151
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Zhang L, Li G, Wang M, Di D, Sun L, Kronzucker HJ, Shi W. Excess iron stress reduces root tip zone growth through nitric oxide-mediated repression of potassium homeostasis in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:259-274. [PMID: 29658100 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The root tip zone is regarded as the principal action site for iron (Fe) toxicity and is more sensitive than other root zones, but the mechanism underpinning this remains largely unknown. We explored the mechanism underpinning the higher sensitivity at the Arabidopsis root tip and elucidated the role of nitric oxide (NO) using NO-related mutants and pharmacological methods. Higher Fe sensitivity of the root tip is associated with reduced potassium (K+ ) retention. NO in root tips is increased significantly above levels elsewhere in the root and is involved in the arrest of primary root tip zone growth under excess Fe, at least in part related to NO-induced K+ loss via SNO1 (sensitive to nitric oxide 1)/SOS4 (salt overly sensitive 4) and reduced root tip zone cell viability. Moreover, ethylene can antagonize excess Fe-inhibited root growth and K+ efflux, in part by the control of root tip NO levels. We conclude that excess Fe attenuates root growth by effecting an increase in root tip zone NO, and that this attenuation is related to NO-mediated alterations in K+ homeostasis, partly via SNO1/SOS4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Dongwei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
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152
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Singh N, Bhatla SC. Nitric oxide regulates lateral root formation through modulation of ACC oxidase activity in sunflower seedlings under salt stress. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1473683. [PMID: 29939832 PMCID: PMC6103280 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1473683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is established as a modulator of various developmental processes in plants through its interaction with multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic biomolecules. Lateral root (LR) induction and extension in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has been observed to be governed by a probable crosstalk between NO and ethylene biosynthesizing enzyme-ACC oxidase. NaCl (120 mM) stress not only lowers LR induction but also reduces their extension growth. Quenching of endogenous NO by raising seedlings in presence of 40 µM hemoglobin in the growth medium does not affect LR induction but lowers their extension growth. NaCl stress and NO depletion have additive effects on the enhancement of ACC oxidase activity, leading to enhanced ethylene biosynthesis. Role of NO has been further confirmed by raising sunflower seedlings in the presence of 20-60 µM of two NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA). LR extension growth was higher with DETA than SNP as NO donor at 40 µM. Iron-deficiency also promoted LR proliferation. It also significantly lowered ACC oxidase activity in the seedling roots in response to salt stress. Based on the present findings it is proposed that salt stress-mediated LR proliferation is regulated by NO through its binding with ACC oxidase (an iron-containing enzyme). This results in the formation of a stable ternary complex (ACC-ACC oxidase-NO) which leads to the reduction in ethylene biosynthesis. Lesser availability of ethylene consequently brings about enhanced LR formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-India
| | - Sathish C. Bhatla
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-India
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153
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Abhinandan K, Skori L, Stanic M, Hickerson NMN, Jamshed M, Samuel MA. Abiotic Stress Signaling in Wheat - An Inclusive Overview of Hormonal Interactions During Abiotic Stress Responses in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:734. [PMID: 29942321 PMCID: PMC6004395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid global warming directly impacts agricultural productivity and poses a major challenge to the present-day agriculture. Recent climate change models predict severe losses in crop production worldwide due to the changing environment, and in wheat, this can be as large as 42 Mt/°C rise in temperature. Although wheat occupies the largest total harvested area (38.8%) among the cereals including rice and maize, its total productivity remains the lowest. The major production losses in wheat are caused more by abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and high temperature than by biotic insults. Thus, understanding the effects of these stresses becomes indispensable for wheat improvement programs which have depended mainly on the genetic variations present in the wheat genome through conventional breeding. Notably, recent biotechnological breakthroughs in the understanding of gene functions and access to whole genome sequences have opened new avenues for crop improvement. Despite the availability of such resources in wheat, progress is still limited to the understanding of the stress signaling mechanisms using model plants such as Arabidopsis, rice and Brachypodium and not directly using wheat as the model organism. This review presents an inclusive overview of the phenotypic and physiological changes in wheat due to various abiotic stresses followed by the current state of knowledge on the identified mechanisms of perception and signal transduction in wheat. Specifically, this review provides an in-depth analysis of different hormonal interactions and signaling observed during abiotic stress signaling in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcus A. Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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154
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He F, Xu C, Fu X, Shen Y, Guo L, Leng M, Luo K. The MicroRNA390/ TRANS-ACTING SHORT INTERFERING RNA3 Module Mediates Lateral Root Growth under Salt Stress via the Auxin Pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:775-791. [PMID: 29717017 PMCID: PMC6001319 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Salt-induced developmental plasticity in a plant root system strongly depends on auxin signaling. However, the molecular events underlying this process are poorly understood. MicroRNA390 (miR390), trans-actin small interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs), and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs) form a regulatory module involved in controlling lateral root (LR) growth. Here, we found that miR390 expression was strongly induced by exposure to salt during LR formation in poplar (Populus spp.) plants. miR390 overexpression stimulated LR development and increased salt tolerance, whereas miR390 knockdown caused by a short tandem target mimic repressed LR growth and compromised salt resistance. ARF3.1, ARF3.2, and ARF4 expression was inhibited significantly by the presence of salt, and transcript abundance was decreased dramatically in the miR390-overexpressing line but increased in the miR390-knockdown line. Constitutive expression of ARF4m harboring mutated trans-acting small interfering ARF-binding sites removed the salt resistance of the miR390 overexpressors. miR390 positively regulated auxin signaling in LRs subjected to salt, but ARF4 inhibited auxin signaling. Salinity stabilized the poplar Aux/IAA repressor INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID17.1, and overexpression of an auxin/salt-resistant form of this repressor suppressed LR growth in miR390-overexpressing and ARF4-RNA interfering lines in the presence of salt. Thus, the miR390/TAS3/ARFs module is a key regulator, via modulating the auxin pathway, of LR growth in poplar subjected to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaokang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mi Leng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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155
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da-Silva CJ, Mollica DC, Vicente MH, Peres LE, Modolo LV. NO, hydrogen sulfide does not come first during tomato response to high salinity. Nitric Oxide 2018; 76:164-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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156
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Li N, Kang S. Do volatile compounds produced by Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae affect stress tolerance in plants? Mycology 2018; 9:166-175. [PMID: 30181923 PMCID: PMC6115880 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1448009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile compounds (VCs) produced by diverse microbes seem to affect plant growth, development and/or stress tolerance. We investigated how VCs released by soilborne fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae affect Arabidopsis thaliana responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Under salt stress, VCs from both fungi helped its growth and increased chlorophyll content. However, in contrast to wild-type A. thaliana (Col-0), V. dahliae VCs failed to increase leaf surface area in auxin signalling mutants aux1-7, tir1-1 and axr1-3. Compared to wild-type Col-0, the degree of lateral root density enhanced by V. dahliae VCs in these mutants was also reduced. Consistent with the involvement of auxin signalling in fungal VC-mediated salt torelance, A. thaliana line carrying DR5::GUS displayed increased auxin accumulation in root apex upon exposure to V. dahliae VCs, and 1-naphthylphthalamic acid, an auxin transport inhibitor, adversely affected V. dahliae VC-mediated salt tolerance. F. oxysporum VCs induced the expression of PR1 but not PDF1.2 in A. thaliana lines containing PR1::GUS and PFD1.2::GUS. When challenged with Pseudomonas syringae after the exposure to F. oxysporum VCs, A. thaliana showed reduced disease symptoms. However, the number of bacterial cells in F. oxysporum VC-treated plants was not significantly different from that in control plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxiao Li
