151
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González S, Nazábal C, Rao KVS, Reyes O, Garay HE, Caballero E, Alvarez-Obregón JC, Sardiñas G, Silva R. Cell mediated immune response elicited in mice after immunization with the P64k meningococcal protein: epitope mapping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 42:233-9. [PMID: 15364109 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The P64k protein of Neisseria meningitidis has been reported as an immunological carrier for weak immunogens. This investigation was aimed at characterizing the T-cell response produced in primed mice and at identifying T helper cell epitopes within this molecule. BALB/c mice subcutaneously immunized with the recombinant antigen provided inguinal lymph node cells (LNC) that proliferated in the presence of P64k in a dose-dependent manner. Proliferating cells secreted IL-4 while the concentration of IL-12 remained unaltered in the culture supernatant. By testing a panel of 59 overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the entire sequence of the antigen a T-cell determinant was localized. Prime-boost and lymphoproliferation experiments, conducted with highly purified synthetic peptides, confirmed that the segment including amino acids 470-485 comprises a T-cell epitope within the P64k molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia González
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba.
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152
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Tangye SG, Hodgkin PD. Divide and conquer: the importance of cell division in regulating B-cell responses. Immunology 2004; 112:509-20. [PMID: 15270721 PMCID: PMC1782517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation is an essential characteristic of clonal selection and is required for the expansion of antigen reactive clones leading to the development of antibody of different isotypes and memory cells. New data for mouse and human B cells point to an important role for division in regulating isotype class and in optimizing development of protective immunity by the regulated entry of cells to the plasma cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown 2042, NSW, Australia.
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153
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Saavedra R, Leyva R, Tenorio EP, Haces ML, Rodríguez-Sosa M, Terrazas LI, Hérion P. CpG-containing ODN has a limited role in the protection against Toxoplasma gondii. Parasite Immunol 2004; 26:67-73. [PMID: 15225293 DOI: 10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial DNA containing immunostimulatory motifs (CpG) induces the development of a T(H1) immune response. Since protection against Toxoplasma gondii is correlated with this type of response, the aim of this work was to determine if a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) containing CpG sequences could be useful as adjuvant for the induction of a long-lasting protective immune response against T. gondii. BALB/c mice immunized with a total soluble antigen of T. gondii (TSA2) mixed with ODN-containing CpG sequences developed a typical TH1 response, as determined by antibody isotypes and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) production by spleen cells. However, they did not resist a challenge with the virulent RH strain of the parasite. Absence of protection paralleled with lower levels of IFN-gamma, when compared with mice vaccinated with the live tachyzoites of the attenuated ts.4 strain of the parasite, which resisted this challenge. Intraperitoneal injection of ODN alone to mice induced a high degree of resistance to a lethal challenge inoculated by the same route. Nevertheless, this nonspecific protection was transient. Thus, the use of ODN containing CpG motifs as adjuvant is of limited value for the induction of a protective immune response against T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saavedra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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154
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Singh UP, Singh S, Boyaka PN, McGhee JR, Lillard JW. Granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 mediates adaptive immunity in part through IL-8Rbeta interactions. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:1240-7. [PMID: 15356099 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0903444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines constitute a large family of structurally related proteins that play a role in leukocyte migration and differentiation. Indeed, the early expression of human CXC chemokine receptor 1 (hCXCR1) and hCXCR2 [homologous to mouse interleukin (IL)-8Rbeta] ligands by the epithelium is a hallmark of the mucosal host defense. Mice lack IL-8; however, granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2)/lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine, a murine homologue of human GCP-2, has 32% and 61% sequence identity to human IL-8 and GCP-2, respectively, and binds hCXCR1, hCXCR2, and mouse IL-8Rbeta. To better understand the role of GCP-2 in adaptive immunity and as a nasal adjuvant, we characterized the exogenous effects of this CXC chemokine on cellular and humoral mucosal immune responses. GCP-2 significantly enhanced serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA antibodies through increased cytokine secretion by CD4+ T cells. These alterations in humoral and cellular responses were preceded by an increase in the number of B cells in the nasal tract, a decrease in the number of CD4+ T cells in the nasal tract as well as cervical lymph nodes, and an increase in the number of neutrophils in the nasal tract 12 h after GCP-2 immunization. This chemokine also modulated CD28 expression by CD4+ T cells during CD3epsilon stimulation of wild-type mice. GCP-2 increased CD80 and CD86 expression on B cells during in vitro stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, cytokine and costimulatory molecule enhancement by GCP-2 was not induced by lymphocytes from IL-8Rbeta-/- mice, suggesting that GCP-2 modulates cellular immunity in part through IL-8Rbeta interactions.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Physiological/immunology
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/drug effects
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD28 Antigens/drug effects
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL6
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Nasal Mucosa/cytology
- Nasal Mucosa/drug effects
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Reaction Time/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Udai P Singh
- Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310-1495, USA
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155
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Vindurampulle CJ, Cuberos LF, Barry EM, Pasetti MF, Levine MM. Recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in a prime-boost strategy. Vaccine 2004; 22:3744-50. [PMID: 15315855 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2003] [Revised: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the utility of attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain CVD 908-htrA (908 h) in a heterologous prime-boost strategy. Mice primed intranasally (i.n.) with 908 h expressing fragment C (Frag C) of tetanus toxin and boosted intramuscularly (i.m.) with tetanus toxoid (TT) mounted enhanced and accelerated serum IgG anti-Frag C responses in comparison to unprimed, vector-primed and homologously-primed and boosted mice. Serum antitoxin responses were also determined; mice that were vaccinated following a heterologous prime-boost regimen exhibited the highest levels of Frag C-specific toxin neutralizing antibodies 1 week after boosting. Mice primed and boosted i.m. with TT developed a significantly greater proportion of serum IgG1 antibodies and weaker IFN-gamma levels in contrast to those primed intranasally (i.n.) with rS. Typhi that were homologously or heterologously boosted. These encouraging pre-clinical data provide a rational basis for undertaking a pilot clinical trial to evaluate this strategy. An ability to stimulate enhanced, accelerated responses to parenteral vaccination following mucosal priming may be advantageous in the immunoprophylaxis of many infectious diseases, including those of biodefense importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer J Vindurampulle
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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156
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Chtanova T, Tangye SG, Newton R, Frank N, Hodge MR, Rolph MS, Mackay CR. T follicular helper cells express a distinctive transcriptional profile, reflecting their role as non-Th1/Th2 effector cells that provide help for B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:68-78. [PMID: 15210760 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effector T cell responses have long been viewed in the context of the Th1/Th2 paradigm. Recently, a third major subset of nonpolarized effector T cells that provides help to B cells has been identified. These T cells, termed T follicular helper (T(FH)) cells, home to the B cell areas of secondary lymphoid tissue, through interactions mediated via the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and its ligand CXCL13. Affymetrix microarrays were used to identify transcription factors, cytokines, and cell surface molecules that underlie the differentiation pathways and functional properties of the T(FH) subset. The transcriptional profile of human CXCR5(+) T(FH) cells was compared with that of Th1 and Th2 cells, which enabled the identification of numerous genes expressed preferentially by T(FH) cells, over the other effector subsets. Certain T(FH) genes were also expressed by B cells and thus appear to be particularly relevant for humoral immunity. Abs were used to confirm the expression of several factors. In particular, CD84 and CD200, the cytokine IL-21, and the transcription factor BCL6 were all strongly associated with T(FH) cells. Gene microarrays reveal a highly distinctive transcriptional profile for a third subset of effector T cells that differs markedly from Th1 and Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Chtanova
