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Kumar S, Tripathi S, Singh SP, Prasad A, Akter F, Syed MA, Badri J, Das SP, Bhattarai R, Natividad MA, Quintana M, Venkateshwarlu C, Raman A, Yadav S, Singh SK, Swain P, Anandan A, Yadaw RB, Mandal NP, Verulkar SB, Kumar A, Henry A. Rice breeding for yield under drought has selected for longer flag leaves and lower stomatal density. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4981-4992. [PMID: 33852008 PMCID: PMC8219034 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct selection for yield under drought has resulted in the release of a number of drought-tolerant rice varieties across Asia. In this study, we characterized the physiological traits that have been affected by this strategy in breeding trials across sites in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. Drought- breeding lines and drought-tolerant varieties showed consistently longer flag leaves and lower stomatal density than our drought-susceptible check variety, IR64. The influence of environmental parameters other than drought treatments on leaf traits was evidenced by close grouping of treatments within a site. Flag-leaf length and width appeared to be regulated by different environmental parameters. In separate trials in the Philippines, the same breeding lines studied in South Asia showed that canopy temperature under drought and harvest index across treatments were most correlated with grain yield. Both atmospheric and soil stress strengthened the relationships between leaf traits and yield. The stable expression of leaf traits among genotypes and the identification of the environmental conditions in which they contribute to yield, as well as the observation that some breeding lines showed longer time to flowering and higher canopy temperature than IR64, suggest that selection for additional physiological traits may result in further improvements of this breeding pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Santosh Tripathi
- Nepal Agricultural Research Council Regional Agriculture Research Station, Nepalgunj, Khajura, Banke, Nepal
- Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tarahara, Sunsari, Nepal
| | | | - Archana Prasad
- Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Fahamida Akter
- Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Regional Station, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Syed
- Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Regional Station, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Jyothi Badri
- ICAR Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sankar Prasad Das
- ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Lembucherra, Tripura, India
| | - Rudra Bhattarai
- Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tarahara, Sunsari, Nepal
| | | | - Marinell Quintana
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Challa Venkateshwarlu
- International Rice Research Institute South Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Anitha Raman
- International Rice Research Institute South Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Shailesh Yadav
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | - Padmini Swain
- ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - A Anandan
- ICAR National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Ram Baran Yadaw
- National Rice Research Program, Hardinath, Baniniya, Janakpurdham, Nepal
| | - Nimai P Mandal
- Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station, Hazaribag, Jharkand, India
| | - S B Verulkar
- Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- International Rice Research Institute South Asia Hub, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Amelia Henry
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Correspondence:
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152
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Ahmed S, Kouser S, Asgher M, Gandhi SG. Plant aquaporins: A frontward to make crop plants drought resistant. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1089-1105. [PMID: 33826759 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress alters gene expression and causes cellular damage in crop plants. Drought inhibits photosynthesis by reducing the content and the activity of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, ultimately decreasing the crop yield. The role of aquaporins (AQP) in improving the growth and adaptation of crop plants under drought stress is of importance. AQP form channels and control water transport in and out of the cells and are associated with drought tolerance mechanisms. The current review addresses: (1) the evolution of AQPs in plants, (2) the classification of plant AQPs, (3) the role of AQPs in drought alleviation in crop plants, and (4) the phytohormone crosstalk with AQPs in crops exposed to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ahmed
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India
| | - Shaista Kouser
- Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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153
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Lourkisti R, Oustric J, Quilichini Y, Froelicher Y, Herbette S, Morillon R, Berti L, Santini J. Improved response of triploid citrus varieties to water deficit is related to anatomical and cytological properties. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:762-775. [PMID: 33812345 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy plays a major role in citrus plant breeding to improve the adaptation of polyploid rootstocks as well as scions to adverse conditions and to enhance agronomic characteristics. In Citrus breeding programs, triploidy could be a useful tool to react to environmental issues and consumer demands because the produced fruits are seedless. In this study, we compared the physiological, biochemical, morphological, and ultrastructural responses to water deficit of triploid and diploid citrus varieties obtained from 'Fortune' mandarin and 'Ellendale' tangor hybridization. One diploid clementine tree was included and used as a reference. All studied scions were grafted on C-35 citrange rootstock. Triploidy decreased stomatal density and increased stomata size. The number of chloroplasts increased in 3x varieties. These cytological properties may explain the greater photosynthetic capacity (Pnet, gs, Fv/Fm) and enhanced water-holding capacity (RWC, proline). In addition, reduced degradation of ultrastructural organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) and thylakoids accompanied by less photosynthetic activity and low oxidative damages were found in 3x varieties. Triploid varieties, especially T40-3x, had a better ability to limit water loss and dissipate excess energy (NPQ) to protect photosystems. Higher starch reserves in 3x varieties suggest a better carbon and energy supply and increases in plastoglobuli size suggest less oxidative damage (H2O2, MDA), especially in T40-3x, and preservation of photosynthetic apparatus. Taken together, our results suggest that desirable cytological and ultrastructural traits induced by triploidy improve water stress response and could be a useful stress marker during environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radia Lourkisti
- CNRS, Equipe « Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire du végétal », UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corsica, France
| | - Julie Oustric
- CNRS, Equipe « Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire du végétal », UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corsica, France
| | - Yann Quilichini
- CNRS, Equipe « Parasites et Ecosystèmes méditerranéens, UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corsica, France
| | | | | | - Raphael Morillon
- Equipe « Amélioration des Plantes à Multiplication Végétative », UMR AGAP, Département BIOS, CIRAD, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe
| | - Liliane Berti
- CNRS, Equipe « Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire du végétal », UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corsica, France
| | - Jérémie Santini
- CNRS, Equipe « Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire du végétal », UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corsica, France.
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154
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Over-Expression of Endogenous SUGARWIN Genes Exalted Tolerance against Colletotrichum Infection in Sugarcane. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050869. [PMID: 33925956 PMCID: PMC8146068 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sugarcane being the major contributor of sugar and potential source of biofuel around the globe, occupies significant commercial importance. Red rot is the most devastating disease of sugarcane, severely affecting its quality as well as yield. Here we report the overexpression of SUGARWIN1 and SUGARWIN2 genes in any field crop for the first time. For this purpose, SUGAWIN1 and SUGARWIN2 were cloned downstream of maize ubiquitin (Ubi-1) promoter to construct two independent expression cassettes. The bar gene conferring resistance against phosphinothricin was used as selectable marker. Embryogenic calli of sugarcane were bombarded with both expression cassettes and selected on regeneration medium supplemented with phosphinothricin. The phosphinothricin-resistant shoots were rooted and then, analyzed using molecular tools at the genomic as well as transcriptomic levels. The transcriptomic analysis, using real time qPCR, showed that expression of SUGARWIN1 (SWO) and SUGARWIN2 (SWT) was higher in transgenic plants as compared to untransformed plants. Our results further demonstrated that over expression of these genes under maize ubiquitin (Ubi-1) promoter causes significant restriction in proliferation of red rot causal agent, Colletotrichum falcatum in sugarcane transgenic plants, under in vitro conditions. This report may open up exciting possibilities to extend this technology to other monocots for the development of crops with better ability to withstand fungal pathogens.