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, University Park, PA, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, University Park, PA, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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157
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Mira MM, Huang S, Hill RD, Stasolla C. Protection of root apex meristem during stress responses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1428517. [PMID: 29341848 PMCID: PMC5846546 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1428517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
By regulating the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in a cell and tissue specific fashion, Phytoglobins (Pgbs), plant hemoglobin-like proteins, interfere with many NO-mediated pathways participating in developmental and stress-related responses. Recent evidence reveals that one of the functions of Pgbs is to protect the root apical meristem (RAM) from stress conditions by retaining the viability and function of the quiescent center (QC), required to maintain the stem cells in an undifferentiated state and ensure proper tissue patterning and root viability. Based on this and other evidence, it is suggested that Pgbs regulate cell fate by modulating NO homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Mira
- Permanent address: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Shuanglong Huang
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert D. Hill
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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158
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Ma Q, Grones P, Robert S. Auxin signaling: a big question to be addressed by small molecules. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:313-328. [PMID: 29237069 PMCID: PMC5853230 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Providing a mechanistic understanding of the crucial roles of the phytohormone auxin has been an important and coherent aspect of plant biology research. Since its discovery more than a century ago, prominent advances have been made in the understanding of auxin action, ranging from metabolism and transport to cellular and transcriptional responses. However, there is a long road ahead before a thorough understanding of its complex effects is achieved, because a lot of key information is still missing. The availability of an increasing number of technically advanced scientific tools has boosted the basic discoveries in auxin biology. A plethora of bioactive small molecules, consisting of the synthetic auxin-like herbicides and the more specific auxin-related compounds, developed as a result of the exploration of chemical space by chemical biology, have made the tool box for auxin research more comprehensive. This review mainly focuses on the compounds targeting the auxin co-receptor complex, demonstrates the various ways to use them, and shows clear examples of important basic knowledge obtained by their usage. Application of these precise chemical tools, together with an increasing amount of structural information for the major components in auxin action, will certainly aid in strengthening our insights into the complexity and diversity of auxin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | - Peter Grones
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
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159
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Mroue S, Simeunovic A, Robert HS. Auxin production as an integrator of environmental cues for developmental growth regulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:201-212. [PMID: 28992278 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Being sessile organisms, plants have evolved mechanisms allowing them to control their growth and development in response to environmental changes. This occurs by means of complex interacting signalling networks that integrate diverse environmental cues into co-ordinated and highly regulated responses. Auxin is an essential phytohormone that functions as a signalling molecule, driving both growth and developmental processes. It is involved in numerous biological processes ranging from control of cell expansion and cell division to tissue specification, embryogenesis, and organ development. All these processes require the formation of auxin gradients established and maintained through the combined processes of biosynthesis, metabolism, and inter- and intracellular directional transport. Environmental conditions can profoundly affect the plant developmental programme, and the co-ordinated shoot and root growth ought to be fine-tuned to environmental challenges such as temperature, light, and nutrient and water content. The key role of auxin as an integrator of environmental signals has become clear in recent years, and emerging evidence implicates auxin biosynthesis as an essential component of the overall mechanisms of plants tolerance to stress. In this review, we provide an account of auxin's role as an integrator of environmental signals and, in particular, we highlight the effect of these signals on the control of auxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Mroue
- CEITEC MU-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Simeunovic
- CEITEC MU-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hélène S Robert
- CEITEC MU-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
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160
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Yang Y, Guo Y. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms mediating plant salt-stress responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:523-539. [PMID: 29205383 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 523 I. Introduction 523 II. Sensing salt stress 524 III. Ion homeostasis regulation 524 IV. Metabolite and cell activity responses to salt stress 527 V. Conclusions and perspectives 532 Acknowledgements 533 References 533 SUMMARY: Excess soluble salts in soil (saline soils) are harmful to most plants. Salt imposes osmotic, ionic, and secondary stresses on plants. Over the past two decades, many determinants of salt tolerance and their regulatory mechanisms have been identified and characterized using molecular genetics and genomics approaches. This review describes recent progress in deciphering the mechanisms controlling ion homeostasis, cell activity responses, and epigenetic regulation in plants under salt stress. Finally, we highlight research areas that require further research to reveal new determinants of salt tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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161
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Wan J, Zhang P, Wang R, Sun L, Wang W, Zhou H, Xu J. UV-B Radiation Induces Root Bending Through the Flavonoid-Mediated Auxin Pathway in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:618. [PMID: 29868074 PMCID: PMC5966577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation-induced root bending has been reported; however, the underlying mechanisms largely remain unclear. Here, we investigate whether and how auxin and flavonoids are involved in UV-B radiation-induced root bending in Arabidopsis using physiological, pharmacological, and genetic approaches. UV-B radiation modulated the direction of root growth by decreasing IAA biosynthesis and affecting auxin distribution in the root tips, where reduced auxin accumulation and asymmetric auxin distribution were observed. UV-B radiation increased the distribution of auxin on the nonradiated side of the root tips, promoting growth and causing root bending. Further analysis indicated that UV-B induced an asymmetric accumulation of flavonoids; this pathway is involved in modulating the accumulation and asymmetric distribution of auxin in root tips and the subsequent redirection of root growth by altering the distribution of auxin carriers in response to UV-B radiation. Taken together, our results indicate that UV-B radiation-induced root bending occurred through a flavonoid-mediated phototropic response to UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Huakun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology of Cold Area in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Xu,
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162
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Li TT, Liu WC, Wang FF, Ma QB, Lu YT, Yuan TT. SORTING NEXIN 1 Functions in Plant Salt Stress Tolerance Through Changes of NO Accumulation by Regulating NO Synthase-Like Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1634. [PMID: 30542353 PMCID: PMC6277890 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) production via NO synthase (NOS) plays a vital role in plant tolerance to salt stress. However, the factor(s) regulating NOS-like activity in plant salt stress tolerance remains elusive. Here, we show that Arabidopsis SORTING NEXIN 1 (SNX1), which can restore H2O2-induced NO accumulation in yeast Δsnx4 mutant, functions in plant salt stress tolerance. Salt stress induced NO accumulation through promoted NOS-like activity in the wild type, but this induction was repressed in salt-stressed snx1-2 mutant with the mutation of SNX1 because NOS-like activity was inhibited in the mutant. Consistently, snx1-2 displayed reduced tolerance to high salinity with decreased survival rate compared with the wild type, and exogenous treatment with NO donor significantly rescued the hypersensitivity of the mutant to salt stress. In addition, the snx1-2 mutant with reduced NOS-like activity repressed the expression of stress-responsive genes, decreased proline accumulation and anti-oxidant ability compared with wild-type plants when subjected to salt stress. Taken together with our finding that salt induces the expression of SNX1, our results reveal that SNX1 plays a crucial role in plant salt stress tolerance by regulating NOS-like activity and thus NO accumulation.
