151
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Paradoxical role of PKA inhibitor on amyloidβ-induced memory deficit. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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152
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Xiong GM, Do AT, Wang JK, Yeoh CL, Yeo KS, Choong C. Development of a miniaturized stimulation device for electrical stimulation of cells. J Biol Eng 2015; 9:14. [PMID: 26339287 PMCID: PMC4559357 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-015-0012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Directing cell behaviour using controllable, on-demand non-biochemical methods, such as electrical stimulation is an attractive area of research. While there exists much potential in exploring different modes of electrical stimulation and investigating a wider range of cellular phenomena that can arise from electrical stimulation, progress in this field has been slow. The reasons for this are that the stimulation techniques and customized setups utilized in past studies have not been standardized, and that current approaches to study such phenomena rely on low throughput platforms with restricted variability of waveform outputs. RESULTS Here, we first demonstrated how a variety of cellular responses can be elicited using different modes of DC and square waveform stimulation. Intracellular calcium levels were found to be elevated in the neuroblast cell line SH-SY5Y during stimulation with 5 V square waves and, stimulation with 150 mV/mm DC fields and 1.5 mA DC current resulted in polarization of protein kinase Akt in keratinocytes and elongation of endothelial cells, respectively. Next, a miniaturized stimulation device was developed with an integrated cell chamber array to output multiple discrete stimulation channels. A frequency dividing circuit implemented on the device provides a robust system to systematically study the effects of multiple output frequencies from a single input channel. CONCLUSION We have shown the feasibility of directing cellular responses using various stimulation waveforms, and developed a modular stimulation device that allows for the investigation of multiple stimulation parameters, which previously had to be conducted with different discrete equipment or output channels. Such a device can potentially spur the development of other high throughput platforms for thorough investigation of electrical stimulation parameters on cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Minru Xiong
- />School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Anh Tuan Do
- />School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block S2.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Jun Kit Wang
- />Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environmental and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141 Singapore
- />Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Chee Leong Yeoh
- />School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block S2.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Kiat Seng Yeo
- />School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block S2.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Cleo Choong
- />School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
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153
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Majewski L, Kuznicki J. SOCE in neurons: Signaling or just refilling? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1940-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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154
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Xu Y, Zhang S, Niu H, Ye Y, Hu F, Chen S, Li X, Luo X, Jiang S, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li J, Xiang R, Li N. STIM1 accelerates cell senescence in a remodeled microenvironment but enhances the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11754. [PMID: 26257076 PMCID: PMC4530453 DOI: 10.1038/srep11754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and the role of its key molecular regulators, STIM1 and ORAI1, in the development of cancer are emerging. Here, we report an unexpected dual function of SOCE in prostate cancer progression by revealing a decrease in the expression of STIM1 in human hyperplasia and tumor tissues of high histological grade and by demonstrating that STIM1 and ORAI1 inhibit cell growth by arresting the G0/G1 phase and enhancing cell senescence in human prostate cancer cells. In addition, STIM1 and ORAI1 inhibited NF-κB signaling and remodeled the tumor microenvironment by reducing the formation of M2 phenotype macrophages, possibly creating an unfavorable tumor microenvironment and inhibiting cancer development. However, STIM1 also promoted cell migration and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by activating TGF-β, Snail and Wnt/β-Catenin pathways. Thus, our study revealed novel regulatory effects and the mechanisms by which STIM1 affects cell senescence, tumor migration and the tumor microenvironment, revealing that STIM1 has multiple functions in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Xu
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haiying Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Yujie Ye
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fen Hu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Si Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Beijing Health Vocational College, 94 Nanhengxijie Street, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Xiaohe Luo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Junying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Rong Xiang
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin 300071, China [3] Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Na Li
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin 300071, China [3] Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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155
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Vieira PA, Korzus E. CBP-Dependent memory consolidation in the prefrontal cortex supports object-location learning. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1532-40. [PMID: 25941038 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of an object's location in space is supported by hippocampus-dependent recollection. Converging evidence strongly suggests that the interplay between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus is critical for spatial memory. Lesion, pharmacological, and genetic studies have been successful in dissecting the role of plasticity in the hippocampal circuit in a variety of neural processes relevant to spatial memory, including memory for the location of objects. However, prefrontal mechanisms underlying spatial memory are less well understood. Here, we show that an acute hypofunction of the cyclic-AMP regulatory element binding protein (CREB) Binding Protein (CBP) histone acetyltransferase (HAT) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) results in delay-dependent disruption of object-location memory. These data suggest that mechanisms involving CBP HAT-mediated lysine acetylation of nuclear proteins support selectively long-term encoding in the mPFC circuits. Evidence from the object-location task suggests that long-term memory encoding within the mPFC complements hippocampus-dependent spatial memory mechanisms and may be critical for broader network integration of information necessary for an assessment of subtle spatial differences to guide appropriate behavioral response during retrieval of spatial memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Vieira
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, University of California Riverside, California
| | - Edward Korzus
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, University of California Riverside, California
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156
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Hethorn WR, Ciarlone SL, Filonova I, Rogers JT, Aguirre D, Ramirez RA, Grieco JC, Peters MM, Gulick D, Anderson AE, L Banko J, Lussier AL, Weeber EJ. Reelin supplementation recovers synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits in a mouse model for Angelman syndrome. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1372-80. [PMID: 25864922 PMCID: PMC4676289 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Reelin signaling pathway is implicated in processes controlling synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. A single direct in vivo application of Reelin enhances long-term potentiation, increases dendritic spine density and improves associative and spatial learning and memory. Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurological disorder that presents with an overall defect in synaptic function, including decreased long-term potentiation, reduced dendritic spine density, and deficits in learning and memory, making it an attractive model in which to examine the ability of Reelin to recover synaptic function and cognitive deficits. In this study, we investigated the effects of Reelin administration on synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in a mouse model of AS and demonstrated that bilateral, intraventricular injections of Reelin recover synaptic function and corresponding hippocampus-dependent associative and spatial learning and memory. Additionally, we describe alteration of the Reelin profile in tissue from both the AS mouse and post-mortem human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney R Hethorn
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Stephanie L Ciarlone
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Irina Filonova
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Justin T Rogers
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Daniela Aguirre
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Raquel A Ramirez
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joseph C Grieco
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Melinda M Peters
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Danielle Gulick
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anne E Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica L Banko
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - April L Lussier
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Edwin J Weeber
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, 4001 East Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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157
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Inversion of Sonic hedgehog action on its canonical pathway by electrical activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4140-5. [PMID: 25829542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419690112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a morphogenic protein that operates through the Gli transcription factor-dependent canonical pathway to orchestrate normal development of many tissues. Because aberrant levels of Gli activity lead to a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from neurodevelopmental defects to cancer, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of Shh canonical pathway is paramount. During early stages of spinal cord development, Shh specifies neural progenitors through the canonical signaling. Despite persistence of Shh as spinal cord development progresses, Gli activity is switched off by unknown mechanisms. In this study we find that Shh inverts its action on Gli during development. Strikingly, Shh decreases Gli signaling in the embryonic spinal cord by an electrical activity- and cAMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated pathway. The inhibition of Gli activity by Shh operates at multiple levels. Shh promotes cytosolic over nuclear localization of Gli2, induces Gli2 and Gli3 processing into repressor forms, and activates cAMP-responsive element binding protein that in turn represses gli1 transcription. The regulatory mechanisms identified in this study likely operate with different spatiotemporal resolution and ensure effective down-regulation of the canonical Shh signaling as spinal cord development progresses. The developmentally regulated intercalation of electrical activity in the Shh pathway may represent a paradigm for switching from canonical to noncanonical roles of developmental cues during neuronal differentiation and maturation.