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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157
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Wu W, Rinaldi L, Fortner KA, Russell JQ, Tschopp J, Irvin C, Budd RC. Cellular FLIP long form-transgenic mice manifest a Th2 cytokine bias and enhanced allergic airway inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4724-32. [PMID: 15067048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular FLIP long form (c-FLIP(L)) is a caspase-defective homologue of caspase-8 that blocks apoptosis by death receptors. The expression of c-FLIP(L) in T cells can also augment extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation after TCR ligation via the association of c-FLIP(L) with Raf-1. This contributes to the hyperproliferative capacity of T cells from c-FLIP(L)-transgenic mice. In this study we show that activated CD4(+) T cells from c-FLIP(L)-transgenic mice produce increased amounts of Th2 cytokines and decreased amounts of Th1 cytokines. This correlates with increased serum concentrations of the Th2-dependent IgG1 and IgE. The Th2 bias of c-FLIP(L)-transgenic CD4(+) T cells parallels impaired NF-kappa B activity and increased levels of GATA-3, which contribute, respectively, to decreased IFN-gamma and increased Th2 cytokines. The Th2 bias of c-FLIP(L)-transgenic mice extends to an enhanced sensitivity to OVA-induced asthma. Taken together, these results show that c-FLIP(L) can influence cytokine gene expression to promote Th2-driven allergic reaction, in addition to its traditional role of blocking caspase activation induced by death receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Wu
- Immunobiology Program, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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158
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Forbes E, Smart VE, D'Aprile A, Henry P, Yang M, Matthaei KI, Rothenberg ME, Foster PS, Hogan SP. T helper-2 immunity regulates bronchial hyperresponsiveness in eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disease in mice. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:105-18. [PMID: 15236177 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal diseases are frequently associated with extraintestinal features, including bronchopulmonary manifestations. The factors predisposing to bronchial hyperresponsiveness in eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal diseases are unknown. To elucidate the mechanistic link between eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal diseases and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, we used murine models of eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal diseases and eotaxin-1/transgene-induced eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal diseases. METHODS Mice were sensitized and orally challenged with ovalbumin-coated encapsulated particles to induce eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disease, and bronchial responsiveness was examined. Furthermore, transgenic mice expressing eotaxin in the intestine (with the rat fatty acid-binding promoter) were used to specifically elucidate the contribution of this chemokine in eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disease-associated bronchial hyperresponsiveness. RESULTS The induction of allergen-induced eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disease was directly correlated with the development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in mice with allergen-induced eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disease was dependent on eotaxin expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Expression of eotaxin in the gastrointestinal tract of transgenic mice was sufficient to promote bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was shown to be directly linked to the aberrant CD4(+) T helper 2 lymphocyte production of interleukin-13. It is interesting to note that transgenic expression of eotaxin was linked with enhanced T helper 2 lymphocyte/cytokine synthesis (interleukin-4, -5, and -13) and the production of mucosal immunoglobulin G1 in the gastrointestinal lumen. We also showed that eotaxin treatment of CD4(+) T cells enhanced interleukin-13 production in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that increased expression of eotaxin in the gastrointestinal compartment can lead to increased CD4(+) T cell-derived T helper 2 lymphocyte-cytokine production that drives aberrant immunophysiological responses in distant noninflamed mucosal tissue (the lung). These results provide a possible explanation for the altered lung function seen in some patients with inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Forbes
- Allergy and Inflammation Research Group, Division of Molecular Bioscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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159
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Basu S, Fenton MJ. Toll-like receptors: function and roles in lung disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L887-92. [PMID: 15064235 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00323.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins have been shown to play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses in higher vertebrates. TLR proteins enable the host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, viral RNA, CpG-containing DNA, and flagellin, among others. Engagement of TLR proteins leads to the upregulation of costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as reactive nitrogen and oxygen products. The role of TLR proteins in lung-associated pathologies such as airway hyperreactivity, allergic asthma, and tuberculosis is being intensively studied. This review summarizes many of the findings made to date on the roles of TLR proteins in a variety of lung diseases. Generally, TLR proteins serve a protective role in infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. The progression of chronic inflammatory lung diseases, such as allergic asthma, can also be influenced by TLR-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Basu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Univ. of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., MSTF-800, Baltimore, MD 21201-1192, USA.
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160
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Mauriello EMF, Duc LH, Isticato R, Cangiano G, Hong HA, De Felice M, Ricca E, Cutting SM. Display of heterologous antigens on the Bacillus subtilis spore coat using CotC as a fusion partner. Vaccine 2004; 22:1177-87. [PMID: 15003646 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Revised: 09/17/2003] [Accepted: 09/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of CotC, a major component of the Bacillus subtilis spore coat, as a fusion partner for the expression of two heterologous antigens on the spore coat. Recombinant spores expressing tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC) of Clostridium tetani or the B subunit of the heat-labile toxin of Escherichia coli (LTB) were used for oral dosing and shown to generate specific systemic and mucosal immune responses in a murine model. This report, expanding the previously described expression of TTFC on the spore surface by fusion to CotB [J Bacteriol 183 (2001) 6294] and its use for oral vaccination [Infect Immun 71 (2003) 2810] shows that different antigens can be successfully presented on the spore coat and supports the use of the spore as an efficient vehicle for mucosal immunisation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacillus subtilis/chemistry
- Bacillus subtilis/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Chromosomes, Bacterial/immunology
- Cyclohexanones/chemistry
- Cyclohexanones/immunology
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- Female
- Genes, Bacterial/genetics
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutralization Tests
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Spores, Bacterial/chemistry
- Spores, Bacterial/immunology
- Tetanus/immunology
- Tetanus Toxin/immunology
- Transformation, Bacterial
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia M F Mauriello
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia Generale ed Ambientale, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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161
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Shin HY, Kim JS, An NH, Park RK, Kim HM. Effect of disodium cromoglycate on mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions. Life Sci 2004; 74:2877-87. [PMID: 15050425 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2003] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on mast cell-mediated immediate-type hypersensitivity. DSCG inhibited systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80 dose-dependently. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was inhibited by 71.6% by oral administration of DSCG (1 g/kg). When DSCG was pretreated at concentration rang from 0.01-1000 g/kg, the serum histamine levels were reduced in a dose dependent manner. DSCG also significantly inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cell (RPMC) by compound 48/80. We confirmed that DSCG inhibited compound 48/80-induced degranulation of RPMC by alcian blue/nuclear fast red staining. In addition, DSCG showed a significant inhibitory effect on anti-dinitrophenyl IgE-mediated tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. These results indicate that DSCG inhibits mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Shin
- College of Pharmacy, VestibuloCochlear Research Center of Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, South Korea
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162