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163
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Sujkowska-Rybkowska M, Czarnocka W, Sańko-Sawczenko I, Witoń D. Effect of short-term aluminum stress and mycorrhizal inoculation on nitric oxide metabolism in Medicago truncatula roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 220:145-154. [PMID: 29179082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which limits growth and yield of crop plants. Nevertheless, plant tolerance to stress may be improved by symbiotic associations including arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule involved in physiological processes and plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, almost no information about the NO metabolism has been gathered about AM. In the present work, Medicago truncatula seedlings were inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis, and 7-week-old plants were treated with 50μM AlCl3 for 3h. Cytochemical and molecular techniques were used to measure the components of the NO metabolism, including NO content and localization, expression of genes encoding NO-synthesis (MtNR1, MtNR2 and MtNIR1) and NO-scavenging (MtGSNOR1, MtGSNOR2, MtHB1 and MtHB2) enzymes and the profile of protein tyrosine nitration (NO2-Tyr) in Medicago roots. For the first time, NO and NO2-Tyr accumulation was connected with fungal structures (arbuscules, vesicles and intercellular hyphae). Expression analysis of genes encoding NO-synthesis enzymes indicated that AM symbiosis results in lower production of NO in Al-treated roots in comparison to non-mycorrhizal roots. Elevated levels of transcription of genes encoding NO-scavenging enzymes indicated more active NO scavenging in AMF-inoculated Al-treated roots compared to non-inoculated roots. These results were confirmed by less NO accumulation and lower protein nitration in Al-stressed mycorrhizal roots in comparison to non-mycorrhizal roots. This study provides a new insight in NO metabolism in response to arbuscular mycorrhiza under normal and metal stress conditions. Our results suggest that mycorrhizal fungi decrease NO and tyrosine nitrated proteins content in Al-treated Medicago roots, probably via active NO scavenging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Sujkowska-Rybkowska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Weronika Czarnocka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Sańko-Sawczenko
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Witoń
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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164
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Reva I, Lapinski L, Lopes Jesus AJ, Nowak MJ. Photoinduced transformations of indole and 3-formylindole monomers isolated in low-temperature matrices. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:194304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5003326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Reva
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leszek Lapinski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. J. Lopes Jesus
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CQC, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-295 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maciej J. Nowak
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
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165
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Liu WC, Han TT, Yuan HM, Yu ZD, Zhang LY, Zhang BL, Zhai S, Zheng SQ, Lu YT. CATALASE2 functions for seedling postgerminative growth by scavenging H 2 O 2 and stimulating ACX2/3 activity in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2720-2728. [PMID: 28722222 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Increased fatty acid β-oxidation is essential for early postgerminative growth in seedlings, but high levels of H2 O2 produced by β-oxidation can induce oxidative stress. Whether and how catalase (CAT) functions in fine-tuning H2 O2 homeostasis during seedling growth remain unclear. Here, we report that CAT2 functions in early seedling growth. Compared to the wild type, the cat2-1 mutant, with elevated H2 O2 levels, exhibited reduced root elongation on sucrose (Suc)-free medium, mimicking soils without exogenous sugar supply. Treatment with the H2 O2 scavenger potassium iodide rescued the mutant phenotype of cat2-1. In contrast to the wild type, the cat2-1 mutant was insensitive to the CAT inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole in terms of root elongation when grown on Suc-free medium, suggesting that CAT2 modulates early seedling growth by altering H2 O2 accumulation. Furthermore, like cat2-1, the acyl-CoA oxidase (ACX) double mutant acx2-1 acx3-6 showed repressed root elongation, suggesting that CAT2 functions in early seedling growth by regulating ACX activity, as this activity was inhibited in cat2-1. Indeed, decreased ACX activity and short root of cat2-1 seedlings grown on Suc-free medium were rescued by overexpressing ACX3. Together, these findings suggest that CAT2 functions in early seedling growth by scavenging H2 O2 and stimulating ACX2/3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tong-Tong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yuan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lin-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bing-Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shuang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Si-Qiu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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166
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Tognetti VB, Bielach A, Hrtyan M. Redox regulation at the site of primary growth: auxin, cytokinin and ROS crosstalk. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2586-2605. [PMID: 28708264 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To maintain the activity of meristems is an absolute requirement for plant growth and development, and the role of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin in apical meristem function is well established. Only little attention has been given, however, to the function of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) gradient along meristematic tissues and its interplay with hormonal regulatory networks. The interdependency between auxin-related, cytokinin-related and ROS-related circuits controls primary growth and development while modulating plant morphology in response to detrimental environmental factors. Because ROS interaction with redox-active compounds significantly affects the cellular redox gradient, the latter constitutes an interface for crosstalk between hormone and ROS signalling pathways. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying ROS-dependent interactions with redox and hormonal components in shoot and root apical meristems which are crucial for meristems maintenance when plants are exposed to environmental hardships. We also emphasize the importance of cell type and the subcellular compartmentalization of ROS and redox networks to obtain a holistic understanding of how apical meristems adapt to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa B Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Bielach
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mónika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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167
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Niu L, Yu J, Liao W, Yu J, Zhang M, Dawuda MM. Calcium and Calmodulin Are Involved in Nitric Oxide-Induced Adventitious Rooting of Cucumber under Simulated Osmotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1684. [PMID: 29021804 PMCID: PMC5623940 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic stress is a major form of abiotic stress that adversely affects growth and development of plants and subsequently reduces yield and quality of crops. In this study, the effect of nitric oxide (NO) and calcium (Ca2+) on the process of adventitious rooting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under simulated osmotic stress was investigated. The results revealed that the effect of exogenous NO and Ca2+ in promoting the development of adventitious roots in cucumber seedlings under simulated osmotic stress was dose-dependent, with a maximal biological response at 10 μM NO donor nitroprusside (SNP) or 200 μM Ca2+. The application of Ca2+ chelators or channel inhibitors and calmodulin (CaM) antagonists significantly reversed NO-induced adventitious rooting, implying that endogenous Ca2+/CaM might be involved in NO-induced adventitious rooting under osmotic stress. Moreover, intracellular Ca amount was also increased by NO in cucumber hypocotyls during the development of adventitious roots under osmotic stress. This increase of endogenous Ca2+ was inhibited by NO specific scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl) -4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO), nitrate reductase inhibitors tungstate (Na2WO4) and sodium azide (NaN3). This gives an indication that Ca2+ might be a downstream signaling molecule in the adventitious root development by NO under osmotic condition. The results also show that NO or Ca2+ play a positive role in improving plant water status and photosynthetic system by increasing chlorophyll content and photochemical activity in leaves. Furthermore, NO and Ca2+ treatment might alleviate the negative effects of osmotic stress by decreasing membrane damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by enhancing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Therefore, Ca2+/CaM may act as a downstream signaling molecule in NO-induced development of adventitious root under simulated osmotic stress through improving the photosynthetic performance of leaves and activating antioxidative system in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Niu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mohammed M. Dawuda
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
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168
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Li H, Torres-Garcia J, Latrasse D, Benhamed M, Schilderink S, Zhou W, Kulikova O, Hirt H, Bisseling T. Plant-Specific Histone Deacetylases HDT1/2 Regulate GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE2 Expression to Control Arabidopsis Root Meristem Cell Number. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2183-2196. [PMID: 28855334 PMCID: PMC5635991 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Root growth is modulated by environmental factors and depends on cell production in the root meristem (RM). New cells in the meristem are generated by stem cells and transit-amplifying cells, which together determine RM cell number. Transcription factors and chromatin-remodeling factors have been implicated in regulating the switch from stem cells to transit-amplifying cells. Here, we show that two Arabidopsis thaliana paralogs encoding plant-specific histone deacetylases, HDT1 and HDT2, regulate a second switch from transit-amplifying cells to expanding cells. Knockdown of HDT1/2 (hdt1,2i) results in an earlier switch and causes a reduced RM cell number. Our data show that HDT1/2 negatively regulate the acetylation level of the C19-GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE2 (GA2ox2) locus and repress the expression of GA2ox2 in the RM and elongation zone. Overexpression of GA2ox2 in the RM phenocopies the hdt1,2i phenotype. Conversely, knockout of GA2ox2 partially rescues the root growth defect of hdt1,2i These results suggest that by repressing the expression of GA2ox2, HDT1/2 likely fine-tune gibberellin metabolism and they are crucial for regulating the switch from cell division to expansion to determine RM cell number. We propose that HDT1/2 function as part of a mechanism that modulates root growth in response to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huchen Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jesus Torres-Garcia
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Latrasse
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR INRA 1165, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, ERL CNRS 8196, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91057 Evry, France
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS-Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR 8618, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS-Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR 8618, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan Schilderink
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wenkun Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Kulikova
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR INRA 1165, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, ERL CNRS 8196, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91057 Evry, France
- King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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169
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Sarwat M, Tuteja N. Hormonal signaling to control stomatal movement during drought stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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170