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158
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Carbonic anhydrase-8 regulates inflammatory pain by inhibiting the ITPR1-cytosolic free calcium pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118273. [PMID: 25734498 PMCID: PMC4347988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium dysregulation is causally linked with various forms of neuropathology including seizure disorders, multiple sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s, spinal cerebellar ataxia (SCA) and chronic pain. Carbonic anhydrase-8 (Car8) is an allosteric inhibitor of inositol trisphosphate receptor-1 (ITPR1), which regulates intracellular calcium release fundamental to critical cellular functions including neuronal excitability, neurite outgrowth, neurotransmitter release, mitochondrial energy production and cell fate. In this report we test the hypothesis that Car8 regulation of ITPR1 and cytoplasmic free calcium release is critical to nociception and pain behaviors. We show Car8 null mutant mice (MT) exhibit mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from MT also demonstrate increased steady-state ITPR1 phosphorylation (pITPR1) and cytoplasmic free calcium release. Overexpression of Car8 wildtype protein in MT nociceptors complements Car8 deficiency, down regulates pITPR1 and abolishes thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. We also show that Car8 nociceptor overexpression alleviates chronic inflammatory pain. Finally, inflammation results in downregulation of DRG Car8 that is associated with increased pITPR1 expression relative to ITPR1, suggesting a possible mechanism of acute hypersensitivity. Our findings indicate Car8 regulates the ITPR1-cytosolic free calcium pathway that is critical to nociception, inflammatory pain and possibly other neuropathological states. Car8 and ITPR1 represent new therapeutic targets for chronic pain.
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159
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Zhang SJ, Li YF, Wang GE, Tan RR, Tsoi B, Mao GW, Zhai YJ, Cao LF, Chen M, Kurihara H, Wang Q, He RR. Caffeine ameliorates high energy diet-induced hepatic steatosis: sirtuin 3 acts as a bridge in the lipid metabolism pathway. Food Funct 2015; 6:2578-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00247h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that caffeine could improve HED-induced hepatic steatosis by promoting lipid metabolism via the cAMP/CREB/SIRT3/AMPK/ACC pathway. SIRT3 acts as a molecular bridge connecting caffeine and lipid metabolism.
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160
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Polymer coated CaAl-layered double hydroxide nanomaterials for potential calcium supplement. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22563-79. [PMID: 25490138 PMCID: PMC4284724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have successfully prepared layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanomaterials containing calcium and aluminum ions in the framework (CaAl-LDH). The surface of CaAl-LDH was coated with enteric polymer, Eudragit®L 100 in order to protect nanomaterials from fast dissolution under gastric condition of pH 1.2. The X-ray diffraction patterns, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the pristine LDH was well prepared having hydrocalumite structure, and that the polymer effectively coated the surface of LDH without disturbing structure. From thermal analysis, it was determined that only a small amount (less than 1%) of polymer was coated on the LDH surface. Metal dissolution from LDH nanomaterials was significantly reduced upon Eudragit®L 100 coating at pH 1.2, 6.8 and 7.4, which simulates gastric, enteric and plasma conditions, respectively, and the dissolution effect was the most suppressed at pH 1.2. The LDH nanomaterials did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity up to 1000 μg/mL and intracellular calcium concentration significantly increased in LDH-treated human intestinal cells. Pharmacokinetic study demonstrated absorption efficiency of Eudragit®L 100 coated LDH following oral administration to rats. Moreover, the LDH nanomaterials did not cause acute toxic effect in vivo. All the results suggest the great potential of CaAl-LDH nanomaterials as a calcium supplement.
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161
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Van Laar VS, Roy N, Liu A, Rajprohat S, Arnold B, Dukes AA, Holbein CD, Berman SB. Glutamate excitotoxicity in neurons triggers mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum accumulation of Parkin, and, in the presence of N-acetyl cysteine, mitophagy. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 74:180-93. [PMID: 25478815 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the dynamic properties of mitochondria (fission, fusion, transport, degradation, and biogenesis) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin, the product of gene PARK2 whose mutation causes familial PD, has been linked to mitochondrial quality control via its role in regulating mitochondrial dynamics, including mitochondrial degradation via mitophagy. Models using mitochondrial stressors in numerous cell types have elucidated a PINK1-dependent pathway whereby Parkin accumulates on damaged mitochondria and targets them for mitophagy. However, the role Parkin plays in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis specifically in neurons has been less clear. We examined whether a stressor linked to neurodegeneration, glutamate excitotoxicity, elicits Parkin-mitochondrial translocation and mitophagy in neurons. We found that brief, acute exposure to glutamate causes Parkin translocation to mitochondria in neurons, in a calcium- and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent manner. In addition, we found that Parkin accumulates on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial/ER junctions following excitotoxicity, supporting a role for Parkin in mitochondrial-ER crosstalk in mitochondrial homeostasis. Despite significant Parkin-mitochondria translocation, however, we did not observe mitophagy under these conditions. To further investigate, we examined the role of glutamate-induced oxidative stress in Parkin-mitochondria accumulation. Unexpectedly, we found that glutamate-induced accumulation of Parkin on mitochondria was promoted by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and that co-treatment with NAC facilitated Parkin-associated mitophagy. These results suggest the possibility that mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative damage may have distinct pathways associated with Parkin function in neurons, which may be critical in understanding the role of Parkin in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nikita Roy
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Annie Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Swati Rajprohat
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Beth Arnold
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - April A Dukes
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cory D Holbein
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah B Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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162
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Mechanisms of microbubble-facilitated sonoporation for drug and gene delivery. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:467-86. [PMID: 24856171 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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163
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Badura A, Sun XR, Giovannucci A, Lynch LA, Wang SSH. Fast calcium sensor proteins for monitoring neural activity. NEUROPHOTONICS 2014; 1:025008. [PMID: 25558464 PMCID: PMC4280659 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.1.2.025008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A major goal of the BRAIN Initiative is the development of technologies to monitor neuronal network activity during active information processing. Toward this goal, genetically encoded calcium indicator proteins have become widely used for reporting activity in preparations ranging from invertebrates to awake mammals. However, slow response times, the narrow sensitivity range of Ca2+ and in some cases, poor signal-to-noise ratio still limit their usefulness. Here, we review recent improvements in the field of neural activity-sensitive probe design with a focus on the GCaMP family of calcium indicator proteins. In this context, we present our newly developed Fast-GCaMPs, which have up to 4-fold accelerated off-responses compared with the next-fastest GCaMP, GCaMP6f. Fast-GCaMPs were designed by destabilizing the association of the hydrophobic pocket of calcium-bound calmodulin with the RS20 binding domain, an intramolecular interaction that protects the green fluorescent protein chromophore. Fast-GCaMP6f-RS06 and Fast-GCaMP6f-RS09 have rapid off-responses in stopped-flow fluorimetry, in neocortical brain slices, and in the intact cerebellum in vivo. Fast-GCaMP6f variants should be useful for tracking action potentials closely spaced in time, and for following neural activity in fast-changing compartments, such as axons and dendrites. Finally, we discuss strategies that may allow tracking of a wider range of neuronal firing rates and improve spike detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Badura
