151
|
Fernandez-Ruiz D, de Menezes MN, Holz LE, Ghilas S, Heath WR, Beattie L. Harnessing liver-resident memory T cells for protection against malaria. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:127-141. [PMID: 33501877 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1881485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are powerful mediators of protracted adaptive immunity to infection in peripheral organs. Harnessing TRM cells through vaccination hence promises unprecedented potential for protection against infection. A paramount example of this is malaria, a major infectious disease for which immunity through traditional vaccination strategies remains challenging. Liver TRM cells appear to be highly protective against malaria, and recent developments in our knowledge of the biology of these cells have defined promising, novel strategies for their induction. AREAS COVERED Here, we describe the path that led to the discovery of TRM cells and discuss the importance of liver TRM cells in immunity against Plasmodium spp. infection; we summarize current knowledge on TRM cell biology and discuss the current state and potential of TRM-based vaccination against malaria. EXPERT OPINION TRM based vaccination has emerged as a promising means to achieve efficient protection against malaria. Recent advances provide a solid basis for continuing the development of this area of research. Deeper understanding of the mechanisms that mediate TRM formation and maintenance and identification of immunogenic and protective target epitopes suitable for human vaccination remain the main challenges for translation of these discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - Maria N de Menezes
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - Sonia Ghilas
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Chatterjee D, Cockburn IA. The challenges of a circumsporozoite protein-based malaria vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:113-125. [PMID: 33554669 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1874924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A safe and effective vaccine will likely be necessary for the control or eradication of malaria which kills 400,000 annually. Our most advanced vaccine candidate to date is RTS,S which is based on the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) of the malaria parasite. However, protection by RTS,S is incomplete and short-lived. AREAS COVERED Here we summarize results from recent clinical trials of RTS,S and critically evaluate recent studies that aim to understand the correlates of protective immunity and why vaccine-induced protection is short-lived. In particular, recent systems serology studies have highlighted a key role for the necessity of inducing functional antibodies. In-depth analyses of immune responses to CSP in both mouse models and vaccinated humans have also highlighted difficulties in generating the maintaining high-quality antibody responses. Finally, in recent years biophysical and structural studies of antibody binding to PfCSP have led to a better understanding of how highly potent antibodies can block infection, which can inform vaccine design. EXPERT OPINION We highlight how both structure-guided vaccine design and a better understanding of the immune response to PfCSP can inform a second generation of PfCSP-based vaccines stimulating a broader range of protective targets within PfCSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepyan Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ian Andrew Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Brunetti G, Padovani F, De Pastina A, Rotella C, Monahan A, Hoffman SL, Jongo SA, Abdulla S, Corradin G, Pluschke G, Daubenberger C, Hegner M. Nanotechnological immunoassay for rapid label-free analysis of candidate malaria vaccines. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2338-2349. [PMID: 33438712 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08083g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening epidemic disease with half of the world's population at risk. Although its incidence rate has fallen since 2010, this ratio dramatically stalled between 2014 and 2018. New fast and optimized tools in vaccine analysis and seroconversion testing are critically needed. We developed a clinical diagnostic device based on piezo-actuated nanoresonators that perform as quantitative in situ calibrated nano-bio sensors for specific detection of multiple target molecules in serum samples. The immunoassay successfully diagnoses humoral immune responses induced by malaria vaccine candidates and reveals the timeline and stage of the infection. We applied the newly developed strategy to a variety of different samples, from pure antibody/vaccine solutions, to blood samples from clinical trials on both naïve and pre-exposed malaria volunteers from sub-Saharan countries. Our nanomechanical assay provides a direct one-step label-free quantitative immunoassay that is on par with the gold-standard, multi-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We achieve a limit of detection of few pg ml-1, or sub-pM concentrations. The 6 μl sample volume allows more than 50 experiments from one finger prick. Furthermore, we simultaneously detected multiple analytes by differential functionalization of multiple sensors in parallel. The inherent differential read-out with in situ controls reduces false positive results. Due to the faster turnaround time, the minimal volume required and the automatized handling system, this technique has great potential for miniaturization and routine diagnostics in pandemic emergencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Brunetti
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Francesco Padovani
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. and Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Annalisa De Pastina
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Chiara Rotella
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Amy Monahan
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - Said A Jongo
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | - Gerd Pluschke
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology Department, Molecular Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- University of Basel, Switzerland and Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology Department, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Hegner
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Jongo SA, Urbano V, Church LWP, Olotu A, Manock SR, Schindler T, Mtoro A, Kc N, Hamad A, Nyakarungu E, Mpina M, Deal A, Bijeri JR, Ondo Mangue ME, Ntutumu Pasialo BE, Nguema GN, Owono SN, Rivas MR, Chemba M, Kassim KR, James ER, Stabler TC, Abebe Y, Saverino E, Sax J, Hosch S, Tumbo AM, Gondwe L, Segura JL, Falla CC, Phiri WP, Hergott DEB, García GA, Schwabe C, Maas CD, Murshedkar T, Billingsley PF, Tanner M, Ayekaba MO, Sim BKL, Daubenberger C, Richie TL, Abdulla S, Hoffman SL. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Radiation-Attenuated and Chemo-Attenuated PfSPZ Vaccines in Equatoguinean Adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:283-293. [PMID: 33205741 PMCID: PMC7790068 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite (PfSPZ) Vaccine (radiation-attenuated, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved PfSPZ) and PfSPZ-CVac (infectious, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved PfSPZ administered to subjects taking weekly chloroquine chemoprophylaxis) have shown vaccine efficacies (VEs) of 100% against homologous controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) in nonimmune adults. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite-CVac has never been assessed against CHMI in African vaccinees. We assessed the safety, immunogenicity, and VE against homologous CHMI of three doses of 2.7 × 106 PfSPZ of PfSPZ Vaccine at 8-week intervals and three doses of 1.0 × 105 PfSPZ of PfSPZ-CVac at 4-week intervals with each arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and conducted in parallel. There were no differences in solicited adverse events between vaccinees and normal saline controls, or between PfSPZ Vaccine and PfSPZ-CVac recipients during the 6 days after administration of investigational product. However, from days 7–13, PfSPZ-CVac recipients had significantly more AEs, probably because of Pf parasitemia. Antibody responses were 2.9 times higher in PfSPZ Vaccine recipients than PfSPZ-CVac recipients at time of CHMI. Vaccine efficacy at a median of 14 weeks after last PfSPZ-CVac dose was 55% (8 of 13, P = 0.051) and at a median of 15 weeks after last PfSPZ Vaccine dose was 27% (5 of 15, P = 0.32). The higher VE in PfSPZ-CVac recipients of 55% with a 27-fold lower dose was likely a result of later stage parasite maturation in the liver, leading to induction of cellular immunity against a greater quantity and broader array of antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said A Jongo
- 1Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Vicente Urbano
- 2Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Equatorial Guinea, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Ally Olotu
- 1Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Ali Mtoro
- 1Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Natasha Kc
- 3Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland.,5Protein Potential LLC, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ali Hamad
- 1Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Elizabeth Nyakarungu
- 1Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | - Anna Deal
- 4Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - José Raso Bijeri
- 2Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Equatorial Guinea, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Martin Eka Ondo Mangue
- 2Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Equatorial Guinea, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Genaro Nsue Nguema
- 2Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Equatorial Guinea, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Salomon Nguema Owono
- 2Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Equatorial Guinea, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Matilde Riloha Rivas
- 2Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Equatorial Guinea, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Mwajuma Chemba
- 1Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Kamaka R Kassim
- 1Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | | | - Julian Sax
- 4Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salome Hosch
- 4Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Linda Gondwe
- 4Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Luis Segura
- 6Medical Care Development International, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carl D Maas
- 7Marathon EG Production, Ltd., Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | | | - Marcel Tanner
- 4Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mitoha Ondo'o Ayekaba
- 2Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Equatorial Guinea, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - B Kim Lee Sim
- 3Sanaria Inc., Rockville, Maryland.,5Protein Potential LLC, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | | | - Salim Abdulla
- 1Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Tumbo AM, Schindler T, Dangy JP, Orlova-Fink N, Bieri JR, Mpina M, Milando FA, Juma O, Hamad A, Nyakarungu E, Chemba M, Mtoro A, Ramadhan K, Olotu A, Makweba D, Mgaya S, Stuart K, Perreau M, Stapleton JT, Jongo S, Hoffman SL, Tanner M, Abdulla S, Daubenberger C. Role of human Pegivirus infections in whole Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccination and controlled human malaria infection in African volunteers. Virol J 2021; 18:28. [PMID: 33499880 PMCID: PMC7837505 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse vaccination outcomes and protection levels among different populations pose a serious challenge to the development of an effective malaria vaccine. Co-infections are among many factors associated with immune dysfunction and sub-optimal vaccination outcomes. Chronic, asymptomatic viral infections can contribute to the modulation of vaccine efficacy through various mechanisms. Human Pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) persists in immune cells thereby potentially modulating immune responses. We investigated whether Pegivirus infection influences vaccine-induced responses and protection in African volunteers undergoing whole P. falciparum sporozoites-based malaria vaccination and controlled human malaria infections (CHMI). METHODS HPgV-1 prevalence was quantified by RT-qPCR in plasma samples of 96 individuals before, post vaccination with PfSPZ Vaccine and after CHMI in cohorts from Tanzania and Equatorial Guinea. The impact of HPgV-1 infection was evaluated on (1) systemic cytokine and chemokine levels measured by Luminex, (2) PfCSP-specific antibody titers quantified by ELISA, (3) asexual blood-stage parasitemia pre-patent periods and parasite multiplication rates, (4) HPgV-1 RNA levels upon asexual blood-stage parasitemia induced by CHMI. RESULTS The prevalence of HPgV-1 was 29.2% (28/96) and sequence analysis of the 5' UTR and E2 regions revealed the predominance of genotypes 1, 2 and 5. HPgV-1 infection was associated with elevated systemic levels of IL-2 and IL-17A. Comparable vaccine-induced anti-PfCSP antibody titers, asexual blood-stage multiplication rates and pre-patent periods were observed in HPgV-1 positive and negative individuals. However, a tendency for higher protection levels was detected in the HPgV-1 positive group (62.5%) compared to the negative one (51.6%) following CHMI. HPgV-1 viremia levels were not significantly altered after CHMI. CONCLUSIONS HPgV-1 infection did not alter PfSPZ Vaccine elicited levels of PfCSP-specific antibody responses and parasite multiplication rates. Ongoing HPgV-1 infection appears to improve to some degree protection against CHMI in PfSPZ-vaccinated individuals. This is likely through modulation of immune system activation and systemic cytokines as higher levels of IL-2 and IL17A were observed in HPgV-1 infected individuals. CHMI is safe and well tolerated in HPgV-1 infected individuals. Identification of cell types and mechanisms of both silent and productive infection in individuals will help to unravel the biology of this widely present but largely under-researched virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schindler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Dangy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Orlova-Fink
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jose Raso Bieri
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Maximillian Mpina
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Florence A Milando
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Omar Juma
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ali Hamad
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Elizabeth Nyakarungu
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Mwajuma Chemba
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Ali Mtoro
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Kamaka Ramadhan
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Ally Olotu
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Damas Makweba
- Dar-Es-Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
- Tanzania Education and Research Networks, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
- Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stephen Mgaya
- Tanzania Education and Research Networks, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
- Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kenneth Stuart
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Jack T Stapleton
- Iowa City Veterans Administration and the University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Said Jongo
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Department of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Lymphoid follicle antigen (Ag) delivery and enhanced rodent humoral immune responses mediated by Ag-containing PEGylated liposomes. Vaccine 2021; 39:1131-1139. [PMID: 33478792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antigen (Ag) delivery to lymphoid follicles is important in achieving adaptive immunity. We recently developed a novel two-step Ag delivery system that efficiently induces cellular immune responses to Ags in mice by using priming intravenous (i.v.) injections of empty PEGylated liposomes (PEG-Lip) followed 3 days later by Ag-entrapped PEG-Lip (Ag-PEG-lip). In this study, we looked for humoral immune responses in rats and mice with IgG production specific to the encapsulated Ags. We observed that initial i.v. injections of empty PEG-Lip triggered accumulation of subsequent doses ovalbumin-PEG-Lip (OVA-PEG-lip) in splenic follicles and enhanced IgG production against OVA in both rats and mice. Anti-OVA IgG production was diminished by inhibition of splenic follicular accumulation of OVA-PEG-Lip by fingolimod (FTY720), which inhibits lymphocyte egress from lymphoid tissues. Thisindicates that the follicular accumulation of Ags that we observed is an indispensable and unique step in the production of anti-OVA IgG. Interestingly, in BALB/c nude mice, which are T cell deficient, a high follicular accumulation of OVA-PEG-Lip was observed, but anti-OVA IgG production was not observed. This suggests that T cells are also indispensable for the induction of cellular immune responses by our two-step immunization procedure. Our unique Ag delivery platform, which efficiently delivers Ags to splenic follicles, may be a useful technique for the enhancement of cellular immunity, as well as humoral immunity. Further experimental evaluation should be undertaken in relevant animal models in order for efficacy, safety and immunological correlates to be determined.