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Khandal H, Parween S, Roy R, Meena MK, Chattopadhyay D. MicroRNA profiling provides insights into post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in chickpea root apex under salinity and water deficiency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4632. [PMID: 28680071 PMCID: PMC5498500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of root apical meristem (RAM) at the root apex is critical for stress-mediated modulation of root-architecture. Chickpea, like other legumes, possesses a basic open root meristem. Deep sequencing was used to perform microRNA expression profiling in root apex of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in order to investigate post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in this tissue in response to salinity and water deficit. Five small RNA libraries prepared from chickpea root apices at different stages of stress treatments were sequenced to obtain 284 unique miRNA sequences including 60 novel miRNAs belonging to total 255 families. Two hundred and fiftynine miRNAs were differentially expressed in stress. Six hundred and nine mRNA targets involved in diverse cellular processes were predicted for 244 miRNAs. Stress-responsive expression patterns of selected miRNAs, inverse expression patterns of their target genes and the target-cleavage sites were validated. Three candidate miRNA-target gene relationships were validated in transient expression system in chickpea. The miRNA expression profiling under salinity and water deficiency in a legume root apex and the reported function of their target genes suggested important roles of miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression involved in re-patterning of root hair cells, lateral root formation and high-affinity K+-uptake under these stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitaishi Khandal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sabiha Parween
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Riti Roy
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Meena
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Debasis Chattopadhyay
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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171
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Bielach A, Hrtyan M, Tognetti VB. Plants under Stress: Involvement of Auxin and Cytokinin. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1427. [PMID: 28677656 PMCID: PMC5535918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development are critically influenced by unpredictable abiotic factors. To survive fluctuating changes in their environments, plants have had to develop robust adaptive mechanisms. The dynamic and complementary actions of the auxin and cytokinin pathways regulate a plethora of developmental processes, and their ability to crosstalk makes them ideal candidates for mediating stress-adaptation responses. Other crucial signaling molecules responsible for the tremendous plasticity observed in plant morphology and in response to abiotic stress are reactive oxygen species (ROS). Proper temporal and spatial distribution of ROS and hormone gradients is crucial for plant survival in response to unfavorable environments. In this regard, the convergence of ROS with phytohormone pathways acts as an integrator of external and developmental signals into systemic responses organized to adapt plants to their environments. Auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways have been studied extensively. Nevertheless, we do not yet understand the impact on plant stress tolerance of the sophisticated crosstalk between the two hormones. Here, we review current knowledge on the function of auxin and cytokinin in redirecting growth induced by abiotic stress in order to deduce their potential points of crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bielach
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Czech 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Czech 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vanesa B Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Czech 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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172
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Yu Y, Duan X, Ding X, Chen C, Zhu D, Yin K, Cao L, Song X, Zhu P, Li Q, Nisa ZU, Yu J, Du J, Song Y, Li H, Liu B, Zhu Y. A novel AP2/ERF family transcription factor from Glycine soja, GsERF71, is a DNA binding protein that positively regulates alkaline stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:509-530. [PMID: 28681139 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Here we first found that GsERF71, an ERF factor from wild soybean could increase plant alkaline stress tolerance by up-regulating H+-ATPase and by modifing the accumulation of Auxin. Alkaline soils are widely distributed all over the world and greatly limit plant growth and development. In our previous transcriptome analyses, we have identified several ERF (ethylene-responsive factor) genes that responded strongly to bicarbonate stress in the roots of wild soybean G07256 (Glycine soja). In this study, we cloned and functionally characterized one of the genes, GsERF71. When expressed in epidermal cells of onion, GsERF71 localized to the nucleus. It can activate the reporters in yeast cells, and the C-terminus of 170 amino acids is essential for its transactivation activity. Yeast one-hybrid and EMSA assays indicated that GsERF71 specifically binds to the cis-acting elements of the GCC-box, suggesting that GsERF71 may participate in the regulation of transcription of the relevant biotic and abiotic stress-related genes. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing GsERF71 showed significantly higher tolerance to bicarbonate stress generated by NaHCO3 or KHCO3 than the wild type (WT) plants, i.e., the transgenic plants had greener leaves, longer roots, higher total chlorophyll contents and lower MDA contents. qRT-PCR and rhizosphere acidification assays indicated that the expression level and activity of H+-ATPase (AHA2) were enhanced in the transgenic plants under alkaline stress. Further analysis indicated that the expression of auxin biosynthetic genes and IAA contents were altered to a lower extent in the roots of transgenic plants than WT plants under alkaline stress in a short-term. Together, our data suggest that GsERF71 enhances the tolerance to alkaline stress by up-regulating the expression levels of H+-ATPase and by modifying auxin accumulation in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiangbo Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaodong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Kuide Yin
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xuewei Song
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Pinghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zaib Un Nisa
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jianying Du
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yu Song
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Huiqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Beidong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 413, Sweden
| | - Yanming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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173
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Liu H, Song J, Dong L, Wang D, Zhang S, Liu J. Physiological responses of three soybean species (Glycine soja, G. gracilis, and G. max cv. Melrose) to salinity stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:723-733. [PMID: 28378100 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism for salt tolerance in wild soybean (Glycine soja) can help researchers improve that trait in cultivated soybean lines. We analyzed the effects of excess NaCl on the growth, physiology, and ion distribution in three soybean species: wild G. soja (W8), semi-wild G. gracilis (SW18), and the cultivated salt-sensitive G. max (cv. Melrose). These comparisons revealed that, under salt stress, shoot and root lengths and biomass (either shoot or root dry weights) were significantly higher for the W8 genotype than for the other two. Most of the morphological parameters for roots from the W8 plants were also increased, including total length, specific root length, and surface area. However, the average root diameter for W8 was significantly lower than that of either SW18 or 'Melrose' soybeans. In response to salinity, photosynthesis was suppressed to a greater extent in 'Melrose' than in W8. The relatively higher tolerance shown by W8 plants was also associated with lower levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and relative electrical conductivity, but higher activities by superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, as well as more free proline and glycine betaine. In addition, the W8 plants contained less Na+ and Cl-, but more K+, and they had a higher K+/Na+ ratio in their leaves and roots when compared with either SW18 or 'Melrose' plants. Therefore, the W8 genotype performs better in terms of seedling growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and physiological indexes. These findings provide guidance for developing new soybean cultivars with improved tolerance to salt stress. Our data also contribute to the knowledge base for plant salt tolerance as a tool for increasing the yields of other crops in high-salinity soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jinhui Song
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Lijun Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Shuling Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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174
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Han EH, Petrella DP, Blakeslee JJ. 'Bending' models of halotropism: incorporating protein phosphatase 2A, ABCB transporters, and auxin metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3071-3089. [PMID: 28899081 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress causes worldwide reductions in agricultural yields, a problem that is exacerbated by the depletion of global freshwater reserves and the use of contaminated or recycled water (i.e. effluent water). Additionally, salt stress can occur as cultivated areas are subjected to frequent rounds of irrigation followed by periods of moderate to severe evapotranspiration, which can result in the heterogeneous aggregation of salts in agricultural soils. Our understanding of the later stages of salt stress and the mechanisms by which salt is transported out of cells and roots has greatly improved over the last decade. The precise mechanisms by which plant roots perceive salt stress and translate this perception into adaptive, directional growth away from increased salt concentrations (i.e. halotropism), however, are not well understood. Here, we provide a review of the current knowledge surrounding the early responses to salt stress and the initiation of halotropism, including lipid signaling, protein phosphorylation cascades, and changes in auxin metabolism and/or transport. Current models of halotropism have focused on the role of PIN2- and PIN1-mediated auxin efflux in initiating and controlling halotropism. Recent studies, however, suggest that additional factors such as ABCB transporters, protein phosphatase 2A activity, and auxin metabolism should be included in the model of halotropic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyang Han
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Dominic P Petrella
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Joshua J Blakeslee
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, OARDC Metabolite Analysis Cluster (OMAC), The Ohio State University/OARDC, Wooster, OH, USA
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175
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An update on nitric oxide and its benign role in plant responses under metal stress. Nitric Oxide 2017; 67:39-52. [PMID: 28456602 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pollution due to heavy metal(loid)s has become common menace across the globe. This is due to unprecedented frequent geological changes coupled with increasing anthropogenic activities, and population growth rate. Heavy metals (HMs) presence in the soil causes toxicity, and hampers plant growth and development. Plants being sessile are exposed to a variety of stress and/or a network of different kinds of stresses throughout their life cycle. To sense and transduce these stress signal, the signal reactive nitrogen species (RNS) particularly nitric oxide (NO) is an important secondary messenger next to only reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nitric oxide, a redox active molecule, colourless simple gas, and being a free radical (NO) has the potential in regulating multiple biological signaling responses in a variety of plants. Nitric oxide can counteract HMs-induced ROS, either by direct scavenging or by stimulating antioxidants defense team; therefore, it is also known as secondary antioxidant. The imbalance or cross talk of/between NO and ROS concentration along with antioxidant system leads to nitrosative and oxidative stress, or combination of both i.e., nitro-oxidative stress. Endogenous synthesis of NO also takes place in plants in the presence of heavy metals. During HM stress the different organelles of plant cells can biosynthesize NO in parallel to the ROS, such as in mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum and apoplasts. In view of the above, an effort has been made in the present review article to trace current knowledge and latest advances in chemical properties, biological roles, mechanism of NO action along with the physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes that occur in plants under different metal stress. A brief focus is also carried on ROS properties, roles, and their production.