- Princeton University, Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Xiaonan Richard Sun
- Princeton University, Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Andrea Giovannucci
- Princeton University, Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Laura A. Lynch
- Princeton University, Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Samuel S.-H. Wang
- Princeton University, Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Sam Wang, E-mail:
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164
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Wu YS, Huang SL, Nan FH, Chang CS, Hsiao CM, Lai KC, Chen SN. Over-inhibition of NADPH oxidase reduce the wound healing in liver of finfish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:174-181. [PMID: 25017371 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process involving soluble mediators, blood cells, extracellular matrix, and parenchymal cells in a response that occurs after surgical procedure or traumatic injury. The present study aims to investigate the ROS producing from the injury that involved in the wound healing using the ZFL (zebrafish liver cell) and tilapia partial hepatectomy model. In the ZFL, we observed that while over-inhibition of NADPH activity leading to reduce the wound healing moreover, experiment of the oxidative stress by the extracellular hydrogen peroxide exactly presented to increase the PCNA, BrdU and Ki-67 histopathological repair response of tilapia liver follow partial hepatectomy. We conclude that over inhibition of the NADPH oxidase by DPI may reduce the cell even the tissue in the progress of healing after the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ling Huang
- Freshwater Aquaculture Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Changhua 50562, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20248, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Sheng Chang
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Mei Hsiao
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Chiu Lai
- College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Nan Chen
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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165
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Early stress prevents the potentiation of muscarinic excitation by calcium release in adult prefrontal cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:315-23. [PMID: 24315552 PMCID: PMC4640900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The experience of early stress contributes to the etiology of several psychiatric disorders and can lead to lasting deficits in working memory and attention. These executive functions require activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) by muscarinic M1 acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. Such Gαq-protein coupled receptors trigger the release of calcium (Ca(2+)) from internal stores and elicit prolonged neuronal excitation. METHODS In brain slices of rat PFC, we employed multiphoton imaging simultaneously with whole-cell electrophysiological recordings to examine potential interactions between ACh-induced Ca(2+) release and excitatory currents in adulthood, across postnatal development, and following the early stress of repeated maternal separation, a rodent model for depression. We also investigated developmental changes in related genes in these groups. RESULTS Acetylcholine-induced Ca(2+) release potentiates ACh-elicited excitatory currents. In the healthy PFC, this potentiation of muscarinic excitation emerges in young adulthood, when executive function typically reaches maturity. However, the developmental consolidation of muscarinic ACh signaling is abolished in adults with a history of early stress, where ACh responses retain an adolescent phenotype. In prefrontal cortex, these rats show a disruption in the expression of multiple developmentally regulated genes associated with Gαq and Ca(2+) signaling. Pharmacologic and ionic manipulations reveal that the enhancement of muscarinic excitation in the healthy adult PFC arises via the electrogenic process of sodium/Ca(2+) exchange. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates a long-lasting disruption in ACh-mediated cortical excitation following early stress and raises the possibility that such cellular mechanisms may disrupt the maturation of executive function.
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Peng L, Zhang X, Cui X, Zhu D, Wu J, Sun D, Yue Q, Li Z, Liu H, Li G, Zhang J, Xu H, Liu F, Qin C, Li M, Sun J. Paliperidone protects SK-N-SH cells against glutamate toxicity via Akt1/GSK3β signaling pathway. Schizophr Res 2014; 157:120-7. [PMID: 24962437 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous psychotic illness and its etiology remains poorly understood. Recent studies have suggested that neurodegeneration is a component of schizophrenia pathology and some atypical antipsychotics appear to slow progressive morphological brain changes. In addition, the atypical antipsychotics were reported to have a superior therapeutic efficacy in treating schizophrenia and have a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) compared to typical antipsychotics. However, the mechanisms of atypical antipsychotics in treating schizophrenia and the basis for differences in their clinical effects were still totally unknown. In the present study, we investigated whether paliperidone shows protective effects on SK-N-SH cells from cell toxicity induced by exposure to glutamate. We examined the effects of the drugs on cell viability (measured by MTT metabolism assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay), apoptosis rate, ROS levels and gene expression and phosphorylation of Akt1 and GSK3β. The results showed that paliperidone significantly increases the cell viability by MTT and LDH assays (p<0.05), in contrast to the typical antipsychotic (haloperidol), which had little neuroprotective activity. Moreover, paliperidone retarded the glutamate-mediated promotion of ROS and the rate of apoptosis (p<0.05). In addition, paliperidone also effectively reversed glutamate-induced decreases of gene expression and phosphorylation of Akt1 and GSK3β (both p<0.05). Our results demonstrated that paliperidone could effectively protect SK-N-SH cells from glutamate-induced damages via Akt1/GSK3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- Department of Anatomy and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xingzhen Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xianping Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Dexiao Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Jintao Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Dong Sun
- Experimental Platform for Medical Function, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Qingwei Yue
- Department of Anatomy and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zeyan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Haili Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Guibao Li
- Department of Anatomy and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Experimental Platform for Medical Function, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Fuchen Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chengkun Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jinhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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167
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Del Prete D, Checler F, Chami M. Ryanodine receptors: physiological function and deregulation in Alzheimer disease. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:21. [PMID: 24902695 PMCID: PMC4063224 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbed Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis emerges as a central player in Alzheimer disease (AD). Accordingly, different studies have reported alterations of the expression and the function of Ryanodine Receptors (RyR) in human AD-affected brains, in cells expressing familial AD-linked mutations on the β amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and presenilins (the catalytic core in γ-secretase complexes cleaving the βAPP, thereby generating amyloid β (Aβ) peptides), as well as in the brain of various transgenic AD mice models. Data converge to suggest that RyR expression and function alteration are associated to AD pathogenesis through the control of: i) βAPP processing and Aβ peptide production, ii) neuronal death; iii) synaptic function; and iv) memory and learning abilities. In this review, we document the network of evidences suggesting that RyR could play a complex dual "compensatory/protective versus pathogenic" role contributing to the setting of histopathological lesions and synaptic deficits that are associated with the disease stages. We also discuss the possible mechanisms underlying RyR expression and function alterations in AD. Finally, we review recent publications showing that drug-targeting blockade of RyR and genetic manipulation of RyR reduces Aβ production, stabilizes synaptic transmission, and prevents learning and memory deficits in various AD mouse models. Chemically-designed RyR "modulators" could therefore be envisioned as new therapeutic compounds able to delay or block the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Checler
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, IPMC, Sophia Antipolis, Nice, F-06560 Valbonne, France.
