses fitting this profile, forming long branches on a phylogenetic tree. Neither evades current adult immunity, yet young children are likely susceptible. By comparing serological responses, we demonstrate that population immunity varies by age/exposure, impacting predicted susceptibility to variants. Repeat exposure to antigenically similar variants broadens antibody responses, providing immunological coverage of diverse variants but compromising response to the infecting variant, allowing continued circulation. These data indicate norovirus GII.4 variant replacement is driven distally by virus evolution and proximally by immunity in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Florencia A. T. Boshier
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sunando Roy
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Costantini
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael L. Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Zweigart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samantha R. May
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Helen Conrad
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen M. O’Reilly
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina C. Celma
- Enteric Virus Unit, The Virus Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Beard
- Enteric Virus Unit, The Virus Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Williams
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena J. Tutill
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Becker Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, León, Nicaragua
| | - David J. Allen
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard A. Goldstein
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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200
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Ford-Siltz LA, Tohma K, Alvarado GS, Kendra JA, Pilewski KA, Crowe JE, Parra GI. Cross-reactive neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies mapping to variable antigenic sites on the norovirus major capsid protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040836. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the major viral cause of acute gastroenteritis around the world. Although norovirus symptoms are in most cases mild and self-limited, severe and prolonged symptoms can occur in the elderly and in immunocompromised individuals. Thus, there is a great need for the development of specific therapeutics that can help mitigate infection. In this study, we sought to characterize a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; NORO-123, -115, -273A, -263, -315B, and -250B) that showed carbohydrate blocking activity against the current pandemic variant, GII.4 Sydney 2012. All antibodies tested showed potent neutralization against GII.4 Sydney virus in human intestinal enteroid culture. While all mAbs recognized only GII.4 viruses, they exhibited differential binding patterns against a panel of virus-like particles (VLPs) representing major and minor GII.4 variants spanning twenty-five years. Using mutant VLPs, we mapped five of the mAbs to variable antigenic sites A (NORO-123, -263, -315B, and -250B) or C (NORO-115) on the major capsid protein. Those mapping to the antigenic site A showed blocking activity against multiple variants dating back to 1987, with one mAb (NORO-123) showing reactivity to all variants tested. NORO-115, which maps to antigenic site C, showed reactivity against multiple variants due to the low susceptibility for mutations presented by naturally-occurring variants at the proposed binding site. Notably, we show that cross-blocking and neutralizing antibodies can be elicited against variable antigenic sites. These data provide new insights into norovirus immunity and suggest potential for the development of cross-protective vaccines and therapeutics.
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