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176
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Hydrogen sulfide toxicity inhibits primary root growth through the ROS-NO pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:868. [PMID: 28408737 PMCID: PMC5429837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are toxic to plants and inhibit their growth. Previous research indicated that high concentrations of H2S modulate the root system architecture (RSA) by affecting auxin transport; however, the signaling pathway underlying this process remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of exogenous sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), an H2S donor, on primary root (PR) growth in Arabidopsis using pharmacological, physiological, and genetic approaches. H2S toxicity repressed PR growth by triggering a signal transduction pathway involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 6 (MPK6) activation, and nitric oxide (NO) production. Respiratory burst oxidase homolog mutants and an NO synthase mutant were less sensitive to NaHS, suggesting that both ROS and NO mediate the inhibitory effects of H2S on PR growth. We found that exogenous H2S-activated ROS production was required for NO generation and that MPK6 mediated H2S-induced NO production. MPK6 was shown to function downstream of ROS and upstream of NO. Finally, we demonstrated that exogenous H2S repressed the distribution of auxin and reduced the meristematic cell division potential in root tips, and NO was involved in this process.
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177
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Srivastava AK, Sablok G, Hackenberg M, Deshpande U, Suprasanna P. Thiourea priming enhances salt tolerance through co-ordinated regulation of microRNAs and hormones in Brassica juncea. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45490. [PMID: 28382938 PMCID: PMC5382540 DOI: 10.1038/srep45490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of stress tolerance mechanisms demands transcriptional reprogramming. Salt stress, a major threat to plant growth, enhances ROS production and affects transcription through modulation of miRNAs and hormones. The present study delineates salt stress ameliorating action of thiourea (TU, a ROS scavenger) in Brassica juncea and provides mechanistic link between redox, microRNA and hormones. The ameliorative potential of TU towards NaCl stress was related with its ability to decrease ROS accumulation in roots and increase Na+ accumulation in shoots. Small RNA sequencing revealed enrichment of down-regulated miRNAs in NaCl + TU treated roots, indicating transcriptional activation. Ranking analysis identified three key genes including BRX4, CBL10 and PHO1, showing inverse relationship with corresponding miRNA expression, which were responsible for TU mediated stress mitigation. Additionally, ABA level was consistently higher till 24 h in NaCl, while NaCl + TU treated roots showed only transient increase at 4 h suggesting an effective stress management. Jasmonate and auxin levels were also increased, which prioritized defence and facilitated root growth, respectively. Thus, the study highlights redox as one of the "core" components regulating miRNA and hormone levels, and also strengthens the use of TU as a redox priming agent for imparting crop resilience to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Gaurav Sablok
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Michael Hackenberg
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, 1s8071, Spain
| | - Uday Deshpande
- Cancer Genetics India (Bioserve), CNR complex, Mallapur Road, Hyderabad - 500076, India
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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178
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Groß F, Rudolf EE, Thiele B, Durner J, Astier J. Copper amine oxidase 8 regulates arginine-dependent nitric oxide production in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2149-2162. [PMID: 28383668 PMCID: PMC5447880 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in plants, regulating a wide range of physiological processes. However, its origin in plants remains unclear. It can be generated from nitrite through a reductive pathway, notably via the action of the nitrate reductase (NR), and evidence suggests an additional oxidative pathway, involving arginine. From an initial screen of potential Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in NO production, we identified copper amine oxidase 8 (CuAO8). Two cuao8 mutant lines displayed a decreased NO production in seedlings after elicitor treatment and salt stress. The NR-dependent pathway was not responsible for the impaired NO production as no change in NR activity was found in the mutants. However, total arginase activity was strongly increased in cuao8 knockout mutants after salt stress. Moreover, NO production could be restored in the mutants by arginase inhibition or arginine addition. Furthermore, arginine supplementation reversed the root growth phenotype observed in the mutants. These results demonstrate that CuAO8 participates in NO production by influencing arginine availability through the modulation of arginase activity. The influence of CuAO8 on arginine-dependent NO synthesis suggests a new regulatory pathway for NO production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Groß
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology,D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva-Esther Rudolf
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology,D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Björn Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Bio-and Geoscience, IBG-2, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University Munich, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, D-80333 München, Germany
| | - Jeremy Astier
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology,D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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179
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Liu WC, Li YH, Yuan HM, Zhang BL, Zhai S, Lu YT. WD40-REPEAT 5a functions in drought stress tolerance by regulating nitric oxide accumulation in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:543-552. [PMID: 26825291 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generation by NO synthase (NOS) in guard cells plays a vital role in stomatal closure for adaptive plant response to drought stress. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of NOS activity in plants is unclear. Here, by screening yeast deletion mutants with decreased NO accumulation and NOS-like activity when subjected to H2 O2 stress, we identified TUP1 as a novel regulator of NOS-like activity in yeast. Arabidopsis WD40-REPEAT 5a (WDR5a), a homolog of yeast TUP1, complemented H2 O2 -induced NO accumulation of a yeast mutant Δtup1, suggesting the conserved role of WDR5a in regulating NO accumulation and NOS-like activity. This note was further confirmed by using an Arabidopsis RNAi line wdr5a-1 and two T-DNA insertion mutants of WDR5a with reduced WDR5a expression, in which both H2 O2 -induced NO accumulation and stomatal closure were repressed. This was because H2 O2 -induced NOS-like activity was inhibited in the mutants compared with that of the wild type. Furthermore, these wdr5a mutants were more sensitive to drought stress as they had reduced stomatal closure and decreased expression of drought-related genes. Together, our results revealed that WDR5a functions as a novel factor to modulate NOS-like activity for changes of NO accumulation and stomatal closure in drought stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yun-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yuan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Bing-Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shuang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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180
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Liu WC, Li YH, Yuan HM, Zhang BL, Zhai S, Lu YT. WD40-REPEAT 5a functions in drought stress tolerance by regulating nitric oxide accumulation in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 93:883-893. [PMID: 26825291 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generation by NO synthase (NOS) in guard cells plays a vital role in stomatal closure for adaptive plant response to drought stress. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of NOS activity in plants is unclear. Here, by screening yeast deletion mutants with decreased NO accumulation and NOS-like activity when subjected to H2 O2 stress, we identified TUP1 as a novel regulator of NOS-like activity in yeast. Arabidopsis WD40-REPEAT 5a (WDR5a), a homolog of yeast TUP1, complemented H2 O2 -induced NO accumulation of a yeast mutant Δtup1, suggesting the conserved role of WDR5a in regulating NO accumulation and NOS-like activity. This note was further confirmed by using an Arabidopsis RNAi line wdr5a-1 and two T-DNA insertion mutants of WDR5a with reduced WDR5a expression, in which both H2 O2 -induced NO accumulation and stomatal closure were repressed. This was because H2 O2 -induced NOS-like activity was inhibited in the mutants compared with that of the wild type. Furthermore, these wdr5a mutants were more sensitive to drought stress as they had reduced stomatal closure and decreased expression of drought-related genes. Together, our results revealed that WDR5a functions as a novel factor to modulate NOS-like activity for changes of NO accumulation and stomatal closure in drought stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yun-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yuan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Bing-Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shuang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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181
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Shi H, Liu W, Wei Y, Ye T. Integration of auxin/indole-3-acetic acid 17 and RGA-LIKE3 confers salt stress resistance through stabilization by nitric oxide in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1239-1249. [PMID: 28158805 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed complex mechanisms to respond to salt stress, depending on secondary messenger-mediated stress perception and signal transduction. Nitric oxide (NO) is widely known as a 'jack-of-all-trades' in stress responses. However, NO-mediated crosstalk between plant hormones remains unclear. In this study, we found that salt stabilized both AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID 17 (Aux/IAA17) and RGA-LIKE3 (RGL3) proteins due to salt-induced NO production. Salt-induced NO overaccumulation and IAA17 overexpression decreased the transcripts of GA3ox genes, resulting in lower bioactive GA4. Further investigation showed that IAA17 directly interacted with RGL3 and increased its protein stability. Consistently, RGL3 stabilized IAA17 protein through inhibiting the interaction of TIR1 and IAA17 by competitively binding to IAA17. Moreover, both IAA17 and RGL3 conferred salt stress resistance. Overexpression of IAA17 and RGL3 partially alleviated the inhibitory effect of NO deficiency on salt resistance, whereas the iaa17 and rgl3 mutants displayed reduced responsiveness to NO-promoted salt resistance. Thus, the associations between IAA17 and gibberellin (GA) synthesis and signal transduction, and between the IAA17-interacting complex and the NO-mediated salt stress response were revealed based on physiological and genetic approaches. We conclude that integration of IAA17 and RGL3 is an essential component of NO-mediated salt stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou city, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Biotechnology Research Center, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang city, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou city, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Tiantian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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182
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Zou YN, Wang P, Liu CY, Ni QD, Zhang DJ, Wu QS. Mycorrhizal trifoliate orange has greater root adaptation of morphology and phytohormones in response to drought stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41134. [PMID: 28106141 PMCID: PMC5247675 DOI: 10.1038/srep41134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots are the first parts of plants to face drought stress (DS), and thus root modification is important for plants to adapt to drought. We hypothesized that the roots of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants exhibit better adaptation in terms of morphology and phytohormones under DS. Trifoliate orange seedlings inoculated with Diversispora versiformis were subjected to well-watered (WW) and DS conditions for 6 weeks. AM seedlings exhibited better growth performance and significantly greater number of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order lateral roots, root length, area, average diameter, volume, tips, forks, and crossings than non-AM seedlings under both WW and DS conditions. AM fungal inoculation considerably increased root hair density under both WW and DS and root hair length under DS, while dramatically decreased root hair length under WW but there was no change in root hair diameter. AM plants had greater concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid, methyl jasmonate, nitric oxide, and calmodulin in roots, which were significantly correlated with changes in root morphology. These results support the hypothesis that AM plants show superior adaptation in root morphology under DS that is potentially associated with indole-3-acetic acid, methyl jasmonate, nitric oxide, and calmodulin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ning Zou