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168
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Kook SY, Jeong H, Kang MJ, Park R, Shin HJ, Han SH, Son SM, Song H, Baik SH, Moon M, Yi EC, Hwang D, Mook-Jung I. Crucial role of calbindin-D28k in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1575-87. [PMID: 24853300 PMCID: PMC4158683 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Calbindin-D28k (CB), one of the major calcium-binding and buffering proteins, has a critical role in preventing a neuronal death as well as maintaining calcium homeostasis. Although marked reductions of CB expression have been observed in the brains of mice and humans with Alzheimer disease (AD), it is unknown whether these changes contribute to AD-related dysfunction. To determine the pathogenic importance of CB depletions in AD models, we crossed 5 familial AD mutations (5XFAD; Tg) mice with CB knock-out (CBKO) mice and generated a novel line CBKO·5XFAD (CBKOTg) mice. We first identified the change of signaling pathways and differentially expressed proteins globally by removing CB in Tg mice using mass spectrometry and antibody microarray. Immunohistochemistry showed that CBKOTg mice had significant neuronal loss in the subiculum area without changing the magnitude (number) of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plaques deposition and elicited significant apoptotic features and mitochondrial dysfunction compared with Tg mice. Moreover, CBKOTg mice reduced levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) 1/2 and cAMP response element-binding protein at Ser-133 and synaptic molecules such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDA receptor 1), NMDA receptor 2A, PSD-95 and synaptophysin in the subiculum compared with Tg mice. Importantly, this is the first experimental evidence that removal of CB from amyloid precursor protein/presenilin transgenic mice aggravates AD pathogenesis, suggesting that CB has a critical role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Kook
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Jeong
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea
| | - M J Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - R Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - H J Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-H Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S M Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S H Baik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M Moon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Mclean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - E C Yi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - D Hwang
- 1] School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea [2] Department of New Biology and Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu, Korea
| | - I Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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169
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Yu S, Cheng Q, Li L, Liu M, Yang Y, Ding F. 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-pyranoside confers neuroprotection in cell and animal models of ischemic stroke through calpain1/PKA/CREB-mediated induction of neuronal glucose transporter 3. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 277:259-69. [PMID: 24726522 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Salidroside is proven to be a neuroprotective agent of natural origin, and its analog, 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-pyranoside (named SalA-4g), has been synthesized in our lab. In this study, we showed that SalA-4g promoted neuronal survival and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in primary hippocampal neurons exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and in rats subjected to ischemia by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), respectively, and that SalA-4g was more neuroprotective than salidroside. We further found that SalA-4g elevated glucose uptake in OGD-injured primary hippocampal neurons and increased the expression and recruitment of glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) in ischemic brain. Signaling analysis revealed that SalA-4g triggered the phosphorylation of CREB, and increased the expression of PKA RII in primary hippocampal neurons exposed to OGD injury, while inhibition of PKA/CREB by H-89 alleviated the elevation in glucose uptake and GLUT3 expression, and blocked the protective effects of SalA-4g. Moreover, SalA-4g was noted to inhibit intracellular Ca(2+) influx and calpain1 activation in OGD-injured primary hippocampal neurons. Our results suggest that SalA-4g neuroprotection might be mediated by increased glucose uptake and elevated GLUT3 expression through calpain1/PKA/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong JS 226001, PR China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong JS 226001, PR China
| | - Lu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong JS 226001, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong JS 226001, PR China
| | - Yumin Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong JS 226001, PR China
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong JS 226001, PR China.
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170
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Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the adverse consequences of untreated pain and stress on brain development in the preterm infant. Sucrose has widely been implemented as standard therapy for minor procedural pain. Anesthetics are commonly utilized in preterm infants during major surgery. Pharmacologic agents (benzodiazepines and opioids) have been examined in clinical trials of preterm infants requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Controversy exists regarding the safety and long-term impact of these interventions. Ongoing multidisciplinary research will help define the impact of these agents and identify potential alternative therapies.
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171
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Bourinet E, Altier C, Hildebrand ME, Trang T, Salter MW, Zamponi GW. Calcium-permeable ion channels in pain signaling. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:81-140. [PMID: 24382884 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection and processing of painful stimuli in afferent sensory neurons is critically dependent on a wide range of different types of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, including sodium, calcium, and TRP channels, to name a few. The functions of these channels include the detection of mechanical and chemical insults, the generation of action potentials and regulation of neuronal firing patterns, the initiation of neurotransmitter release at dorsal horn synapses, and the ensuing activation of spinal cord neurons that project to pain centers in the brain. Long-term changes in ion channel expression and function are thought to contribute to chronic pain states. Many of the channels involved in the afferent pain pathway are permeable to calcium ions, suggesting a role in cell signaling beyond the mere generation of electrical activity. In this article, we provide a broad overview of different calcium-permeable ion channels in the afferent pain pathway and their role in pain pathophysiology.
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172
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Wu YS, Nan FH, Huang SL, Hsiao CM, Lai KC, Lu CL, Chen SN. Studies of macrophage cellular response to the extracellular hydrogen peroxide by tilapia model. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:459-466. [PMID: 24398263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may act as signaling molecules in the physiology responses and the present study aims to investigate the effect of extracellular hydrogen peroxide on macrophages cellular response. The results obtained in the present study showed that the extracellular hydrogen peroxide affectively alter the membrane potential of the cell membrane and ion exchange channels in the cell membrane through intracellular NAD turnover that may lead to an intracellular calcium ion concentration alteration and subsequently induce the downstream signal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20248, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ling Huang
- Freshwater Aquaculture Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Changhua 50562, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Mei Hsiao
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Chiu Lai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lun Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Nan Chen
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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173
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Ciccarelli A, Giustetto M. Role of ERK signaling in activity-dependent modifications of histone proteins. Neuropharmacology 2014; 80:34-44. [PMID: 24486378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that neuronal intracellular signaling governed by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK/MAPK) plays a crucial role in long-term adaptive changes that occur during cognitive processes. ERK is a downstream component of a conserved signaling module that is activated by the serine/threonine kinase, Raf, which activates the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2 protein kinases, which, in turn, activate ERK1/2. This signaling pathway has been reported to be activated in numerous physiological conditions due to a variety of stimuli, ranging from the activation of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors to metabotropic dopaminergic receptors and neurotrophin receptors. Interestingly, activated ERK can have early and late downstream effects at both the nuclear and synaptic levels. Locally, ERK signaling results in transient changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission by modifying both pre- and post-synaptic targets. Once translocated into the nucleus, ERK signaling may control transcription by targeting several different regulators of gene expression such as transcription factors and histone proteins. ERK function is considered fundamental in processes such as long-term memory storage and drug addiction, by means of its role in activity-dependent epigenetic modifications that occur in the brain. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ERK action in the neuroepigenetic processes underlying physiological responses, cognitive processes and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ciccarelli
- University of Turin, Department of Neuroscience, C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- University of Turin, Department of Neuroscience, C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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174
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Su JJ, Pan H, Zhou HG, Tang YP, Dong Q, Liu JR. Acid-sensing ion channels activation and hypoxia upregulate Homer1a expression. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:264-74. [PMID: 24433527 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that dynamic alterations in the structure of postsynaptic density (PSD) are involved in the pathogenesis of many central nervous system disorders, including ischemic stroke. Homer is the newly identified scaffolding protein located at PSD and regulates synaptic function. Homer1a, an immediate early gene, has been shown to be induced by several stimulations, such as glutamate, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and trauma. However, whether acidosis mediated by acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and hypoxia during cerebral ischemia can change Homer1a expression remains to be determined. RESULTS We investigated that acidosis and hypoxia selectively and rapidly upregulated Homer1a expression, but not Homer1b/c in cultured cortical neurons. We also found that Homer1a exhibited induction expression in brain cortex of the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Additionally, acid-evoked Homer1a mRNA induction depended on extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt activity, and ASIC1a-mediated calcium influx whereas hypoxia depended only on ERK1/2 activity. Also, we demonstrated that continuous acidosis and hypoxia resulted in pronounced cell injury and Homer1a knockdown with small interfering RNA aggravated this damage induced by 3 h acid and hypoxia incubation in neuro-2a cells. CONCLUSION Homer1a might act as an activity-dependent regulator responding to extracellular stimuli during cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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175
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Electrical Stimulation Induces Calcium-Dependent Neurite Outgrowth and Immediate Early Genes Expressions of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:129-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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176
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Sookruksawong S, Pongsomboon S, Tassanakajon A. Genomic organization of the cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase gene from the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and its response to thermal stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1395-1405. [PMID: 23994278 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase (cMnSOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of superoxides to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide in several organisms. In the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, three cMnSOD genes (LvcMnSOD1-3) have previously been characterized. Here, the genomic structure of LvcMnSOD2 and its mRNA expression in response to thermal stress was examined. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence demonstrated that LvcMnSOD2 is comprised of 2392 bp spanning from the ATG translation start site to the stop codon and contains six exons interrupted by five introns. The 5' region upstream of the LvcMnSOD2 gene contains several putative regulatory elements but lacks the accepted TATA sequence. The putative transcription factor binding elements that may be involved in LvcMnSOD2 mRNA expression level include activator protein-1 (AP-1), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), upstream stimulatory factor (USF), CAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and heat shock regulatory element (HSE). In addition, we compared the 5' upstream sequences of the LvcMnSOD2 gene between two shrimp strains that are resistant or susceptible to Taura syndrome virus (TSV), respectively, which revealed the absence of the USF and C/EBP elements at positions -2125 and -1986, respectively, in the TSV-susceptible shrimp line. Moreover, genomic variations between the two shrimp strains were detected in some of the putative C/EBP, USF, HSE and NF-κB transcription factor binding elements. That these genomic variations might be involved in the TSV resistance as well as in stress responses remains to be evaluated. The presence of 15 putative HSEs suggests that the expression of LvcMnSOD2 is regulated under thermal stress. Here, we found that in response to a 1 or 3 h thermal stress (35 °C), the mRNA expression levels of LvcMnSOD2 were significantly increased and then gradually decreased in the recovering phase at room temperature (25 °C) to control levels by 3 h after the heat shock. Thus, the antioxidant system may be induced to protect cells from the oxidative damage caused by thermal stress. The genomic organization of LvcMnSOD2 likely provides a clue to the mechanisms that might regulate the antioxidant defense pathway in shrimps and so potentially in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchonma Sookruksawong
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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177
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GABAA receptor-mediated tonic depolarization in developing neural circuits. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:702-23. [PMID: 24022163 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The activation of GABAA receptors (the type A receptors for γ-aminobutyric acid) produces two distinct forms of responses, phasic (i.e., transient) and tonic (i.e., persistent), that are mediated by synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors, respectively. During development, the intracellular chloride levels are high so activation of these receptors causes a net outward flow of anions that leads to neuronal depolarization rather than hyperpolarization. Therefore, in developing neural circuits, tonic activation of GABAA receptors may provide persistent depolarization. Recently, it became evident that GABAA receptor-mediated tonic depolarization alters the structure of patterned spontaneous activity, a feature that is common in developing neural circuits and is important for neural circuit refinement. Thus, this persistent depolarization may lead to a long-lasting increase in intracellular calcium level that modulates network properties via calcium-dependent signaling cascades. This article highlights the features of GABAA receptor-mediated tonic depolarization, summarizes the principles for discovery, reviews the current findings in diverse developing circuits, examines the underlying molecular mechanisms and modulation systems, and discusses their functional specializations for each developing neural circuit.
