151
|
Saylor R, Myles L, Sibble D, Caldwell J, Xing J. Recent trends in gas-phase ammonia and PM2.5 ammonium in the Southeast United States. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2015; 65:347-57. [PMID: 25947130 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.992554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ammonia measurements from the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) study network were analyzed for trends over 9 yr (2004-2012) of observations. Total ammonia concentrations, defined as the sum of gas-phase ammonia and fine particle ammonium, were found to be decreasing by 1-4% yr(-1) and were qualitatively consistent with ammonia emission estimates for the SEARCH states of Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Florida. On the other hand, gas-phase ammonia mixing ratios were found to be slightly rising or steady over the region, leading to the observation that the gas-phase fraction of total ammonia has steadily increased over 2004-2012 as a result of declining emissions of the strong acid precursor species sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and consequent reduced partitioning of ammonia to the fine particle phase. Because gas-phase ammonia is removed from the atmosphere more rapidly than fine particle ammonium, an increase in the gas-phase fraction of total ammonia may result in shifted deposition patterns as more ammonia is deposited closer to sources rather than transported downwind in fine particles. Additional long-term measurements and modeling studies are needed to determine if similar transitions of total ammonia to the gas phase are occurring outside of the Southeast and to assess if these changes are impacting plants and ecosystems near major ammonia sources. Unusually high ammonia concentrations observed in 2007 in the SEARCH measurements are hypothesized to be linked to emissions from wildfires that were much more prevalent across the Southeast during that year due to elevated temperatures and widespread drought. Although wildfires are currently estimated to be a relatively small fraction (3-10%) of total ammonia emissions in the Southeast, the projected increased incidence of wildfires in this region as a result of global climate change may lead to this source's increased importance over the rest of the 21st century. IMPLICATIONS Ammonia concentrations from the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization study (SEARCH) network are analyzed over the 9-yr period 2004-2012. Total ammonia (gaseous ammonia+PM2.5 ammonium) concentrations declined at a rate of 1-4% yr(-1), consistent with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission estimates for the Southeast United States, but the fraction of ammonia in the gas phase has risen steadily (+1-3% yr(-1)) over the time period. Declining emissions of SO2 and NOx resulting from imposed air quality regulations have resulted in decreased atmospheric strong acids and less ammonia partitioning to the particle phase, which may impact the amount and overall pattern of ammonia deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Saylor
- a Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division , Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Oak Ridge , TN , USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Liu Y, Kuwata M, Strick BF, Geiger FM, Thomson RJ, McKinney KA, Martin ST. Uptake of epoxydiol isomers accounts for half of the particle-phase material produced from isoprene photooxidation via the HO2 pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:250-8. [PMID: 25375412 DOI: 10.1021/es5034298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of isoprene is a globally significant source of secondary organic material (SOM) of atmospheric particles. The relative importance of different parallel pathways, however, remains inadequately understood and quantified. SOM production from isoprene photooxidation was studied under hydroperoxyl-dominant conditions for <5% relative humidity and at 20 °C in the presence of highly acidic to completely neutralized sulfate particles. Isoprene photooxidation was separated from SOM production by using two continuously mixed flow reactors connected in series and operated at steady state. Two online mass spectrometers separately sampled the gas and particle phases in the reactor outflow. The loss of specific gas-phase species as contributors to the production of SOM was thereby quantified. The produced SOM mass concentration was directly proportional to the loss of isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX) isomers from the gas phase. IEPOX isomers lost from the gas phase accounted for (46 ± 11)% of the produced SOM mass concentration. The IEPOX isomers comprised (59 ± 21)% (molecular count) of the loss of monitored gas-phase species. The implication is that for the investigated reaction conditions the SOM production pathways tied to IEPOX isomers accounted for half of the SOM mass concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Van Wyngarden AL, Pérez-Montaño S, Bui JVH, Li ESW, Nelson TE, Ha KT, Leong L, Iraci LT. Complex chemical composition of colored surface films formed from reactions of propanal in sulfuric acid at upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosol acidities. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2015; 15:4225-4239. [PMID: 27212937 PMCID: PMC4874526 DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-4225-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Particles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) consist mostly of concentrated sulfuric acid (40-80 wt %) in water. However, airborne measurements have shown that these particles also contain a significant fraction of organic compounds of unknown chemical composition. Acid-catalyzed reactions of carbonyl species are believed to be responsible for significant transfer of gas phase organic species into tropospheric aerosols and are potentially more important at the high acidities characteristic of UT/LS particles. In this study, experiments combining sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with propanal and with mixtures of propanal with glyoxal and/or methylglyoxal at acidities typical of UT/LS aerosols produced highly colored surface films (and solutions) that may have implications for aerosol properties. In order to identify the chemical processes responsible for the formation of the surface films, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies were used to analyze the chemical composition of the films. Films formed from propanal were a complex mixture of aldol condensation products, acetals and propanal itself. The major aldol condensation products were the dimer (2-methyl-2-pentenal) and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene that was formed by cyclization of the linear aldol condensation trimer. Additionally, the strong visible absorption of the films indicates that higher-order aldol condensation products must also be present as minor species. The major acetal species were 2,4,6-triethyl-1,3,5-trioxane and longer-chain linear polyacetals which are likely to separate from the aqueous phase. Films formed on mixtures of propanal with glyoxal and/or methylglyoxal also showed evidence of products of cross-reactions. Since cross-reactions would be more likely than self-reactions under atmospheric conditions, similar reactions of aldehydes like propanal with common aerosol organic species like glyoxal and methylglyoxal have the potential to produce significant organic aerosol mass and therefore could potentially impact chemical, optical and/or cloud-forming properties of aerosols, especially if the products partition to the aerosol surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Pérez-Montaño
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - J. V. H. Bui
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - E. S. W. Li
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - T. E. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - K. T. Ha
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - L. Leong
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - L. T. Iraci