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155
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Giri J, Parida SK, Raghuvanshi S, Tyagi AK. Emerging Molecular Strategies for Improving Rice Drought Tolerance. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:16-25. [PMID: 34045921 PMCID: PMC8142347 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999201231205024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice occupies a pre-eminent position as a food crop in the world. Its production, how- ever, entails up to 3000 liters of water per kilogram of grain produced. Such high demand makes rice prone to drought easily. Sustainable rice cultivation with limited water resources requires the deployment of a suitable strategy for better water use efficiency and improved drought tolerance. Several drought-related genes have been evaluated in rice for their mode of action in conferring drought tolerance. Manipulation of components of abscisic acid signal transduction, stomatal density, deposition of cuticular wax, and protein modification pathways are emerging as priority targets. Gene reprogramming by microRNAs is also being explored to achieve drought tolerance. Genetically dissected Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) and their constituent genes are being deployed to develop drought-tolerant rice varieties. Progressive research and challenges include a better understanding of crucial components of drought response and search for new targets and the deployment of improved varieties in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Giri
- 1National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; 2Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Swarup K Parida
- 1National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; 2Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Saurabh Raghuvanshi
- 1National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; 2Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Akhilesh K Tyagi
- 1National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; 2Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
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156
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Moore CE, Meacham-Hensold K, Lemonnier P, Slattery RA, Benjamin C, Bernacchi CJ, Lawson T, Cavanagh AP. The effect of increasing temperature on crop photosynthesis: from enzymes to ecosystems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2822-2844. [PMID: 33619527 PMCID: PMC8023210 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As global land surface temperature continues to rise and heatwave events increase in frequency, duration, and/or intensity, our key food and fuel cropping systems will likely face increased heat-related stress. A large volume of literature exists on exploring measured and modelled impacts of rising temperature on crop photosynthesis, from enzymatic responses within the leaf up to larger ecosystem-scale responses that reflect seasonal and interannual crop responses to heat. This review discusses (i) how crop photosynthesis changes with temperature at the enzymatic scale within the leaf; (ii) how stomata and plant transport systems are affected by temperature; (iii) what features make a plant susceptible or tolerant to elevated temperature and heat stress; and (iv) how these temperature and heat effects compound at the ecosystem scale to affect crop yields. Throughout the review, we identify current advancements and future research trajectories that are needed to make our cropping systems more resilient to rising temperature and heat stress, which are both projected to occur due to current global fossil fuel emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Moore
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy & Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Katherine Meacham-Hensold
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | | | - Rebecca A Slattery
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Claire Benjamin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Amanda P Cavanagh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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157
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Walsh É, Kuehnhold H, O'Brien S, Coughlan NE, Jansen MAK. Light intensity alters the phytoremediation potential of Lemna minor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16394-16407. [PMID: 33387327 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lemnaceae, i.e. duckweed species, are attractive for phytoremediation of wastewaters, primarily due to their rapid growth, high nutrient uptake rates, tolerance to a broad range of growing conditions and ability to expeditiously assimilate a variety of pollutants. Light is essential for plant growth, and therefore, phytoremediation. Nevertheless, the effect of light intensity remains poorly understood in relation to phytoremediation, a knowledge gap that impedes the development of indoor, fully controlled, stacked remediation systems. In the present study, the effect of light intensity (10-850 μmol m-2 s-1) on the phytoremediation potential of Lemna minor was assessed. Plants were grown on either an optimal growth medium (half-strength Hutner's) or synthetic dairy processing wastewater, using stationary axenic (100 mL) or re-circulating non-sterile (11.7 L) systems. The relative growth rate (RGR) of L. minor grown on half-strength Hutner's increased proportionally with increasing light intensity. In contrast, the RGR of L. minor grown on synthetic dairy wastewater did not increase with light over an intensity range from 50 to 850 μmol m-2 s-1. On synthetic dairy wastewater, total nitrogen and total phosphorous removal also remained unchanged between 50 and 850 μmol m-2 s-1, although L. minor protein content (% fresh weight) increased from 1.5 to 2% at higher light intensities. Similar results were obtained with the larger re-circulating system. The results demonstrate interactive effects of light intensity and wastewater composition on growth and phytoremediation potential of L. minor. The data imply that light intensities above 50 μmol m-2 s-1 may not necessarily confer benefits in duckweed wastewater remediation, and this informs engineering of stacked, indoor remediation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éamonn Walsh
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland.
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Holger Kuehnhold
- Department of Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
| | - Seán O'Brien
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Neil E Coughlan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
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158
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Kinoshita T, Toh S, Torii KU. Chemical control of stomatal function and development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 60:102010. [PMID: 33667824 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control trade-offs for plants: carbon dioxide uptake for photosynthetic growth and water loss via transpiration. While agrochemical control of transpiration is an old concept, recent discoveries of the core signaling components controlling stomatal function and numbers opened the door to develop chemical compounds with high potency and specificity. ABA agonists with potent anti-transpiration activity have been developed via in silico virtual screens and structure guided design and synthesis. Library-based chemical screens identified new compounds that influence stomatal movement in ABA-independent manners as well as those affecting stomatal numbers and division polarity. Subsequent hit compound derivatization can be employed to separate adverse side effects. Ultimately, such chemicals might help in optimizing plant productivity and water use in agriculture and florist industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM) and Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Toh
- Department of Environmental Bioscience, Meijo University, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM) and Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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159
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Fracasso A, Vallino M, Staropoli A, Vinale F, Amaducci S, Carra A. Increased water use efficiency in miR396-downregulated tomato plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110729. [PMID: 33487336 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses but their impact on water use efficiency (WUE) is poorly known. Increasing WUE is a major task in crop improvement programs aimed to meet the challenges posed by the reduction in water availability associated with the ongoing climatic change. We have examined the physiological and molecular response to water stress of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants downregulated for miR396 by target mimicry. In water stress conditions, miR396-downregulated plants displayed reduced transpiration and a less then proportional decrease in the photosynthetic rate that resulted in higher WUE. The increase in WUE was associated with faster foliar accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA), with the induction of several drought-protective genes and with the activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathways. We propose a model in which the downregulation of miR396 leads to the activation of a complex molecular response to water stress. This response acts synergistically with a set of leaf morphological modifications to increase stomatal closure and preserve the efficiency of the photosynthetic activity, ultimately resulting in higher WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fracasso
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marta Vallino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Staropoli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Stefano Amaducci
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Carra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), 10135 Torino, Italy.
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160
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Haworth M, Marino G, Loreto F, Centritto M. Integrating stomatal physiology and morphology: evolution of stomatal control and development of future crops. Oecologia 2021; 197:867-883. [PMID: 33515295 PMCID: PMC8591009 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are central players in the hydrological and carbon cycles, regulating the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis and transpirative loss of water (H2O) between plants and the atmosphere. The necessity to balance water-loss and CO2-uptake has played a key role in the evolution of plants, and is increasingly important in a hotter and drier world. The conductance of CO2 and water vapour across the leaf surface is determined by epidermal and stomatal morphology (the number, size, and spacing of stomatal pores) and stomatal physiology (the regulation of stomatal pore aperture in response to environmental conditions). The proportion of the epidermis allocated to stomata and the evolution of amphistomaty are linked to the physiological function of stomata. Moreover, the relationship between stomatal density and [CO2] is mediated by physiological stomatal behaviour; species with less responsive stomata to light and [CO2] are most likely to adjust stomatal initiation. These differences in the sensitivity of the stomatal density—[CO2] relationship between species influence the efficacy of the ‘stomatal method’ that is widely used to infer the palaeo-atmospheric [CO2] in which fossil leaves developed. Many studies have investigated stomatal physiology or morphology in isolation, which may result in the loss of the ‘overall picture’ as these traits operate in a coordinated manner to produce distinct mechanisms for stomatal control. Consideration of the interaction between stomatal morphology and physiology is critical to our understanding of plant evolutionary history, plant responses to on-going climate change and the production of more efficient and climate-resilient food and bio-fuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marino
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (CNR-DiSBA), National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- ENI-CNR Water Research Center "Hypatia of Alexandria", Research Center Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto, Italy
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161
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Han SK, Kwak JM, Qi X. Stomatal Lineage Control by Developmental Program and Environmental Cues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751852. [PMID: 34707632 PMCID: PMC8542704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are micropores that allow plants to breathe and play a critical role in photosynthesis and nutrient uptake by regulating gas exchange and transpiration. Stomatal development, therefore, is optimized for survival and growth of the plant despite variable environmental conditions. Signaling cascades and transcriptional networks that determine the birth, proliferation, and differentiation of a stomate have been identified. These networks ensure proper stomatal patterning, density, and polarity. Environmental cues also influence stomatal development. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the developmental program governing cell fate and dynamics of stomatal lineage cells at the cell state- or single-cell level. We also overview the control of stomatal development by environmental cues as well as developmental plasticity associated with stomatal function and physiology. Recent advances in our understanding of stomatal development will provide a route to improving photosynthesis and water-stress resilience of crop plants in the climate change we currently face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ki Han
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Soon-Ki Han,
| | - June M. Kwak
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Xingyun Qi
- Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, United States
- Xingyun Qi,
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162
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Pitaloka MK, Harrison EL, Hepworth C, Wanchana S, Toojinda T, Phetluan W, Brench RA, Narawatthana S, Vanavichit A, Gray JE, Caine RS, Arikit S. Rice Stomatal Mega-Papillae Restrict Water Loss and Pathogen Entry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:677839. [PMID: 34149777 PMCID: PMC8213340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.677839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a water-intensive crop, and like other plants uses stomata to balance CO2 uptake with water-loss. To identify agronomic traits related to rice stomatal complexes, an anatomical screen of 64 Thai and 100 global rice cultivars was undertaken. Epidermal outgrowths called papillae were identified on the stomatal subsidiary cells of all cultivars. These were also detected on eight other species of the Oryza genus but not on the stomata of any other plant species we surveyed. Our rice screen identified two cultivars that had "mega-papillae" that were so large or abundant that their stomatal pores were partially occluded; Kalubala Vee had extra-large papillae, and Dharia had approximately twice the normal number of papillae. These were most accentuated on the flag leaves, but mega-papillae were also detectable on earlier forming leaves. Energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometry revealed that silicon is the major component of stomatal papillae. We studied the potential function(s) of mega-papillae by assessing gas exchange and pathogen infection rates. Under saturating light conditions, mega-papillae bearing cultivars had reduced stomatal conductance and their stomata were slower to close and re-open, but photosynthetic assimilation was not significantly affected. Assessment of an F3 hybrid population treated with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola indicated that subsidiary cell mega-papillae may aid in preventing bacterial leaf streak infection. Our results highlight stomatal mega-papillae as a novel rice trait that influences gas exchange, stomatal dynamics, and defense against stomatal pathogens which we propose could benefit the performance of future rice crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutiara K. Pitaloka
- Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Emily L. Harrison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hepworth
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Samart Wanchana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Thailand
| | - Theerayut Toojinda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Thailand
| | - Watchara Phetluan
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Robert A. Brench
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Supatthra Narawatthana
- Thailand Rice Science Institute, Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Suphanburi, Thailand
| | - Apichart Vanavichit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Julie E. Gray,
| | - Robert S. Caine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Robert S. Caine,
| | - Siwaret Arikit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Siwaret Arikit,
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163
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Zhao S, Gao H, Jia X, Wei J, Mao K, Ma F. MdHB-7 Regulates Water Use Efficiency in Transgenic Apple ( Malus domestica) Under Long-Term Moderate Water Deficit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:740492. [PMID: 34777421 PMCID: PMC8582324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.740492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Improved water use efficiency (WUE) promotes plant survival and crop yield under water deficit conditions. Although the plant-specific HD-Zip I transcription factors have important roles in plant adaptation to various abiotic stresses, including water deficit, their functions in regulating WUE of apple (Malus domestica) are poorly understood. We characterized the role of MdHB-7 in WUE regulation by subjecting MdHB-7 transgenic plants to long-term moderate soil water deficit. The long-term WUE (WUEL) of transgenic apple plants with MdHB-7 overexpression or MdHB-7 RNA interference (RNAi) differed significantly from that of control plants. Upregulation of MdHB-7 caused reduced stomatal density, whereas the suppression of MdHB-7 increased stomatal density under both normal and long-term moderate soil water deficit conditions. Moderate reduction in stomatal density helped to improve the WUE of MdHB-7 overexpression transgenic plants, especially under water deficit conditions. MdHB-7 overexpression plants maintained high rates of photosynthesis that were conducive to the accumulation of biomass and the improvement of WUEL. MdHB-7 overexpression also alleviated the inhibition of root growth caused by long-term moderate soil water deficit and improved root vitality and hydraulic conductivity, which were essential for improving plant WUEL. By contrast, MdHB-7 RNA interference reduced the WUEL of transgenic plants by inhibiting these factors under normal and long-term moderate soil water deficit conditions. Taken together, our results provide solid evidence for a crucial role of MdHB-7 in the regulation of apple WUEL and provide new insights for improving the WUE of apple plants under moderate soil water deficit.