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178
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Neuroprotective effect of ginseng against alteration of calcium binding proteins immunoreactivity in the mice hippocampus after radiofrequency exposure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:812641. [PMID: 24069603 PMCID: PMC3773416 DOI: 10.1155/2013/812641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) such as calbindin D28-k, parvalbumin, and calretinin are able to bind Ca2+ with high affinity. Changes in Ca2+ concentrations via CaBPs can disturb Ca2+ homeostasis. Brain damage can be induced by the prolonged electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure with loss of interacellular Ca2+ balance. The present study investigated the radioprotective effect of ginseng in regard to CaBPs immunoreactivity (IR) in the hippocampus through immunohistochemistry after one-month exposure at 1.6 SAR value by comparing sham control with exposed and ginseng-treated exposed groups separately. Loss of dendritic arborization was noted with the CaBPs in the Cornu Ammonis areas as well as a decrease of staining intensity of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus after exposure while no loss was observed in the ginseng-treated group. A significant difference in the relative mean density was noted between control and exposed groups but was nonsignificant in the ginseng-treated group. Decrease in CaBP IR with changes in the neuronal staining as observed in the exposed group would affect the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit by alteration of the Ca2+ concentration which could be prevented by ginseng. Hence, ginseng could contribute as a radioprotective agent against EMF exposure, contributing to the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis by preventing impairment of intracellular Ca2+ levels in the hippocampus.
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179
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Tsutsui S, Stys PK. Metabolic injury to axons and myelin. Exp Neurol 2013; 246:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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180
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Wu F, Li H, Zhao L, Li X, You J, Jiang Q, Li S, Jin L, Xu Y. Protective effects of aqueous extract from Acanthopanax senticosus against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:861-868. [PMID: 23727182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acanthopanax senticosus, classified into the family of Araliaceae, has been known for thousands of years as a remedy and is used to treat various diseases in traditional Chinese medicine system including hypertension, ischemic heart disease and hepatitis. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to examine the protective effects of aqueous extract from Acanthopanax senticosus (ASE) on corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity and its possible mechanisms, using PC12 cells as a suitable in vitro model of depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this paper, PC12 cells were treated with 200 μM of corticosterone in the absence or presence of ASE in varying concentrations for 24 h. Then, cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The release amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was quantified using LDH assay kit. Apoptosis of PC12 cells was measured by Annexin V-FITC and PI labeling. The intracellular Ca(2+) content was tested by fluorescent labeling. The mRNA level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was examined by real-time RT-PCR, and the expression of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) was determined by western blotting. RESULTS The results showed that treatment with 200 μM of corticosterone could induce cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. However, different concentrations of ASE (50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL) significantly increased the cell viability, decreased the LDH release, suppressed the apoptosis of PC12 cells, attenuated the intracellular Ca(2+) overloading, up-regulated the BDNF mRNA level and CREB protein expression compared with the corresponding corticosterone-treated group. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that ASE exerts a neuroprotective effect on corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, which may be one of the acting mechanisms that accounts for the in vivo antidepressant activity of ASE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
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181
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Cary RL, Waddell S, Racioppi L, Long F, Novack DV, Voor MJ, Sankar U. Inhibition of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 stimulates osteoblast formation and inhibits osteoclast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1599-610. [PMID: 23408651 PMCID: PMC3688641 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling, a physiological process characterized by bone formation by osteoblasts (OBs) and resorption of preexisting bone matrix by osteoclasts (OCs), is vital for the maintenance of healthy bone tissue in adult humans. Imbalances in this vital process result in pathological conditions including osteoporosis. Owing to its initial asymptomatic nature, osteoporosis is often detected only after the patient has sustained significant bone loss or a fracture. Hence, anabolic therapeutics that stimulate bone accrual is in high clinical demand. Here we identify Ca²⁺/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) as a potential target for such therapeutics because its inhibition enhances OB differentiation and bone growth and suppresses OC differentiation. Mice null for CaMKK2 possess higher trabecular bone mass in their long bones, along with significantly more OBs and fewer multinuclear OCs. In vitro, although Camkk2⁻/⁻ mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) yield significantly higher numbers of OBs, bone marrow cells from Camkk2⁻/⁻ mice produce fewer multinuclear OCs. Acute inhibition of CaMKK2 by its selective, cell-permeable pharmacological inhibitor STO-609 also results in increased OB and diminished OC formation. Further, we find phospho-protein kinase A (PKA) and Ser¹³³ phosphorylated form of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (pCREB) to be markedly elevated in OB progenitors deficient in CaMKK2. On the other hand, genetic ablation of CaMKK2 or its pharmacological inhibition in OC progenitors results in reduced pCREB as well as significantly reduced levels of its transcriptional target, nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic (NFATc1). Moreover, in vivo administration of STO-609 results in increased OBs and diminished OCs, conferring significant protection from ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis in adult mice. Overall, our findings reveal a novel function for CaMKK2 in bone remodeling and highlight the potential for its therapeutic inhibition as a valuable bone anabolic strategy that also inhibits OC differentiation in the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Cary
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Owensboro Cancer Research Program,
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Seid Waddell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville,
Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Luigi Racioppi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705
- University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy 80131
| | - Fanxin Long
- Department of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Washington
University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Deborah V. Novack
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael J. Voor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville,
Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Uma Sankar
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center and Owensboro Cancer Research Program,
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville,
Louisville, KY 40202
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182
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Tiruneh MA, Huang BS, Leenen FHH. Role of angiotensin II type 1 receptors in the subfornical organ in the pressor responses to central sodium in rats. Brain Res 2013; 1527:79-86. [PMID: 23816375 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Central infusion of Na(+)-rich artificial cerebro-spinal fluid (aCSF) activates the brain renin-angiotensin system and causes sympatho-excitatory and pressor responses. We evaluated the role of the subfornical organ (SFO) and angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors in the SFO in mediating the central Na(+)-induced pressor response. In conscious Wistar rats, intra SFO infusions of Na(+)-rich aCSF containing 0.45 and 0.6M Na(+) at 10 nl/min or injection of angiotensin II (Ang II) at 80 ng increased blood pressure (BP) by 15-22 mmHg, whereas mannitol with the same osmolarity as the Na(+)-rich aCSF had no effects. Intra SFO infusion of the AT1 receptor blocker candesartan abolished the pressor response induced by intra SFO administration of Na(+)-rich aCSF or Ang II. Intra cerebro-ventricular (icv) infusion of Na(+)-rich aCSF (0.3M Na(+)) at 3.8 μl/min for 10 min increased BP by 15-20 mmHg. Electrolytic lesion of the SFO attenuated these BP increases by 50-70%. Intra SFO infusion of candesartan also prevented 50% of these pressor responses. These data suggest that SFO neurons are indeed sensitive to Na(+), the SFO is a major - but not only - site in the brain to sense an increase in CSF [Na(+)], and activation of AT1 receptors in the SFO mediates the SFO component of the Na(+)-induced pressor response.