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Palmer GA, Brogdon JL, Constant SL, Tattersall P. A nonproliferating parvovirus vaccine vector elicits sustained, protective humoral immunity following a single intravenous or intranasal inoculation. J Virol 2004; 78:1101-8. [PMID: 14722265 PMCID: PMC321389 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.3.1101-1108.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An ideal vaccine delivery system would elicit persistent protection following a single administration, preferably by a noninvasive route, and be safe even in the face of immunosuppression, either inherited or acquired, of the recipient. We have exploited the unique life cycle of the autonomous parvoviruses to develop a nonproliferating vaccine platform that appears to both induce priming and continually boost a protective immune response following a single inoculation. A crippled parvovirus vector was constructed, based on a chimera between minute virus of mice (MVM) and LuIII, which expresses Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) instead of its coat protein. The vector was packaged into an MVM lymphotropic capsid and inoculated into naive C3H/HeNcr mice. Vaccination with a single vector dose, either intravenously or intranasally, elicited high-titer anti-OspA-specific antibody that provided protection from live spirochete challenge and was sustained over the lifetime of the animal. Both humoral and cell-mediated Th(1) immunity was induced, as shown by anti-OspA immunoglobulin G2a antibody and preferential gamma interferon production by OspA-specific CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene A Palmer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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163
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Li BW, Rush A, Zhang SR, Curtis KC, Weil GJ. Antibody responses to Brugia malayi antigens induced by DNA vaccination. FILARIA JOURNAL 2004; 3:1. [PMID: 14738569 PMCID: PMC343290 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2883-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background DNA vaccination is a convenient means of immunizing animals with recombinant parasite antigens. DNA delivery methods are believed to affect the qualitative nature of immune responses to DNA vaccines in ways that may affect their protective activity. However, relatively few studies have directly compared immune responses to plasmids encoding the same antigens after injection by different routes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the route of administration on antibody responses to plasmids encoding antigens from the filarial nematode parasite Brugia malayi. Methods Four B. malayi genes and partial genes encoding paramyosin (BM5), heat shock protein (BMHSP-70), intermediate filament (BMIF) and a serodiagnostic antigen (BM14) were inserted in eukaryotic expression vectors (pJW4303 and pCR™3.1). BALB/c mice were immunized with individual recombinant plasmids or with a cocktail of all four plasmids by intramuscular injection (IM) or by gene gun-intradermal inoculation (GG). Antibody responses to recombinant antigens were measured by ELISA. Mean IgG1 to IgG2a antibody ratios were used as an indicator of Th1 or Th2 bias in immune responses induced with particular antigens by IM or GG immunization. The statistical significance of group differences in antibody responses was assessed by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Mice produced antibody responses to all four filarial antigens after DNA vaccination by either the IM or GG route. Antibody responses to BM5 paramyosin were strongly biased toward IgG1 with lower levels of IgG2a after GG vaccination, while IM vaccination produced dominant IgG2a antibody responses. Antibody responses were biased toward IgG1 after both IM and GG immunization with BMIF, but antibodies were biased toward IgG2a after IM and GG vaccination with BMHSP-70 and BM14. Animals injected with a mixture of four recombinant plasmid DNAs produced antibodies to all four antigens. Conclusions Our results show that monovalent and polyvalent DNA vaccination successfully induced antibody responses to a variety of filarial antigens. However, antibody responses to different antigens varied in magnitude and with respect to isotype bias. The isotype bias of antibody responses following DNA vaccination can be affected by route of administration and by intrinsic characteristics of individual antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Wen Li
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amy Rush
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shaorong R Zhang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kurt C Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary J Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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164
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Gaboriau-Routhiau V, Raibaud P, Dubuquoy C, Moreau MC. Colonization of gnotobiotic mice with human gut microflora at birth protects against Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-mediated abrogation of oral tolerance. Pediatr Res 2003; 54:739-46. [PMID: 12904595 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000086902.52137.c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that the indigenous gut microflora in mice plays a protective role against Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT)-mediated abrogation of oral tolerance to an unrelated co-ingested protein. To assess potential protection by human gut microflora, we studied the effect of human gut microflora in a murine model. Oral tolerance was studied in adult gnotobiotic mice (i.e. ex-germ-free mice) colonized with the entire human fecal microflora and orally administered once with LT and ovalbumin. Systemic suppression of IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE antibody responses was assessed by ELISA. Both specific IgG subclasses and IgE hyporesponsiveness was induced in LT + ovalbumin-fed gnotobiotic mice, indicating that the human gut microflora can protect against the LT-mediated abrogation of oral tolerance. However, as confirmed with mouse gut microflora, this protective effect only occurs when the gut microflora is associated from birth on. Colonization of germ-free mice with a single bacterial strain, E. coli, predominant in the human and mouse gut microflora in the neonatal period, showed that this strain alone did not induce protection. These results supported the hypothesis that the natural establishment of the gut microflora in neonates crucially influenced resistance to LT-mediated abrogation of oral tolerance by reinforcing suppression of both T helper type 1- and T helper type 2-controlled responses, and suggested that sequential bacterial colonization of the gut rather than a single bacterial species may be involved in this phenomenon.
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165
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Yuki Y, Kiyono H. New generation of mucosal adjuvants for the induction of protective immunity. Rev Med Virol 2003; 13:293-310. [PMID: 12931340 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of infectious agents through mucosal surfaces can be prevented by use of the common mucosal immune system (CMIS), which interconnects inductive tissues, including Peyer's patches (PPs) and nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissue (NALT), and effector tissues of the intestinal and respiratory tracts. In order for the CMIS to induce maximal protective mucosal immunity, co-administration of mucosal adjuvant has been shown to be essential. When vaccine antigen is administered together with mucosal adjuvant, antigen-specific T-helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and IgA B cell responses are effectively induced by oral or nasal routes via the CMIS. In the early stages of induction of mucosal immune response, the uptake of orally or nasally administered antigens is achieved through a unique set of antigen-sampling cells, M cells located in follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of inductive sites. After successful uptake, the antigens are immediately processed and presented by the underlying dendritic cells (DCs). Elucidation of the molecular/cellular characteristics of M cells and mucosal DCs will greatly facilitate the design of a new generation of effective mucosal adjuvants and of a vaccine delivery vehicle that maximises the use of the CMIS. Our recent efforts at mucosal vaccine development have focused on nasal administration of vaccine antigen together with nontoxic mutant-based or cytokine-/chemokine-based adjuvant for the induction of the protective immunity. To this end, a chimeric form of a nontoxic adjuvant combining the merits of mutant cholera toxin A subunit (mCT-A) and heat labile toxin B subunit (LT-B) was created as the second generation of detoxified toxin-based mucosal adjuvant. When a vaccine antigen was coexpressed together with an immune stimulatory/delivery molecule in crop seed, this edible vaccine is not only effective but also extremely practical in that it can be produced in huge quantities and preserved and shipped over long distances at room temperature without altering the quality of the vaccine. Because such qualities would greatly facilitate global vaccination, this new generation edible vaccines with a built-in adjuvant and/or M cell-targeted edible vaccine promises to be a powerful weapon for combating infectious diseases and bioterrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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166
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Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a multifunctional cytokine. Although most studies have focused on the B-cell stimulatory and Th2 promoting properties of IL-4 in the development of autoantibodies and autoantibody-mediated diseases, a few reports suggest a T-cell suppressor role for this cytokine in lupus. Since these properties of IL-4 may sometimes result in opposing outcomes, amplifying or inhibitory, on overall B-cell functions, it is not surprising that a few studies have found no role for IL-4 in the development of autoantibodies and lupus. Evidence for a more novel role for IL-4 in the development of lupus nephritis comes from recent studies, which suggests that IL-4 may directly promote extracellular matrix deposition in the glomeruli. Consistent with this idea, blockade of IL-4 by antibody treatment or of its signaling by inactivation of the Stat6 gene ameliorates glomerulosclerosis and delays or even prevents the development of end-stage renal disease, despite the presence of high levels of IgG anti-dsDNA Antibodies. Thus, IL-4 may serve multiple roles in the development of lupus: it may enhance autoantibody production via its direct B-cell effects, protect against autoimmunity via its T-cell suppressor effect, or perpetuate tissue damage via its direct effects on target organs.