- Atmospheric Science Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Kuwata M, Liu Y, McKinney K, Martin ST. Physical state and acidity of inorganic sulfate can regulate the production of secondary organic material from isoprene photooxidation products. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:5670-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04942j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The production of secondary organic material (SOM) by the reactive uptake of isoprene photooxidation products was investigated using partially to wholly neutralized sulfuric acid particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikinori Kuwata
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Yingjun Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Karena McKinney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Scot T. Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Lin P, Liu J, Shilling JE, Kathmann SM, Laskin J, Laskin A. Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:23312-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02563j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BrC chromophores of toluene SOA have been identified using the HPLC–UV/Vis–ESI/HRMS platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Jiumeng Liu
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - John E. Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Shawn M. Kathmann
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Hodas N, Sullivan AP, Skog K, Keutsch FN, Collett JL, Decesari S, Facchini MC, Carlton AG, Laaksonen A, Turpin BJ. Aerosol liquid water driven by anthropogenic nitrate: implications for lifetimes of water-soluble organic gases and potential for secondary organic aerosol formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11127-36. [PMID: 25191968 DOI: 10.1021/es5025096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol liquid water (ALW) influences aerosol radiative properties and the partitioning of gas-phase water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCg) to the condensed phase. A recent modeling study drew attention to the anthropogenic nature of ALW in the southeastern United States, where predicted ALW is driven by regional sulfate. Herein, we demonstrate that ALW in the Po Valley, Italy, is also anthropogenic but is driven by locally formed nitrate, illustrating regional differences in the aerosol components responsible for ALW. We present field evidence for the influence of controllable ALW on the lifetimes and atmospheric budgets of reactive organic gases and note the role of ALW in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Nitrate is expected to increase in importance due to increased emissions of nitrate precursors, as well as policies aimed at reducing sulfur emissions. We argue that the impacts of increased particulate nitrate in future climate and air quality scenarios may be under predicted because they do not account for the increased potential for SOA formation in nitrate-derived ALW, nor do they account for the impacts of this ALW on reactive gas budgets and gas-phase photochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Hodas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Vione D, Maurino V, Minero C. Photosensitised humic-like substances (HULIS) formation processes of atmospheric significance: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11614-11622. [PMID: 24281675 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitised reactions can produce compounds that closely resemble the humic-like substances (HULIS) occurring in atmospheric aerosols. The relevant processes have been observed in the laboratory, in both gas-solid systems and the aqueous phase. They involve triplet sensitisers (such as benzophenones, anthraquinones and nitroaromatic compounds, which yield reactive triplet states after sunlight absorption) or photogenerated oxidants like (•)OH, in the presence of substrates that undergo oligomerisation reactions upon oxidation. Formation of higher molecular weight compounds, modification of the wettability properties of organic films and photoproduction of substances with humic-like fluorescence properties have been observed as a consequence of the photosensitised reactions. Ozone plays an important but still not completely clear role in gas-solid systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
159
|
Chu B, Liu Y, Li J, Takekawa H, Liggio J, Li SM, Jiang J, Hao J, He H. Decreasing effect and mechanism of FeSO4 seed particles on secondary organic aerosol in α-pinene photooxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 193:88-93. [PMID: 25014016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
α-Pinene/NOx and α-pinene/HONO photooxidation experiments at varying humidity were conducted in smog chambers in the presence or absence of FeSO4 seed particles. FeSO4 seed particles decrease SOA mass as long as water was present on the seed particle surface, but FeSO4 seed particles have no decreasing effect on SOA under dryer conditions at 12% relative humidity (RH). The decreasing effect of FeSO4 seed particles on the SOA mass is proposed to be related to oxidation processes in the surface layer of water on the seed particles. Free radicals, including OH, can be formed from catalytic cycling of Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) in the aqueous phase. These radicals can react further with the organic products of α-pinene oxidation on the seed particles. The oxidation may lead to formation of smaller molecules which have higher saturation vapor pressures and favor repartitioning to the gas phase, and therefore, reduces SOA mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hideto Takekawa
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratory, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Meng J, Wang G, Li J, Cheng C, Ren Y, Huang Y, Cheng Y, Cao J, Zhang T. Seasonal characteristics of oxalic acid and related SOA in the free troposphere of Mt. Hua, central China: implications for sources and formation mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:1088-1097. [PMID: 24925591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PM10 aerosols from the summit of Mt. Hua (2060 m a.s.l) in central China during the winter and summer of 2009 were analyzed for dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls. Molecular composition of dicarboxylic acids (C2-C11) in the free tropospheric aerosols reveals that oxalic acid (C2, 399 ± 261 ng m(-3) in winter and 522 ± 261 ng m(-3) in summer) is the most abundant species in both seasons, followed by malonic (C3) and succinic (C4) acids, being consistent with that on ground levels. Most of the diacids are more abundant in summer than in winter, but adipic (C6) and phthalic (Ph) acids are twice lower in summer, suggesting more significant impact of anthropogenic pollution on the wintertime alpine atmosphere. Moreover, glyoxal (Gly) and methylglyoxal (mGly) are also lower in summer (12 ± 6.1 ng m(-3)) than in winter (22 ± 13 ng m(-3)). As both dicarbonyls are a major precursor of C2, their seasonal variation patterns, which are opposite to those of the diacids, indicate that the mountain troposphere is more oxidative in summer. C2 showed strong linear correlations with levoglucosan in winter and oxidation products of isoprene and monoterpene in summer. PCA analysis further suggested that the wintertime C2 and related SOA in the Mt. Hua troposphere mostly originate from photochemical oxidations of anthropogenic pollutants emitted from biofuel and coal combustion in lowland regions. On contrast, the summertime C2 and related SOA mostly originate from further oxidation of the mountainous isoprene and monoterpene oxidation products. The AIM model calculation results showed that oxalic acid concentration well correlated with particle acidity (R(2)=0.60) but not correlated with particle liquid water content, indicating that particle acidity favors the organic acid formation because aqueous-phase C2 production is the primary mechanism of C2 formation in ambient aerosols and is driven by acid-catalyzed oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanqin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuting Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Carrasquillo AJ, Hunter JF, Daumit KE, Kroll JH. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation via the Isolation of Individual Reactive Intermediates: Role of Alkoxy Radical Structure. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8807-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506562r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Carrasquillo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James F. Hunter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kelly E. Daumit