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183
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Yao D, Li M, Shen D, Ding F, Lu S, Zhao Q, Gu X. Expression changes and bioinformatic analysis of Wallerian degeneration after sciatic nerve injury in rat. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:321-32. [PMID: 23700281 PMCID: PMC5561847 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wallerian degeneration (WD) remains an important research topic. Many genes are differentially expressed during the process of WD, but the precise mechanisms responsible for these differentiations are not completely understood. In this study, we used microarrays to analyze the expression changes of the distal nerve stump at 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after sciatic nerve injury in rats. The data revealed 6 076 differentially-expressed genes, with 23 types of expression, specifically enriched in genes associated with nerve development and axonogenesis, cytokine biosynthesis, cell differentiation, cytokine/chemokine production, neuron differentiation, cytokinesis, phosphorylation and axon regeneration. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis gave findings related mainly to the MAPK signaling pathway, the Jak-STAT signaling pathway, the cell cycle, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the p53 signaling pathway and the Wnt signaling pathway. Some key factors were NGF, MAG, CNTF, CTNNA2, p53, JAK2, PLCB1, STAT3, BDNF, PRKC, collagen II, FGF, THBS4, TNC and c-Src, which were further validated by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the functional analysis of differentially-expressed genes in WD and may shed light on the molecular mechanisms of nerve degeneration and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengbing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Meiyuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Dingding Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Shibi Lu
- Key Laboratory of the People’s Liberation Army, Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the People’s Liberation Army, Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
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184
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Maddala R, Nagendran T, de Ridder GG, Schey KL, Rao PV. L-type calcium channels play a critical role in maintaining lens transparency by regulating phosphorylation of aquaporin-0 and myosin light chain and expression of connexins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64676. [PMID: 23734214 PMCID: PMC3667166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis of intracellular calcium is crucial for lens cytoarchitecture and transparency, however, the identity of specific channel proteins regulating calcium influx within the lens is not completely understood. Here we examined the expression and distribution profiles of L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) and explored their role in morphological integrity and transparency of the mouse lens, using cDNA microarray, RT-PCR, immunoblot, pharmacological inhibitors and immunofluorescence analyses. The results revealed that Ca (V) 1.2 and 1.3 channels are expressed and distributed in both the epithelium and cortical fiber cells in mouse lens. Inhibition of LTCCs with felodipine or nifedipine induces progressive cortical cataract formation with time, in association with decreased lens weight in ex-vivo mouse lenses. Histological analyses of felodipine treated lenses revealed extensive disorganization and swelling of cortical fiber cells resembling the phenotype reported for altered aquaporin-0 activity without detectable cytotoxic effects. Analysis of both soluble and membrane rich fractions from felodipine treated lenses by SDS-PAGE in conjunction with mass spectrometry and immunoblot analyses revealed decreases in β-B1-crystallin, Hsp-90, spectrin and filensin. Significantly, loss of transparency in the felodipine treated lenses was preceded by an increase in aquaporin-0 serine-235 phosphorylation and levels of connexin-50, together with decreases in myosin light chain phosphorylation and the levels of 14-3-3ε, a phosphoprotein-binding regulatory protein. Felodipine treatment led to a significant increase in gene expression of connexin-50 and 46 in the mouse lens. Additionally, felodipine inhibition of LTCCs in primary cultures of mouse lens epithelial cells resulted in decreased intracellular calcium, and decreased actin stress fibers and myosin light chain phosphorylation, without detectable cytotoxic response. Taken together, these observations reveal a crucial role for LTCCs in regulation of expression, activity and stability of aquaporin-0, connexins, cytoskeletal proteins, and the mechanical properties of lens, all of which have a vital role in maintaining lens function and cytoarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupalatha Maddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tharkika Nagendran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gustaaf G. de Ridder
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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185
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Gene expression profiling of rotenone-mediated cortical neuronal death: Evidence for inhibition of ubiquitin–proteasome system and autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and dysfunction of mitochondrial and calcium signaling. Neurochem Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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186
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Eisenkraft A, Falk A, Finkelstein A. The role of glutamate and the immune system in organophosphate-induced CNS damage. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:265-79. [PMID: 23532600 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) poisoning is associated with long-lasting neurological damage, which is attributed mainly to the excessive levels of glutamate caused by the intoxication. Glutamate toxicity, however, is not specific to OP poisoning, and is linked to propagation of damage in both acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to acute excitotoxic effects of glutamate, there is now a growing amount of evidence of its intricate immunomodulatory effects in the brain, involving both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. Moreover, it was demonstrated that immunomodulatory treatments, aimed at regulating the interaction between the resident immune cells of the brain (microglia) and the peripheral immune system, can support buffering of excessive levels of glutamate and restoration of the homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the role of glutamate as an excitotoxic agent in the acute phase of OP poisoning, and the possible functions it may have as both a neuroprotectant and an immunomodulator in the sub-acute and chronic phases of OP poisoning. In addition, we will describe the novel immune-based neuroprotective strategies aimed at counteracting the long-term neurodegenerative effects of glutamate in the CNS.
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187
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Ronjat M, Kiyonaka S, Barbado M, De Waard M, Mori Y. Nuclear life of the voltage-gated Cacnb4 subunit and its role in gene transcription regulation. Channels (Austin) 2013; 7:119-25. [PMID: 23511121 DOI: 10.4161/chan.23895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pore-forming subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels is associated to auxiliary subunits among which the cytoplasmic β subunit. The different isoforms of this subunit control both the plasma membrane targeting and the biophysical properties of the channel moiety. In a recent study, we demonstrated that the Cacnb4 (β 4) isoform is at the center of a new signaling pathway that connects neuronal excitability and gene transcription. This mechanism relies on nuclear targeting of β 4 triggered by neuronal electrical stimulation. This re-localization of β 4 is promoted by its interaction with Ppp2r5d a regulatory subunit of PP2A in complex with PP2A itself. The formation, as well as the nuclear translocation, of the β 4/ Ppp2r5d/ PP2A complex is totally impaired by the premature R482X stops mutation of β 4 that has been previously associated with juvenile epilepsy. Taking as a case study the tyrosine hydroxylase gene that is strongly upregulated in brain of lethargic mice, deficient for β 4 expression, we deciphered the molecular steps presiding to this signaling pathway. Here we show that expression of wild-type β 4 in HEK293 cells results in the regulation of several genes, while expression of the mutated β 4 (β 1-481) produces a different set of gene regulation. Several genes regulated by β 4 in HEK293 cells were also regulated upon neuronal differentiation of NG108-15 cells that induces nuclear translocation of β 4 suggesting a link between β 4 nuclear targeting and gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Ronjat
- Unité Inserm U836, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, La Tronche, France.