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167
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Singh RR, Saxena V, Zang S, Li L, Finkelman FD, Witte DP, Jacob CO. Differential contribution of IL-4 and STAT6 vs STAT4 to the development of lupus nephritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:4818-25. [PMID: 12707364 PMCID: PMC2291553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms that initiate lupus nephritis and cause progression to end-stage renal disease remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that lupus-prone New Zealand Mixed 2410 mice that develop a severe glomerulosclerosis and rapidly progressive renal disease overexpress IL-4 in vivo. In these mice, STAT6 deficiency or anti-IL-4 Ab treatment decreases type 2 cytokine responses and ameliorates kidney disease, particularly glomerulosclerosis, despite the presence of high levels of IgG anti-dsDNA Abs. STAT4 deficiency, however, decreases type 1 and increases type 2 cytokine responses, and accelerates nephritis, in the absence of high levels of IgG anti-dsDNA Abs. Thus, STAT6 and IL-4 may selectively contribute to the development of glomerulosclerosis, whereas STAT4 may play a role in autoantibody production.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/genetics
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/immunology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/therapy
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Lupus Nephritis/genetics
- Lupus Nephritis/immunology
- Lupus Nephritis/pathology
- Lupus Nephritis/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- STAT4 Transcription Factor
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Species Specificity
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Raj Singh
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Children’s Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Ram Raj Singh, Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0563. E-mail address: ; or Dr. Chaim Jacob, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033. E-mail address:
| | - Vijay Saxena
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Children’s Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - Song Zang
- University of Southern California School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Lily Li
- University of Southern California School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Fred D. Finkelman
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Children’s Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - David P. Witte
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Children’s Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - Chaim O. Jacob
- University of Southern California School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Ram Raj Singh, Autoimmunity and Tolerance Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0563. E-mail address: ; or Dr. Chaim Jacob, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033. E-mail address:
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168
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Lillard JW, Singh UP, Boyaka PN, Singh S, Taub DD, McGhee JR. MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta differentially mediate mucosal and systemic adaptive immunity. Blood 2003; 101:807-14. [PMID: 12393512 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and MIP-1beta are distinct but highly homologous CC chemokines produced by a variety of host cells in response to various external stimuli and share affinity for CCR5. To better elucidate the role of these CC chemokines in adaptive immunity, we have characterized the affects of MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta on cellular and humoral immune responses. MIP-1alpha stimulated strong antigen (Ag)-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM responses, while MIP-1beta promoted lower IgG and IgM but higher serum IgA and IgE antibody (Ab) responses. MIP-1alpha elevated Ag-specific IgG1 and IgG2b followed by IgG2a and IgG3 subclass responses, while MIP-1beta only stimulated IgG1 and IgG2b subclasses. Correspondingly, MIP-1beta produced higher titers of Ag-specific mucosal secretory IgA Ab levels when compared with MIP-1alpha. Splenic T cells from MIP-1alpha- or MIP-1beta-treated mice displayed higher Ag-specific Th1 (interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) as well as selective Th2 (interleukin-5 [IL-5] and IL-6) cytokine responses than did T cells from control groups. Interestingly, mucosally derived T cells from MIP-1beta-treated mice displayed higher levels of IL-4 and IL-6 compared with MIP-1alpha-treated mice. However, MIP-1alpha effectively enhanced Ag-specific cell-mediated immune responses. In correlation with their selective effects on humoral and cellular immune responses, these chemokines also differentially attract CD4(+) versus CD8(+) T cells and modulate CD40, CD80, and CD86 expressed by B220(+) cells as well as CD28, 4-1BB, and gp39 expression by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Taken together, these studies suggest that these CC chemokines differentially enhance mucosal and serum humoral as well as cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Lillard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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169
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Johansen K, Schröder U, Svensson L. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a formalin-inactivated rotavirus vaccine combined with lipid adjuvants. Vaccine 2003; 21:368-75. [PMID: 12531634 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated rotavirus vaccine administered intramuscularly with lipid adjuvants; MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A from Salmonella minnesota) or L3 (monooleate/lauric acid) was evaluated in an infant mouse model. Purified and formalin-inactivated rhesus rotavirus (I-RRV) combined with one of the adjuvants were administered to female balb/c mice at 0, 4 and 8 weeks. High serum IgG antibody titers developed in all vaccinated groups; I-RRV (GMT 45524+/-9819), I-RRV-MPL (GMT 190637+/-64250) and I-RRV-L3 (GMT 126266+/-27553). The formalin-inactivation procedure preserved neutralizing epitopes and elicited high neutralizing antibody titers; I-RRV (GMT 43053 S.E.M.+/-4189), I-RRV-MPL (GMT 66398 S.E.M.+/-20202) and I-RRV-L3 (GMT 60887 S.E.M.+/-10750). All offsprings to immunized dams were protected against clinical diarrhea upon oral challenge with RRV. The IgG1/IgG2a ratio was in all immunized groups approximately 1 suggesting development of a balanced Th1/Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Johansen
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Karolinska Institute, S-171 82, Solna, Sweden.
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170
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Ansari AA, Fett JD, Carraway RE, Mayne AE, Onlamoon N, Sundstrom JB. Autoimmune mechanisms as the basis for human peripartum cardiomyopathy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2002; 23:301-24. [PMID: 12402414 DOI: 10.1385/criai:23:3:301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The etiology and mechanisms of pathogenesis of human peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) remain unknown. The incidence and prevalence of this disease is rare in some parts of the world and more common in others. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the factors that have been entertained which may contribute to the pathogenesis of PPCM with special emphasis on more recent data from our laboratory that provide support to the view that this disease is an autoimmune disease with multiple contributing factors and effector mechanisms. This is supported by the fact that sera from PPCM patients contain high titers of auto-antibodies against normal human cardiac tissue proteins of 37, 33, and 25 kD that was not present in the sera of patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDCM), indicating for the first time that PPCM is distinct from IDCM. In addition to the autoantibodies, the PBMC's from PPCM patients demonstrate a heightened level of fetal microchimerism, an abnormal cytokine profile, decreased levels of CD4+ CD25lo regulatory T cells, and a significant reduction in the plasma levels of progesterone, estradiol and relaxin in PPCM patients as compared with other normal pregnant non-PPCM patients. A potential role for reduced plasma levels of selenium in the pathogenesis of select PPCM patients was also noted. These findings for the first time suggest that such abnormalities may in concert lead to the initiation and perpetuation of an autoimmune process, which leads to cardiac failure and disease. Identification of the precise nature of the cardiac tissue autoantigens (currently in progress) will pave the way for the delineation of mechanism of this autoimmune disease. A working model for the pathogenesis of this disease is also described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Room 4107B Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 B Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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171
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hamelmann
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Humboldt-University, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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172
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Lima C, Perini A, Garcia MLB, Martins MA, Teixeira MM, Macedo MS. Eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness are profoundly inhibited by a helminth (Ascaris suum) extract in a murine model of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:1659-66. [PMID: 12569989 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase of atopic disorders in developed countries has been associated with the decline of infectious diseases, including helminthic infections. We have already demonstrated that adult worm extracts from Ascaris suum (ASC) suppress the IgE antibody production against unrelated antigens. OBJECTIVE Here we investigated the influence of ASC on the development of pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation in a murine model of asthma. METHODS Heat-coagulated egg white alone (EWI) or mixed with ASC (EWI + ASC) was implanted subcutaneously in B10.A or C57BL/6 mice, and 14 days later they were challenged intratracheally with OVA or exposed to aerosolized OVA for 4 days. RESULTS The suppressive effect of ASC was demonstrated on the accumulation of cells into airways, with reduction of eosinophil numbers and of eosinophil peroxidase activity in EWI + ASC-immunized mice. This effect correlated with a marked reduction of IL-5 and IL-4 levels in the BAL from C57BL/6 and B10. A mice, respectively, and of eotaxin in BAL and lung tissue from both strains. OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE levels were also impaired in serum and BAL from these mice. Airway hyper-reactivity to methacholine was obtained in B10. A mice sensitized with EWI, but the respiratory mechanical parameters returned to normal levels in EWI + ASC-immunized mice. CONCLUSION These results indicate that ASC has a profound inhibitory effect on lung inflammation and hyper-responsiveness and that suppression of IL-5 or IL-4 and of eotaxin contributes to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lima
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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173
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Tangye SG, Ferguson A, Avery DT, Ma CS, Hodgkin PD. Isotype switching by human B cells is division-associated and regulated by cytokines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4298-306. [PMID: 12370361 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Isotype switching by murine B cells follows a pattern whereby the proportion of cells undergoing switching increases with division number and is regulated by cytokines. Here we explored whether human B cells behaved in a similar manner. The effect of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, alone or in combination, on Ig isotype switching by highly purified naive human CD40 ligand (CD40L)-activated B cells was measured against division number over various harvest times. Switching to IgG was induced by IL-4 and, to a lesser extent, IL-13 and IL-10. The combination of IL-10 with IL-4, but not IL-13, induced a higher percentage of cells to undergo switching. Isotype switching to IgG by human CD40L-activated naive B cells was found to be linked to the division history of the cells: IgG(+) cells appeared in cultures of B cells stimulated with CD40L and IL-4 after approximately the third cell division, with the majority expressing IgG1, thus revealing a predictable pattern of IgG isotype switching. These results reveal a useful quantitative framework for monitoring the effects of cytokines on proliferation and isotype switching that should prove valuable for screening Ig immunodeficiencies and polymorphisms in the population for a better understanding of the regulation of human humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Immune Regulation Group, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Locked Bag #6, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia.