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Li Y, Cao M, Chen J, Song Y, Shan X, Zhao Y, Liu F, Wang Z, Sheng L. Experimental and theoretical study on the dissociative photoionization of trans-2-methyl-2-butenal. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
163
|
Hazra MK, Francisco JS, Sinha A. Hydrolysis of Glyoxal in Water-Restricted Environments: Formation of Organic Aerosol Precursors through Formic Acid Catalysis. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4095-105. [DOI: 10.1021/jp502126m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Montu K. Hazra
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Amitabha Sinha
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314, United States
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Drozd GT, McNeill VF. Organic matrix effects on the formation of light-absorbing compounds from α-dicarbonyls in aqueous salt solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:741-747. [PMID: 24356644 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00579h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase reactions of organic compounds are of general importance in environmental systems. Reactions of α-dicarbonyl compounds in the aqueous phase of atmospheric aerosols can impact their climate-relevant physical properties including hygroscopicity and absorption of light. Less-reactive water-soluble organic compounds may contribute an organic matrix component to the aqueous environment, potentially impacting the reaction kinetics. In this work we demonstrate the effects of organic matrices on the self-reactions of glyoxal (Gly) and methylglyoxal (mGly) in aqueous solutions containing ammonium sulfate. At an organic-to-sulfate mass ratio of 2 : 1, carbohydrate-like matrices resembling oxidized organic aerosol material reduce the rate of formation of light-absorbing products by up to an order of magnitude. The greatest decreases in the reaction rates were observed for organic matrices with smaller, more linear molecular structures. Initial UV-Vis spectra, product studies, relative rate data, acidity changes, and viscosity measurements suggest that shifts in carbonyl equilibria, due in part to (hemi)acetal formation with the matrix, reduce the rate of formation of light-absorbing imidazole and oligomer species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg T Drozd
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 10027.
| | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol. Nature 2014; 506:476-9. [PMID: 24572423 DOI: 10.1038/nature13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Forests emit large quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere. Their condensable oxidation products can form secondary organic aerosol, a significant and ubiquitous component of atmospheric aerosol, which is known to affect the Earth's radiation balance by scattering solar radiation and by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. The quantitative assessment of such climate effects remains hampered by a number of factors, including an incomplete understanding of how biogenic VOCs contribute to the formation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol. The growth of newly formed particles from sizes of less than three nanometres up to the sizes of cloud condensation nuclei (about one hundred nanometres) in many continental ecosystems requires abundant, essentially non-volatile organic vapours, but the sources and compositions of such vapours remain unknown. Here we investigate the oxidation of VOCs, in particular the terpene α-pinene, under atmospherically relevant conditions in chamber experiments. We find that a direct pathway leads from several biogenic VOCs, such as monoterpenes, to the formation of large amounts of extremely low-volatility vapours. These vapours form at significant mass yield in the gas phase and condense irreversibly onto aerosol surfaces to produce secondary organic aerosol, helping to explain the discrepancy between the observed atmospheric burden of secondary organic aerosol and that reported by many model studies. We further demonstrate how these low-volatility vapours can enhance, or even dominate, the formation and growth of aerosol particles over forested regions, providing a missing link between biogenic VOCs and their conversion to aerosol particles. Our findings could help to improve assessments of biosphere-aerosol-climate feedback mechanisms, and the air quality and climate effects of biogenic emissions generally.
Collapse
|
166
|
Yan SQ, Li XH. Quantum Chemical Studies on Structure and Detonation Performance of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl ethylene)formal. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/27/01/45-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
167
|
Cheng Y, He KB, Duan FK, Du ZY, Zheng M, Ma YL. Ambient organic carbon to elemental carbon ratios: influence of the thermal-optical temperature protocol and implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:1103-1111. [PMID: 24103257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ambient organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) ratios are strongly associated with not only the radiative forcing due to aerosols but also the extent of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. An inter-comparison study was conducted based on fine particulate matter samples collected during summer in Beijing to investigate the influence of the thermal-optical temperature protocol on the OC to EC ratio. Five temperature protocols were used such that the NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) and EUSAAR (European Supersites for Atmospheric Aerosol Research) protocols were run by the Sunset carbon analyzer while the IMPROVE (the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments network)-A protocol and two alternative protocols designed based on NIOSH and EUSAAR were run by the DRI analyzer. The optical attenuation measured by the Sunset carbon analyzer was more easily biased by the shadowing effect, whereas total carbon agreed well between the Sunset and DRI analyzers. The EC(IMPROVE-A) (EC measured by the IMPROVE-A protocol; similar hereinafter) to EC(NIOSH) ratio and the EC(IMPROVE-A) to EC(EUSAAR) ratio averaged 1.36 ± 0.21 and 0.91 ± 0.10, respectively, both of which exhibited little dependence on the biomass burning contribution. Though the temperature protocol had substantial influence on the OC to EC ratio, the contributions of secondary organic carbon (SOC) to OC, which were predicted by the EC-tracer method, did not differ significantly among the five protocols. Moreover, the SOC contributions obtained in this study were comparable with previous results based on field observation (typically between 45 and 65%), but were substantially higher than the estimation provided by an air quality model (only 18%). The comparison of SOC and WSOC suggests that when using the transmittance charring correction, all of the three common protocols (i.e., IMPROVE-A, NIOSH and EUSAAR) could be reliable for the estimation of SOC by the EC-tracer method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Kidd C, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. New insights into secondary organic aerosol from the ozonolysis of α-pinene from combined infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:22706-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03405h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermograms of desorbing species from size-fractionated SOA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Kidd