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164
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Stomatal and Leaf Morphology Response of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Provenances Transferred to Contrasting Climatic Conditions. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11121359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Climate change-induced elevated temperatures and drought are considered to be serious threats to forest ecosystems worldwide, negatively affecting tree growth and viability. We studied nine European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances located in two provenance trial plots with contrasting climates in Central Europe. Stomata play a vital role in the water balance of plants by regulating gaseous exchanges between plants and the atmosphere. Therefore, to explain the possible adaptation and acclimation of provenances to climate conditions, stomatal (stomatal density, the length of guard cells, and the potential conductance index) and leaf morphological traits (leaf size, leaf dry weight and specific leaf area) were assessed. The phenotypic plasticity index was calculated from the variability of provenances’ stomatal and leaf traits between the provenance plots. We assessed the impact of various climatic characteristics and derived indices (e.g., ecodistance) on intraspecific differences in stomatal and leaf traits. Provenances transferred to drier and warmer conditions acclimated through a decrease in stomatal density, the length of guard cells, potential conductance index, leaf size and leaf dry weight. The reduction in stomatal density and the potential conductance index was proportional to the degree of aridity difference between the climate of origin and conditions of the new site. Moreover, we found that the climate heterogeneity and latitude of the original provenance sites influence the phenotypic plasticity of provenances. Provenances from lower latitudes and less heterogeneous climates showed higher values of phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between phenotypic plasticity and mortality in the arid plot but not in the more humid plot. Based on these impacts of the climate on stomatal and leaf traits of transferred provenances, we can improve the predictions of provenance reactions for future scenarios of global climate change.
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165
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Qu M, Essemine J, Xu J, Ablat G, Perveen S, Wang H, Chen K, Zhao Y, Chen G, Chu C, Zhu X. Alterations in stomatal response to fluctuating light increase biomass and yield of rice under drought conditions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1334-1347. [PMID: 33015858 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The acceleration of stomatal closure upon high to low light transition could improve plant water use efficiency and drought tolerance. Herein, using genome-wide association study, we showed that the genetic variation in OsNHX1 was strongly associated with the changes in τcl , the time constant of stomatal closure, in 206 rice accessions. OsNHX1 overexpression in rice resulted in a decrease in τcl , and an increase in biomass, grain yield under drought. Conversely, OsNHX1 knockout by CRISPR/CAS9 shows opposite trends for these traits. We further found three haplotypes spanning the OsNHX1 promoter and CDS regions. Two among them, HapII and HapIII, were found to be associated with a high and low τcl , respectively. A near-isogenic line (NIL, S464) was developed through replacing the genomic region harboring HapII (~10 kb) from MH63 (recipient) rice cultivar by the same sized genomic region containing Hap III from 02428 (donor). Compared with MH63, S464 shows a reduction by 35% in τcl and an increase by 40% in the grain yield under drought. However, under normal conditions, S464 maintains closely similar grain yield as MH63. The global distribution of the two OsNHX1 haplotypes is associated with the local precipitation. Taken together, the natural variation in OsNHX1 could be utilized to manipulate the stomatal dynamics for an improved rice drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingnan Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jemaa Essemine
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guljannat Ablat
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shahnaz Perveen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Genyun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinguang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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166
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Bomblies K. When everything changes at once: finding a new normal after genome duplication. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202154. [PMID: 33203329 PMCID: PMC7739491 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD), which leads to polyploidy, is implicated in adaptation and speciation. But what are the immediate effects of WGD and how do newly polyploid lineages adapt to them? With many studies of new and evolved polyploids now available, along with studies of genes under selection in polyploids, we are in an increasingly good position to understand how polyploidy generates novelty. Here, I will review consistent effects of WGD on the biology of plants, such as an increase in cell size, increased stress tolerance and more. I will discuss how a change in something as fundamental as cell size can challenge the function of some cell types in particular. I will also discuss what we have learned about the short- to medium-term evolutionary response to WGD. It is now clear that some of this evolutionary response may 'lock in' traits that happen to be beneficial, while in other cases, it might be more of an 'emergency response' to work around physiological changes that are either deleterious, or cannot be undone in the polyploid context. Yet, other traits may return rapidly to a diploid-like state. Polyploids may, by re-jigging many inter-related processes, find a new, conditionally adaptive, normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Bomblies
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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167
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Li S, Zhang J, Liu L, Wang Z, Li Y, Guo L, Li Y, Zhang X, Ren S, Zhao B, Zhang N, Guo YD. SlTLFP8 reduces water loss to improve water-use efficiency by modulating cell size and stomatal density via endoreduplication. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2666-2679. [PMID: 32799324 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Improving plant water-use efficiency (WUE) is important to plant survival and crop yield in the context of water limitation. In this study, SlTLFP8 (Tubby-like F-box protein 8) was identified as an osmotic-induced gene in tomato. Transgenic tomato with up-regulated expression of SlTLFP8 showed enhanced water-deficient resistance, whereas knockout mutants generated by CRISPR/Cas9 were more sensitive to water deficit. SlTLFP8 overexpression significantly enhanced WUE by suppressing transpiration under both water-sufficient and water-deficient conditions. Further study showed that overexpressing SlTLFP8 significantly increased leaf epidermal cell size and thereby decreased stomatal density 10-20%, conversely SlTLFP8 knockout resulted in decreased cell size and thereby increased stomatal density 20-50%. SlTLFP8 overexpression and knockout modulated ploidy levels in leaf cells. Changes in expression of cell cycle related genes also indicated that SlTLFP8 affected cell size and stomatal density through endocycle transition. Despite changes in stomata density and transpiration, altering the expression of SlTLFP8 did not change photosynthesis. Additionally, biomass was not altered and there was little difference in fruit yield for transgenic and wild type lines under water-sufficient and water-deficient conditions. Our results demonstrate the effect of SlTLFP8 on endoreduplication and the potential of SlTLFP8 for improvement of WUE. BRIEF SUMMERY: This work found a new mechanism of TLP (Tubby like protein) response to water-deficient stress. SlTLFP8, a member of TLP family, regulates water-deficient resistance by modulating water loss via affecting stomatal density. Expression of SlTLFP8 was induced by osmotic stress. Transgenic tomato lines with SlTLFP8 overexpression or SlTLFP8 knockout showed significantly differences in water-use efficiency (WUE) and water-deficient resistance. The difference of leaf water loss caused by transpiration is the main explanation of the difference in WUE and water-deficient resistance. Additionally, overexpressing SlTLFP8 significantly decreased stomatal density, while SlTLFP8 knockout resulted in increased stomatal density, and SlTLFP8 affected stomatal density through endoreduplication and altered epidermal cell size. Despite changes in stomata density, altering the expression of SlTLFP8 did not result in distinct changes in photosynthesis, biomass and yield of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtao Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lun Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Luqin Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xichun Zhang
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Ren
- School of Agriculture, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Bing Zhao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Dong Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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168
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Sakoda K, Yamori W, Shimada T, Sugano SS, Hara-Nishimura I, Tanaka Y. Higher Stomatal Density Improves Photosynthetic Induction and Biomass Production in Arabidopsis Under Fluctuating Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:589603. [PMID: 33193542 PMCID: PMC7641607 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.589603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density (SD) is closely associated with photosynthetic and growth characteristics in plants. In the field, light intensity can fluctuate drastically within a day. The objective of the present study is to examine how higher SD affects stomatal conductance (g s ) and CO2 assimilation rate (A) dynamics, biomass production and water use under fluctuating light. Here, we compared the photosynthetic and growth characteristics under constant and fluctuating light among three lines of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.): the wild type (WT), STOMAGEN/EPFL9-overexpressing line (ST-OX), and EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 1 knockout line (epf1). ST-OX and epf1 showed 268.1 and 46.5% higher SD than WT (p < 0.05). Guard cell length of ST-OX was 10.0% lower than that of WT (p < 0.01). There were no significant variations in gas exchange parameters at steady state between WT and ST-OX or epf1, although these parameters tended to be higher in ST-OX and epf1 than WT. On the other hand, ST-OX and epf1 showed faster A induction than WT after step increase in light owing to the higher g s under initial dark condition. In addition, ST-OX and epf1 showed initially faster g s induction and, at the later phase, slower g s induction. Cumulative CO2 assimilation in ST-OX and epf1 was 57.6 and 78.8% higher than WT attributable to faster A induction with reduction of water use efficiency (WUE). epf1 yielded 25.6% higher biomass than WT under fluctuating light (p < 0.01). In the present study, higher SD resulted in faster photosynthetic induction owing to the higher initial g s . epf1, with a moderate increase in SD, achieved greater biomass production than WT under fluctuating light. These results suggest that higher SD can be beneficial to improve biomass production in plants under fluctuating light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Sakoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeo S. Sugano
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Yu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kyoto, Japan
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169