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174
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Hakonarson H, Whelan R, Leiter J, Kim C, Chen M, Campbell D, Grunstein MM. T lymphocyte-mediated changes in airway smooth muscle responsiveness are attributed to induced autocrine release and actions of IL-5 and IL-1beta. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:624-33. [PMID: 12373272 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.128529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bidirectional stimulatory cross-talk was recently found to exist between activated T cells and airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, a process that involves coligation of specific cellular adhesion-costimulatory molecules that results in the induction of proasthmatic-like changes in ASM responsiveness. OBJECTIVE The present study examined whether the cooperative intercellular signaling between activated T cells and ASM cells is coupled to the induced expression and actions of IL-5 and IL-1beta. METHODS Agonist-induced constrictor and relaxant responses were examined in rabbit ASM segments exposed to resting and anti-CD3-activated T cells in the absence and presence of either an anti-IL-5 receptor mAb or the recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of IL-5 and IL-1beta were assayed under control and anti-CD3-stimulated conditions. RESULTS Relative to inactive T cells, incubation of ASM tissues with anti-CD3-activated T cells induced proasthmatic-like changes in agonist-mediated ASM responsiveness. This T cell-induced perturbation in ASM responsiveness was ablated by pretreating the tissues with either an anti-IL-5 receptor mAb or IL-1 receptor antagonist. Moreover, exposure of ASM cells to anti-CD3-activated T cells elicited an initial increased mRNA expression and release of IL-5, followed by an enhanced expression and release of IL-1beta, and the induced release of these cytokines was prevented in ASM cells that were pretreated with an anti-IL-5 receptor mAb. CONCLUSION Collectively, these observations provide new evidence demonstrating that exposure of naive ASM cells to activated T cells induces the sequential release of IL-5 and IL-1beta from the ASM cells and that the latter cytokines act in an autocrine manner to elicit the proasthmatic phenotype of altered ASM responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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175
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Peterson KE, Stromnes I, Messer R, Hasenkrug K, Chesebro B. Novel role of CD8(+) T cells and major histocompatibility complex class I genes in the generation of protective CD4(+) Th1 responses during retrovirus infection in mice. J Virol 2002; 76:7942-8. [PMID: 12133998 PMCID: PMC155146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.16.7942-7948.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) Th1 responses to virus infections are often necessary for the development and maintenance of virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. However, in the present study with Friend murine retrovirus (FV), the reverse was also found to be true. In the absence of a responder H-2(b) allele at major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II loci, a single H-2D(b) MHC class I allele was sufficient for the development of a CD4(+) Th1 response to FV. This effect of H-2D(b) on CD4(+) T-cell responses was dependent on CD8(+) T cells, as demonstrated by depletion studies. A direct effect of CD8(+) T-cell help in the development of CD4(+) Th1 responses to FV was also shown in vaccine studies. Vaccination of nonresponder H-2(a/a) mice induced FV-specific responses of H-2D(d)-restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Adoptive transfer of vaccine-primed CD8(+) T cells to naive H-2(a/a) mice prior to infection resulted in the generation of FV-specific CD4(+) Th1 responses. This novel helper effect of CD8(+) T cells could be an important mechanism in the development of CD4(+) Th1 responses following vaccinations that induce CD8(+) CTL responses. The ability of MHC class I genes to facilitate CD4(+) Th1 development could also be considerable evolutionary advantage by allowing a wider variety of MHC genotypes to generate protective immune responses against intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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176
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Moesta AK, Lin MS, Diaz LA, Sinha AA. T cell receptor Beta chain gene usage in endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:377-83. [PMID: 12190860 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The trimolecular complex comprised of the major histocompatibility complex, peptide antigen, and the T cell receptor is a requisite for T cell activation in normal and autoimmune responses. T cell receptor analysis is critical to further our understanding regarding mechanisms of T cell epitope selection and autoimmune initiation and progression and may help to identify targets for immunotherapy. Pemphigus foliaceus is an autoimmune blistering skin disease characterized by intraepidermal blisters and circulating autoantibodies directed against desmoglein 1, a 160 kDa transmembrane desmosomal molecule expressed in keratinocytes. As tissue damage is mediated by anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies, an initial T cell response is a likely requirement for autoantibody generation in this disease. To elucidate the role of pathogenic T cells in autoimmunity further, we have directly characterized the T cell receptor of T cells derived from pemphigus foliaceus patients. Complementary DNA was isolated from 17 desmoglein 1 specific T cell clones generated from pemphigus foliaceus patients by clonal expansion in vitro. To analyze the T cell repertoire, a panel of primers, collectively specific for the known human T cell receptor beta variable region (TCRBV) families were paired with a constant region primer to polymerase chain reaction to amplify one distinct T cell receptor beta variable region allele for each T cell clone studied. Polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced to determine exact beta chain gene usage. In the 17 clones tested, 10 distinct T cell receptor beta variable region usages and nine T cell receptor beta joining gene segment usages were identified. Furthermore, T cell receptor beta variable region and beta joining usage did not appear to be random, but oligoclonal in nature, with some preference shown for T cell receptor beta variable region 5S1 and T cell receptor BJ2S5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim K Moesta
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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177
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Umetsu DT, McIntire JJ, Akbari O, Macaubas C, DeKruyff RH. Asthma: an epidemic of dysregulated immunity. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:715-20. [PMID: 12145657 DOI: 10.1038/ni0802-715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable increase in asthma prevalence that has occurred over the last two decades is thought to be caused by changes in the environment due to improved hygiene and fewer childhood infections. However, the specific infections that limit T helper type 2 (T(H)2)-biased inflammation and asthma are not fully known. Infectious organisms, including commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and hepatitis A virus, may normally induce the development of regulatory T (T(R)) cells and protective immunity that limit airway inflammation and promote tolerance to respiratory allergens. In the absence of such infections, T(H)2 cells--which are developmentally related to T(R) cells--develop instead and coordinate the development of asthmatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale T Umetsu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA.
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178
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Katagiri K, Zhang-Hoover J, Mo JS, Stein-Streilein J, Streilein JW. Using tolerance induced via the anterior chamber of the eye to inhibit Th2-dependent pulmonary pathology. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:84-9. [PMID: 12077232 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), a manifestation of ocular immune privilege, prevents Th1-dependent delayed hypersensitivity from developing in response to eye-derived Ags, thereby preserving vision. Since Th2-type cells have recently been shown to mediate destructive inflammation of the cornea, we wondered whether pre-emptive induction of ACAID could inhibit Th2 responses. Using a murine model of OVA -specific, Th2-dependent pulmonary inflammation, we pretreated susceptible mice by injecting OVA alone into the anterior chamber, or by injecting OVA-pulsed, TGF-beta2-treated peritoneal exudate cells i.v. These mice were then immunized with OVA plus alum strategy that generates Th2-mediated OVA-specific pulmonary pathology. When pretreated mice were challenged intratracheally with OVA, their bronchoalveolar lavage fluids contained far fewer eosinophils and significantly less IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 compared with that of positive, nonpretreated controls. Similarly, lung-draining lymph node cells of pretreated mice secreted significantly less IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 when challenged in vitro with OVA. Moreover, sera from pretreated mice contained much lower titers of OVA-specific IgE Abs. We conclude that Ags injected into the anterior chamber of the eye impair both Th1 and Th2 responses. These results reduce the likelihood that ACAID regulates Th1 responses via a Th2-like mechanism. Thus, immune privilege of the eye regulates inflammation secondary to both Th1- and Th2-type immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumoto Katagiri
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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179
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Karulin AY, Hesse MD, Yip HC, Lehmann PV. Indirect IL-4 pathway in type 1 immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:545-53. [PMID: 11777945 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recall Ag-specific IL-4 was detected in the spleen and in the blood, but not in lymph nodes of mice in which polarized type 1 immunity was induced. This IL-4 was not produced by T cells, but soluble factors secreted by the recall Ag-activated T cells, including IL-3, triggered cells of the innate immune system, primarily mast cells, to secrete IL-4. This notion has profound implications for immunodiagnostics: the detection of apparently recall Ag-specific IL-4 does not necessarily reflect the presence of Th2 or Th0 memory T cells with long-term cytokine commitment as is of interest for assessing adoptive immunity. We found that in vivo the indirect IL-4 pathway did not suffice to trigger IgE isotype switching, but promoted IgG1 production and inhibited type 1 T cell differentiation. Therefore, the indirect IL-4 pathway can explain partial type 2 immune response phenotypes in vivo in face of unipolar Th1 T cell immunity. The representation of mast cells in different tissues may explain why immune responses in certain organs are more type 2 biased. Therefore, the indirect pathway of IL-4 production represents a novel type of interaction between the innate and the adoptive immune system that can contribute to the outcome of host defense and immune pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Y Karulin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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180