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Liu Q, Wang W, Liu Z, Wang T, Wu L, Ge M. Organic hydroperoxide formation in the acid-catalyzed heterogeneous oxidation of aliphatic alcohols with hydrogen peroxide. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02486a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present detailed mechanisms for the formation and degradation of organic hydroperoxide during the acid-catalyzed heterogeneous oxidation of aliphatic alcohols with hydrogen peroxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Weigang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ze Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tianhe Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Chu B, Wang K, Takekawa H, Li J, Zhou W, Jiang J, Ma Q, He H, Hao J. Hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of alpha-pinene under different oxidation conditions in the presence of sulfate seed aerosols. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:129-139. [PMID: 24649698 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the hygroscopicity of particles generated from photooxidation of alpha-pinene/NO(x) with different sulfate seed aerosols or oxidation conditions. Hygroscopicity of particles was measured by a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) in terms of hygroscopic growth factor (Gf), with a relative humidity of 85%. With sulfate seed aerosols present, Gf of the aerosols decreased very fast before notable secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation was observed, indicating a heterogeneous process between inorganic seeds and organic products might take place as soon as oxidation begins, rather than only happening after gas-aerosol partition of organic products starts. The final SOA-coated sulfate particles had similar or lower Gf than seed-free SOA. The hygroscopicity of the final particles was not dependent on the thickness but on the hygroscopicity properties of the SOA, which were influenced by the initial sulfate seed particles. In the two designed aging processes, Gf of the particles increased more significantly with introduction of OH radical than with ozone. However, the hygroscopicity of SOA was very low even after a long time of aging, implying that either SOA aging in the chamber was very slow or the Gf of SOA did not change significantly in aging. Using an aerosol composition speciation monitor (ACSM) and matrix factorization (PMF) method, two factors for the components of SOA were identified, but the correlation between SOA hygroscopicity and the proportion of the more highly oxidized factor could be either positive or negative depending on the speciation of seed aerosols present.
Collapse
|
171
|
Lignell H, Epstein SA, Marvin MR, Shemesh D, Gerber B, Nizkorodov S. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Aqueous cis-Pinonic Acid Photolysis. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12930-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4093018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lignell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Scott A. Epstein
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Margaret R. Marvin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Dorit Shemesh
- Institute of Chemistry and The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Benny Gerber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Chemistry and The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sergey Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Zheng G, He K, Duan F, Cheng Y, Ma Y. Measurement of humic-like substances in aerosols: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 181:301-14. [PMID: 23830737 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol-phase humic-like substances (HULIS) have received increasingly attention due to their universal ambient presence, active participation in atmospheric chemistry and important environmental and health effects. In last decade, intensive field works have promoted development of quantification and analysis method, unearthed spatio-temporal variation, and proved evidence for source identification of HULIS. These important developments were summarized in this review to provide a global perspective of HULIS. The diverse operational HULIS definitions were gradually focused onto several versions. Although found globally in Europe, Asia, Australasia and North America, HULIS are far more typical in continental and near-ground aerosols. HULIS concentrations varied from <1 μg/m(3) to >13 μg/m(3), with their carbon fraction making up 9%-72% of water soluble organic carbon. Dominant HULIS source was suggested as secondary processes and biomass burning, with the detailed formation pathways suggested and verified in laboratory works.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Huang MQ, Zhang WJ, Hao LQ, Wang ZY, Zhao WW, Gu XJ, Fang L. Low-Molecular Weight and Oligomeric Components in Secondary Organic Aerosol from the Photooxidation of p-Xylene. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
174
|
Park JH, Goldstein AH, Timkovsky J, Fares S, Weber R, Karlik J, Holzinger R. Active Atmosphere-Ecosystem Exchange of the Vast Majority of Detected Volatile Organic Compounds. Science 2013; 341:643-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1235053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Numerous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exist in Earth’s atmosphere, most of which originate from biogenic emissions. Despite VOCs’ critical role in tropospheric chemistry, studies for evaluating their atmosphere-ecosystem exchange (emission and deposition) have been limited to a few dominant compounds owing to a lack of appropriate measurement techniques. Using a high–mass resolution proton transfer reaction–time of flight–mass spectrometer and an absolute value eddy-covariance method, we directly measured 186 organic ions with net deposition, and 494 that have bidirectional flux. This observation of active atmosphere-ecosystem exchange of the vast majority of detected VOCs poses a challenge to current emission, air quality, and global climate models, which do not account for this extremely large range of compounds. This observation also provides new insight for understanding the atmospheric VOC budget.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J.-H. Park
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - A. H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J. Timkovsky
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - S. Fares
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura–Research Center for the Soil-Plant System, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J. Karlik
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Bakersfield, CA 93307, USA
| | - R. Holzinger
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Size distribution dynamics reveal particle-phase chemistry in organic aerosol formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:11746-50. [PMID: 23818634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307501110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic aerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and play a central role in climate, air quality, and public health. The aerosol size distribution is key in determining its optical properties and cloud condensation nucleus activity. The dominant portion of organic aerosol is formed through gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds, so-called secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Typical experimental measurements of SOA formation include total SOA mass and atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio. These measurements, alone, are generally insufficient to reveal the extent to which condensed-phase reactions occur in conjunction with the multigeneration gas-phase photooxidation. Combining laboratory chamber experiments and kinetic gas-particle modeling for the dodecane SOA system, here we show that the presence of particle-phase chemistry is reflected in the evolution of the SOA size distribution as well as its mass concentration. Particle-phase reactions are predicted to occur mainly at the particle surface, and the reaction products contribute more than half of the SOA mass. Chamber photooxidation with a midexperiment aldehyde injection confirms that heterogeneous reaction of aldehydes with organic hydroperoxides forming peroxyhemiacetals can lead to a large increase in SOA mass. Although experiments need to be conducted with other SOA precursor hydrocarbons, current results demonstrate coupling between particle-phase chemistry and size distribution dynamics in the formation of SOAs, thereby opening up an avenue for analysis of the SOA formation process.