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Citrus Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318026, China
| | - Chun-Yan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.,Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Qiu-Dan Ni
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - De-Jian Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.,Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Qiang-Sheng Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.,Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic
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183
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Asgher M, Per TS, Masood A, Fatma M, Freschi L, Corpas FJ, Khan NA. Nitric oxide signaling and its crosstalk with other plant growth regulators in plant responses to abiotic stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2273-2285. [PMID: 27812964 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical molecule involved in an array of functions under physiological and adverse environmental conditions. As other free radical molecules, NO biological action depends on its cellular concentration, acting as a signal molecule when produced at low concentration or resulting in cellular damage when produced at sufficiently high levels to trigger nitro-oxidative stress. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in characterizing NO metabolism and action mechanism, revealing that diverse biosynthetic routes can generate this free radical in plants and its action mainly occurs through posttranslational modification (nitration and S-nitrosylation) of target proteins. Intricate crosstalk networks between NO and other signaling molecules have been described involving phytohormones, other second messengers, and key transcription factors. This review will focus on our current understanding of NO interplay with phytohormones and other plant growth regulators under abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Tasir S Per
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Asim Masood
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, 18080, Granada, Spain.
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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184
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Fu ZW, Wang YL, Lu YT, Yuan TT. Nitric oxide is involved in stomatal development by modulating the expression of stomatal regulator genes in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:282-289. [PMID: 27717464 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants require many flexible strategies to adapt to the environment. Although some environmental signaling pathways regulating stomatal development have been identified, how stomatal regulators are modulated by internal and external signals to determine the final stomatal abundance requires further exploration. In our studies, we found that nitric oxide (NO) promotes stomatal development with increased stomatal index as well as the relative number of meristemoids and guard mother cells [%(M+GMC)] in NO-treated wild-type Arabidopsis plants; this role of NO was further verified in the nox1 mutant, which exhibits higher NO levels, and the noa1 mutant, which exhibits low NO accumulation. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of NO, we further assayed the expression of genes involved in stomatal development and found that NO induces the expression of the master regulators SPCH, MUTE and SCRM2 to initiate stomatal development. In addition, MPK6 is also involved in NO-promoted stomatal development, as MPK6 expression was repressed in nox1 and NO-treated plants, and transgenic plants overexpressing MPK6 were less sensitive to SNP treatment in terms of changes in the%(M+GMC). Thus, our study shows that NO promotes the production of stomata by up-regulating the expression of SPCH, MUTE and SCRM2 and down-regulating MPK6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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185
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van den Berg T, Korver RA, Testerink C, Ten Tusscher KHWJ. Modeling halotropism: a key role for root tip architecture and reflux loop remodeling in redistributing auxin. Development 2016; 143:3350-62. [PMID: 27510970 PMCID: PMC5047658 DOI: 10.1242/dev.135111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A key characteristic of plant development is its plasticity in response to various and dynamically changing environmental conditions. Tropisms contribute to this flexibility by allowing plant organs to grow from or towards environmental cues. Halotropism is a recently described tropism in which plant roots bend away from salt. During halotropism, as in most other tropisms, directional growth is generated through an asymmetric auxin distribution that generates differences in growth rate and hence induces bending. Here, we develop a detailed model of auxin transport in the Arabidopsis root tip and combine this with experiments to investigate the processes generating auxin asymmetry during halotropism. Our model points to the key role of root tip architecture in allowing the decrease in PIN2 at the salt-exposed side of the root to result in a re-routing of auxin to the opposite side. In addition, our model demonstrates how feedback of auxin on the auxin transporter AUX1 amplifies this auxin asymmetry, while a salt-induced transient increase in PIN1 levels increases the speed at which this occurs. Using AUX1-GFP imaging and pin1 mutants, we experimentally confirmed these model predictions, thus expanding our knowledge of the cellular basis of halotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea van den Berg
- Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Korver
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christa Testerink
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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186
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Koevoets IT, Venema JH, Elzenga JTM, Testerink C. Roots Withstanding their Environment: Exploiting Root System Architecture Responses to Abiotic Stress to Improve Crop Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1335. [PMID: 27630659 PMCID: PMC5005332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To face future challenges in crop production dictated by global climate changes, breeders and plant researchers collaborate to develop productive crops that are able to withstand a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. However, crop selection is often focused on shoot performance alone, as observation of root properties is more complex and asks for artificial and extensive phenotyping platforms. In addition, most root research focuses on development, while a direct link to the functionality of plasticity in root development for tolerance is often lacking. In this paper we review the currently known root system architecture (RSA) responses in Arabidopsis and a number of crop species to a range of abiotic stresses, including nutrient limitation, drought, salinity, flooding, and extreme temperatures. For each of these stresses, the key molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the RSA response are highlighted. To explore the relevance for crop selection, we especially review and discuss studies linking root architectural responses to stress tolerance. This will provide a first step toward understanding the relevance of adaptive root development for a plant's response to its environment. We suggest that functional evidence on the role of root plasticity will support breeders in their efforts to include root properties in their current selection pipeline for abiotic stress tolerance, aimed to improve the robustness of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iko T. Koevoets
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Cell Biology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Henk Venema
- Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature – Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - J. Theo. M. Elzenga
- Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature – Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Christa Testerink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Cell Biology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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187
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Naser V, Shani E. Auxin response under osmotic stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:661-72. [PMID: 27052306 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) is a small organic molecule that coordinates many of the key processes in plant development and adaptive growth. Plants regulate the auxin response pathways at multiple levels including biosynthesis, metabolism, transport and perception. One of the most striking aspects of plant plasticity is the modulation of development in response to changing growth environments. In this review, we explore recent findings correlating auxin response-dependent growth and development with osmotic stresses. Studies of water deficit, dehydration, salt, and other osmotic stresses point towards direct and indirect molecular perturbations in the auxin pathway. Osmotic stress stimuli modulate auxin responses by affecting auxin biosynthesis (YUC, TAA1), transport (PIN), perception (TIR/AFB, Aux/IAA), and inactivation/conjugation (GH3, miR167, IAR3) to coordinate growth and patterning. In turn, stress-modulated auxin gradients drive physiological and developmental mechanisms such as stomata aperture, aquaporin and lateral root positioning. We conclude by arguing that auxin-mediated growth inhibition under abiotic stress conditions is one of the developmental and physiological strategies to acclimate to the changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Naser
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eilon Shani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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188
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Liu Y, Wang R, Zhang P, Chen Q, Luo Q, Zhu Y, Xu J. The Nitrification Inhibitor Methyl 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Propionate Modulates Root Development by Interfering with Auxin Signaling via the NO/ROS Pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1686-703. [PMID: 27217493 PMCID: PMC4936591 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (MHPP) is a root exudate that functions as a nitrification inhibitor and as a modulator of the root system architecture (RSA) by inhibiting primary root (PR) elongation and promoting lateral root formation. However, the mechanism underlying MHPP-mediated modulation of the RSA remains unclear. Here, we report that MHPP inhibits PR elongation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by elevating the levels of auxin expression and signaling. MHPP induces an increase in auxin levels by up-regulating auxin biosynthesis, altering the expression of auxin carriers, and promoting the degradation of the auxin/indole-3-acetic acid family of transcriptional repressors. We found that MHPP-induced nitric oxide (NO) production promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in root tips. Suppressing the accumulation of NO or ROS alleviated the inhibitory effect of MHPP on PR elongation by weakening auxin responses and perception and by affecting meristematic cell division potential. Genetic analysis supported the phenotype described above. Taken together, our results indicate that MHPP modulates RSA remodeling via the NO/ROS-mediated auxin response pathway in Arabidopsis. Our study also revealed that MHPP significantly induced the accumulation of glucosinolates in roots, suggesting the diverse functions of MHPP in modulating plant growth, development, and stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China (Y.L., R.W., P.Z., Q.L., J.X.);Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (Q.C.); andCollege of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Ruling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China (Y.L., R.W., P.Z., Q.L., J.X.);Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (Q.C.); andCollege of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China (Y.L., R.W., P.Z., Q.L., J.X.);Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (Q.C.); andCollege of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China (Y.L., R.W., P.Z., Q.L., J.X.);Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (Q.C.); andCollege of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Qiong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China (Y.L., R.W., P.Z., Q.L., J.X.);Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (Q.C.); andCollege of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Yiyong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China (Y.L., R.W., P.Z., Q.L., J.X.);Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (Q.C.); andCollege of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China (Y.L., R.W., P.Z., Q.L., J.X.);Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (Q.C.); andCollege of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (Y.Z.)