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van den Brink GR, van den Boogaardt DEM, van Deventer SJH, Peppelenbosch MP. Feed a cold, starve a fever? CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:182-3. [PMID: 11777851 PMCID: PMC119893 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.1.182-183.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An English old wives' tale advises us to "feed a cold and starve a fever." Here we report that the nutritional status modulates the T helper 1 (Th1)-Th2 balance of activated T cells in human volunteers. Food intake resulted in increased levels of gamma interferon production, whereas food deprivation stimulated interleukin-4 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs R van den Brink
- Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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181
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chtanova
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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182
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Grunstein MM, Hakonarson H, Leiter J, Chen M, Whelan R, Grunstein JS, Chuang S. Autocrine signaling by IL-10 mediates altered responsiveness of atopic sensitized airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L1130-7. [PMID: 11597904 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.5.l1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the role and mechanism of action of interleukin (IL)-10 in regulating airway smooth muscle (ASM) responsiveness in the atopic asthmatic state, isolated rabbit tracheal ASM segments were passively sensitized with serum from atopic asthmatic patients or nonatopic nonasthmatic (control) subjects in both the absence and presence of an anti-IL-10 receptor blocking antibody (Ab). Relative to control ASM, atopic asthmatic serum-sensitized tissues exhibited enhanced isometric constrictor responses to administered acetylcholine and attenuated the relaxation responses to isoproterenol. These proasthmatic effects were prevented in atopic asthmatic serum-sensitized ASM that was pretreated with anti-IL-10 receptor Ab. In complementary experiments, exposure of cultured human ASM cells to atopic asthmatic serum induced upregulated expression of IL-10 mRNA. Moreover, extended studies demonstrated that 1) exogenous IL-10 administration to naive ASM elicited augmented contractility to acetylcholine and impaired relaxation to isoproterenol, 2) these effects of IL-10 were prevented by pretreating the tissues with an IL-5 receptor Ab, and 3) IL-10 administration induced upregulated mRNA expression and release of IL-5 protein from cultured ASM cells. Collectively, these findings provide new evidence demonstrating that the altered responsiveness of atopic asthmatic serum-sensitized ASM is largely attributed to activation of an intrinsic T helper type 2-type autocrine mechanism involving IL-10-mediated release and the action of IL-5 in the sensitized ASM itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Grunstein
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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183
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lin
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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184
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Hwang WJ, Park EJ, Jang CH, Han SW, Oh GJ, Kim NS, Kim HM. Inhibitory effect of immunoglobulin E production by jin-deuk-chal (Siegesbeckia orientalis). Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2001; 23:555-63. [PMID: 11792014 DOI: 10.1081/iph-100108601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) E are associated with immediate-type allergic reactions. Jin-deuk-chal is the whole plant of Siegesbeckia orientalis (SO) sL Immunization of mice with small amounts of protein antigens on alum results in several fold increases in total plasma IgE, much of it specific for the immunizing antigen. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Siegesbeckia orientalis (SO) on IgE production. SO inhibited the plasma levels of IgE induced by antigens. The effects of SO on the interleukin (IL)-4-dependent IgE response by mouse whole spleen cells were studied. IL-4 dependent IgE production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated whole spleen cells was inhibited by SO. In addition, using U266B I human IgE-bearing B cells, we found that SO inhibited the production of IgE activated by LPS plus IL-4. These results suggest that SO have antiallergic activity by inhibition of IgE production from B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Hwang
- Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
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185
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Kim HM, Lee JH, Won JH, Park EJ, Chae HJ, Kim HR, Kim CH, Baek SH. Inhibitory effect on immunoglobulin E production in vivo and in vitro by Siegesbeckia glabrescens. Phytother Res 2001; 15:572-6. [PMID: 11746835 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)E are associated with immediate-type allergic reactions. The effect of an aqueous extract of Siegesbeckia glabrescens (Compositae) whole plants (SGWP) on in vivo and in vitro IgE production was studied in mice. SGWP dose-dependently inhibited the active systemic anaphylaxis and serum IgE production induced by immunization with ovalbumin and Bordetella pertussis toxin absorbed to aluminium hydroxide gel. SGWP dose-dependently inhibited IL-4-dependent IgE production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine whole spleen cells. In the case of U266 human IgE-bearing B cells, SGWP also showed an inhibitory effect on IgE production. These results suggest that SGWP has an anti-allergic activity by inhibiting IgE production from B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kim
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Center of Oriental Medicinal Science, Wonkwang University, Sukjang-Dong, 707, Kyung-Ju City, Kyungpook 780-714, South Korea.
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186
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Becker PD, Corral RS, Guzmán CA, Grinstein S. Adamantylamide dipeptide as effective immunoadjuvant in rabbits and mice. Vaccine 2001; 19:4603-9. [PMID: 11535307 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the search for more potent and less toxic immunomodulators, adamantylamide dipeptide (AdDP) was synthesized by the covalent union of amantadine with the L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine residue of muramyldipeptide (MDP). The present experiments demonstrate the ability of AdDP, co-administered with a protein immunogen, to raise or enhance a humoral response in immunized animals. BALB/c mice were immunized either by the intraperitoneal (ip) or oral route with ovalbumin (Ova) alone or combined with either AdDP or CpG oligonucleotide (ODN-CpG), a proved adjuvant. A clear adjuvant dose-response relationship was observed on the increment of Ova-specific serum antibody titers when AdDP was used as adjuvant, irrespectively of the administration route. The IgG isotype analysis showed that AdDP promotes a consistent increment in IgG1 antibodies associated with a dominant Th2 response pattern. When administered by the oral route, AdDP was at least as efficient as ODN-CpG as adjuvant. Similar results were obtained in rabbits immunized by the oral route, suggesting that the adjuvanticity of AdDP is not restricted to the murine system. In conclusion, AdDP was shown to be a powerful and non-toxic adjuvant at both systemic and mucosal levels, which makes it a promising tool for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Becker
- Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, Gallo 1330, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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187
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Kehoe KE, Brown MA, Imani F. Double-stranded RNA regulates IL-4 expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2496-501. [PMID: 11509588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.5.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
dsRNA, as genomic fragment, replicative intermediate, or stem and loop structure in cells infected by viruses, can act to signal the immune system of the presence of viral infections. Although most viral infections are associated with strong Th1 immune responses, Th2-type responses have also been observed. In this study, we characterize the effects of dsRNA on the induction of Th2 responses in human lymphocytes. We report that in addition to the well-known Th1-inducing capabilities of dsRNA, treatment of human lymphocytes with low concentrations of dsRNA (0.1-1 microg/ml) leads to the expression of the prototypic Th2 cytokine IL-4. This induction was accompanied with the concentration-dependent activation of NF-kappaB and NF-AT2 but not NF-AT1. In addition, dsRNA can directly activate an IL-4 promoter-driven chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene in transiently transfected Jurkat cells. These results are the first demonstration of a non-TCR-associated activator of NF-AT in human cells and suggest that dsRNA directly influences IL-4 gene expression through its effect on NF-AT activation. Our data provide support for the idea that dsRNA at low concentrations in vivo may induce a Th2-dominant response that is not optimal for protective immunity to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Kehoe
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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188
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189