Collapse
|
176
|
Bibliometric analysis of research on secondary organic aerosols: A Science Citation Index Expanded-based analysis (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-rep-12-08-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was conceived to evaluate the global scientific output of secondary
organic aerosol (SOA) research over the past 20 years and to assess the
characteristics of the research patterns, tendencies, and methods in the papers.
Data were based on the online version of Science Citation Index Expanded from
1992 to 2011. Publications referring to SOAs were assessed by distribution of
the number of publications and times cited, source categories, source journals,
author keywords, KeyWords Plus, and the most cited publications in these years.
By synthetic analysis of author keywords, KeyWords Plus, titles, and abstracts,
it was concluded that modeling is currently and will at least over the next
decade continue to be the predominant research method to validate
state-of-the-art knowledge of SOAs, and that the foci of SOA research will be
the key precursors terpenes and isoprene, the mechanisms of oxidation and
gas-phase reactions, and emission inventories.
Collapse
|
177
|
Behera SN, Betha R, Liu P, Balasubramanian R. A study of diurnal variations of PM2.5 acidity and related chemical species using a new thermodynamic equilibrium model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 452-453:286-295. [PMID: 23523726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity is one of the most important parameters that can influence atmospheric visibility, climate change and human health. Based on continuous field measurements of inorganic aerosol species and their thermodynamic modeling on a time resolution of 1h, this study has investigated the acidic properties of PM2.5 and their relation with the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA). The study was conducted by taking into account the prevailing ambient temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) in a tropical urban atmosphere. The in-situ aerosol pH (pH(IS)) on a 12h basis ranged from -0.20 to 1.46 during daytime with an average value of 0.48 and 0.23 to 1.53 during nighttime with an average value of 0.72. These diurnal variations suggest that the daytime aerosol was more acidic than that caused by the nighttime aerosol. The hourly values of pH(IS) showed a reverse trend as compared to that of in-situ aerosol acidity ([H(+)]Ins). The pH(IS) had its maximum values at 3:00 and at 20:00 and its minimum during 11:00 to 12:00. Correlation analyses revealed that the molar concentration ratio of ammonium to sulfate (R(N/S)), equivalent concentration ratio of cations to anions (RC/A), T and RH can be used as independent variables for prediction of pH(IS). A multi-linear regression model consisting of RN/S, RC/A, T and RH was developed to estimate aerosol pH(IS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh N Behera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
178
|
Zhao Y, Kreisberg NM, Worton DR, Isaacman G, Weber RJ, Liu S, Day DA, Russell LM, Markovic MZ, VandenBoer TC, Murphy JG, Hering SV, Goldstein AH. Insights into secondary organic aerosol formation mechanisms from measured gas/particle partitioning of specific organic tracer compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3781-3787. [PMID: 23448102 DOI: 10.1021/es304587x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ measurements of organic compounds in both gas and particle phases were made with a thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (TAG) instrument. The gas/particle partitioning of phthalic acid, pinonaldehyde, and 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone is discussed in detail to explore secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation mechanisms. Measured fractions in the particle phase (f(part)) of 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone were similar to those expected from the absorptive gas/particle partitioning theory, suggesting that its partitioning is dominated by absorption processes. However, f(part) of phthalic acid and pinonaldehyde were substantially higher than predicted. The formation of low-volatility products from reactions of phthalic acid with ammonia is proposed as one possible mechanism to explain the high f(part) of phthalic acid. The observations of particle-phase pinonaldehyde when inorganic acids were fully neutralized indicate that inorganic acids are not required for the occurrence of reactive uptake of pinonaldehyde on particles. The observed relationship between f(part) of pinonaldehyde and relative humidity suggests that the aerosol water plays a significant role in the formation of particle-phase pinonaldehyde. Our results clearly show it is necessary to include multiple gas/particle partitioning pathways in models to predict SOA and multiple SOA tracers in source apportionment models to reconstruct SOA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Iinuma Y, Kahnt A, Mutzel A, Böge O, Herrmann H. Ozone-driven secondary organic aerosol production chain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3639-3647. [PMID: 23488636 DOI: 10.1021/es305156z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acidic sulfate particles are known to enhance secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass in the oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) through accretion reactions and organosulfate formation. Enhanced phase transfer of epoxides, which form during the BVOC oxidation, into the acidified sulfate particles is shown to explain the latter process. We report here a newly identified ozone-driven SOA production chain that increases SOA formation dramatically. In this process, the epoxides interact with acidic sulfate particles, forming a new generation of highly reactive VOCs through isomerization. These VOCs partition back into the gas phase and undergo a new round of SOA forming oxidation reactions. Depending on the nature of the isomerized VOCs, their next generation oxidation forms highly oxygenated terpenoic acids or organosulfates. Atmospheric evidence is presented for the existence of marker compounds originating from this chain. The identified process partly explains the enhanced SOA formation in the presence of acidic particles on a molecular basis and could be an important source of missing SOA precursor VOCs that are currently not included in atmospheric models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Iinuma
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
180
|
Ding X, Wang X, Xie Z, Zhang Z, Sun L. Impacts of Siberian biomass burning on organic aerosols over the North Pacific Ocean and the Arctic: primary and secondary organic tracers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3149-3157. [PMID: 23441622 DOI: 10.1021/es3037093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During the 2003 Chinese Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE2003) from the Bohai Sea to the high Arctic (37°N-80°N), filter-based particle samples were collected and analyzed for tracers of primary and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) as well as water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Biomass burning (BB) tracer levoglucosan had comparatively much higher summertime average levels (476 ± 367 pg/m(3)) during our cruise due to the influence of intense forest fires then in Siberia. On the basis of 5-day back trajectories, samples with air masses passing through Siberia had organic tracers 1.3-4.4 times of those with air masses transporting only over the oceans, suggesting substantial contribution of continental emissions to organic aerosols in the marine atmosphere. SOA tracers from anthropogenic aromatics were negligible or not detected, while those from biogenic terpenenoids were ubiquitously observed with the sum of SOA tracers from isoprene (623 ± 414 pg/m(3)) 1 order of magnitude higher than that from monoterpenes (63 ± 49 pg/m(3)). 