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Zhao PX, Miao ZQ, Zhang J, Chen SY, Liu QQ, Xiang CB. Arabidopsis MADS-box factor AGL16 negatively regulates drought resistance via stomatal density and stomatal movement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6092-6106. [PMID: 32594177 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the most important environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. The molecular mechanisms underlying plant drought resistance are complex and not yet fully understood. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis MADS-box transcription factor AGL16 acts as a negative regulator in drought resistance by regulating stomatal density and movement. Loss-of-AGL16 mutants were more resistant to drought stress and had higher relative water content, which was attributed to lower leaf stomatal density and more sensitive stomatal closure due to higher leaf ABA levels compared with the wild type. AGL16-overexpressing lines displayed the opposite phenotypes. AGL16 is preferentially expressed in guard cells and down-regulated in response to drought stress. The expression of CYP707A3 and AAO3 in ABA metabolism and SDD1 in stomatal development was altered in agl16 and overexpression lines, making them potential targets of AGL16. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, transient transactivation, yeast one-hybrid, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we demonstrated that AGL16 was able to bind the CArG motifs in the promoters of the CYP707A3, AAO3, and SDD1 and regulate their transcription, leading to altered leaf stomatal density and ABA levels. Taking our findings together, AGL16 acts as a negative regulator of drought resistance by modulating leaf stomatal density and ABA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Xia Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zi-Qing Miao
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Si-Yan Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qian-Qian Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Cheng-Bin Xiang
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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170
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Jiao Q, Chen T, Niu G, Zhang H, Zhou C, Hong Z. N-glycosylation is involved in stomatal development by modulating the release of active abscisic acid and auxin in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5865-5879. [PMID: 32649744 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycosylation (N-glycosylation) is one of the most important protein modifications in eukaryotes, affecting the folding, transport, and function of a wide range of proteins. However, little is known about the roles of N-glycosylation in the development of stomata in plants. In the present study, we provide evidence that the Arabidopsis stt3a-2 mutant, defective in oligosaccharyltransferase catalytic subunit STT3, has a greater transpirational water loss and weaker drought avoidance, accompanied by aberrant stomatal distribution. Through physiological, biochemical, and genetic analyses, we found that the abnormal stomatal density of stt3a-2 was partially attributed to low endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA) content. Exogenous application of ABA or IAA could partially rescue the mutant's salt-sensitive and abnormal stomatal phenotype. Further analyses revealed that the decrease of IAA or ABA in stt3a-2 seedlings was associated with the underglycosylation of β-glucosidase (AtBG1), catalysing the conversion of conjugated ABA/IAA to active hormone. Our results provide strong evidence that N-glycosylation is involved in stomatal development and participates in abiotic stress tolerance by modulating the release of active plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanting Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - ChangFang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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171
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Khalil AM, Murchie EH, Mooney SJ. Quantifying the influence of water deficit on root and shoot growth in wheat using X-ray Computed Tomography. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa036. [PMID: 32905427 PMCID: PMC7469715 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential increased frequency and severity of drought associated with environmental change represents a significant obstacle to efforts aimed at enhancing food security due to its impact on crop development, and ultimately, yield. Our understanding of the impact of drought on crop growth in terms of plant aerial tissues is much more advanced than knowledge of the below-ground impacts. We undertook an experiment using X-ray Computed Tomography that aimed to support measurements of infrared gas exchange from plant shoots with quantification of 3D root architecture traits and the associated soil structural characteristics. Winter wheat (cv. Zebedee) was assessed at two early growth stages (14 and 21 days) under four water treatments (100, 75, 50 and 25 % of a notional field capacity (FC) and across two soil types (sandy loam and clay loam)). Plants generally grew better (to a larger size) in sandy loam soil as opposed to clay loam soil, most likely due to the soil structure and the associated pore network. All plants grew poorly under extreme water stress and displayed optimal growth at 75 % of FC, as opposed to 100 %, as the latter was most likely too wet. The optimal matric potential for root and shoot growth, inferred from the water release curve for each soil type, was higher than that for photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration suggesting root and shoot growth was more affected by soil water content than photosynthesis-related characteristics under water deficit conditions. With incidences of drought likely to increase, identification of wheat cultivars that are more tolerant of these conditions is important. Studies that consider the impact of water stress on both plant shoots and roots, and the role of the soil pore system such as this offer considerable potential in supporting these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Khalil
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
- College of Agriculture, University of Duhok, Duhok–Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - E H Murchie
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - S J Mooney
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
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172
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McKown KH, Bergmann DC. Stomatal development in the grasses: lessons from models and crops (and crop models). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1636-1648. [PMID: 31985072 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
When plants emerged from their aquatic origins to colonise land, they needed to avoid desiccation while still enabling gas and water exchange with the environment. The solution was the development of a waxy cuticle interrupted by epidermal pores, known as stomata. Despite the importance of stomata in plant physiology and their contribution to global water and carbon cycles, our knowledge of the genetic basis of stomatal development is limited mostly to the model dicot, Arabidopsis thaliana. This limitation is particularly troublesome when evaluating grasses, whose members represent our most agriculturally significant crops. Grass stomatal development follows a trajectory strikingly different from Arabidopsis and their uniquely shaped four-celled stomatal complexes are especially responsive to environmental inputs. Thus, understanding the development and regulation of these efficient complexes is of particular interest for the purposes of crop engineering. This review focuses on genetic regulation of grass stomatal development and prospects for the future, highlighting discoveries enabled by parallel comparative investigations in cereal crops and related genetic model species such as Brachypodium distachyon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn H McKown
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Chatterjee J, Thakur V, Nepomuceno R, Coe RA, Dionora J, Elmido-Mabilangan A, Llave AD, Reyes AMD, Monroy AN, Canicosa I, Bandyopadhyay A, Jena KK, Brar DS, Quick WP. Natural Diversity in Stomatal Features of Cultivated and Wild Oryza Species. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:58. [PMID: 32816163 PMCID: PMC7441136 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomata in rice control a number of physiological processes by regulating gas and water exchange between the atmosphere and plant tissues. The impact of the structural diversity of these micropores on its conductance level is an important area to explore before introducing stomatal traits into any breeding program in order to increase photosynthesis and crop yield. Therefore, an intensive measurement of structural components of stomatal complex (SC) of twenty three Oryza species spanning the primary, secondary and tertiary gene pools of rice has been conducted. RESULTS Extensive diversity was found in stomatal number and size in different Oryza species and Oryza complexes. Interestingly, the dynamics of stomatal traits in Oryza family varies differently within different Oryza genetic complexes. Example, the Sativa complex exhibits the greatest diversity in stomatal number, while the Officinalis complex is more diverse for its stomatal size. Combining the structural information with the Oryza phylogeny revealed that speciation has tended towards increasing stomatal density rather than stomatal size in rice family. Thus, the most recent species (i.e. the domesticated rice) eventually has developed smaller yet numerous stomata. Along with this, speciation has also resulted in a steady increase in stomatal conductance (anatomical, gmax) in different Oryza species. These two results unambiguously prove that increasing stomatal number (which results in stomatal size reduction) has increased the stomatal conductance in rice. Correlations of structural traits with the anatomical conductance, leaf carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C) and major leaf morphological and anatomical traits provide strong supports to untangle the ever mysterious dependencies of these traits in rice. The result displayed an expected negative correlation in the number and size of stomata; and positive correlations among the stomatal length, width and area with guard cell length, width on both abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces. In addition, gmax is found to be positively correlated with stomatal number and guard cell length. The ∆13C values of rice species showed a positive correlation with stomatal number, which suggest an increased water loss with increased stomatal number. Interestingly, in contrast, the ∆13C consistently shows a negative relationship with stomatal and guard cell size, which suggests that the water loss is less when the stomata are larger. Therefore, we hypothesize that increasing stomatal size, instead of numbers, is a better approach for breeding programs in order to minimize the water loss through stomata in rice. CONCLUSION Current paper generates useful data on stomatal profile of wild rice that is hitherto unknown for the rice science community. It has been proved here that the speciation has resulted in an increased stomatal number accompanied by size reduction during Oryza's evolutionary course; this has resulted in an increased gmax but reduced water use efficiency. Although may not be the sole driver of water use efficiency in rice, our data suggests that stomata are a potential target for modifying the currently low water use efficiency in domesticated rice. It is proposed that Oryza barthii can be used in traditional breeding programs in enhancing the stomatal size of elite rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolly Chatterjee
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Vivek Thakur
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Department of Systems & Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Robert Nepomuceno
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - University of the Philippines Los Banos, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Robert A Coe
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, High Resolution Plant Phenomics, GPO Box 1500, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Dionora
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Abigail Elmido-Mabilangan
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Abraham Darius Llave
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Anna Mae Delos Reyes
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Apollo Neil Monroy
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Irma Canicosa
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Anindya Bandyopadhyay
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Kshirod K Jena
- Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Darshan S Brar
- Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Present Address: School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - William Paul Quick
- C4 Rice Center, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, DAPO BOX 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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174
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Raman H, Raman R, McVittie B, Borg L, Diffey S, Singh Yadav A, Balasubramanian S, Farquhar G. Genetic and physiological bases for variation in water use efficiency in canola. Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Raman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute Wagga Wagga NSW Australia
| | - Rosy Raman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute Wagga Wagga NSW Australia
| | - Brett McVittie
- NSW Department of Primary Industries Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute Wagga Wagga NSW Australia
| | - Lauren Borg
- University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | | | | | | | - Graham Farquhar
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
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175
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Lechowicz K, Pawłowicz I, Perlikowski D, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Blicharz S, Skirycz A, Augustyniak A, Malinowski R, Rapacz M, Kosmala A. Adjustment of Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Activities to Water Deficit Is Crucial in the Drought Tolerance of Lolium multiflorum/Festuca arundinacea Introgression Forms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165639. [PMID: 32781659 PMCID: PMC7460672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lolium multiflorum/Festuca arundinacea introgression forms have been proved several times to be good models to identify key components of grass metabolism involved in the mechanisms of tolerance to water deficit. Here, for the first time, a relationship between photosynthetic and antioxidant capacities with respect to drought tolerance of these forms was analyzed in detail. Two closely related L. multiflorum/F. arundinacea introgression forms distinct in their ability to re-grow after cessation of prolonged water deficit in the field were selected and subjected to short-term drought in pots to dissect precisely mechanisms of drought tolerance in this group of plants. The studies revealed that the form with higher drought tolerance was characterized by earlier and higher accumulation of abscisic acid, more stable cellular membranes, and more balanced reactive oxygen species metabolism associated with a higher capacity of the antioxidant system under drought conditions. On the other hand, both introgression forms revealed the same levels of stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation, and consequently, intrinsic water use efficiency under drought and recovery conditions. However, simultaneous higher adjustment of the Calvin cycle to water deficit and reduced CO2 availability, with respect to the accumulation and activity of plastid fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, were clearly visible in the form with higher drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lechowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Izabela Pawłowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dawid Perlikowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Sara Blicharz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
| | - Adam Augustyniak
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Marcin Rapacz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Podłużna 3, 30-239 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
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176
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Li S, Li X, Wei Z, Liu F. ABA-mediated modulation of elevated CO 2 on stomatal response to drought. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:174-180. [PMID: 31937452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) and soil water deficits have substantial effect on stomatal morphology and movement that regulate plant water relations and plant growth. e[CO2] could alleviate the impact of drought stress, thus contributing to crop yield. Xylem-borne abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in regulating stomatal aperture serving as first line of defence against drought; whereas e[CO2] may disrupt this fundamental drought adaptation mechanism by delaying the stomatal response to soil drying. We review the state-of-the-art knowledge on stomatal response to drought stress at e[CO2] and discuss the role of ABA in mediating these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Allé 13, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Zhenhua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Allé 13, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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177
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Dingkuhn M, Luquet D, Fabre D, Muller B, Yin X, Paul MJ. The case for improving crop carbon sink strength or plasticity for a CO 2-rich future. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:259-272. [PMID: 32682621 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] has increased from 260 to 280μmolmol-1 (level during crop domestication up to the industrial revolution) to currently 400 and will reach 550μmolmol-1 by 2050. C3 crops are expected to benefit from elevated [CO2] (e-CO2) thanks to photosynthesis responsiveness to [CO2] but this may require greater sink capacity. We review recent literature on crop e-CO2 responses, related source-sink interactions, how abiotic stresses potentially interact, and prospects to improve e-CO2 response via breeding or genetic engineering. Several lines of evidence suggest that e-CO2 responsiveness is related either to sink intrinsic capacity or adaptive plasticity, for example, involving enhanced branching. Wild relatives and old cultivars mostly showed lower photosynthetic rates, less downward acclimation of photosynthesis to e-CO2 and responded strongly to e-CO2 due to greater phenotypic plasticity. While reverting to such archaic traits would be an inappropriate strategy for breeding, we argue that substantial enhancement of vegetative sink vigor, inflorescence size and/or number and root sinks will be necessary to fully benefit from e-CO2. Potential ideotype features based on enhanced sinks are discussed. The generic 'feast-famine' sugar signaling pathway may be suited to engineer sink strength tissue-specifically and stage-specifically and help validate ideotype concepts. Finally, we argue that models better accounting for acclimation to e-CO2 are needed to predict which trait combinations should be targeted by breeders for a CO2-rich world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR 108 AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Bertrand Muller
- INRAE, UMR 759 LEPSE, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Dept. Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
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178
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Chen H, Zhao X, Zhai L, Shao K, Jiang K, Shen C, Chen K, Wang S, Wang Y, Xu J. Genetic Bases of the Stomata-Related Traits Revealed by a Genome-Wide Association Analysis in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Front Genet 2020; 11:611. [PMID: 32582301 PMCID: PMC7296080 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal density (D) and size (S) are an important adaptive mechanism for abiotic stress tolerance and photosynthesis capacity in rice. However, the genetic base of rice stomata-related traits still remains unclear. We identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with D and S on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces using genome-wide association analysis with 451 diverse accessions in two environments. D and S showed significant differences between indica (xian) and japonica (geng) accessions and significantly negative phenotypic correlations. A total of 64 QTLs influencing eight stomata-related traits were identified using 2,936,762 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Twelve QTLs were consistently detected for the same traits in nine chromosomal regions in both environments. In addition, 12 QTL clusters were simultaneously detected for the same stomata-related traits on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces in the same environment, probably explaining the genetic bases of significant correlations of the stomata-related traits. We screened 64 candidate genes for the nine consistent QTL regions using haplotype analysis. Among them, LOC_Os01g66120 for qD ada 1, OsSPCH2 (LOC_Os02g15760) for qD ada 2.1 and qD aba 2.1, LOC_Os02g34320 for qS ada 2.2, OsFLP (LOC_Os07g43420) or LOC_Os07g43530 for qS aba 7.1, and LOC_Os07g41200 for qW ada 7 and qW aba 7 were considered as the most likely candidate genes based on functional annotations. The results systematically dissected the genetic base of stomata-related traits and provide useful information for improving rice yield potential via increasing abiotic stress tolerance and photosynthesis capacity under stressed and non-stressed conditions through deploying the favorable alleles underlying stomata-related traits by marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Laiyuan Zhai
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kuitian Shao
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kunwei Jiang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Congcong Shen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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179
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Morpho-Anatomical and Physiological Responses Can Predict the Ideal Period for the Transplantation of Hydroponic Seedlings of Hymenaea courbaril, a Neotropical Fruit Tree. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060721. [PMID: 32517189 PMCID: PMC7355613 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydroponics is an excellent alternative approach for the production of seedlings, given the growing demand for fruiting trees for the reforestation or recuperation of degraded natural landscapes. In most cases, however, little is known about the optimal period for the maintenance of the seedling in the hydroponic system. Given this, we decided to investigate the hypothesis that morpho-anatomical and physiological alterations can be used to predict the optimal timing for the transplantation of the seedlings to the soil substrate, thereby guaranteeing the most cost-effective application of the hydroponic system. We selected Hymenaea courbaril L., an important Neotropical fruit tree, as the model for this study. We cultivated H. courbaril seedlings in a static hydroponic system and evaluated morpho-anatomical, physiological, and growth parameters over the course of seedling development (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days after transplantation; DAT). We observed an interesting relationship between the increase in the density (SD) and conductance (gsw) of the stomata up to 120 DAT, which reflected higher rates of photosynthesis (A), but also a reduced efficiency in the use of water. In the subsequent intervals, the SD of the plants and the diameter of the radicular xylemic vessels elements (RVE) decreased, in an attempt to increase the efficiency of the use of this resource. We also observed an increase in the thickness of the palisade parenchyma (PP) prior to 120 DAT, which did not reflect a general increase in the thickness of the mesophyll, indicating an adjustment in the thickness of the spongiform parenchyma (SP). We also observed a progressive increase in photosynthetic efficiency up to 120 DAT, based on parameters such as the absorption flux energy per active reaction center (ABS/RC) and the photosynthetic performance index (PIABS), but after this period these indices decreased progressively. However, as the PIABS is an indicator of the plant’s tolerance, its decline was associated with an increase in the dissipation of energy (DI0/RC), which indicates that, after 120 DAT, the plant pots may become a stress factor that limit the growth of H. courbaril seedlings. The results of the present study indicate conclusively that a 120-day period is the optimum for the maintenance of the H. courbaril seedlings in the hydroponic system, and also confirm the hypothesis that the morpho-anatomical and physiological responses observed in the plants can be used to predict the ideal period for the transplantation of the seedlings, contributing to a reduction in production time of the hydroponic system.