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188
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Lim HJ, Lee SK, Lim DY. Influence of Fimasartan (a Novel AT(1) Receptor Blocker) on Catecholamine Release in the Adrenal Medulla of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 17:99-109. [PMID: 23441003 PMCID: PMC3579112 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether fimasartan, a newly developed AT1 receptor blocker, can affect the CA release in the isolated perfused model of the adrenal medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Fimasartan (5~50 µM) perfused into an adrenal vein for 90 min produced dose- and time-dependently inhibited the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 mM), high K+ (56 mM, a direct membrane depolarizer), DMPP (100 µM) and McN-A-343 (100 µM). Fimasartan failed to affect basal CA output. Furthermore, in adrenal glands loaded with fimasartan (15 µM), the CA secretory responses evoked by Bay-K-8644 (10 µM, an activator of L-type Ca2+ channels), cyclopiazonic acid (10 µM, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase), and veratridine (100 µM, an activator of Na+ channels) as well as by angiotensin II (Ang II, 100 nM), were markedly inhibited. In simultaneous presence of fimasartan (15 µM) and L-NAME (30 µM, an inhibitor of NO synthase), the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high K+, DMPP, Ang II, Bay-K-8644, and veratridine was not affected in comparison of data obtained from treatment with fimasartan (15 µM) alone. Also there was no difference in NO release between before and after treatment with fimasartan (15 µM). Collectively, these experimental results suggest that fimasartan inhibits the CA secretion evoked by Ang II, and cholinergic stimulation (both nicotininc and muscarinic receptors) as well as by membrane depolarization from the rat adrenal medulla. It seems that this inhibitory effect of fimasartan may be mediated by blocking the influx of both Na+ and Ca2+ through their ion channels into the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells as well as by inhibiting the Ca2+ release from the cytoplasmic calcium store, which is relevant to AT1 receptor blockade without NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jeong Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 710-744, Korea
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189
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Lee ES, Ryu JH, Kim EJ, Kim GT, Cho YW, Park HJ, Tak HM, Han J, Kang D. Lamotrigine increases intracellular Ca(2+) levels and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II activation in mouse dorsal root ganglion neurones. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:397-404. [PMID: 23227957 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Lamotrigine is a neuroprotective agent that is used clinically for the treatment of seizures and neuropathic pain. A significant volume of literature has reported that lamotrigine exerts analgesic effect by blocking Ca(2+) channels. However, little is known regarding the effect of lamotrigine on the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). The aim of this study was to determine whether lamotrigine modulates [Ca(2+)](i) in sensory neurones. METHODS Lamotrigine-induced changes in [Ca(2+)](i) were measured in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones using the Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent indicator Fluo 3-AM and a confocal laser scanning microscope. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) activation was assessed by the fluorescence intensity using immunocytochemical procedures. RESULTS Treatment with 1, 10, 30 or 100 μM lamotrigine transiently increased [Ca(2+)](i) in DRG neurones in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with 100 μM lamotrigine induced a significant (threefold) increase in the Ca(2+) peak in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca(2+). The lamotrigine-induced Ca(2+) increase was abolished or decreased by the treatment with a specific PLC inhibitor (U73122), IP3R antagonist (xestospongin C) or RyR antagonist (dantrolene). In some cells, treatment with 100 μM lamotrigine caused a transient Ca(2+) increase, and the Ca(2+) levels quickly fell to below the basal Ca(2+) level observed prior to lamotrigine application. The decrease in basal Ca(2+) levels was blocked by the treatment with a CaMKII inhibitor (KN93). Immunocytochemical analysis indicated that lamotrigine treatment increased the expression of phosphorylated CaMKII in DRG neurones. CONCLUSION Treatment with lamotrigine increased [Ca(2+)](i) apparently as a result of Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores and CaMKII activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju; Korea
| | - J. H. Ryu
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju; Korea
| | - E.-J. Kim
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju; Korea
| | - G.-T. Kim
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju; Korea
| | - Y.-W. Cho
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju; Korea
| | - H.-J. Park
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju; Korea
| | - H.-M. Tak
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju; Korea
| | - J. Han
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju; Korea
| | - D. Kang
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences; Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine; Jinju; Korea
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190
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Duncan C, Mueller S, Simon E, Renger JJ, Uebele VN, Hogan QH, Wu HE. Painful nerve injury decreases sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase activity in axotomized sensory neurons. Neuroscience 2012; 231:247-57. [PMID: 23219911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) is a critical pathway by which sensory neurons sequester cytosolic Ca(2+) and thereby maintain intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. We have previously demonstrated decreased intraluminal endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) concentration in traumatized sensory neurons. Here we examine SERCA function in dissociated sensory neurons using Fura-2 fluorometry. Blocking SERCA with thapsigargin (1 μM) increased resting [Ca(2+)](c) and prolonged recovery (τ) from transients induced by neuronal activation (elevated bath K(+)), demonstrating SERCA contributes to control of resting [Ca(2+)](c) and recovery from transient [Ca(2+)](c) elevation. To evaluate SERCA in isolation, plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase was blocked with pH 8.8 bath solution and mitochondrial buffering was avoided by keeping transients small (≤ 400 nM). Neurons axotomized by spinal nerve ligation (SNL) showed a slowed rate of transient recovery compared to control neurons, representing diminished SERCA function, whereas neighboring non-axotomized neurons from SNL animals were unaffected. Injury did not affect SERCA function in large neurons. Repeated depolarization prolonged transient recovery, showing that neuronal activation inhibits SERCA function. These findings suggest that injury-induced loss of SERCA function in small sensory neurons may contribute to the generation of pain following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Duncan
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Anesthesiology, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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191
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Liu X, Betzenhauser MJ, Reiken S, Meli AC, Xie W, Chen BX, Arancio O, Marks AR. Role of leaky neuronal ryanodine receptors in stress-induced cognitive dysfunction. Cell 2012; 150:1055-67. [PMID: 22939628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel (RyR2), required for excitation-contraction coupling in the heart, is abundant in the brain. Chronic stress induces catecholamine biosynthesis and release, stimulating β-adrenergic receptors and activating cAMP signaling pathways in neurons. In a murine chronic restraint stress model, neuronal RyR2 were phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA), oxidized, and nitrosylated, resulting in depletion of the stabilizing subunit calstabin2 (FKBP12.6) from the channel complex and intracellular calcium leak. Stress-induced cognitive dysfunction, including deficits in learning and memory, and reduced long-term potentiation (LTP) at the hippocampal CA3-CA1 connection were rescued by oral administration of S107, a compound developed in our laboratory that stabilizes RyR2-calstabin2 interaction, or by genetic ablation of the RyR2 PKA phosphorylation site at serine 2808. Thus, neuronal RyR2 remodeling contributes to stress-induced cognitive dysfunction. Leaky RyR2 could be a therapeutic target for treatment of stress-induced cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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193
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Enriched pathways for major depressive disorder identified from a genome-wide association study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15:1401-11. [PMID: 22243633 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711001891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has caused a substantial burden of disease worldwide with moderate heritability. Despite efforts through conducting numerous association studies and now, genome-wide association (GWA) studies, the success of identifying susceptibility loci for MDD has been limited, which is partially attributed to the complex nature of depression pathogenesis. A pathway-based analytic strategy to investigate the joint effects of various genes within specific biological pathways has emerged as a powerful tool for complex traits. The present study aimed to identify enriched pathways for depression using a GWA dataset for MDD. For each gene, we estimated its gene-wise p value using combined and minimum p value, separately. Canonical pathways from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and BioCarta were used. We employed four pathway-based analytic approaches (gene set enrichment analysis, hypergeometric test, sum-square statistic, sum-statistic). We adjusted for multiple testing using Benjamini & Hochberg's method to report significant pathways. We found 17 significantly enriched pathways for depression, which presented low-to-intermediate crosstalk. The top four pathways were long-term depression (p⩽1×10-5), calcium signalling (p⩽6×10-5), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (p⩽1.6×10-4) and cell adhesion molecules (p⩽2.2×10-4). In conclusion, our comprehensive pathway analyses identified promising pathways for depression that are related to neurotransmitter and neuronal systems, immune system and inflammatory response, which may be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression. We demonstrated that pathway enrichment analysis is promising to facilitate our understanding of complex traits through a deeper interpretation of GWA data. Application of this comprehensive analytic strategy in upcoming GWA data for depression could validate the findings reported in this study.