Collapse
|
157
|
Cai C, Hu Z, Yu X. Accelerator or Brake: Immune Regulators in Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:610121. [PMID: 33363057 PMCID: PMC7758250 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.610121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease, affecting over 250 million individuals worldwide each year, eradicating malaria has been one of the greatest challenges to public health for a century. Growing resistance to anti-parasitic therapies and lack of effective vaccines are major contributing factors in controlling this disease. However, the incomplete understanding of parasite interactions with host anti-malaria immunity hinders vaccine development efforts to date. Recent studies have been unveiling the complexity of immune responses and regulators against Plasmodium infection. Here, we summarize our current understanding of host immune responses against Plasmodium-derived components infection and mainly focus on the various regulatory mechanisms mediated by recent identified immune regulators orchestrating anti-malaria immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Cai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medical, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Manock SR, Mtoro A, Urbano Nsue Ndong V, Olotu A, Chemba M, Sama Roca AE, Eburi E, García GA, Cortes Falla C, Niemczura de Carvalho J, Contreras J, Saturno B, Riocalo JDD, Nze Mba JL, Koka R, Lee ST, Menon H, Church LWP, Ayekaba MO, Billingsley PF, Abdulla S, Richie TL, Hoffman SL. Providing Ancillary Care in Clinical Research: A Case of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma during a Malaria Vaccine Trial in Equatorial Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104:695-699. [PMID: 33236704 PMCID: PMC7866340 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing medical care for participants in clinical trials in resource-limited settings can be challenging and costly. Evaluation and treatment of a young man who developed cervical lymphadenopathy during a malaria vaccine trial in Equatorial Guinea required concerted efforts of a multinational, multidisciplinary team. Once a diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was made, the patient was taken to India to receive immunochemotherapy. This case demonstrates how high-quality medical care was provided for a serious illness that occurred during a trial that was conducted in a setting in which positron emission tomography for diagnostic staging, an oncologist for supervision of treatment, and an optimal therapeutic intervention were not available. Clinical researchers should anticipate the occurrence of medical conditions among study subjects, clearly delineate the extent to which health care will be provided, and set aside funds commensurate with those commitments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Manock
- Sanaria, Inc., Rockville, Maryland
- Department of Family Medicine, John Peter Smith Hospital, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Ali Mtoro
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | - Ally Olotu
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Esther Eburi
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José Luis Nze Mba
- Policlínico Dr. Loeri Comba, Instituto de Seguridad Social, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Rima Koka
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hari Menon
- Cytecare Cancer Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
159
|
Singleton EV, David SC, Davies JB, Hirst TR, Paton JC, Beard MR, Hemmatzadeh F, Alsharifi M. Sterility of gamma-irradiated pathogens: a new mathematical formula to calculate sterilizing doses. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:886-894. [PMID: 32930781 PMCID: PMC7674690 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been increasing advocacy for highly immunogenic gamma-irradiated vaccines, several of which are currently in clinical or pre-clinical trials. Importantly, various methods of mathematical modelling and sterility testing are employed to ensure sterility. However, these methods are designed for materials with a low bioburden, such as food and pharmaceuticals. Consequently, current methods may not be reliable or applicable to estimate the irradiation dose required to sterilize microbiological preparations for vaccine purposes, where bioburden is deliberately high. In this study we investigated the applicability of current methods to calculate the sterilizing doses for different microbes. We generated inactivation curves that demonstrate single-hit and multiple-hit kinetics under different irradiation temperatures for high-titre preparations of pathogens with different genomic structures. Our data demonstrate that inactivation of viruses such as Influenza A virus, Zika virus, Semliki Forest virus and Newcastle Disease virus show single-hit kinetics following exposure to gamma-irradiation. In contrast, rotavirus inactivation shows multiple-hit kinetics and the sterilizing dose could not be calculated using current mathematical methods. Similarly, Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrates multiple-hit kinetics. These variations in killing curves reveal an important gap in current mathematical formulae to determine sterility assurance levels. Here we propose a simple method to calculate the irradiation dose required for a single log10 reduction in bioburden (D10) value and sterilizing doses, incorporating both single- and multiple-hit kinetics, and taking into account the possible existence of a resistance shoulder for some pathogens following exposure to gamma-irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eve V Singleton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Shannon C David
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Justin B Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Timothy R Hirst
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Gamma Vaccines Pty Ltd, Mountbatten Park, Yarralumla, ACT, 2600, Australia
- GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Mountbatten Park, Yarralumla, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Mountbatten Park, Yarralumla, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Michael R Beard
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Corresponding author. Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Billingsley PF, Maas CD, Olotu A, Schwabe C, García GA, Rivas MR, Hergott DEB, Daubenberger C, Saverino E, Chaouch A, Embon O, Chemba M, Nyakarungu E, Hamad A, Cortes C, Schindler T, Mpina M, Mtoro A, Sim BKL, Richie TL, McGhee K, Tanner M, Obiang Lima GM, Abdulla S, Hoffman SL, Ayekaba MO. The Equatoguinean Malaria Vaccine Initiative: From the Launching of a Clinical Research Platform to Malaria Elimination Planning in Central West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:947-954. [PMID: 32458790 PMCID: PMC7470544 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years of investment in malaria control on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea (EG), dramatically reduced malaria-associated morbidity and mortality, but the impact has plateaued. To progress toward elimination, EG is investing in the development of a malaria vaccine. We assessed the unique public–private partnership that has had such a significant impact on malaria on Bioko Island and now added a major effort on malaria vaccine development. As part of a $79M commitment, the EG government (75%) and three American energy companies (25%) have invested since 2012 greater than $55M in the Equatoguinean Malaria Vaccine Initiative (EGMVI) to support clinical development of Sanaria® PfSPZ vaccines (Sanaria Inc., Rockville, MD). In turn, the vaccine development program is building human capital and physical capacity. The EGMVI established regulatory and ethical oversight to ensure compliance with the International Conference on Harmonization and Good Clinical Practices for the first importation of investigational product, ethical approval, and conduct of a clinical trial in Equatoguinean history. The EGMVI has completed three vaccine trials in EG, two vaccine trials in Tanzania, and a malaria incidence study, and initiated preparations for a 2,100-volunteer clinical trial. Personnel are training for advanced degrees abroad and have been trained in Good Clinical Practices and protocol-specific methods. A new facility has established the foundation for a national research institute. Biomedical research and development within this visionary, ambitious public–private partnership is fostering major improvements in EG. The EGMVI plans to use a PfSPZ Vaccine alongside standard malaria control interventions to eliminate Pf malaria from Bioko, becoming a potential model for elimination campaigns elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl D Maas
- Marathon Oil, Malabo Dos, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Ally Olotu
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Matilde Riloha Rivas
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Equatorial Guinea, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Claudia Daubenberger
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Adel Chaouch
- Marathon Oil, Malabo Dos, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Oscar Embon
- La Paz Hospital Medical Center, Sipopo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | | | - Ali Hamad
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Carlos Cortes
- Medical Care Development International, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Tobias Schindler
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maximillian Mpina
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ali Mtoro
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Ken McGhee
- Noble Energy, Malabo Dos, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Marcel Tanner
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Mitoha Ondo'o Ayekaba
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Equatorial Guinea, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.,Marathon Oil, Malabo Dos, Bioko Norte, Equatorial Guinea
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Diversify and Conquer: The Vaccine Escapism of Plasmodium falciparum. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111748. [PMID: 33171746 PMCID: PMC7694999 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last century, a great deal of effort and resources have been poured into the development of vaccines to protect against malaria, particularly targeting the most widely spread and deadly species of the human-infecting parasites: Plasmodium falciparum. Many of the known proteins the parasite uses to invade human cells have been tested as vaccine candidates. However, precisely because of the importance and immune visibility of these proteins, they tend to be very diverse, and in many cases redundant, which limits their efficacy in vaccine development. With the advent of genomics and constantly improving sequencing technologies, an increasingly clear picture is emerging of the vast genomic diversity of parasites from different geographic areas. This diversity is distributed throughout the genome and includes most of the vaccine candidates tested so far, playing an important role in the low efficacy achieved. Genomics is a powerful tool to search for genes that comply with the most desirable attributes of vaccine targets, allowing us to evaluate function, immunogenicity and also diversity in the worldwide parasite populations. Even predicting how this diversity might evolve and spread in the future becomes possible, and can inform novel vaccine efforts.