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180
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Zhang Y, Du H, Gui Y, Xu F, Liu J, Zhang J, Xu W. Moderate water stress in rice induces rhizosheath formation associated with abscisic acid and auxin responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2740-2751. [PMID: 32053723 PMCID: PMC7210750 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rhizosheath is known to be beneficial for drought resistance in many plants, but the regulation of rhizosheath formation in rice plants is unclear. Here, we investigate rhizosheath formation in different rice varieties and root hair mutants. Our results showed that moderate water stress in rice induced rhizosheath formation. The soil porosity and water content were higher in the rice rhizosheath than in the rice bulk soil under moderate water stress. Additionally, rhizosheath formation in short root hair mutants was lower than in wild-type rice under moderate water stress. Moreover, transcriptomic results indicated that abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin were involved in root and root hair responses in rhizosheath formation. Further, blocking ABA and auxin pathways in wild type and in rhl1-1, the shortest root hair mutant, rhizosheath formation and root hair length were significantly decreased under moderate water stress. However, wild type plants maintained a higher root ABA content, root basipetal auxin transport, root hair length, and amount of rhizosheath than did rhl1-1. Our results suggest that moderate water stress in rice induces rhizosheath formation by modulating the ABA and auxin responses to regulate root and root hair growth, which may be used to breed rice varieties resistant to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjiao Zhang
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huan Du
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yao Gui
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feiyun Xu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology in the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Correspondence:
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181
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He J, Zhang RX, Kim DS, Sun P, Liu H, Liu Z, Hetherington AM, Liang YK. ROS of Distinct Sources and Salicylic Acid Separate Elevated CO 2-Mediated Stomatal Movements in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:542. [PMID: 32457781 PMCID: PMC7225777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 (eCO2) often reduces leaf stomatal aperture and density thus impacts plant physiology and productivity. We have previously demonstrated that the Arabidopsis BIG protein distinguishes between the processes of eCO2-induced stomatal closure and eCO2-inhibited stomatal opening. However, the mechanistic basis of this action is not fully understood. Here we show that eCO2-elicited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in big mutants was compromised in stomatal closure induction but not in stomatal opening inhibition. Pharmacological and genetic studies show that ROS generated by both NADPH oxidases and cell wall peroxidases contribute to eCO2-induced stomatal closure, whereas inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening by eCO2 may rely on the ROS derived from NADPH oxidases but not from cell wall peroxidases. As with JA and ABA, SA is required for eCO2-induced ROS generation and stomatal closure. In contrast, none of these three signals has a significant role in eCO2-inhibited stomatal opening, unveiling the distinct roles of plant hormonal signaling pathways in the induction of stomatal closure and the inhibition of stomatal opening by eCO2. In conclusion, this study adds SA to a list of plant hormones that together with ROS from distinct sources distinguish two branches of eCO2-mediated stomatal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Honggang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alistair M. Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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182
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Simon NML, Graham CA, Comben NE, Hetherington AM, Dodd AN. The Circadian Clock Influences the Long-Term Water Use Efficiency of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:317-330. [PMID: 32179629 PMCID: PMC7210627 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, water use efficiency (WUE) is a complex trait arising from numerous physiological and developmental characteristics. Here, we investigated the involvement of circadian regulation in long-term WUE in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) under light and dark conditions. Circadian rhythms are generated by the circadian oscillator, which provides a cellular measure of the time of day. In plants, the circadian oscillator contributes to the regulation of many aspects of physiology, including stomatal opening, rate of photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and developmental processes such as the initiation of flowering. We investigated the impact of the misregulation of numerous genes encoding various components of the circadian oscillator on whole plant, long-term WUE. From this analysis, we identified a role for the circadian oscillator in WUE. It appears that the circadian clock contributes to the control of transpiration and biomass accumulation. We also established that the circadian oscillator within guard cells can contribute to long-term WUE. Our experiments indicate that knowledge of circadian regulation will be important for developing crops with improved WUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriane M L Simon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Calum A Graham
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas E Comben
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
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183
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Sadanandom A, Murchie EH. A Tropical Plant with Friends in Cold Places: The Formation of the UK Rice Research Community. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:421-422. [PMID: 32304652 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The trend for translating fundamental plant science to applied solutions in agriculture has accelerated the formation of global networks and partnerships to achieve common global goals in food security. Here we highlight a thriving rice research community in the UK contributing to long-term approaches to understand rice biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.
| | - Erik H Murchie
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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184
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Wang Y, Chen ZH. Does Molecular and Structural Evolution Shape the Speedy Grass Stomata? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:333. [PMID: 32373136 PMCID: PMC7186404 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been increasingly important for breeding programs to be aimed at crops that are capable of coping with a changing climate, especially with regards to higher frequency and intensity of drought events. Grass stomatal complex has been proposed as an important factor that may enable grasses to adapt to water stress and variable climate conditions. There are many studies focusing on the stomatal morphology and development in the eudicot model plant Arabidopsis and monocot model plant Brachypodium. However, the comprehensive understanding of the distinction of stomatal structure and development between monocots and eudicots, especially between grasses and eudicots, are still less known at evolutionary and comparative genetic levels. Therefore, we employed the newly released version of the One Thousand Plant Transcriptome (OneKP) database and existing databases of green plant genome assemblies to explore the evolution of gene families that contributed to the formation of the unique structure and development of grass stomata. This review emphasizes the differential stomatal morphology, developmental mechanisms, and guard cell signaling in monocots and eudicots. We provide a summary of useful molecular evidences for the high water use efficiency of grass stomata that may offer new horizons for future success in breeding climate resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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185
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Pires-Lira MF, de Castro EM, Lira JMS, de Oliveira C, Pereira FJ, Pereira MP. Potential of Panicum aquanticum Poir. (Poaceae) for the phytoremediation of aquatic environments contaminated by lead. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 193:110336. [PMID: 32092581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments contaminated by lead (Pb) are a problem in many regions of world. Since Pb has high toxicity, the identification of species for phytoremediation is important for the recovery of these areas. Thus, the phytoremediation potential of Panicum aquaticum Poir. (Poaceae) was evaluated. The anatomical and physiological responses of P. aquaticum were assessed under different concentrations of Pb [0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mM of Pb(NO3)2]. Plant growth, anatomy of roots and leaves, root uptake, root to shoot translocation, and the concentration and accumulation of Pb in organs were analyzed. Regarding leaf anatomy, Pb treatment led to changes in epidermis thickness, stomatal density, stomatal diameter, and sclerenchymal area. Endoderm thickness was increased at the highest concentrations of Pb, which may be related to reduced translocation and shoot accumulation. The roots of P. aquaticum presented increased absorption (2279 μg g-1 DW-1 of Pb). In conclusion, P. aquaticum was found to have potential for the phytoremediation of areas contaminated with Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinês F Pires-Lira
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Evaristo M de Castro
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jean Marcel S Lira
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cynthia de Oliveira
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Fabrico J Pereira
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcio P Pereira
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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186
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Condon AG. Drying times: plant traits to improve crop water use efficiency and yield. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2239-2252. [PMID: 31912130 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Crop water use efficiency (WUE) has come into sharp focus as population growth and climate change place increasing strain on the water used in cropping. Rainfed crops are being challenged by an upward trend in evaporative demand as average temperatures rise and, in many regions, there is an increased irregularity and a downward trend in rainfall. In addition, irrigated cropping faces declining water availability and increased competition from other users. Crop WUE would be improved by, first, ensuring that as much water as possible is actually transpired by the crop rather than being wasted. Deeper roots and greater early crop vigour are two traits that should help achieve this. Crop WUE would also be improved by achieving greater biomass per unit water transpired. A host of traits has been proposed to address this outcome. Restricting crop transpiration through lower stomatal conductance is assessed as having limited utility compared with traits that improve carbon gain, such as enhancements to photosynthetic biochemistry and responsiveness, or greater mesophyll conductance. Ultimately, the most useful outcomes for improved crop WUE will probably be achieved by combining traits to achieve synergistic benefit. The potential utility of trait combinations is supported by the results of crop simulation modelling.