2-Methylglyceric acid as a product of isoprene oxidation under high-NOx conditions was dominant among SOA tracers, implying that these BSOA tracers were not formed over the oceans but mainly transported from the adjacent Siberia where a high-NOx environment could be induced by intense forest fires. The carbon fractions shared by biogenic SOA tracers and levoglucosan in WSOC in our ocean samples were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those previously reported in continental samples, BB emissions or chamber simulation samples, largely due to the chemical evolution of organic tracers during transport. As a result of the much faster decline in levels of organic tracers than that of WSOC during transport, the trace-based approach, which could well reconstruct WSOC using biogenic SOA and BB tracers for continental samples, only explained ∼4% of measured WSOC during our expedition if the same tracer-WSOC or tracer-SOC relationships were applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
181
|
Beránek J, Kozliak E, Kubátová A. Evaluation of sequential solvent and thermal extraction followed by analytical pyrolysis for chemical characterization of carbonaceous particulate matter. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1279:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
182
|
Ma J, Liu Y, Han C, Ma Q, Liu C, He H. Review of heterogeneous photochemical reactions of NOy on aerosol - A possible daytime source of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:326-334. [PMID: 23596953 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As an important precursor of hydroxyl radical, nitrous acid (HONO) plays a key role in the chemistry of the lower atmosphere. Recent atmospheric measurements and model calculations show strong enhancement for HONO formation during daytime, while they are inconsistent with the known sources in the atmosphere, suggesting that current models are lacking important sources for HONO. In this article, heterogeneous photochemical reactions of nitric acid/nitrate anion and nitrogen oxide on various aerosols were reviewed and their potential contribution to HONO formation was also discussed. It is demonstrated that HONO can be formed by photochemical reaction on surfaces with deposited HNO3, by photocatalytic reaction of NO2 on TiO2 or TiO2-containing materials, and by photochemical reaction of NO2 on soot, humic acids or other photosensitized organic surfaces. Although significant uncertainties still exist in the exact mechanisms and the yield of HONO, these additional sources might explain daytime observations in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
183
|
Aregahegn KZ, Nozière B, George C. Organic aerosol formation photo-enhanced by the formation of secondary photosensitizers in aerosols. Faraday Discuss 2013; 165:123-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
184
|
Schindelka J, Iinuma Y, Hoffmann D, Herrmann H. Sulfate radical-initiated formation of isoprene-derived organosulfates in atmospheric aerosols. Faraday Discuss 2013; 165:237-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
185
|
Witkowski B, Gierczak T. Analysis of α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:79-88. [PMID: 23303750 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes was analyzed with direct infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS(n)) as well as liquid chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Standards of α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes were prepared by liquid-phase ozonolysis of cyclohexene in the presence of carboxylic acids. Stabilized Criegee intermediate (SCI), a by-product of the ozone attack on the cyclohexene double bond, reacted with the selected carboxylic acids (SCI scavengers) leading to the formation of α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes. Ionization conditions were optimized. [M + H](+) ions were not formed in ESI; consequently, α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes were identified as their ammonia adducts for the first time. On the other hand, atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization has led to decomposition of the compounds of interest. Analysis of the mass spectra (MS(2) and MS(3)) of the [M + NH(4)](+) ions allowed recognizing the fragmentation pathways, common for all of the compounds under study. In order to get detailed insights into the fragmentation mechanism, a number of isotopically labeled analogs were also studied. To confirm that the fragmentation mechanism allows predicting the mass spectrum of different α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes, ozonolysis of α-pinene, a very important secondary organic aerosol precursor, was carried out. Spectra of the two ammonium cationized α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes prepared with α-pinene, cis-pinonic acid as well as pinic acid were predicted very accurately. Possible applications of the method developed for the analysis of α-acyloxyhydroperoxy aldehydes in SOA samples, as well as other compounds containing hydroperoxide moiety are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Witkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, al. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Lasne J, Laffon C, Parent P. Proton transfer reactions between nitric acid and acetone, hydroxyacetone, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde in the solid phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15715-21. [PMID: 23090634 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions of acetone, hydroxyacetone, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde with solid nitric acid (HNO(3)) films have been studied with Reflection-Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy (RAIRS) under Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) conditions in the 90-170 K temperature range. In the bulk or at the surface of the films, nitric acid transfers its proton to the carbonyl function of the organic molecules, producing protonated acetone-H(+), hydroxyacetone-H(+), acetaldehyde-H(+) and benzaldehyde-H(+), and nitrate anions NO(3)(-), a reaction not observed when nitric acid is previously hydrated [J. Lasne, C. Laffon and Ph. Parent, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012, 14, 697]. This provides a molecular-scale description of the carbonyl protonation reaction in an acid medium, the first step of the acid-catalyzed condensation of carbonyl compounds, fuelling the growth of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lasne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC -Univ. Paris 06) and CNRS (UMR 7614), 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Wang B, Laskin A, Roedel T, Gilles MK, Moffet RC, Tivanski AV, Knopf DA. Heterogeneous ice nucleation and water uptake by field-collected atmospheric particles below 273 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
188
|