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189
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Fatma M, Masood A, Per TS, Rasheed F, Khan NA. Interplay between nitric oxide and sulfur assimilation in salt tolerance in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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190
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Niu L, Liao W. Hydrogen Peroxide Signaling in Plant Development and Abiotic Responses: Crosstalk with Nitric Oxide and Calcium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:230. [PMID: 26973673 PMCID: PMC4777889 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as a reactive oxygen species, is widely generated in many biological systems. It has been considered as an important signaling molecule that mediates various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Normal metabolism in plant cells results in H2O2 generation, from a variety of sources. Also, it is now clear that nitric oxide (NO) and calcium (Ca(2+)) function as signaling molecules in plants. Both H2O2 and NO are involved in plant development and abiotic responses. A wide range of evidences suggest that NO could be generated under similar stress conditions and with similar kinetics as H2O2. The interplay between H2O2 and NO has important functional implications to modulate transduction processes in plants. Moreover, close interaction also exists between H2O2 and Ca(2+) in response to development and abiotic stresses in plants. Cellular responses to H2O2 and Ca(2+) signaling systems are complex. There is quite a bit of interaction between H2O2 and Ca(2+) signaling in responses to several stimuli. This review aims to introduce these evidences in our understanding of the crosstalk among H2O2, NO, and Ca(2+) signaling which regulates plant growth and development, and other cellular and physiological responses to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weibiao Liao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
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191
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Jiang K, Moe-Lange J, Hennet L, Feldman LJ. Salt Stress Affects the Redox Status of Arabidopsis Root Meristems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:81. [PMID: 26904053 PMCID: PMC4744855 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the redox status (profiles) for specific populations of cells that comprise the Arabidopsis root tip. For recently germinated, 3-5-day-old seedlings we show that the region of the root tip with the most reduced redox status includes the root cap initials, the quiescent center and the most distal portion of the proximal meristem, and coincides with (overlays) the region of the auxin maximum. As one moves basally, further into the proximal meristem, and depending on the growth conditions, the redox status becomes more oxidized, with a 5-10 mV difference in redox potential between the two borders delimiting the proximal meristem. At the point on the root axis at which cells of the proximal meristem cease division and enter the transition zone, the redox potential levels off, and remains more or less unchanged throughout the transition zone. As cells leave the transition zone and enter the zone of elongation the redox potentials become more oxidized. Treating roots with salt (50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl) results in marked changes in root meristem structure and development, and is preceded by changes in the redox profile, which flattens, and initially becomes more oxidized, with pronounced changes in the redox potentials of the root cap, the root cap initials and the quiescent center. Roots exposed to relatively mild levels of salt (<100 mM) are able to re-establish a normal, pre-salt treatment redox profile 3-6 days after exposure to salt. Coincident with the salt-associated changes in redox profiles are changes in the distribution of auxin transporters (AUX1, PIN1/2), which become more diffuse in their localization. We conclude that salt stress affects root meristem maintenance, in part, through changes in redox and auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keni Jiang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Lauriane Hennet
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lewis J. Feldman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
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192
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Manoli A, Trevisan S, Voigt B, Yokawa K, Baluška F, Quaggiotti S. Nitric Oxide-Mediated Maize Root Apex Responses to Nitrate are Regulated by Auxin and Strigolactones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1269. [PMID: 26834770 PMCID: PMC4722128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3 (-)) is a key element for crop production but its levels in agricultural soils are limited. Plants have developed mechanisms to cope with these NO3 (-) fluctuations based on sensing nitrate at the root apex. Particularly, the transition zone (TZ) of root apex has been suggested as a signaling-response zone. This study dissects cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying NO3 (-) resupply effects on primary root (PR) growth in maize, confirming nitric oxide (NO) as a putative modulator. Nitrate restoration induced PR elongation within the first 2 h, corresponding to a stimulation of cell elongation at the basal border of the TZ. Xyloglucans (XGs) immunolocalization together with Brefeldin A applications demonstrated that nitrate resupply induces XG accumulation. This effect was blocked by cPTIO (NO scavenger). Transcriptional analysis of ZmXET1 confirmed the stimulatory effect of nitrate on XGs accumulation in cells of the TZ. Immunolocalization analyses revealed a positive effect of nitrate resupply on auxin and PIN1 accumulation, but a transcriptional regulation of auxin biosynthesis/transport/signaling genes was excluded. Short-term nitrate treatment repressed the transcription of genes involved in strigolactones (SLs) biosynthesis and transport, mainly in the TZ. Enhancement of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) transcription in presence of cPTIO indicated endogenous NO as a negative modulator of CCDs activity. Finally, treatment with the SLs-biosynthesis inhibitor (TIS108) restored the root growth in the nitrate-starved seedlings. Present report suggests that the NO-mediated root apex responses to nitrate are accomplished in cells of the TZ via integrative actions of auxin, NO and SLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Manoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of PaduaPadua, Italy
| | - Sara Trevisan
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of PaduaPadua, Italy
| | - Boris Voigt
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Silvia Quaggiotti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of PaduaPadua, Italy
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193
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Choe E, Drnevich J, Williams MM. Identification of Crowding Stress Tolerance Co-Expression Networks Involved in Sweet Corn Yield. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147418. [PMID: 26796516 PMCID: PMC4721684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance to crowding stress has played a crucial role in improving agronomic productivity in field corn; however, commercial sweet corn hybrids vary greatly in crowding stress tolerance. The objectives were to 1) explore transcriptional changes among sweet corn hybrids with differential yield under crowding stress, 2) identify relationships between phenotypic responses and gene expression patterns, and 3) identify groups of genes associated with yield and crowding stress tolerance. Under conditions of crowding stress, three high-yielding and three low-yielding sweet corn hybrids were grouped for transcriptional and phenotypic analyses. Transcriptional analyses identified from 372 to 859 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for each hybrid. Large gene expression pattern variation among hybrids and only 26 common DEGs across all hybrid comparisons were identified, suggesting each hybrid has a unique response to crowding stress. Over-represented biological functions of DEGs also differed among hybrids. Strong correlation was observed between: 1) modules with up-regulation in high-yielding hybrids and yield traits, and 2) modules with up-regulation in low-yielding hybrids and plant/ear traits. Modules linked with yield traits may be important crowding stress response mechanisms influencing crop yield. Functional analysis of the modules and common DEGs identified candidate crowding stress tolerant processes in photosynthesis, glycolysis, cell wall, carbohydrate/nitrogen metabolic process, chromatin, and transcription regulation. Moreover, these biological functions were greatly inter-connected, indicating the importance of improving the mechanisms as a network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsoo Choe
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martin M. Williams
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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194
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Sun Z, Wang Y, Mou F, Tian Y, Chen L, Zhang S, Jiang Q, Li X. Genome-Wide Small RNA Analysis of Soybean Reveals Auxin-Responsive microRNAs that are Differentially Expressed in Response to Salt Stress in Root Apex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1273. [PMID: 26834773 PMCID: PMC4716665 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Root growth and the architecture of the root system in Arabidopsis are largely determined by root meristematic activity. Legume roots show strong developmental plasticity in response to both abiotic and biotic stimuli, including symbiotic rhizobia. However, a global analysis of gene regulation in the root meristem of soybean plants is lacking. In this study, we performed a global analysis of the small RNA transcriptome of root tips from soybean seedlings grown under normal and salt stress conditions. In total, 71 miRNA candidates, including known and novel variants of 59 miRNA families, were identified. We found 66 salt-responsive miRNAs in the soybean root meristem; among them, 22 are novel miRNAs. Interestingly, we found auxin-responsive cis-elements in the promoters of many salt-responsive miRNAs, implying that these miRNAs may be regulated by auxin and auxin signaling plays a key role in regulating the plasticity of the miRNAome and root development in soybean. A functional analysis of miR399, a salt-responsive miRNA in the root meristem, indicates the crucial role of this miRNA in modulating soybean root developmental plasticity. Our data provide novel insight into the miRNAome-mediated regulatory mechanism in soybean root growth under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Youning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Fupeng Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