Collapse
|
162
|
Ayadi I, Balam S, Audran R, Bikorimana JP, Nebie I, Diakité M, Felger I, Tanner M, Spertini F, Corradin G, Arevalo M, Herrera S, Agnolon V. P. falciparum and P. vivax Orthologous Coiled-Coil Candidates for a Potential Cross-Protective Vaccine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574330. [PMID: 33193361 PMCID: PMC7609509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last four decades, significant efforts have been invested to develop vaccines against malaria. Although most efforts are focused on the development of P. falciparum vaccines, the current availability of the parasite genomes, bioinformatics tools, and high throughput systems for both recombinant and synthetic antigen production have helped to accelerate vaccine development against the P. vivax parasite. We have previously in silico identified several P. falciparum and P. vivax proteins containing α-helical coiled-coil motifs that represent novel putative antigens for vaccine development since they are highly immunogenic and have been associated with protection in many in vitro functional assays. Here, we selected five pairs of P. falciparum and P. vivax orthologous peptides to assess their sero-reactivity using plasma samples collected in P. falciparum- endemic African countries. Pf-Pv cross-reactivity was also investigated. The pairs Pf27/Pv27, Pf43/Pv43, and Pf45/Pv45 resulted to be the most promising candidates for a cross-protective vaccine because they showed a high degree of recognition in direct and competition ELISA assays and cross-reactivity with their respective ortholog. The recognition of P. vivax peptides by plasma of P. falciparum infected individuals indicates the existence of a high degree of cross-reactivity between these two Plasmodium species. The design of longer polypeptides combining these epitopes will allow the assessment of their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ayadi
- Biochemistry Department, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Saidou Balam
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali.,Department of Internal Medicine II-Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Régine Audran
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Bikorimana
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Issa Nebie
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Mahamadou Diakité
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - François Spertini
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Myriam Arevalo
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia.,Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Valentina Agnolon
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Mo AXY, Pesce J, Augustine AD, Bodmer JL, Breen J, Leitner W, Hall BF. Understanding vaccine-elicited protective immunity against pre-erythrocytic stage malaria in endemic regions. Vaccine 2020; 38:7569-7577. [PMID: 33071001 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent malaria vaccine trials in endemic areas have yielded disparate results compared to studies conducted in non-endemic areas. A workshop was organized to discuss the differential pre-erythrocytic stage malaria vaccine (Pre-E-Vac) efficacies and underlying protective immunity under various conditions. It was concluded that many factors, including vaccine technology platforms, host genetics or physiologic conditions, and parasite and mosquito vector variations, may all contribute to Pre-E-Vac efficacy. Cross-disciplinary approaches are needed to decipher the multi-dimensional variables that contribute to the observed vaccine hypo-responsiveness. The malaria vaccine community has an opportunity to leverage recent advances in immunology, systems vaccinology, and high dimensionality data science methodologies to generate new clinical datasets with unprecedented levels of functional resolution as well as capitalize on existing datasets for comprehensive and aggregate analyses. These approaches would help to unlock our understanding of Pre-E-Vac immunology and to translate new candidates from the laboratory to the field more predictably.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie X Y Mo
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA.
| | - John Pesce
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA
| | - Alison Deckhut Augustine
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA
| | | | - Joseph Breen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA
| | - Wolfgang Leitner
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA
| | - B Fenton Hall
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20892, MSC 9825, USA
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Abstract
γδ T cells are a unique T cell subpopulation that are rare in secondary lymphoid organs but enriched in many peripheral tissues, such as the skin, intestines and lungs. By rapidly producing large amounts of cytokines, γδ T cells make key contributions to immune responses in these tissues. In addition to their immune surveillance activities, recent reports have unravelled exciting new roles for γδ T cells in steady-state tissue physiology, with functions ranging from the regulation of thermogenesis in adipose tissue to the control of neuronal synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Here, we review the roles of γδ T cells in tissue homeostasis and in surveillance of infection, aiming to illustrate their major impact on tissue integrity, tissue repair and immune protection.
Collapse
|
165
|
Wang LT, Pereira LS, Flores-Garcia Y, O'Connor J, Flynn BJ, Schön A, Hurlburt NK, Dillon M, Yang ASP, Fabra-García A, Idris AH, Mayer BT, Gerber MW, Gottardo R, Mason RD, Cavett N, Ballard RB, Kisalu NK, Molina-Cruz A, Nelson J, Vistein R, Barillas-Mury C, Amino R, Baker D, King NP, Sauerwein RW, Pancera M, Cockburn IA, Zavala F, Francica JR, Seder RA. A Potent Anti-Malarial Human Monoclonal Antibody Targets Circumsporozoite Protein Minor Repeats and Neutralizes Sporozoites in the Liver. Immunity 2020; 53:733-744.e8. [PMID: 32946741 PMCID: PMC7572793 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Discovering potent human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) on sporozoites (SPZ) and elucidating their mechanisms of neutralization will facilitate translation for passive prophylaxis and aid next-generation vaccine development. Here, we isolated a neutralizing human mAb, L9 that preferentially bound NVDP minor repeats of PfCSP with high affinity while cross-reacting with NANP major repeats. L9 was more potent than six published neutralizing human PfCSP mAbs at mediating protection against mosquito bite challenge in mice. Isothermal titration calorimetry and multiphoton microscopy showed that L9 and the other most protective mAbs bound PfCSP with two binding events and mediated protection by killing SPZ in the liver and by preventing their egress from sinusoids and traversal of hepatocytes. This study defines the subdominant PfCSP minor repeats as neutralizing epitopes, identifies an in vitro biophysical correlate of SPZ neutralization, and demonstrates that the liver is an important site for antibodies to prevent malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lais S Pereira
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James O'Connor
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; The Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas K Hurlburt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marlon Dillon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Annie S P Yang
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda Fabra-García
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bryan T Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Monica W Gerber
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rosemarie D Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Cavett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reid B Ballard
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neville K Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alvaro Molina-Cruz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jorgen Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Vistein
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unit of Malaria Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Abuga KM, Jones-Warner W, Hafalla JCR. Immune responses to malaria pre-erythrocytic stages: Implications for vaccine development. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12795. [PMID: 32981095 PMCID: PMC7612353 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-attenuated sporozoites induce sterilizing immunity and remain the 'gold standard' for malaria vaccine development. Despite practical challenges in translating these whole sporozoite vaccines to large-scale intervention programmes, they have provided an excellent platform to dissect the immune responses to malaria pre-erythrocytic (PE) stages, comprising both sporozoites and exoerythrocytic forms. Investigations in rodent models have provided insights that led to the clinical translation of various vaccine candidates-including RTS,S/AS01, the most advanced candidate currently in a trial implementation programme in three African countries. With advances in immunology, transcriptomics and proteomics, and application of lessons from past failures, an effective, long-lasting and wide-scale malaria PE vaccine remains feasible. This review underscores the progress in PE vaccine development, focusing on our understanding of host-parasite immunological crosstalk in the tissue environments of the skin and the liver. We highlight possible gaps in the current knowledge of PE immunity that can impact future malaria vaccine development efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Mokaya Abuga
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - William Jones-Warner
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Julius Clemence R Hafalla
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Farrington LA, Callaway PC, Vance HM, Baskevitch K, Lutz E, Warrier L, McIntyre TI, Budker R, Jagannathan P, Nankya F, Musinguzi K, Nalubega M, Sikyomu E, Naluwu K, Arinaitwe E, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Opsonized antigen activates Vδ2+ T cells via CD16/FCγRIIIa in individuals with chronic malaria exposure. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008997. [PMID: 33085728 PMCID: PMC7605717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells rapidly respond to phosphoantigens produced by Plasmodium falciparum in an innate-like manner, without prior antigen exposure or processing. Vδ2 T cells have been shown to inhibit parasite replication in vitro and are associated with protection from P. falciparum parasitemia in vivo. Although a marked expansion of Vδ2 T cells is seen after acute malaria infection in naïve individuals, repeated malaria causes Vδ2 T cells to decline both in frequency and in malaria-responsiveness, and to exhibit numerous transcriptional and phenotypic changes, including upregulation of the Fc receptor CD16. Here we investigate the functional role of CD16 on Vδ2 T cells in the immune response to malaria. We show that CD16+ Vδ2 T cells possess more cytolytic potential than their CD16- counterparts, and bear many of the hallmarks of mature NK cells, including KIR expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Vδ2 T cells from heavily malaria-exposed individuals are able to respond to opsonized P.falciparum-infected red blood cells through CD16, representing a second, distinct pathway by which Vδ2 T cells may contribute to anti-parasite effector functions. This response was independent of TCR engagement, as demonstrated by blockade of the phosphoantigen presenting molecule Butyrophilin 3A1. Together these results indicate that Vδ2 T cells in heavily malaria-exposed individuals retain the capacity for antimalarial effector function, and demonstrate their activation by opsonized parasite antigen. This represents a new role both for Vδ2 T cells and for opsonizing antibodies in parasite clearance, emphasizing cooperation between the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lila A. Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Perri C. Callaway
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hilary M. Vance
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kayla Baskevitch
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emma Lutz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tara I. McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Budker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Ester Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Both naive and memory B cells respond to flu vaccine. Nature 2020; 586:34-35. [PMID: 32939083 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-02556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
169
|
Importance of the Immunodominant CD8 + T Cell Epitope of Plasmodium berghei Circumsporozoite Protein in Parasite- and Vaccine-Induced Protection. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00383-20. [PMID: 32719159 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00383-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) builds up the surface coat of sporozoites and is the leading malaria pre-erythrocytic-stage vaccine candidate. CSP has been shown to induce robust CD8+ T cell responses that are capable of eliminating developing parasites in hepatocytes, resulting in protective immunity. In this study, we characterized the importance of the immunodominant CSP-derived epitope SYIPSAEKI of Plasmodium berghei in both sporozoite- and vaccine-induced protection in murine infection models. In BALB/c mice, where SYIPSAEKI is efficiently presented in the context of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecule H-2-Kd, we established that epitope-specific CD8+ T cell responses contribute to parasite killing following sporozoite immunization. Yet, sterile protection was achieved in the absence of this epitope, substantiating the concept that other antigens can be sufficient for parasite-induced protective immunity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SYIPSAEKI-specific CD8+ T cell responses elicited by viral-vectored CSP-expressing vaccines effectively targeted parasites in hepatocytes. The resulting sterile protection strictly relied on the expression of SYIPSAEKI. In C57BL/6 mice, which are unable to present the immunodominant epitope, CSP-based vaccines did not confer complete protection, despite the induction of high levels of CSP-specific antibodies. These findings underscore the significance of CSP in protection against malaria pre-erythrocytic stages and demonstrate that a significant proportion of the protection against the parasite is mediated by CD8+ T cells specific for the immunodominant CSP-derived epitope.