Guo S, Hu M, Guo Q, Zhang X, Zheng M, Zheng J, Chang CC, Schauer JJ, Zhang R. Primary sources and secondary formation of organic aerosols in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9846-9853. [PMID: 22486583 DOI: 10.1021/es2042564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ambient aerosol samples were collected at an urban site and an upwind rural site of Beijing during the CAREBEIJING-2008 (Campaigns of Air quality REsearch in BEIJING and surrounding region) summer field campaign. Contributions of primary particles and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) were estimated by chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling and tracer-yield method. The apportioned primary and secondary sources explain 73.8% ± 9.7% and 79.6% ± 10.1% of the measured OC at the urban and rural sites, respectively. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) contributes to 32.5 ± 15.9% of the organic carbon (OC) at the urban site, with 17.4 ± 7.6% from toluene, 9.7 ± 5.4% from isoprene, 5.1 ± 2.0% from α-pinene, and 2.3 ± 1.7% from β-caryophyllene. At the rural site, the secondary sources are responsible for 38.4 ± 14.4% of the OC, with the contributions of 17.3 ± 6.9%, 13.9 ± 9.1%, 5.6 ± 1.9%, and 1.7 ± 1.0% from toluene, isoprene, α-pinene, and β-caryophyllene, respectively. Compared with other regions in the world, SOA in Beijing is less aged, but the concentrations are much higher; between the sites, SOA is more aged and affected by regional transport at the urban site. The high SOA loading in Beijing is probably attributed to the high regional SOC background (~2 μg m(-3)). The toluene SOC concentration is high and comparable at the two sites, implying that some anthropogenic components, at least toluene SOA, are widespread in Beijing and represents a major factor in affecting the regional air quality. The aerosol gaseous precursor concentrations and temperature correlate well with SOA, both affecting SOA formation. The significant SOA enhancement with increasing water uptake and acidification indicates that the aqueous-phase reactions are largely responsible SOA formation in Beijing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Zhang H, Worton D, Lewandowski M, Ortega J, Rubitschun CL, Park JH, Kristensen K, Campuzano-Jost P, Day D, Jimenez JL, Jaoui M, Offenberg J, Kleindienst TE, Gilman J, Kuster W, de Gouw J, Park C, Schade G, Frossard AA, Russell L, Kaser L, Jud W, Hansel A, Cappellin L, Karl T, Glasius M, Guenther A, Goldstein AH, Seinfeld J, Gold A, Kamens RM, Surratt JD. Organosulfates as tracers for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) in the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9437-46. [PMID: 22849588 PMCID: PMC3557936 DOI: 10.1021/es301648z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) is an important biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emitted by pine trees and a potential precursor of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in forested regions. In the present study, hydroxyl radical (OH)-initiated oxidation of MBO was examined in smog chambers under varied initial nitric oxide (NO) and aerosol acidity levels. Results indicate measurable SOA from MBO under low-NO conditions. Moreover, increasing aerosol acidity was found to enhance MBO SOA. Chemical characterization of laboratory-generated MBO SOA reveals that an organosulfate species (C(5)H(12)O(6)S, MW 200) formed and was substantially enhanced with elevated aerosol acidity. Ambient fine aerosol (PM(2.5)) samples collected from the BEARPEX campaign during 2007 and 2009, as well as from the BEACHON-RoMBAS campaign during 2011, were also analyzed. The MBO-derived organosulfate characterized from laboratory-generated aerosol was observed in PM(2.5) collected from these campaigns, demonstrating that it is a molecular tracer for MBO-initiated SOA in the atmosphere. Furthermore, mass concentrations of the MBO-derived organosulfate are well correlated with MBO mixing ratio, temperature, and acidity in the field campaigns. Importantly, this compound accounted for an average of 0.25% and as high as 1% of the total organic aerosol mass during BEARPEX 2009. An epoxide intermediate generated under low-NO conditions is tentatively proposed to produce MBO SOA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Zhang
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David
R. Worton
- Department of Environmental
Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Aerosol Dynamics
Inc., Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, United States
| | - John Ortega
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Caitlin L. Rubitschun
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeong-Hoo Park
- Department of Environmental
Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas
A. Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- Alion Science and
Technology, P.O. Box 12313, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John
H. Offenberg
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Tadeusz E. Kleindienst
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jessica Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
80305, United States
| | - William
C. Kuster
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
80305, United States
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
80305, United States
| | - Changhyoun Park
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Gunnar
W. Schade
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Amanda A. Frossard
- Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Lynn Russell
- Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Lisa Kaser
- Institute
of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Jud
- Institute
of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute
of Ion Physics and
Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luca Cappellin
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Thomas Karl
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alex Guenther
- National Center
for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division,
Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental
Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of California,
Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John
H. Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
91125, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Richard M. Kamens
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Gao X, Xue L, Wang X, Wang T, Yuan C, Gao R, Zhou Y, Nie W, Zhang Q, Wang W. Aerosol ionic components at Mt. Heng in central southern China: abundances, size distribution, and impacts of long-range transport. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:498-506. [PMID: 22824078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble ions in PM(2.5) were continuously measured, along with the measurements of many other species and collection of size-resolved aerosol samples, at the summit of Mt. Heng in the spring of 2009, to understand the sources of aerosols in rural central southern China. The mean concentrations of SO(4)(2-), NH(4)(+) and NO(3)(-) in PM(2.5) were 8.02, 2.94 and 1.47 μg/m(3), indicating a moderate aerosol pollution level at Mt. Heng. Water-soluble ions composed approximately 40% of the PM(2.5) mass on average. PM(2.5) was weakly acidic with about 66% of the samples being acidic. SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) exhibited similar diurnal patterns with a broad afternoon maximum. SO(4)(2-) and NH(4)(+) were mainly present in the fine aerosols with a peak in the droplet mode of 0.56-1 μm, suggesting the important role of cloud processing in the formation of aerosol sulfate. NO(3)(-) was largely distributed in the coarse particles with a predominant peak in the size-bin of 3.2-5.6 μm. Long-distance transport of processed air masses, dust aerosols, and cloud/fog processes were the major factors determining the variations of fine aerosol at Mt. Heng. The results at Mt. Heng were compared with those obtained from our previous study at Mt. Tai in north China. The comparison revealed large differences in the aerosol characteristics and processes between southern and northern China. Backward trajectories indicated extensive transport of anthropogenic pollution from the coastal regions of eastern/northern China and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) to Mt. Heng in spring, highlighting the need for regionally coordinated control measures for the secondary pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Determination of Airborne Dicarbonyls by Annular Denuder/ Filter Pack System Coated with 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