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Mao CS, Stavnezer J. Differential regulation of mouse germline Ig gamma 1 and epsilon promoters by IL-4 and CD40. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1522-34. [PMID: 11466373 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Before Ig class switching, RNA transcription through the specific S regions undergoing recombination is induced by cytokines and other activators that induce and direct switching. The resulting germline (GL) transcripts are essential for switch recombination. To understand the differential regulation of mouse IgG1 and IgE, we compared the promoters for GL gamma1 and epsilon transcripts. We addressed the question of why the promoter that regulates GL epsilon transcription is more responsive to IL-4 than the gamma1 promoter and also why GL epsilon transcription is more dependent on IL-4 than is gamma1 transcription. We found that the IL-4-responsive region of the GL epsilon promoter is more inducible than that of the gamma1 promoter, although each promoter contains a binding site for the IL-4-inducible transcription factor Stat6, located immediately adjacent to a binding site for a basic region leucine zipper (bZip) family protein. However, the arrangement and sequences of the sites differ between the epsilon and gamma1 promoters. The GL epsilon promoter binds Stat6 with a 10-fold higher affinity than does the gamma1 promoter. Furthermore, the bZip elements of the two promoters bind different transcription factors, as the GL epsilon promoter binds and is activated by AP-1, whereas the gamma1 promoter binds and is activated by activating transcription factor 2. C/EBPbeta and C/EBPgamma also bind the gamma1 bZip element, although they inhibit rather than activate transcription. However, inhibition of promoter activity by C/EBPbeta does not require the bZip element and may instead occur via inhibiting the activity of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Mao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester MA 01655, USA
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190
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Sin JI, Kim JJ, Zhang D, Weiner DB. Modulation of cellular responses by plasmid CD40L: CD40L plasmid vectors enhance antigen-specific helper T cell type 1 CD4+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against herpes simplex virus type 2 in vivo. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:1091-102. [PMID: 11399230 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750214302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering gene therapy vectors to modulate the immune response is an important goal. In this regard, costimulation of T cells is a critical determinant in immune activation. The costimulatory molecule CD40, expressed on antigen-presenting cells, is thought to interact with CD40 ligand (CD40L) expressed on activated CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells to further drive interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression and antigen-specific T cell expansion necessary for both class II and class I responses. To compare the specific roles of these two costimulatory molecules in immune induction in a herpes simplex virus (HSV) model, we constructed plasmid DNAs expressing CD40 and CD40L, coimmunized these molecules with a gD plasmid vaccine, and then analyzed immune modulatory effects as well as protection against lethal HSV-2 challenge. We observed that gD-specific IgG production was unaffected by these molecules. However, a higher production of IgG2a isotype was induced by CD40L coinjection, suggesting that CD40L drives immune responses towards a helper T cell type 1 (Th1) phenotype. CD40L also enhanced Th cell proliferative responses and production of Th1-type cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and beta-chemokines (RANTES and MIP-1alpha) from splenocytes. In contrast, CD40 showed slightly increasing effects on T cell proliferation responses and cytokine and chemokine production. When animals were challenged with a lethal dose of HSV-2, CD40L-coimmunized animals exhibited a significantly enhanced survival rate, as compared with CD40 coinjection or gD DNA vaccine alone. This enhanced protection appears to be mediated by Th1-type CD4(+) T cells, as determined by in vitro and in vivo T cell subset deletion. CD40L also promoted migration of CD4(+) T cells into the muscle sites. These studies demonstrate that CD40L can play an important role in protective antigen-specific immunity in a gene-based model system through increased expansion of the CD4(+) Th1 T cell subset in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Sin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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191
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Xu L, Robinson N, Miller SD, Chan LS. Characterization of BALB/c mice B lymphocyte autoimmune responses to skin basement membrane component type XVII collagen, the target antigen of autoimmune skin disease bullous pemphigoid. Immunol Lett 2001; 77:105-11. [PMID: 11377704 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering skin disease characterized by IgG autoantibodies targeting the skin basement membrane component type XVII collagen (BPAg2). To gain understanding of the disease's induction phase, we subcutaneously immunized adult BALB/c mice with peptides of human and/or the murine-equivalent BPAg2 pathogenic NC16A domain. Female mice were injected with peptides (human, murine, or combined human and murine), or PBS control emulsified in CFA, on a four-week interval. At the fourth and subsequent immunizations, all peptide-immunized mice were given murine peptides. Two weeks after the sixth immunization, ELISA detected IgG circulating autoantibodies against self peptides in 92% (47/51) of mice immunized with murine peptides; whereas none of the preimmune sera or the sera from PBS control-immunized mice reacted to the self peptides. In four mice their autoantibodies labeled mouse skin basement membrane. Breaking B-cell tolerance to BPAg2 sets the first step in dissecting the disease's induction phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Medical School, 675 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 19-150, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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192
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Abstract
IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by T lymphocytes which acts on various cells of such as T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, fibroblast, endothelial cells, macrophages and some others. IL-4 was originally described as a B cell growth factor, and now known to provide potent anti-tumor activity against various tumors, including breast cancer. IL-4 can induce apoptosis in cultured breast cancer cells. In addition, it has been clarified that IL-4 plays an important role in the regulation of estrogen synthesis enzymes including 17beta-HSD and 3beta-HSD. These findings imply that IL-4 is a key enzyme not only for Th2 type immune reactions but also for tumor cell growth itself in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nagai
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
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193
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Abstract
Eosinophilic airway inflammation is the main histologic correlate of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and tissue injury in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. There is strong evidence for a central role of CD4+ T-cells secreting pro-allergic Th2-cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-5, in the induction of airway eosinophilia and AHR. IL-5 appears to be one of the main pro-inflammatory mediators among a growing number of cytokines and chemokines that induce, regulate and sustain eosinophilic airway inflammation. Animal studies provide confirmatory evidence for the important role of IL-5 in the induction and maintenance of eosinophilic airway infiltration leading to altered airway function. Interfering with the action of IL-5 represents one of the new immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Compared to established immunosuppressive agents like steroids, a major advantage of this strategy is the specificity of reducing eosinophilic inflammation, thus possibly acting nearly without side effects. There are several possible ways to inhibit the effects of IL-5 including alteration of the signalling pathway in the IL-5 producing cell by inhibition or modification of transcription factors or the use of antisense oligonucleotides and blocking of the IL-5 protein itself by monoclonal antibodies, soluble IL-5 receptor or antagonists of the IL-5 receptor expressed on the surface of eosinophils. Although preliminary data from the first clinical trials gave rise to skepticism about the efficacy of anti-IL-5 treatment regarding the improvement of lung function of asthmatic patients, further studies with a better defined profile of the target population may provide encouraging results, allowing the introduction of this truly new therapeutic concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blümchen
- Department of Paediatrics, Pulmonology and Immunology, Charite'-Campus-Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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194
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Seo SB, Park SJ, Park ST, Cho CC, Park BH, Lee SJ, Kim HM, Kajiuchi T, Shin TY. Disodium cromoglycate inhibits production of immunoglobulin E. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2001; 23:229-37. [PMID: 11417850 DOI: 10.1081/iph-100103862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) has been shown to inhibit the release of mediators from mast cells. In the present study, the effect of DSCG on active anaphylactic reaction was studied in mice. DSCG dose-dependently inhibited the active systemic anaphylactic reaction and serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E production induced by immunization with ovalbumin, Bordetella pertussis toxin and aluminum hydroxide gel. DSCG strongly inhibited IL-4-dependent IgE production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine whole spleen cells. In the case of U266 human IgE-bearing B cells, DSCG also showed an inhibitory effect on the IgE production. These results suggest that DSCG has an anti-anaphylactic activity by inhibition of IgE production from B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Seo
- JAKWANG Co, Ltd, Ansung, Kyonggi, Republic of Korea
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195
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Arras M, Huaux F, Vink A, Delos M, Coutelier JP, Many MC, Barbarin V, Renauld JC, Lison D. Interleukin-9 reduces lung fibrosis and type 2 immune polarization induced by silica particles in a murine model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:368-75. [PMID: 11306428 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.4.4249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of interleukin (IL)-9, a cytokine active on B and T lymphocytes and associated with bronchial asthma, on the development of lung fibrosis induced by crystalline silica particles. Therefore, we compared the response to silica (1 and 5 mg/animal, intratracheally) in transgenic mice that constitutively express high levels of IL-9 (Tg5) and their wild-type counterparts (FVB). At 2 and 4 mo after treatment with silica, histologic examination and measurement of lung hydroxyproline content showed that the severity of fibrosis was significantly less important in Tg5 mice than in their wild-type counterparts. Intraperitoneal injection of IL-9 in C57BL/6 mice also reduced the amplitude of silica-induced lung fibrosis. The reduction of lung fibrosis by IL-9 was associated with a significant expansion of the B-lymphocyte population, both in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and in the pulmonary parenchyma. In wild-type animals, silica-induced fibrosis correlated with markers of a T helper 2-like response such as upregulation of IL-4 levels in lung tissue and an increased immunoglobulin (Ig) G1/IgG2a ratio in BAL. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that the upregulation of IL-4 associated with the development of fibrosis was mainly localized in inflammatory alveolar macrophages. In transgenic mice, the level of IL-4 in lung homogenates was not significantly affected by silica treatment, and a reduced IgG1/IgG2a ratio was observed upon treatment with silica. The levels of interferon-gamma were significantly decreased after silica treatment in both strains. Together, these observations point to an antifibrotic effect of IL-9 in pulmonary fibrosis associated with a limitation of the type 2 polarization which accompanies lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arras