Collapse
|
170
|
Lyke KE, Singer A, Berry AA, Reyes S, Chakravarty S, James ER, Billingsley PF, Gunasekera A, Manoj A, Murshedkar T, Laurens MB, Church WP, Garver Baldwin LS, Sedegah M, Banania G, Ganeshan H, Guzman I, Reyes A, Wong M, Belmonte A, Ozemoya A, Belmonte M, Huang J, Villasante E, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Richie TL, Epstein JE. Multidose Priming and Delayed Boosting Improve Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoite Vaccine Efficacy Against Heterologous P. falciparum Controlled Human Malaria Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e2424-e2435. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A live-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite (SPZ) vaccine (PfSPZ Vaccine) has shown up to 100% protection against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) using homologous parasites (same P. falciparum strain as in the vaccine). Using a more stringent CHMI, with heterologous parasites (different P. falciparum strain), we assessed the impact of higher PfSPZ doses, a novel multi-dose prime regimen, and a delayed vaccine boost upon vaccine efficacy (VE).
Methods
We immunized 4 groups that each contained 15 healthy, malaria-naive adults. Group 1 received 5 doses of 4.5 x 105 PfSPZ (Days 1, 3, 5, and 7; Week 16). Groups 2, 3, and 4 received 3 doses (Weeks 0, 8, and 16), with Group 2 receiving 9.0 × 105/doses; Group 3 receiving 18.0 × 105/doses; and Group 4 receiving 27.0 × 105 for dose 1 and 9.0 × 105 for doses 2 and 3. VE was assessed by heterologous CHMI after 12 or 24 weeks. Volunteers not protected at 12 weeks were boosted prior to repeat CHMI at 24 weeks.
Results
At 12-week CHMI, 6/15 (40%) participants in Group 1 (P = .04) and 3/15 (20%) participants in Group 2 remained aparasitemic, as compared to 0/8 controls. At 24-week CHMI, 3/13 (23%) participants in Group 3 and 3/14 (21%) participants in Group 4 remained aparasitemic, versus 0/8 controls (Groups 2–4, VE not significant). Postboost, 9/14 (64%) participants versus 0/8 controls remained aparasitemic (3/6 in Group 1, P = .025; 6/8 in Group 2, P = .002).
Conclusions
Administering 4 stacked priming injections (multi-dose priming) resulted in 40% VE against heterologous CHMI, while dose escalation of PfSPZ using single-dose priming was not significantly protective. Boosting unprotected subjects improved VE at 24 weeks, to 64%.
Clinical Trials Registration
NCT02601716.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandra Singer
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea A Berry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharina Reyes
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew B Laurens
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Lindsey S Garver Baldwin
- Pharmaceutical Systems Project Management Office US Army Medical and Material Development Activity, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Martha Sedegah
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Glenna Banania
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Harini Ganeshan
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivelese Guzman
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Anatalio Reyes
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mimi Wong
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Arnel Belmonte
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Amelia Ozemoya
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Belmonte
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Eileen Villasante
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Judith E Epstein
- Naval Medical Research Center Malaria Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
Plasmodium sporozoites induce regulatory macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008799. [PMID: 32898164 PMCID: PMC7500643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), like macrophages (Mϕs) and dendritic cells (DCs), are central players in the induction of natural and vaccine-induced immunity to malaria, yet very little is known about the interaction of SPZ with human APCs. Intradermal delivery of whole-sporozoite vaccines reduces their effectivity, possibly due to dermal immunoregulatory effects. Therefore, understanding these interactions could prove pivotal to malaria vaccination. We investigated human APC responses to recombinant circumsporozoite protein (recCSP), SPZ and anti-CSP opsonized SPZ both in monocyte derived MoDCs and MoMϕs. Both MoDCs and MoMϕs readily took up recCSP but did not change phenotype or function upon doing so. SPZ are preferentially phagocytosed by MoMϕs instead of DCs and phagocytosis greatly increased after opsonization. Subsequently MoMϕs show increased surface marker expression of activation markers as well as tolerogenic markers such as Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1). Additionally they show reduced motility, produce interleukin 10 and suppressed interferon gamma (IFNγ) production by antigen specific CD8+ T cells. Importantly, we investigated phenotypic responses to SPZ in primary dermal APCs isolated from human skin explants, which respond similarly to their monocyte-derived counterparts. These findings are a first step in enhancing our understanding of pre-erythrocytic natural immunity and the pitfalls of intradermal vaccination-induced immunity. Malaria continues to be the deadliest parasitic disease worldwide, and an effective vaccine yielding sterile immunity does not yet exist. Attenuated parasites can induce sterile protection in both human and rodent models for malaria, but these vaccines need to be administered directly into the bloodstream in order to convey protection; administration via the skin results in a much-reduced efficacy. We hypothesized this is caused by an early immune regulation initiated at the first site of contact with the immune system: the skin. However, the human skin stage of malaria has not been investigated to date. We used human antigen presenting cells as well as whole human skin explants to investigate (dermal) immune responses and found that Plasmodium sporozoites are able to suppress immune responses by inducing regulatory macrophages. Our study provides new insights in the mechanism of early immune regulation exploited by Plasmodium parasites and can help to explain why intradermal vaccination using whole attenuated sporozoites results in reduced protection.
Collapse
|
172
|
Zhang R, Dong X, Wang J, Guo Y, Dai Y. A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of optimizing treatment for malaria. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22044. [PMID: 32899064 PMCID: PMC7478701 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a global health threat for centuries. In recent years, a rising resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to current standard artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) leads to increasing treatment failures and requires for optimized treatment. Here, we intend to make a systematic review and meta-analysis of optimizing treatment for malaria, so as to find a potential optimal treatment. METHODS We will search electronic databases: the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group (CIDG) Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CEN-TRAL), PubMed, Embase, Web of Science from their inception to 1 July, 2020. We will also search International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov, and contact with authors when necessary. Two authors will independently collect and select data, and the statistical analyses will be conducted by Revman V.5.3 software. RESULTS We will evaluate efficacy and safety of modified ACTs for uncomplicate malaria, comparing with standard ACTs in all eligible clinical studies. CONCLUSION In this study, we will offer clinical evidence for optimizing treatment for malaria. REGISTRATION NUMBER INPLASY202070115.