192
|
Hall WA, Johnston MV. Oligomer formation pathways in secondary organic aerosol from MS and MS/MS measurements with high mass accuracy and resolving power. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1097-1108. [PMID: 22476934 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is formed when organic molecules react with oxidants in the gas phase to form particulate matter. Recent measurements have shown that more than half of the mass of laboratory-generated SOA consists of high molecular weight oligomeric compounds. In this work, the formation mechanisms of oligomers produced in the laboratory by ozonolysis of α-pinene, an important SOA precursor in ambient air, are studied by MS and MS/MS measurements with high accuracy and resolving power to characterize monomer building blocks and the reactions that couple them together. The distribution of oligomers in an SOA sample is complex, typically yielding over 1000 elemental formulas that can be assigned from an electrospray ionization mass spectrum. Despite this complexity, MS/MS spectra can be found that give strong evidence for specific oligomer formation pathways that have been postulated but not confirmed. These include aldol and gem-diol reactions of carbonyls as well as peroxyhemiacetal formation from hydroperoxides. The strongest evidence for carbonyl reactions is in the formation of hydrated products. Less compelling evidence is found for dehydrated products and secondary ozonide formation. The number of times that a monomer building block is observed as a fragmentation product in the MS/MS spectra is shown to be independent of the monomer vapor pressure, suggesting that oligomer formation is not driven by equilibrium partitioning of a monomer between the gas and particle phases, but rather by reactive uptake where a monomer collides with the particle surface and rapidly forms an oligomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiley A Hall
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
193
|
Synthesis and characterization of bis(2,2-dinitropropyl ethylene) formal plasticizer for energetic binders. J IND ENG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
194
|
Lee JWL, Carrascón V, Gallimore PJ, Fuller SJ, Björkegren A, Spring DR, Pope FD, Kalberer M. The effect of humidity on the ozonolysis of unsaturated compounds in aerosol particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8023-31. [PMID: 22532101 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp24094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles are important in many atmospheric processes such as: light scattering, light absorption, and cloud formation. Oxidation reactions continuously change the chemical composition of aerosol particles, especially the organic mass component, which is often the dominant fraction. These ageing processes are poorly understood but are known to significantly affect the cloud formation potential of aerosol particles. In this study we investigate the effect of humidity and ozone on the chemical composition of two model organic aerosol systems: oleic acid and arachidonic acid. These two acids are also compared to maleic acid an aerosol system we have previously studied using the same techniques. The role of relative humidity in the oxidation scheme of the three carboxylic acids is very compound specific. Relative humidity was observed to have a major influence on the oxidation scheme of maleic acid and arachidonic acid, whereas no dependence was observed for the oxidation of oleic acid. In both, maleic acid and arachidonic acid, an evaporation of volatile oxidation products could only be observed when the particle was exposed to high relative humidities. The particle phase has a strong effect on the particle processing and the effect of water on the oxidation processes. Oleic acid is liquid under all conditions at room temperature (dry or elevated humidity, pure or oxidized particle). Thus ozone can easily diffuse into the bulk of the particle irrespective of the oxidation conditions. In addition, water does not influence the oxidation reactions of oleic acid particles, which is partly explained by the structure of oxidation intermediates. The low water solubility of oleic acid and its ozonolysis products limits the effect of water. This is very different for maleic and arachidonic acid, which change their phase from liquid to solid upon oxidation or upon changes in humidity. In a solid particle the reactions of ozone and water with the organic particle are restricted to the particle surface and hence different regimes of reactivity are dictated by particle phase. The potential relevance of these three model systems to mimic ambient atmospheric processes is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W L Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Ding X, Wang XM, Gao B, Fu XX, He QF, Zhao XY, Yu JZ, Zheng M. Tracer-based estimation of secondary organic carbon in the Pearl River Delta, south China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
196
|
Deng JG, Chen JH, Geng CM, Liu HJ, Wang W, Bai ZP, Xu YS. The overall reaction process of ozone with methacrolein and isoprene in the condensed phase. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:1710-6. [PMID: 22243138 DOI: 10.1021/jp2100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of isoprene and methacrolein with ozone was investigated at different stages in the condensed phase at temperatures from 15 to 265 K by IR spectroscopy. The results revealed the following overall reaction process: the generation of primary ozonide (POZ), then its decomposition, and finally conversion into secondary ozonide (SOZ), which supported the Criegee mechanism. In the POZ and SOZ of isoprene, ozone cyclo-added preferentially to the double-bond that is not substituted by the methyl group. For methacrolein, the mainly detected SOZ is claimed to be MACSII formed by recombination of the intermediate CH(2)OO radical with aldehyde carbonyl of methylglyoxal in stead of the ketone carbonyl group. Theoretical calculations were performed at the B3LYP//MP2/6-311++G (2d, 2p) level to analyze the resulting spectrum. The good agreement between the calculated infrared spectra of POZ and SOZ and the experimental spectra supports the above-described findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-guo Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Park SS, Kim JH, Jeong JU. Abundance and sources of hydrophilic and hydrophobic water-soluble organic carbon at an urban site in Korea in summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:224-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
198
|
Zhong M, Jang M, Oliferenko A, Pillai GG, Katritzky AR. The SOA formation model combined with semiempirical quantum chemistry for predicting UV-Vis absorption of secondary organic aerosols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9058-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23906j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
199
|
Liu Z, Wu LY, Wang TH, Ge MF, Wang WG. Uptake of Methacrolein into Aqueous Solutions of Sulfuric Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide. J Phys Chem A 2011; 116:437-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-He Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao-Fa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Gang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
In situ measurement of PM1 organic aerosol in Beijing winter using a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|