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Mont Godinne, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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196
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Ohtsuka K, Gray JD, Quismorio FP, Lee W, Horwitz DA. Cytokine-mediated down-regulation of B cell activity in SLE: effects of interleukin-2 and transforming growth factor-beta. Lupus 2001; 8:95-102. [PMID: 10192502 DOI: 10.1191/096120399678847498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) co-stimulates interleukin-2 (IL-2) activated CD8+ T cells to down-regulate antibody production. In SLE, lymphocyte production of both IL-2 and TGF-beta is decreased. Here we report that a brief treatment of PBMC from SLE patients with IL-2 and TGF-beta can result in marked inhibition of spontaneous polyclonal IgG and autoantibody production. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 12 patients with active SLE were exposed to IL-2 with or without TGF-beta for three days, washed and cultured for seven more days. The mean decrease in IgG secretion was 79%. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed in cases with the most marked B cell hyperactivity. Spontaneous production of anti-nucleoprotein (NP) antibodies was observed in four cases and cytokine treatment of PBMC decreased autoantibody production by 50-96%. IL-2 inhibited Ig production by either TGF-beta-dependent or independent mechanisms in individual patients. In a study of anti-CD2 stimulated IgG production in a patient with active SLE, we documented that IL-2 and TGF-beta reversed the enhancing effects of CD8+ T cells on IgG production and induced suppressive activity instead. These results raise the possibility that cytokine-mediated down-regulation of B cell hyperactivity in SLE may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohtsuka
- University of Southern California School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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197
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Walia K, Vohra H, Singh H, Ganguly NK. Spectrum of gut immunologic reactions: selective induction of distinct responses to Vibrio cholerae WO7 and its toxin. Microbiol Immunol 2001; 44:931-40. [PMID: 11145274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Past studies with Vibrio cholerae have shown that cholera toxin (CT) is mainly responsible for inducing T helper type 2 (Th2) responses with systemic IgG1, IgE and mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies. In this study, V. cholerae WO7, which produces novel toxin unrelated to CT, was given orally to mice in order to determine whether the strain V. cholerae WO7 differs from V. cholerae 569B, which produces CT, in the nature of responses generated at the gut and splenic level. The analysis of immune responses evoked by V. cholerae WO7 in the gut of mice revealed striking differences as compared to those elicited by V. cholerae 569B infection. To assess the T helper cell type responses, lymphocytes from Peyer's patches and the spleen were stimulated in vitro for studying the cytokine patterns. PP and SP lymphoid cells from V. cholerae WO7 infected animals elaborated significant amounts of IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-12 by 7 days p.i., suggesting a Th1 type of response. However by 15 days p.i., the PP and SP lymphoid cells secreted only IL-6 and IL-10 with traces of IFN-gamma. On the other hand, infection with V. cholerae 569B yielded mainly Th2 type responses at Peyer's patches as well as the splenic level. Infection with both V. cholerae WO7 and 569B induced toxin-specific IgA secreting cells at the gut and splenic level along with IgG1 secreting cells, indicating that both V. cholerae WO7 and 569B evoke an antigen-specific Th2 type of response in the gut as well as spleen. The persistence of IgA along with Th1-type cytokines indicates an alternate induction mechanism since mucosal IgA responses are usually associated with Th2-type responses. These observations are suggestive of a common mechanism employed by the host to clear different strains of V. cholerae infection (569B and WO7 in this case), while the nature of toxins elaborated failed to modulate the net outcome of the infection caused by V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Walia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgradulate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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198
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Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Cytokine fingerprinting and hazard assessment of chemical respiratory allergy. J Appl Toxicol 2001; 21:153-63. [PMID: 11288137 DOI: 10.1002/jat.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Allergic sensitization of the respiratory tract resulting in occupational asthma and other symptoms can be caused by a variety of chemicals and represents an important occupational health problem. Although there is a need to identify and characterize those chemicals that are able to cause respiratory allergy, there are currently no well validated or widely accepted predictive test methods. Some progress has been made with guinea pig assays, but our attention in this laboratory has focused instead on the development of novel approaches based on an understanding of the nature of immune responses induced in mice by chemical allergens. We have shown that whereas contact allergens provoke in mice selective type 1 immune responses, characterized by the secretion by draining lymph node cells (LNC) of high levels of the cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), chemical respiratory allergens stimulate instead preferential type 2 responses associated with comparatively high levels of interleukins 4 and 10 (IL-4 and IL-10). The divergent immune responses provoked by different classes of chemical allergens, and the phenotypes of selective cytokine secretion that characterize such responses, form the basis of a novel method-cytokine fingerprinting--that permits chemicals that have the potential to cause respiratory allergy to be identified and distinguished from those that are associated primarily with contact sensitization. In this article the immunobiological basis for cytokine fingerprinting is considered and the development, evaluation and practical application of the assay are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dearman
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK.
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199
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Iijima H, Takahashi I, Kiyono H. Mucosal immune network in the gut for the control of infectious diseases. Rev Med Virol 2001; 11:117-33. [PMID: 11262530 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The common mucosal immune system (CMIS) consists of an integrated cross-communication pathway of lymphoid tissues made up of inductive and effector sites for host protection against pathogenic microorganisms. Major effector molecules of the CMIS include IgA antibodies and cytokines, chemokines and their corresponding receptors. Secretory IgA (S-IgA), the major immunoglobulin, is induced by gut-associated lymphoreticular tissue (GALT)-derived B cells with the help of Th1- and Th2-type CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the mucosal epithelium, a subpopulation of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), also help maintain the mucosal barrier. The CMIS is unique in that it can provide both positive and negative signals for the induction and regulation of immune responses in both the mucosal and systemic compartments after oral or nasal antigen exposure. Prevention of infection through mucosal surfaces can be achieved by the CMIS through connections between inductive (e.g. GALT) and effector tissues. When vaccine antigens are enterically administered together with mucosal adjuvants [e.g. cholera toxin (CT), heat-labile toxin produced by Escherichia coli (LT) and IL-12], antigen-specific Th1/Th2 and IgA B cell responses are induced simultaneously in the mucosal effector compartment. Since these antigen-specific immune responses are not generated by oral vaccine without mucosal adjuvant, safe and effective adjuvants for the induction of antigen-specific S-IgA and CTL responses are essential for the development of mucosal vaccines for protection against infectious diseases. Finally, recent findings suggest the presence of a CMIS-independent IgA induction pathway, which also must be considered in the development of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iijima
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Roye O, Delacre M, Williams IR, Auriault C, Wolowczuk I. Cutaneous interleukin-7 transgenic mice display a propitious environment to Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasite Immunol 2001; 23:133-40. [PMID: 11240904 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is produced early in Schistosoma mansoni-infected human and murine skin and was recently shown to favour parasite development. In the present work, we investigated the participation of keratinocyte-derived IL-7 in this process. Keratinocytes are the predominant cellular constituents of the epidermis and the first tissue encountered by the parasite when it infects the vertebrate host. We therefore infected IL-7 cutaneous transgenic mice and compared several parasitological and immunological parameters to those of infected littermate controls. In transgenic mice, an increased number of total adult worms was observed while egg number and female fecundity remained unchanged. Additionally, transgenic animals displayed a more intensive hepatic fibrosis. In parallel, infected IL-7 transgenic animals showed a dominant Th2-type humoral response towards egg antigens. The results presented here confirm and reinforce the key role play by IL-7 in S. mansoni-vertebrate host interplay, beginning with keratinocyte-derived IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Roye
- CNRS UMR 8527, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
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