Collapse
|
173
|
Shears MJ, Seilie AM, Kim Lee Sim B, Hoffman SL, Murphy SC. Quantification of Plasmodium knowlesi versus Plasmodium falciparum in the rhesus liver: implications for malaria vaccine studies in rhesus models. Malar J 2020; 19:313. [PMID: 32867784 PMCID: PMC7457220 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhesus macaques are valuable pre-clinical models for malaria vaccine development. The Plasmodium knowlesi/rhesus and Plasmodium falciparum/rhesus models are two established platforms for malaria vaccine testing, and both have previously been used to assess live-attenuated sporozoite vaccines. However, there is evidence that the susceptibility of the rhesus liver to P. knowlesi versus P. falciparum sporozoites likely differs, potentially complicating comparisons between these two platforms. Methods To quantify the differing susceptibility of rhesus to P. knowlesi and P. falciparum sporozoites, animals were infected by direct venous inoculation of purified, cryopreserved wild-type P. knowlesi sporozoites (PkSPZ) or P. falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ). The entire liver was collected 5 days post-infection, and parasite burden in each liver lobe was quantified using an ultrasensitive Plasmodium 18S rRNA RT-PCR biomarker assay. The potential of using 18S rRNA copy number in the rhesus liver to directly measure the efficacy of vaccines targeting P. falciparum sporozoites and liver stages was also theoretically evaluated. Results Infection of rhesus with a high dose of PkSPZ led to consistently high burden liver stage infections (range 9.5–10.1 log10 copies 18S rRNA/g of liver), with similar amounts of parasite 18S rRNA detected in every liver lobe. Inoculation of rhesus with high doses of PfSPZ led to more variable, lower liver burdens (range 4.9–6.6 log10 copies 18S rRNA/g of liver in infected lobes), with parasite 18S rRNA below the limit of detection in some liver lobes. The low signal and heterogeneity of liver burden in the PfSPZ-infected animals indicates that even this extremely sensitive molecular assay cannot be used to assess reliably vaccine efficacy in the P. falciparum/rhesus platform. Conclusions Detection of 18S rRNA in the liver following high dose intravenous PfSPZ confirmed that rhesus are modestly susceptible to wild-type P. falciparum sporozoites. However, comparison of 18S rRNA RT-PCR biomarker signal indicates that the P. falciparum liver burden was 3–5 logs lower than in PkSPZ-infected animals. Quantification of this difference in liver stage burden will help guide and interpret data from pre-clinical studies of live-attenuated sporozoite vaccines in rhesus models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Shears
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., F870, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Annette M Seilie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., F870, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Sanaria, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Stephen L Hoffman
- Sanaria, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., F870, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Swanson PA, Seder RA. OMIP-067: 28-Color Flow Cytometry Panel to Evaluate Human T-Cell Phenotype and Function. Cytometry A 2020; 97:1032-1036. [PMID: 32677151 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Swanson
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Pamplona A, Silva-Santos B. γδ T cells in malaria: a double-edged sword. FEBS J 2020; 288:1118-1129. [PMID: 32710527 PMCID: PMC7983992 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a devastating global health problem, resulting in many annual deaths due to the complications of severe malaria. However, in endemic regions, individuals can acquire ‘clinical immunity’ to malaria, characterized by a decrease in severe malaria episodes and an increase of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections. Recently, it has been reported that tolerance to ‘clinical malaria’ and reduced disease severity correlates with a decrease in the numbers of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, the major subset of γδ T cells in the human peripheral blood. This is particularly interesting as this population typically undergoes dramatic expansions during acute Plasmodium infections and was previously shown to play antiparasitic functions. Thus, regulated γδ T‐cell responses may be critical to balance immune protection with severe pathology, particularly as both seem to rely on the same pro‐inflammatory cytokines, most notably TNF and IFN‐γ. This has been clearly demonstrated in mouse models of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) based on Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Furthermore, our recent studies suggest that the natural course of Plasmodium infection, mimicked in mice through mosquito bite or sporozoite inoculation, includes a major pathogenic component in ECM that depends on γδ T cells and IFN‐γ production in the asymptomatic liver stage, where parasite virulence is seemingly set and determines pathology in the subsequent blood stage. Here, we discuss these and other recent advances in our understanding of the complex—protective versus pathogenic—functions of γδ T cells in malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pamplona
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Sequential immunization induces strong and broad immunity against all four dengue virus serotypes. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:68. [PMID: 32728482 PMCID: PMC7382454 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in dengue vaccine development is the need to induce immunity against four dengue (DENV) serotypes. Dengvaxia®, the only licensed dengue vaccine, consists of four variant dengue antigens, one for each serotype. Three doses of immunization with the tetravalent vaccine induced only suboptimal protection against DENV1 and DENV2. Furthermore, vaccination paradoxically and adversely primes dengue naïve subjects to more severe dengue. Here, we have tested whether sequential immunization induces stronger and broader immunity against four DENV serotypes than tetravalent-formulated immunization. Mice were immunized with four DNA plasmids, each encoding the pre-membrane and envelope from one DENV serotype, either sequentially or simultaneously. The sequential immunization induced significantly higher levels of interferon (IFN)γ- or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to both serotype-specific and conserved epitopes than tetravalent immunization. Moreover, sequential immunization induced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies to all four DENV serotypes than tetravalent vaccination. Consistently, sequential immunization resulted in more diversified immunoglobulin repertoire, including increased complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) length and more robust germinal center reactions. These results show that sequential immunization offers a simple approach to potentially overcome the current challenges encountered with tetravalent-formulated dengue vaccines.
Collapse
|
177
|
Marques-da-Silva C, Peissig K, Kurup SP. Pre-Erythrocytic Vaccines against Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030400. [PMID: 32708179 PMCID: PMC7565498 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, caused by the protozoan Plasmodium, is a devastating disease with over 200 million new cases reported globally every year. Although immunization is arguably the best strategy to eliminate malaria, despite decades of research in this area we do not have an effective, clinically approved antimalarial vaccine. The current impetus in the field is to develop vaccines directed at the pre-erythrocytic developmental stages of Plasmodium, utilizing novel vaccination platforms. We here review the most promising pre-erythrocytic stage antimalarial vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Marques-da-Silva
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.M.-d.-S.); (K.P.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kristen Peissig
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.M.-d.-S.); (K.P.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samarchith P. Kurup
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.M.-d.-S.); (K.P.)
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Antibody Feedback Limits the Expansion of B Cell Responses to Malaria Vaccination but Drives Diversification of the Humoral Response. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:572-585.e7. [PMID: 32697938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Generating sufficient antibody to block infection is a key challenge for vaccines against malaria. Here, we show that antibody titers to a key target, the repeat region of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP), plateaued after two immunizations in a clinical trial of the radiation-attenuated sporozoite vaccine. To understand the mechanisms limiting vaccine responsiveness, we developed immunoglobulin (Ig)-knockin mice with elevated numbers of PfCSP-binding B cells. We determined that recall responses were inhibited by antibody feedback, potentially via epitope masking of the immunodominant PfCSP repeat region. Importantly, the amount of antibody that prevents boosting is below the amount of antibody required for protection. Finally, while antibody feedback limited responses to the PfCSP repeat region in vaccinated volunteers, potentially protective subdominant responses to PfCSP C-terminal regions expanded with subsequent boosts. These data suggest that antibody feedback drives the diversification of immune responses and that vaccination for malaria will require targeting multiple antigens.
Collapse
|
179
|
Camponovo F, Campo JJ, Le TQ, Oberai A, Hung C, Pablo JV, Teng AA, Liang X, Sim BKL, Jongo S, Abdulla S, Tanner M, Hoffman SL, Daubenberger C, Penny MA. Proteome-wide analysis of a malaria vaccine study reveals personalized humoral immune profiles in Tanzanian adults. eLife 2020; 9:53080. [PMID: 32662772 PMCID: PMC7386907 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanzanian adult male volunteers were immunized by direct venous inoculation with radiation-attenuated, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (PfSPZ Vaccine) and protective efficacy assessed by homologous controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses were analyzed longitudinally using a Pf protein microarray covering 91% of the proteome, providing first insights into naturally acquired and PfSPZ Vaccine-induced whole parasite antibody profiles in malaria pre-exposed Africans. Immunoreactivity was identified against 2239 functionally diverse Pf proteins, showing a wide breadth of humoral response. Antibody-based immune ‘fingerprints’ in these individuals indicated a strong person-specific immune response at baseline, with little changes in the overall humoral immunoreactivity pattern measured after immunization. The moderate increase in immunogenicity following immunization and the extensive and variable breadth of humoral immune response observed in the volunteers at baseline suggest that pre-exposure reduces vaccine-induced antigen reactivity in unanticipated ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Camponovo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Amit Oberai
- Antigen Discovery Inc, Irvine, United States
| | | | | | - Andy A Teng
- Antigen Discovery Inc, Irvine, United States
| | | | | | - Said Jongo
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa A Penny
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Phares TW, Kotraiah V, Karunarathne DS, Huang J, Browne CD, Buontempo P, Mansour M, Noe AR, Wykes MN, Pannucci J, Tsuji M, Gutierrez GM. A Peptide-Based PD1 Antagonist Enhances T-Cell Priming and Efficacy of a Prophylactic Malaria Vaccine and Promotes Survival in a Lethal Malaria Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1377. [PMID: 32733457 PMCID: PMC7363839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blockade of programmed cell death-1 (PD1) and its ligand PDL1 has been proven to be a successful immunotherapy against several cancers. Similar to cancer, PD1 contributes to the establishment of several chronic infectious diseases, including malaria. While monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting checkpoint receptors are revolutionary in cancer treatment, the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) may prevent their utilization in prophylactic and therapeutic treatments of infectious diseases. The irAEs are, in part, due to the prolonged half-life of mAbs resulting in prolonged activation of the immune system. As an alternative modality to mAbs, peptides represent a viable option because they possess a shorter pharmacokinetic half-life and offer more formulation and delivery options. Here, we report on a 22-amino acid immunomodulatory peptide, LD01, derived from a Bacillus bacteria. When combined prophylactically with an adenovirus-based or irradiated sporozoite-based malaria vaccine, LD01 significantly enhanced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell expansion. Therapeutically, LD01 treatment of mice infected with a lethal malaria strain resulted in survival that was associated with lower numbers of FOXP3+Tbet+CD4+ regulatory T cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that LD01 is a potent immunomodulator that acts upon the adaptive immune system to stimulate T cell responses both prophylactically and therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Phares
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Vinayaka Kotraiah
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Jing Huang
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Peter Buontempo
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Marc Mansour
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Amy R Noe
- Leidos Life Sciences, Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - James Pannucci
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabriel M Gutierrez