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187
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Paul MJ, Watson A, Griffiths CA. Linking fundamental science to crop improvement through understanding source and sink traits and their integration for yield enhancement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2270-2280. [PMID: 31665486 PMCID: PMC7134924 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding processes in sources and sinks that contribute to crop yields has taken years of painstaking research. For crop yield improvement, processes need to be understood as standalone mechanisms in addition to how these mechanisms perform at the crop level; currently there is often a chasm between the two. Fundamental mechanisms need to be considered in the context of crop ideotypes and the agricultural environment which is often more water limited than carbon limited. Different approaches for improvement should be considered, namely is there genetic variation? Or if not, could genetic modification, genome editing, or alternative approaches be utilized? Currently, there are few examples where genetic modification has improved intrinsic yield in the field for commercial application in a major crop. Genome editing, particularly of negative yield regulators as a first step, is providing new opportunities. Here we highlight key mechanisms in source and sink, arguing that for large yield increases integration of key processes is likely to produce the biggest successes within the framework of crop ideotypes with optimized phenology. We highlight a plethora of recent papers that show breakthroughs in fundamental science and the promise of the trehalose 6-phosphate signalling pathway, which regulates carbohydrate allocation which is key for many crop traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Paul
- Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Amy Watson
- Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Cara A Griffiths
- Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
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188
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Wang B, Zhong Z, Wang X, Han X, Yu D, Wang C, Song W, Zheng X, Chen C, Zhang Y. Knockout of the OsNAC006 Transcription Factor Causes Drought and Heat Sensitivity in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072288. [PMID: 32225072 PMCID: PMC7177362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) responds to various abiotic stresses during growth. Plant-specific NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2 (NAC) transcription factors (TFs) play an important role in controlling numerous vital growth and developmental processes. To date, 170 NAC TFs have been reported in rice, but their roles remain largely unknown. Herein, we discovered that the TF OsNAC006 is constitutively expressed in rice, and regulated by H2O2, cold, heat, abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA), NaCl, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 treatments. Furthermore, knockout of OsNAC006 using the CRISPR-Cas9 system resulted in drought and heat sensitivity. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptome analysis revealed that OsNAC006 regulates the expression of genes mainly involved in response to stimuli, oxidoreductase activity, cofactor binding, and membrane-related pathways. Our findings elucidate the important role of OsNAC006 in drought responses, and provide valuable information for genetic manipulation to enhance stress tolerance in future plant breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (B.W.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (C.W.); (W.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhaohui Zhong
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (B.W.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (C.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Xiangyan Han
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (B.W.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (C.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Deshui Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (B.W.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (C.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Chunguo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (B.W.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (C.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Wenqin Song
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (B.W.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (C.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Xuelian Zheng
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chengbin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (B.W.); (X.W.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (C.W.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (Z.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (Y.Z.)
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189
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Wei H, Kong D, Yang J, Wang H. Light Regulation of Stomatal Development and Patterning: Shifting the Paradigm from Arabidopsis to Grasses. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100030. [PMID: 33367232 PMCID: PMC7747992 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The stomatal pores of plant leaves control gas exchange with the environment. Stomatal development is prevised regulated by both internal genetic programs and environmental cues. Among various environmental factors, light regulation of stomata formation has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the genetic control of stomata development and its regulation by light. We also present a comparative analysis of the conserved and diverged stomatal regulatory networks between Arabidopsis and cereal grasses. Lastly, we provide our perspectives on manipulation of the stomata density on plant leaves for the purpose of breeding crops that are better adapted to the adverse environment and high-density planting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Corresponding author
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190
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Nasir IR, Rasul F, Ahmad A, Asghar HN, Hoogenboom G. Climate change impacts and adaptations for fine, coarse, and hybrid rice using CERES-Rice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9454-9464. [PMID: 31919817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has become a threatening issue for major field crops of Pakistan, especially rice. A 2 years' (2014 and 2015) field trial was conducted on fine, coarse, and hybrid rice at Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad following the split-plot design. Data of growth, yield, and yield components were collected to calibrate and evaluate the CERES-Rice model under Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT). Two cultivars of each type of fine, coarse, and hybrid rice were transplanted with interval of fortnight from May to September during 2014 and 2015. The model was calibrated with non-stressed sowing data during the year 2014 and evaluated with the data of 2015. Climate change scenarios were generated for mid-century (2040-2069) under representative concentration pathway (RCP8.5) using different general circulation models (GCMs) (baseline, cool dry, hot dry, cool wet, hot wet, and middle) were using different General Circulation Models (GCMs). CERES-Rice calibration and evaluation results were quite good to simulate impacts of climate change and to formulate adaptations during 2040-2069 (mid-century). Simulations of all GCMs showed an average increase of 3 °C in average temperature as compared to baseline (1980-2010). Likewise, there would be an average increase of 107.6 mm in rainfall than baseline. The future rise in temperature will reduced the paddy yield by 10.33% in fine, 18-54% in coarse and 24-64% in hybrid rice for mid-century under RCP8.5. To nullified deleterious effects of climate change, some agronomic and genetics adaptation strategies were evaluated with CERES-rice during mid-century. Paddy yield of fine rice was increased by 15% in cool dry and 5% in hot dry GCM. Paddy yield of coarse rice was improved by 15% and 9% under cool dry and hot dry climatic conditions, respectively, with adaptations. For hybrid rice, paddy yield was enhanced by 15% and 0.3% with cool wet and hot dry climatic conditions, respectively. Hot dry climatic conditions were the most threatening for rice crop in rice producing areas of Punjab, Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fahd Rasul
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Naeem Asghar
- Institute of Soil and Environment Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Gerrit Hoogenboom
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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191
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Yang D, Peng S, Wang F. Response of Photosynthesis to High Growth Temperature Was Not Related to Leaf Anatomy Plasticity in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:26. [PMID: 32117372 PMCID: PMC7018767 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is highly sensitive to high temperature stress, and with the rising global temperature, it is meaningful to investigate the response of photosynthesis to growth temperature and its relationship with leaf anatomy plasticity. We planted 21 cultivars including eight indica cultivars, eight japonica cultivars, and five javanica cultivars in pot experiments under high growth temperature (HT, 38/28°C, day/night) and control treatment (CK, 30/28°C, day/night). Photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs ), transpiration rate (E), stomatal density (SD), vein density (VD), minor vein area (SVA), and major vein area (LVA) were measured after 30 treatment days. Results showed HT significantly increased A, gs , and E, while significantly decreased SD and LVA. There was no significant difference in A among the three subspecies both under CK and HT, while the javanica subspecies had higher gs , E, SVA, and LVA under HT, and the indica cultivars had higher VD and SD both under CK and HT. The javanica subspecies had higher relative value (HT/CK) of A, gs , and E, while difference was not observed in the relative value of SD, VD, and LVA among the three subspecies. The relative value of A was positively related to that of gs , while the latter was not correlated with the relative value of SD, VD, SVA, and LVA. Overall, the results suggested the increase of A and gs at HT was not attributed to leaf anatomy plasticity in respect of stomata and vein under HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Yang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- MARA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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192
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Harrison EL, Arce Cubas L, Gray JE, Hepworth C. The influence of stomatal morphology and distribution on photosynthetic gas exchange. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:768-779. [PMID: 31583771 PMCID: PMC7065165 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The intricate and interconnecting reactions of C3 photosynthesis are often limited by one of two fundamental processes: the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, or the diffusion of CO2 from the atmosphere through the stomata, and ultimately into the chloroplast. In this review, we explore how the contributions of stomatal morphology and distribution can affect photosynthesis, through changes in gaseous exchange. The factors driving this relationship are considered, and recent results from studies investigating the effects of stomatal shape, size, density and patterning on photosynthesis are discussed. We suggest that the interplay between stomatal gaseous exchange and photosynthesis is complex, and that a disconnect often exists between the rates of CO2 diffusion and photosynthetic carbon fixation. The mechanisms that allow for substantial reductions in maximum stomatal conductance without affecting photosynthesis are highly dependent on environmental factors, such as light intensity, and could be exploited to improve crop performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Harrison
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Sheffield, Western BankSheffieldUK
| | - Lucia Arce Cubas
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Sheffield, Western BankSheffieldUK
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Sheffield, Western BankSheffieldUK
| | - Christopher Hepworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Sheffield, Western BankSheffieldUK
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193