| | - Yinping Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
| | - Senlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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195
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Wang Q, An B, Wei Y, Reiter RJ, Shi H, Luo H, He C. Melatonin Regulates Root Meristem by Repressing Auxin Synthesis and Polar Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 28018411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.201601882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) plays important roles in regulating both biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, biological rhythms, plant growth and development. Sharing the same substrate (tryptophan) for the biosynthesis, melatonin and auxin also have similar effects in plant development. However, the specific function of melatonin in modulating plant root growth and the relationship between melatonin and auxin as well as underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we found high concentration of melatonin remarkably inhibited root growth in Arabidopsis by reducing root meristem size. Further studies showed that melatonin negatively regulated auxin biosynthesis, the expression of PINFORMED (PIN) proteins as well as auxin response in Arabidopsis. Moreover, the root growth of the triple mutant pin1pin3pin7 was more tolerant than that of wild-type in response to melatonin treatment, suggesting the essential role of PIN1/3/7 in melatonin-mediated root growth. Combination treatment of melatonin and 5-Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) did not enhance melatonin-mediated reduction of root meristem size, indicating that polar auxin transport (PAT) may be necessary for the regulation of root meristem size by melatonin treatment. Taken together, this study indicates that melatonin regulates root growth in Arabidopsis, through auxin synthesis and polar auxin transport, at least partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
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196
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Wang Q, An B, Wei Y, Reiter RJ, Shi H, Luo H, He C. Melatonin Regulates Root Meristem by Repressing Auxin Synthesis and Polar Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1882. [PMID: 28018411 PMCID: PMC5156734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) plays important roles in regulating both biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, biological rhythms, plant growth and development. Sharing the same substrate (tryptophan) for the biosynthesis, melatonin and auxin also have similar effects in plant development. However, the specific function of melatonin in modulating plant root growth and the relationship between melatonin and auxin as well as underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we found high concentration of melatonin remarkably inhibited root growth in Arabidopsis by reducing root meristem size. Further studies showed that melatonin negatively regulated auxin biosynthesis, the expression of PINFORMED (PIN) proteins as well as auxin response in Arabidopsis. Moreover, the root growth of the triple mutant pin1pin3pin7 was more tolerant than that of wild-type in response to melatonin treatment, suggesting the essential role of PIN1/3/7 in melatonin-mediated root growth. Combination treatment of melatonin and 5-Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) did not enhance melatonin-mediated reduction of root meristem size, indicating that polar auxin transport (PAT) may be necessary for the regulation of root meristem size by melatonin treatment. Taken together, this study indicates that melatonin regulates root growth in Arabidopsis, through auxin synthesis and polar auxin transport, at least partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University Haikou, China
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197
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Skubacz A, Daszkowska-Golec A, Szarejko I. The Role and Regulation of ABI5 (ABA-Insensitive 5) in Plant Development, Abiotic Stress Responses and Phytohormone Crosstalk. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1884. [PMID: 28018412 PMCID: PMC5159420 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ABA Insensitive 5 (ABI5) is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that plays a key role in the regulation of seed germination and early seedling growth in the presence of ABA and abiotic stresses. ABI5 functions in the core ABA signaling, which is composed of PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors, PP2C phosphatases and SnRK2 kinases, through the regulation of the expression of genes that contain the ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSE ELEMENT (ABRE) motif within their promoter region. The regulated targets include stress adaptation genes, e.g., LEA proteins. However, the expression and activation of ABI5 is not only dependent on the core ABA signaling. Many transcription factors such as ABI3, ABI4, MYB7 and WRKYs play either a positive or a negative role in the regulation of ABI5 expression. Additionally, the stability and activity of ABI5 are also regulated by other proteins through post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation and S-nitrosylation. Moreover, ABI5 also acts as an ABA and other phytohormone signaling integrator. Components of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellic acid, jasmonate and brassinosteroid signaling and metabolism pathways were shown to take part in ABI5 regulation and/or to be regulated by ABI5. Monocot orthologs of AtABI5 have been identified. Although their roles in the molecular and physiological adaptations during abiotic stress have been elucidated, knowledge about their detailed action still remains elusive. Here, we describe the recent advances in understanding the action of ABI5 in early developmental processes and the adaptation of plants to unfavorable environmental conditions. We also focus on ABI5 relation to other phytohormones in the abiotic stress response of plants.
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198
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Li J, Xu HH, Liu WC, Zhang XW, Lu YT. Ethylene Inhibits Root Elongation during Alkaline Stress through AUXIN1 and Associated Changes in Auxin Accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1777-91. [PMID: 26109425 PMCID: PMC4528753 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil alkalinity causes major reductions in yield and quality of crops worldwide. The plant root is the first organ sensing soil alkalinity, which results in shorter primary roots. However, the mechanism underlying alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation remains to be further elucidated. Here, we report that alkaline conditions inhibit primary root elongation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings by reducing cell division potential in the meristem zones and that ethylene signaling affects this process. The ethylene perception antagonist silver (Ag(+)) alleviated the inhibition of root elongation by alkaline stress. Moreover, the ethylene signaling mutants ethylene response1-3 (etr1-3), ethylene insensitive2 (ein2), and ein3-1 showed less reduction in root length under alkaline conditions, indicating a reduced sensitivity to alkalinity. Ethylene biosynthesis also was found to play a role in alkaline stress-mediated root inhibition; the ethylene overproducer1-1 mutant, which overproduces ethylene because of increased stability of 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID SYNTHASE5, was hypersensitive to alkaline stress. In addition, the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor cobalt (Co(2+)) suppressed alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation. We further found that alkaline stress caused an increase in auxin levels by promoting expression of auxin biosynthesis-related genes, but the increase in auxin levels was reduced in the roots of the etr1-3 and ein3-1 mutants and in Ag(+)/Co(2+)-treated wild-type plants. Additional genetic and physiological data showed that AUXIN1 (AUX1) was involved in alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation. Taken together, our results reveal that ethylene modulates alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root growth by increasing auxin accumulation by stimulating the expression of AUX1 and auxin biosynthesis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Heng-Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
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Corpas FJ, Barroso JB. Functions of Nitric Oxide (NO) in Roots during Development and under Adverse Stress Conditions. PLANTS 2015; 4:240-52. [PMID: 27135326 PMCID: PMC4844326 DOI: 10.3390/plants4020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The free radical molecule, nitric oxide (NO), is present in the principal organs of plants, where it plays an important role in a wide range of physiological functions. Root growth and development are highly regulated by both internal and external factors such as nutrient availability, hormones, pattern formation, cell polarity and cell cycle control. The presence of NO in roots has opened up new areas of research on the role of NO, including root architecture, nutrient acquisition, microorganism interactions and the response mechanisms to adverse environmental conditions, among others. Additionally, the exogenous application of NO throughout the roots has the potential to counteract specific damages caused by certain stresses. This review aims to provide an up-to-date perspective on NO functions in the roots of higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas", E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
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