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Goswami D, Betz W, Locham NK, Parthiban C, Brager C, Schäfer C, Camargo N, Nguyen T, Kennedy SY, Murphy SC, Vaughan AM, Kappe SH. A replication-competent late liver stage-attenuated human malaria parasite. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135589. [PMID: 32484795 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-sporozoite vaccines engender sterilizing immunity against malaria in animal models and importantly, in humans. Gene editing allows for the removal of specific parasite genes, enabling generation of genetically attenuated parasite (GAP) strains for vaccination. Using rodent malaria parasites, we have previously shown that late liver stage-arresting replication-competent (LARC) GAPs confer superior protection when compared with early liver stage-arresting replication-deficient GAPs and radiation-attenuated sporozoites. However, generating a LARC GAP in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) has been challenging. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a likely unprecedented P. falciparum LARC GAP generated by targeted gene deletion of the Mei2 gene: P. falciparum mei2-. Robust exoerythrocytic schizogony with extensive cell growth and DNA replication was observed for P. falciparum mei2- liver stages in human liver-chimeric mice. However, P. falciparum mei2- liver stages failed to complete development and did not form infectious exoerythrocytic merozoites, thereby preventing their transition to asexual blood stage infection. Therefore, P. falciparum mei2- is a replication-competent, attenuated human malaria parasite strain with potentially increased potency, useful for vaccination to protect against P. falciparum malaria infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Goswami
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William Betz
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Navin K Locham
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Brager
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carola Schäfer
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nelly Camargo
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Spencer Y Kennedy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Ashley M Vaughan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stefan Hi Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Varo R, Chaccour C, Bassat Q. Update on malaria. Med Clin (Barc) 2020; 155:395-402. [PMID: 32620355 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent successful efforts to reduce the global malaria burden, this disease remains a significant global health problem. Only in 2018, malaria caused 228 million clinical episodes, 2-4 million of which were severe malaria cases, and 405,000 were fatal. Most of the malaria attributable mortality occurred among children in sub-Saharan Africa. Nowadays, rapid diagnostic tests and artemisinin derivatives are two of the main pillars for the management of malaria. However, considering the current situation, these strategies are not sufficient to maintain a reducing trend in malaria incidence and mortality. New insights into the pathophysiology of malaria have highlighted the importance of the host response to infection. Understanding this response would help to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Vector and parasite drug resistance are two major challenges for malaria control that require special attention. The most advanced malaria vaccine (RTS,S) is currently being piloted in 3 African countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Carlos Chaccour
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Achieng F, Rosen JG, Cherop RY, Kariuki S, Hoffman SL, Seder R, Oneko M, Steinhardt LC. Caregiver and community perceptions and experiences participating in an infant malaria prevention trial of PfSPZ Vaccine administered by direct venous inoculation: a qualitative study in Siaya County, western Kenya. Malar J 2020; 19:226. [PMID: 32580719 PMCID: PMC7315551 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite available control strategies, malaria morbidity and mortality, especially in infants and young children in sub-Saharan Africa, remain intractable. Malaria vaccination could substantially reduce malaria episodes and deaths. One vaccine candidate is the whole sporozoite PfSPZ Vaccine, consisting of irradiated cryopreserved sporozoites administered by direct venous inoculation (DVI). DVI may be less acceptable than more familiar administration routes, particularly intramuscular. As part of a PfSPZ Vaccine trial among infants in western Kenya, a qualitative study was conducted to explore caregiver and community perceptions of the malaria vaccine trial, including the unique DVI administration procedure. Methods Twelve focus groups and 28 in-depth interviews explored perceptions of the DVI procedure in infants, factors influencing trial acceptability, and barriers to sustained trial participation. Purposively sampled participants included mothers of enrolled children, fathers and mothers who withdrew their children from the trial, village elders, and study clinicians from two trial enrollment sites. An iterative, multi-stage analytic approach, adapted from the Framework Method, was used to synthesize and interpret textual data. Results Desires to prevent malaria and participation incentives (e.g., free consultations and medication) motivated caregivers to enroll their children in the trial. However, numerous factors also demotivated trial participation. Family members’ (i.e., fathers') objections to required blood draws were cited most frequently as drivers of early trial withdrawal, in many cases prior to receiving any vaccine. Among mothers whose children received PfSPZ Vaccine (or placebo), many spoke favourably of DVI administration, describing improved tolerability relative to intramuscularly administered immunizations. Other trial-related challenges cited by caregivers included negative interactions with study clinicians and perceived delays in administering trial procedures. Conclusions Despite high acceptance of DVI among caregivers whose children received PfSPZ Vaccine (or placebo), objections to trial procedures from other non-sensitized household and family members prompted early trial withdrawal and inhibited successful completion of trial procedures for some infants. Implications for future trials include targeting heads of household during sensitization and recruitment activities, as well as equipping trial staff to effectively respond to participant and community concerns regarding trial procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Achieng
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Joseph G Rosen
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Reuben Yego Cherop
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Simon Kariuki
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Robert Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martina Oneko
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Laura C Steinhardt
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Hickey B, Teneza-Mora N, Lumsden J, Reyes S, Sedegah M, Garver L, Hollingdale MR, Banania JG, Ganeshan H, Dowler M, Reyes A, Tamminga C, Singer A, Simmons A, Belmonte M, Belmonte A, Huang J, Inoue S, Velasco R, Abot S, Vasquez CS, Guzman I, Wong M, Twomey P, Wojnarski M, Moon J, Alcorta Y, Maiolatesi S, Spring M, Davidson S, Chaudhury S, Villasante E, Richie TL, Epstein JE. IMRAS-A clinical trial of mosquito-bite immunization with live, radiation-attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites: Impact of immunization parameters on protective efficacy and generation of a repository of immunologic reagents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233840. [PMID: 32555601 PMCID: PMC7299375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS) by mosquito bite provides >90% sterile protection against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria in humans. RAS invade hepatocytes but do not replicate. CD8+ T cells recognizing parasite-derived peptides on the surface of infected hepatocytes are likely the primary protective mechanism. We conducted a randomized clinical trial of RAS immunization to assess safety, to achieve 50% vaccine efficacy (VE) against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI), and to generate reagents from protected and non-protected subjects for future identification of protective immune mechanisms and antigens. Methods Two cohorts (Cohort 1 and Cohort 2) of healthy, malaria-naïve, non-pregnant adults age 18–50 received five monthly immunizations with infected (true-immunized, n = 21) or non-infected (mock-immunized, n = 5) mosquito bites and underwent homologous CHMI at 3 weeks. Immunization parameters were selected for 50% protection based on prior clinical data. Leukapheresis was done to collect plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results Adverse event rates were similar in true- and mock-immunized subjects. Two true- and two mock-immunized subjects developed large local reactions likely caused by mosquito salivary gland antigens. In Cohort 1, 11 subjects received 810–1235 infected bites; 6/11 (55%) were protected against CHMI vs. 0/3 mock-immunized and 0/6 infectivity controls (VE 55%). In Cohort 2, 10 subjects received 839–1131 infected bites with a higher first dose and a reduced fifth dose; 9/10 (90%) were protected vs. 0/2 mock-immunized and 0/6 controls (VE 90%). Three/3 (100%) protected subjects administered three booster immunizations were protected against repeat CHMI vs. 0/6 controls (VE 100%). Cohort 2 uniquely showed a significant rise in IFN-γ responses after the third and fifth immunizations and higher antibody responses to CSP. Conclusions PfRAS were generally safe and well tolerated. Cohort 2 had a higher first dose, reduced final dose, higher antibody responses to CSP and significant rise of IFN-γ responses after the third and fifth immunizations. Whether any of these factors contributed to increased protection in Cohort 2 requires further investigation. A cryobank of sera and cells from protected and non-protected individuals was generated for future immunological studies and antigen discovery. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01994525.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Hickey
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Nimfa Teneza-Mora
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Joanne Lumsden
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sharina Reyes
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Martha Sedegah
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Garver
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Hollingdale
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jo Glenna Banania
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Harini Ganeshan
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Megan Dowler
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Anatalio Reyes
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Cindy Tamminga
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Singer
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Alicia Simmons
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Maria Belmonte
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Arnel Belmonte
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jun Huang
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sandra Inoue
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Rachel Velasco
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Steve Abot
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Carlos S. Vasquez
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ivelese Guzman
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mimi Wong
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Patrick Twomey
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Mariusz Wojnarski
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - James Moon
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Yolanda Alcorta
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Santina Maiolatesi
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michele Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Silas Davidson
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Eileen Villasante
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Richie
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Judith E. Epstein
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Duffy PE, Patrick Gorres J. Malaria vaccines since 2000: progress, priorities, products. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:48. [PMID: 32566259 PMCID: PMC7283239 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria vaccine development entered a new era in 2015 when the pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum candidate RTS,S was favorably reviewed by the European Medicines Agency and subsequently introduced into national pilot implementation programs, marking the first human anti-parasite vaccine to pass regulatory scrutiny. Since the first trials published in 1997, RTS,S has been evaluated in a series of clinical trials culminating in Phase 3 testing, while testing of other pre-erythrocytic candidates (that target sporozoite- or liver-stage parasites), particularly whole sporozoite vaccines, has also increased. Interest in blood-stage candidates (that limit blood-stage parasite growth) subsided after disappointing human efficacy results, although new blood-stage targets and concepts may revive activity in this area. Over the past decade, testing of transmission-blocking vaccines (that kill mosquito/sexual-stage parasites) advanced to field trials and the first generation of placental malaria vaccines (that clear placenta-sequestering parasites) entered the clinic. Novel antigen discovery, human monoclonal antibodies, structural vaccinology, and improved platforms promise to expand on RTS,S and improve existing vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E. Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - J. Patrick Gorres