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Baillie AL, Fleming AJ. The developmental relationship between stomata and mesophyll airspace. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1120-1126. [PMID: 31774175 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative and spatial coordination of stomatal pores in the epidermis and airspaces in the underlying mesophyll tissue is vital for efficient gas exchange in the leaf. The mechanisms that determine the distribution of stomata in the epidermis have been studied extensively, but how this relates to the regulation of mesophyll airspace configuration is poorly understood. Recent studies have investigated how development is coordinated between these tissue layers. The evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms are likely to work concurrently to coordinate stomatal and mesophyll development for optimal leaf gas exchange, and that both genetic and physiological factors contribute to this regulation. Such advances in our understanding of leaf development have important implications for potential improvement of crop water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Baillie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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194
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Nunes TDG, Zhang D, Raissig MT. Form, development and function of grass stomata. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:780-799. [PMID: 31571301 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are cellular breathing pores on leaves that open and close to absorb photosynthetic carbon dioxide and to restrict water loss through transpiration, respectively. Grasses (Poaceae) form morphologically innovative stomata, which consist of two dumbbell-shaped guard cells flanked by two lateral subsidiary cells (SCs). This 'graminoid' morphology is associated with faster stomatal movements leading to more water-efficient gas exchange in changing environments. Here, we offer a genetic and mechanistic perspective on the unique graminoid form of grass stomata and the developmental innovations during stomatal cell lineage initiation, recruitment of SCs and stomatal morphogenesis. Furthermore, the functional consequences of the four-celled, graminoid stomatal morphology are summarized. We compile the identified players relevant for stomatal opening and closing in grasses, and discuss possible mechanisms leading to cell-type-specific regulation of osmotic potential and turgor. In conclusion, we propose that the investigation of functionally superior grass stomata might reveal routes to improve water-stress resilience of agriculturally relevant plants in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago D G Nunes
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dan Zhang
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael T Raissig
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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195
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Fernie AR, Bachem CWB, Helariutta Y, Neuhaus HE, Prat S, Ruan YL, Stitt M, Sweetlove LJ, Tegeder M, Wahl V, Sonnewald S, Sonnewald U. Synchronization of developmental, molecular and metabolic aspects of source-sink interactions. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:55-66. [PMID: 32042154 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a multitude of strategies to adjust their growth according to external and internal signals. Interconnected metabolic and phytohormonal signalling networks allow adaption to changing environmental and developmental conditions and ensure the survival of species in fluctuating environments. In agricultural ecosystems, many of these adaptive responses are not required or may even limit crop yield, as they prevent plants from realizing their fullest potential. By lifting source and sink activities to their maximum, massive yield increases can be foreseen, potentially closing the future yield gap resulting from an increasing world population and the transition to a carbon-neutral economy. To do so, a better understanding of the interplay between metabolic and developmental processes is required. In the past, these processes have been tackled independently from each other, but coordinated efforts are required to understand the fine mechanics of source-sink relations and thus optimize crop yield. Here, we describe approaches to design high-yielding crop plants utilizing strategies derived from current metabolic concepts and our understanding of the molecular processes determining sink development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany.
| | | | - Yrjö Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- University of Kaiserslautern Pflanzenphysiologie, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Salomé Prat
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sophia Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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196
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Yu Q, Chen L, Zhou W, An Y, Luo T, Wu Z, Wang Y, Xi Y, Yan L, Hou S. RSD1 Is Essential for Stomatal Patterning and Files in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:600021. [PMID: 33329664 PMCID: PMC7733971 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density is an important factor that determines the efficiency of plant gas exchange and water transpiration. Through forward genetics, we screened a mutant rice stomata developmental defect 1 (rsd1-1) with decreased stomatal density and clustered stomata in rice (Oryza sativa). After the first asymmetric division, some of the larger sister cells undergo an extra asymmetric division to produce a small cell neighboring guard mother cell. Some of these small cells develop into stomata, which leads to stomatal clustering, and the rest arrested or developed into pavement cell. After map-based cloning, we found the protein encoded by this gene containing DUF630 and DUF632 domains. Evolutionary analysis showed that the DUF630/632 gene family differentiated earlier in land plants. It was found that the deletion of RSD1 would lead to the disorder of gene expression regarding stomatal development, especially the expression of stomatal density and distribution 1 (OsSDD1). Through the construction of OsSDD1 deletion mutants by CRISPR-Cas9, we found that, similar to rsd1 mutants, the ossdd1 mutants have clustered stomata and extra small cells adjacent to the stomata. OsSDD1 and RSD1 are both required for inhibiting ectopic asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) and clustered stomata. By dehydration stress assay, the decreased stomatal density of rsd1 mutants enhanced their dehydration avoidance. This study characterized the functions of RSD1 and OsSDD1 in rice stomatal development. Our findings will be helpful in developing drought-resistant crops through controlling the stomatal density.
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197
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Chen L, Wu Z, Hou S. SPEECHLESS Speaks Loudly in Stomatal Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:114. [PMID: 32153616 PMCID: PMC7046557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, the small pores on the epidermis of plant shoot, control gas exchange between the plant and environment and play key roles in plant physiology, evolution, and global ecology. Stomatal development is initiated by the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH), whose central importance in stomatal development has recently come to light. SPCH integrates intralineage signals and serves as an acceptor of hormonal and environmental signals to regulate stomatal density and patterning during the development. SPCH also plays a direct role in regulating asymmetric cell division in the stomatal lineage. Owing to its importance in stomatal development, SPCH expression is tightly and spatiotemporally regulated. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the SPCH-mediated regulation of stomatal development, reinforcing the idea that SPCH is the central molecular hub for stomatal development.
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198
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Teixido AL, Leite-Santos VB, Paiva ÉAS, Silveira FAO. Water-use strategies in flowers from a neotropical savanna under contrasting environmental conditions during flowering. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:283-291. [PMID: 31593901 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flowers require high amounts of water, which ultimately may compromise pollinator attractiveness under water limitation. Water-use and -conservation strategies in leaves from hot and dry ecosystems are well documented, yet little is known about mechanisms of water allocation in flowers, particularly in tropical savanna ecosystems. We evaluated traits related to corolla water status in two Kielmeyera species that differ in flowering phenology and flower size: larger-flowered K. regalis blooms during the rainy summer and smaller-flowered K. coriacea blooms during the dry winter. To test the hypothesis that water demand in corollas increases with increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD), we analyzed interspecific differences in corolla stomatal conductance and density, water content, and fresh and dry mass per unit area. We also performed hand-pollination and pollinator-exclusion experiments to determine variation in floral longevity. Corolla transpiration rates were higher in K. coriacea (157 vs 95 g·H2O·m-2·h-1 for K. coriacea and K. regalis, respectively), and increased with VPD in both species. Stomatal density was 25-fold higher in K. coriacea, and corolla fresh and dry mass per unit of area were 47% and 21% higher, respectively, in K. coriacea, due to thick pectin-rich cell walls. The high pectin content increases water content in corollas of K. coriacea. Regardless of pollination, flowers lasted one day in K. coriacea and three in K. regalis. Our study suggests structure-function relationships of floral traits with flowering season, and that K. coriacea displays small and short-lived corollas with high water content to buffer the high evaporative demand during the dry period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L Teixido
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, E-31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Victor B Leite-Santos
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, E-31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Élder A S Paiva
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, E-31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando A O Silveira
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, E-31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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199
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Bailey-Serres J, Parker JE, Ainsworth EA, Oldroyd GED, Schroeder JI. Genetic strategies for improving crop yields. Nature 2019; 575:109-118. [PMID: 31695205 PMCID: PMC7024682 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current trajectory for crop yields is insufficient to nourish the world's population by 20501. Greater and more consistent crop production must be achieved against a backdrop of climatic stress that limits yields, owing to shifts in pests and pathogens, precipitation, heat-waves and other weather extremes. Here we consider the potential of plant sciences to address post-Green Revolution challenges in agriculture and explore emerging strategies for enhancing sustainable crop production and resilience in a changing climate. Accelerated crop improvement must leverage naturally evolved traits and transformative engineering driven by mechanistic understanding, to yield the resilient production systems that are needed to ensure future harvests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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200
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Bailey-Serres J, Parker JE, Ainsworth EA, Oldroyd GED, Schroeder JI. Genetic strategies for improving crop yields. Nature 2019. [PMID: 31695205 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1679-1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The current trajectory for crop yields is insufficient to nourish the world's population by 20501. Greater and more consistent crop production must be achieved against a backdrop of climatic stress that limits yields, owing to shifts in pests and pathogens, precipitation, heat-waves and other weather extremes. Here we consider the potential of plant sciences to address post-Green Revolution challenges in agriculture and explore emerging strategies for enhancing sustainable crop production and resilience in a changing climate. Accelerated crop improvement must leverage naturally evolved traits and transformative engineering driven by mechanistic understanding, to yield the resilient production systems that are needed to ensure future harvests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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