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Oneko M, Cherop YR, Sang T, Gutman JR, Wiegand R, Nyang'au EM, Odila AD, Akach D, Hamel MJ, Samuels AM, Kariuki S, Abebe Y, Nzuu EL, Wijayalath W, James ER, Sim BKL, Billingsley PF, Richie TL, Hoffman SL, Seder RA, Steinhardt LC. Feasibility of direct venous inoculation of the radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum whole sporozoite vaccine in children and infants in Siaya, western Kenya. Vaccine 2020; 38:4592-4600. [PMID: 32444192 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PfSPZ Vaccine, composed of radiation-attenuated, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites, is administered by direct venous inoculation (DVI) for maximal efficacy against malaria. A critical issue for advancing vaccines that are administered intravenously is the ability to efficiently administer them across multiple age groups. As part of a pediatric safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy trial in western Kenya, we evaluated the feasibility and tolerability of DVI, including ease of venous access, injection time, and crying during the procedure across age groups. Part 1 was an age de-escalation, dose escalation trial in children aged 13 months-5 years and infants aged 5-12 months; part 2 was a vaccine efficacy trial including only infants, using the most skilled injectors from part 1. Injectors could use a vein viewer, if needed. A total of 1222 injections (target 0.5 mL) were initiated by DVI in 511 participants (36 were 5-9-year-olds, 65 were 13-59-month-olds, and 410 infants). The complete volume was injected in 1185/1222 (97.0%) vaccinations, 1083/1185 (91.4%) achieved with the first DVI. 474/511 (92.8%) participants received only complete injections, 27/511 (5.3%) received at least one partial injection (<0.5 mL), and in 10/511 (2.0%) venous access was not obtained. The rate of complete injections by single DVI for infants improved from 77.1% in part 1 to 92.8% in part 2. No crying occurred in 51/59 (86.4%) vaccinations in 5-9-year-olds, 25/86 (29.1%) vaccinations in 13-59-month-olds and 172/1067 (16.1%) vaccinations in infants. Mean administration time ranged from 2.6 to 4.6 minutes and was longer for younger age groups. These data show that vaccination by DVI was feasible and well tolerated in infants and children in this rural hospital in western Kenya, when performed by skilled injectors. We also report that shipping and storage in liquid nitrogen vapor phase was simple and efficient. (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02687373).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Oneko
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Y R Cherop
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - T Sang
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - J R Gutman
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R Wiegand
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - E M Nyang'au
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - A D Odila
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - D Akach
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - M J Hamel
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A M Samuels
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Y Abebe
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - E L Nzuu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - R A Seder
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L C Steinhardt
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Smith EC, Limbach KJ, Rangel N, Oda K, Bolton JS, Du M, Gowda K, Wang J, Moch JK, Sonawane S, Velasco R, Belmonte A, Danner R, Lumsden JM, Patterson NB, Sedegah M, Hollingdale MR, Richie TL, Sacci JB, Villasante ED, Aguiar JC. Novel malaria antigen Plasmodium yoelii E140 induces antibody-mediated sterile protection in mice against malaria challenge. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232234. [PMID: 32407410 PMCID: PMC7224506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a small fraction of the antigens expressed by malaria parasites have been evaluated as vaccine candidates. A successful malaria subunit vaccine will likely require multiple antigenic targets to achieve broad protection with high protective efficacy. Here we describe protective efficacy of a novel antigen, Plasmodium yoelii (Py) E140 (PyE140), evaluated against P. yoelii challenge of mice. Vaccines targeting PyE140 reproducibly induced up to 100% sterile protection in both inbred and outbred murine challenge models. Although PyE140 immunization induced high frequency and multifunctional CD8+ T cell responses, as well as CD4+ T cell responses, protection was mediated by PyE140 antibodies acting against blood stage parasites. Protection in mice was long-lasting with up to 100% sterile protection at twelve weeks post-immunization and durable high titer anti-PyE140 antibodies. The E140 antigen is expressed in all Plasmodium species, is highly conserved in both P. falciparum lab-adapted strains and endemic circulating parasites, and is thus a promising lead vaccine candidate for future evaluation against human malaria parasite species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Smith
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keith J. Limbach
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nonenipha Rangel
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- CAMRIS International, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kyosuke Oda
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- CAMRIS International, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica S. Bolton
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mengyan Du
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kalpana Gowda
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jianyang Wang
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- CAMRIS International, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. Kathleen Moch
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharvari Sonawane
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachel Velasco
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arnel Belmonte
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Danner
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joanne M. Lumsden
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Noelle B. Patterson
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martha Sedegah
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Hollingdale
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Richie
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John B. Sacci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eileen D. Villasante
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joao C. Aguiar
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- CAMRIS International, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Briquet S, Lawson-Hogban N, Peronet R, Mécheri S, Vaquero C. A genetically hmgb2 attenuated blood stage P. berghei induces crossed-long live protection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232183. [PMID: 32379764 PMCID: PMC7205229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the lack of efficiency to control malaria elicited by sub-unit vaccine preparations, vaccination with live-attenuated Plasmodium parasite as reported 70 years ago with irradiated sporozoites regained recently a significant interest. The complex life cycle of the parasite and the different stages of development between mammal host and anopheles do not help to propose an easy vaccine strategy. In order to achieve a complete long-lasting protection against Plasmodium infection and disease, we considered a genetically attenuated blood stage parasite in the hmgb2 gene coding for the high-mobility-group-box 2 (HMGB2). This Plasmodium protein belongs to the HMGB family and hold as the mammal proteins, a double life since it acts first as a nuclear factor involved in chromatin remodelling and transcription regulation and second, when secreted as an active pro-inflammatory alarmin protein. Even though the number of reports on whole living attenuated blood stage parasites is limited when compared to attenuated sporozoites, the results reported with Plasmodium KO parasites are very encouraging. In this report, we present a novel strategy based on pre-immunization with Δhmgb2PbNK65 parasitized red blood cells that confer long-lasting protection in a murine experimental cerebral malaria model against two highly pathogenic homologous and heterologous parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Briquet
- Sorbonne Université, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- INSERM, U1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nadou Lawson-Hogban
- Sorbonne Université, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- INSERM, U1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Roger Peronet
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique ou CNRS, Unité de Recherche Associée 2581, Paris, France
| | - Salaheddine Mécheri
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique ou CNRS, Unité de Recherche Associée 2581, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Vaquero
- Sorbonne Université, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- INSERM, U1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Abstract
Nonclonal innate immune responses mediated by germ line-encoded receptors, such as Toll-like receptors or natural killer receptors, are commonly contrasted with diverse, clonotypic adaptive responses of lymphocyte antigen receptors generated by somatic recombination. However, the Variable (V) regions of antigen receptors include germ line-encoded motifs unaltered by somatic recombination, and theoretically available to mediate nonclonal, innate responses, that are independent of or largely override clonotypic responses. Recent evidence demonstrates that such responses exist, underpinning the associations of particular γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) with specific anatomical sites. Thus, TCRγδ can make innate and adaptive responses with distinct functional outcomes. Given that αβ T cells and B cells can also make nonclonal responses, we consider that innate responses of antigen receptor V-regions may be more widespread, for example, inducing states of preparedness from which adaptive clones are better selected. We likewise consider that potent, nonclonal T cell responses to microbial superantigens may reflect subversion of physiologic innate responses of TCRα/β chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; .,Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Vantourout
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; .,Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
|
191
|
Raghunandan R, Mayer BT, Flores-Garcia Y, Gerber MW, Gottardo R, Jhun H, Herrera SM, Perez-Ramos DW, Locke E, King CR, Zavala F. Characterization of two in vivo challenge models to measure functional activity of monoclonal antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. Malar J 2020; 19:113. [PMID: 32183833 PMCID: PMC7079517 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New strategies are needed to reduce the incidence of malaria, and promising approaches include the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). To select the best candidates and speed development, it is essential to standardize preclinical assays to measure the potency of such interventions in animal models. METHODS Two assay configurations were studied using transgenic Plasmodium berghei expressing Plasmodium falciparum full-length circumsporozoite protein. The assays measured (1) reduction in parasite infection of the liver (liver burden) following an intravenous (i.v) administration of sporozoites and (2) protection from parasitaemia following mosquito bite challenge. Two human CSP mAbs, AB311 and AB317, were compared for their ability to inhibit infection. Multiple independent experiments were conducted to define assay variability and resultant impact on the ability to discriminate differences in mAb functional activity. RESULTS Overall, the assays produced highly consistent results in that all individual experiments showed greater functional activity for AB317 compared to AB311 as calculated by the dose required for 50% inhibition (ID50) as well as the serum concentration required for 50% inhibition (IC50). The data were then used to model experimental designs with adequate statistical power to rigorously screen, compare, and rank order novel anti-CSP mAbs. CONCLUSION The results indicate that in vivo assays described here can provide reliable information for comparing the functional activity of mAbs. The results also provide guidance regarding selection of the appropriate experimental design, dose selection, and group sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rama Raghunandan
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, 455 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001, USA.
| | - Bryan T Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Monica W Gerber
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Hugo Jhun
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA
| | - Sonia M Herrera
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel W Perez-Ramos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily Locke
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, 455 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - C Richter King
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, 455 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001, USA.
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Abstract
Immunity to malaria has been linked to the availability and function of helper CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells that can respond to both the asymptomatic liver stage and the symptomatic blood stage of Plasmodium sp. infection. These T cell responses are also thought to be modulated by regulatory T cells. However, the precise mechanisms governing the development and function of Plasmodium-specific T cells and their capacity to form tissue-resident and long-lived memory populations are less well understood. The field has arrived at a point where the push for vaccines that exploit T cell-mediated immunity to malaria has made it imperative to define and reconcile the mechanisms that regulate the development and functions of Plasmodium-specific T cells. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms by which T cell subsets orchestrate host resistance to Plasmodium infection on the basis of observational and mechanistic studies in humans, non-human primates and rodent models. We also examine the potential of new experimental strategies and human infection systems to inform a new generation of approaches to harness T cell responses against malaria.
Collapse
|
193
|
Aitken EH, Mahanty S, Rogerson SJ. Antibody effector functions in malaria and other parasitic diseases: a few needles and many haystacks. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:264-275. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Aitken
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Siddhartha Mahanty
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine The Doherty Institute The University of Melbourne 792 Elizabeth Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Hayday AC. γδ T Cell Update: Adaptate Orchestrators of Immune Surveillance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:311-320. [PMID: 31285310 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As interest in γδ T cells grows rapidly, what key points are emerging, and where is caution warranted? γδ T cells fulfill critical functions, as reflected in associations with vaccine responsiveness and cancer survival in humans and ever more phenotypes of γδ T cell-deficient mice, including basic physiological deficiencies. Such phenotypes reflect activities of distinct γδ T cell subsets, whose origins offer interesting insights into lymphocyte development but whose variable evolutionary conservation can obfuscate translation of knowledge from mice to humans. By contrast, an emerging and conserved feature of γδ T cells is their "adaptate" biology: an integration of adaptive clonally-restricted specificities, innate tissue-sensing, and unconventional recall responses that collectively strengthen host resistance to myriad challenges. Central to adaptate biology are butyrophilins and other γδ cell regulators, the study of which should greatly enhance our understanding of tissue immunogenicity and immunosurveillance and guide intensifying clinical interest in γδ cells and other unconventional lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; and Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Yenkoidiok-Douti L, Jewell CM. Integrating Biomaterials and Immunology to Improve Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:759-778. [PMID: 33313391 PMCID: PMC7725244 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of vaccines in preventing many infectious diseases, effective vaccines against pathogens with ongoing challenges - such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis - remain unavailable. The emergence of new pathogen variants, the continued prevalence of existing pathogens, and the resurgence of yet other infectious agents motivate the need for new, interdisciplinary approaches to direct immune responses. Many current and candidate vaccines, for example, are poorly immunogenic, provide only transient protection, or create risks of regaining pathogenicity in certain immune-compromised conditions. Recent advances in biomaterials research are creating new potential to overcome these challenges through improved formulation, delivery, and control of immune signaling. At the same time, many of these materials systems - such as polymers, lipids, and self-assembly technologies - may achieve this goal while maintaining favorable safety profiles. This review highlights ways in which biomaterials can advance existing vaccines to safer, more efficacious technologies, and support new vaccines for pathogens that do not yet have vaccines. Biomaterials that have not yet been applied to vaccines for infectious disease are also discussed, and their potential in this area is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lampouguin Yenkoidiok-Douti
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, United States
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, United States
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 S. Greene Street, Suite N9E17, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Mannosylated liposomes formulated with whole parasite P. falciparum blood-stage antigens are highly immunogenic in mice. Vaccine 2020; 38:1494-1504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
197
|
Jongo SA, Church LWP, Mtoro AT, Chakravarty S, Ruben AJ, Swanson PA, Kassim KR, Mpina M, Tumbo AM, Milando FA, Qassim M, Juma OA, Bakari BM, Simon B, James ER, Abebe Y, Kc N, Saverino E, Gondwe L, Studer F, Fink M, Cosi G, El-Khorazaty J, Styers D, Seder RA, Schindler T, Billingsley PF, Daubenberger C, Sim BKL, Tanner M, Richie TL, Abdulla S, Hoffman SL. Safety and Differential Antibody and T-Cell Responses to the Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoite Malaria Vaccine, PfSPZ Vaccine, by Age in Tanzanian Adults, Adolescents, Children, and Infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1433-1444. [PMID: 30994090 PMCID: PMC6553883 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, there were more cases and deaths caused by malaria globally than in 2015. An effective vaccine would be an ideal additional tool for reducing malaria's impact. Sanaria® PfSPZ Vaccine, composed of radiation-attenuated, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (SPZ) has been well tolerated and safe in malaria-naïve and experienced adults in the United States and Mali and protective against controlled human malaria infection with Pf in the United States and field transmission of Pf in Mali, but had not been assessed in younger age groups. We, therefore, evaluated PfSPZ Vaccine in 93 Tanzanians aged 45 years to 6 months in a randomized, double-blind, normal saline placebo-controlled trial. There were no significant differences in adverse events between vaccinees and controls or between dosage regimens. Because all age groups received three doses of 9.0 × 105 PfSPZ of PfSPZ Vaccine, immune responses were compared at this dosage. Median antibody responses against Pf circumsporozoite protein and PfSPZ were highest in infants and lowest in adults. T-cell responses were highest in 6-10-year olds after one dose and 1-5-year olds after three doses; infants had no significant positive T-cell responses. The safety data were used to support initiation of trials in > 300 infants in Kenya and Equatorial Guinea. Because PfSPZ Vaccine-induced protection is thought to be mediated by T cells, the T-cell data suggest PfSPZ Vaccine may be more protective in children than in adults, whereas infants may not be immunologically mature enough to respond to the PfSPZ Vaccine immunization regimen assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said A Jongo
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | - Ali T Mtoro
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Phillip A Swanson
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kamaka R Kassim
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Maximillian Mpina
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florence A Milando
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Munira Qassim
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Omar A Juma
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Bakari M Bakari
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Beatus Simon
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda Gondwe
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Studer
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina Fink
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Glenda Cosi
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tobias Schindler
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudia Daubenberger
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Protein Potential LLC, Rockville, Maryland.,Sanaria, Inc., Rockville, Maryland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Salim Abdulla
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Seilie AM, Chang M, Hanron AE, Billman ZP, Stone BC, Zhou K, Olsen TM, Daza G, Ortega J, Cruz KR, Smith N, Healy SA, Neal J, Wallis CK, Shelton L, Mankowski TV, Wong-Madden S, Mikolajczak SA, Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI, Fishbaugher M, Betz W, Kennedy M, Hume JCC, Talley AK, Hoffman SL, Chakravarty S, Sim BKL, Richie TL, Wald A, Plowe CV, Lyke KE, Adams M, Fahle GA, Cowan EP, Duffy PE, Kublin JG, Murphy SC. Beyond Blood Smears: Qualification of Plasmodium 18S rRNA as a Biomarker for Controlled Human Malaria Infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:1466-1476. [PMID: 31017084 PMCID: PMC6553913 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
18S rRNA is a biomarker that provides an alternative to thick blood smears in controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) trials. We reviewed data from CHMI trials at non-endemic sites that used blood smears and Plasmodium 18S rRNA/rDNA biomarker nucleic acid tests (NATs) for time to positivity. We validated a multiplex quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for Plasmodium 18S rRNA, prospectively compared blood smears and qRT-PCR for three trials, and modeled treatment effects at different biomarker-defined parasite densities to assess the impact on infection detection, symptom reduction, and measured intervention efficacy. Literature review demonstrated accelerated NAT-based infection detection compared with blood smears (mean acceleration: 3.2–3.6 days). For prospectively tested trials, the validated Plasmodium 18S rRNA qRT-PCR positivity was earlier (7.6 days; 95% CI: 7.1–8.1 days) than blood smears (11.0 days; 95% CI: 10.3–11.8 days) and significantly preceded the onset of grade 2 malaria-related symptoms (12.2 days; 95% CI: 10.6–13.3 days). Discrepant analysis showed that the risk of a blood smear–positive, biomarker-negative result was negligible. Data modeling predicted that treatment triggered by specific biomarker-defined thresholds can differentiate complete, partial, and non-protective outcomes and eliminate many grade 2 and most grade 3 malaria-related symptoms post-CHMI. Plasmodium 18S rRNA is a sensitive and specific biomarker that can justifiably replace blood smears for infection detection in CHMI trials in non-endemic settings. This study led to biomarker qualification through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in CHMI studies at non-endemic sites, which will facilitate biomarker use for the qualified context of use in drug and vaccine trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Seilie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ming Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amelia E Hanron
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Zachary P Billman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brad C Stone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kevin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tayla M Olsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Glenda Daza
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jose Ortega
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kurtis R Cruz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nahum Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sara A Healy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Jillian Neal
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carolyn K Wallis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lisa Shelton
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Tracie VonGoedert Mankowski
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Sharon Wong-Madden
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Ashley M Vaughan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Matt Fishbaugher
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Will Betz
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark Kennedy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | - Jen C C Hume
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela K Talley
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Wald
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew Adams
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gary A Fahle
- Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James G Kublin
- Seattle Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute (formerly the Center for Infectious Disease Research), Seattle, Washington.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Preclinical Development and Assessment of Viral Vectors Expressing a Fusion Antigen of Plasmodium falciparum LSA1 and LSAP2 for Efficacy against Liver-Stage Malaria. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00573-19. [PMID: 31740525 PMCID: PMC6977128 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00573-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite promising progress in malaria vaccine development in recent years, an efficacious subunit vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum remains to be licensed and deployed. Cell-mediated protection from liver-stage malaria relies on a sufficient number of antigen-specific T cells reaching the liver during the time that parasites are present. A single vaccine expressing two antigens could potentially increase both the size and breadth of the antigen-specific response while halving vaccine production costs. Despite promising progress in malaria vaccine development in recent years, an efficacious subunit vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum remains to be licensed and deployed. Cell-mediated protection from liver-stage malaria relies on a sufficient number of antigen-specific T cells reaching the liver during the time that parasites are present. A single vaccine expressing two antigens could potentially increase both the size and breadth of the antigen-specific response while halving vaccine production costs. In this study, we investigated combining two liver-stage antigens, P. falciparum LSA1 (PfLSA1) and PfLSAP2, and investigated the induction of protective efficacy by coadministration of single-antigen vectors or vaccination with dual-antigen vectors, using simian adenovirus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara vectors. The efficacy of these vaccines was assessed in mouse malaria challenge models using chimeric P. berghei parasites expressing the relevant P. falciparum antigens and challenging mice at the peak of the T cell response. Vaccination with a combination of the single-antigen vectors expressing PfLSA1 or PfLSAP2 was shown to improve protective efficacy compared to vaccination with each single-antigen vector alone. Vaccination with dual-antigen vectors expressing both PfLSA1 and PfLSAP2 resulted in responses to both antigens, particularly in outbred mice, and most importantly, the efficacy was equivalent to that of vaccination with a mixture of single-antigen vectors. Based on these promising data, dual-antigen vectors expressing PfLSA1 and PfLSAP2 will now proceed to manufacturing and clinical assessment under good manufacturing practice (GMP) guidelines.
Collapse
|
200
|
Heide J, Wildner NH, Ackermann C, Wittner M, Marget M, Sette A, Sidney J, Jacobs T, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. Detection of EXP1-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses Directed Against a Broad Range of Epitopes Including Two Promiscuous MHC Class II Binders During Acute Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3037. [PMID: 32038611 PMCID: PMC6993587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: T cells are thought to play a major role in conferring immunity against malaria. This study aimed to comprehensively define the breadth and specificity of the Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum)-specific CD4+ T cell response directed against the exported protein 1 (EXP1) in a cohort of patients diagnosed with acute malaria. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 44 patients acutely infected with P. falciparum, and of one patient infected with P. vivax, were stimulated and cultured in vitro with an overlapping set of 31 P. falciparum-specific 13-17-mer peptides covering the entire EXP1 sequence. EXP1-specific T cell responses were analyzed by ELISPOT and intracellular cytokine staining for interferon-γ production after re-stimulation with individual peptides. For further characterization of the epitopes, in silico and in vitro human leukocyte antigen (HLA) binding studies and fine mapping assays were performed. Results: We detected one or more EXP1-specific CD4+ T cell responses (mean: 1.09, range 0–5) in 47% (21/45) of our patients. Responses were directed against 15 of the 31 EXP1 peptides. Peptides EXP1-P13 (aa60-74) and P15 (aa70-85) were detected by 18% (n = 8) and 27% (n = 12) of the 45 patients screened. The optimal length, as well as the corresponding most likely HLA-restriction, of each of these two peptides was assessed. Interestingly, we also identified one CD4+ T cell response against peptide EXP1-P15 in a patient who was infected with P. vivax but not falciparum. Conclusions: This first detailed characterization of novel EXP1-specific T cell epitopes provides important information for future analysis with major histocompatibility complex-multimer technology as well as for immunomonitoring and vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Heide
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils H Wildner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christin Ackermann
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Wittner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Marget
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|