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Indicators for acute hypoxia—An immunohistochemical investigation in cerebellar Purkinje-cells. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 223:165-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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195
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A bimodular mechanism of calcium control in eukaryotes. Nature 2012; 491:468-72. [PMID: 23086147 DOI: 10.1038/nature11539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca(2+)) have an important role as secondary messengers in numerous signal transduction processes, and cells invest much energy in controlling and maintaining a steep gradient between intracellular (∼0.1-micromolar) and extracellular (∼2-millimolar) Ca(2+) concentrations. Calmodulin-stimulated calcium pumps, which include the plasma-membrane Ca(2+)-ATPases (PMCAs), are key regulators of intracellular Ca(2+) in eukaryotes. They contain a unique amino- or carboxy-terminal regulatory domain responsible for autoinhibition, and binding of calcium-loaded calmodulin to this domain releases autoinhibition and activates the pump. However, the structural basis for the activation mechanism is unknown and a key remaining question is how calmodulin-mediated PMCA regulation can cover both basal Ca(2+) levels in the nanomolar range as well as micromolar-range Ca(2+) transients generated by cell stimulation. Here we present an integrated study combining the determination of the high-resolution crystal structure of a PMCA regulatory-domain/calmodulin complex with in vivo characterization and biochemical, biophysical and bioinformatics data that provide mechanistic insights into a two-step PMCA activation mechanism mediated by calcium-loaded calmodulin. The structure shows the entire PMCA regulatory domain and reveals an unexpected 2:1 stoichiometry with two calcium-loaded calmodulin molecules binding to different sites on a long helix. A multifaceted characterization of the role of both sites leads to a general structural model for calmodulin-mediated regulation of PMCAs that allows stringent, highly responsive control of intracellular calcium in eukaryotes, making it possible to maintain a stable, basal level at a threshold Ca(2+) concentration, where steep activation occurs.
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Suwanjang W, Phansuwan-Pujito P, Govitrapong P, Chetsawang B. Calpastatin reduces calpain and caspase activation in methamphetamine-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cultured cells. Neurosci Lett 2012; 526:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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197
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Abstract
Cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions critically influence cell metabolism, protein synthesis, cell survival, cytoskeletal architecture and consequently cell mechanical properties such as migration, spreading and contraction. An important group of adhesive transmembrane receptors that mechanically link the ECM (extracellular matrix) with the internal cytoskeleton are integrins which are intimately connected with the FAs (focal adhesions) which consists of many proteins. The transient formation of FAs is greatly augmented either through externally applied tension to the cell or internally through myosin II-driven cell contractility. Exactly which protein(s) within FAs sense, transmit and respond to mechanical stress is currently debated and numerous candidates have been proposed.
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198
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Neto FL, Borges G, Torres-Sanchez S, Mico JA, Berrocoso E. Neurotrophins role in depression neurobiology: a review of basic and clinical evidence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:530-52. [PMID: 22654714 PMCID: PMC3263450 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting a huge percentage of the active population especially in developed countries. Research has devoted much of its attention to this problematic and many drugs have been developed and are currently prescribed to treat this pathology. Yet, many patients are refractory to the available therapeutic drugs, which mainly act by increasing the levels of the monoamines serotonin and noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft. Even in the cases antidepressants are effective, it is usually observed a delay of a few weeks between the onset of treatment and remission of the clinical symptoms. Additionally, many of these patients who show remission with antidepressant therapy present a relapse of depression upon treatment cessation. Thus research has focused on other possible molecular targets, besides monoamines, underlying depression. Both basic and clinical evidence indicates that depression is associated with
several structural and neurochemical changes where the levels of neurotrophins, particularly of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are altered. Antidepressants, as well as other therapeutic strategies, seem to restore these levels. Neuronal atrophy, mostly detected in limbic structures that regulate mood and cognition, like the hippocampus, is observed in depressed patients and in animal behavioural paradigms for depression. Moreover, chronic antidepressant treatment enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis, supporting the notion that this event underlies antidepressants effects. Here we review some of the preclinical and clinical studies, aimed at disclosing the role of neurotrophins in the pathophysiological
mechanisms of depression and the mode of action of antidepressants, which favour the neurotrophic/neurogenic hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani L Neto
- Instituto de Histologia e Embriologia, Faculdade de Medicina e IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
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Behnen P, Davis E, Delaney E, Frohm B, Bauer M, Cedervall T, O'Connell D, Åkerfeldt KS, Linse S. Calcium-dependent interaction of calmodulin with human 80S ribosomes and polyribosomes. Biochemistry 2012; 51:6718-27. [PMID: 22856685 DOI: 10.1021/bi3005939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes are the protein factories of every living cell. The process of protein translation is highly complex and tightly regulated by a large number of diverse RNAs and proteins. Earlier studies indicate that Ca(2+) plays a role in protein translation. Calmodulin (CaM), a ubiquitous Ca(2+)-binding protein, regulates a large number of proteins participating in many signaling pathways. Several 40S and 60S ribosomal proteins have been identified to interact with CaM, and here, we report that CaM binds with high affinity to 80S ribosomes and polyribosomes in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. No binding is observed in buffer with 6 mM Mg(2+) and 1 mM EGTA that chelates Ca(2+), suggesting high specificity of the CaM-ribosome interaction dependent on the Ca(2+) induced conformational change of CaM. The interactions between CaM and ribosomes are inhibited by synthetic peptides comprising putative CaM-binding sites in ribosomal proteins S2 and L14. Using a cell-free in vitro translation system, we further found that these synthetic peptides are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis. Our results identify an involvement of CaM in the translational activity of ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Behnen
- Biophysical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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Bkaily G, Avedanian L, Al-Khoury J, Ahmarani L, Perreault C, Jacques D. Receptors and ionic transporters in nuclear membranes: new targets for therapeutical pharmacological interventions. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:953-65. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Work from our group and other laboratories showed that the nucleus could be considered as a cell within a cell. This is based on growing evidence of the presence and role of nuclear membrane G-protein coupled receptors and ionic transporters in the nuclear membranes of many cell types, including vascular endothelial cells, endocardial endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes. The nuclear membrane receptors were found to modulate the functioning of ionic transporters at the nuclear level, and thus contribute to regulation of nuclear ionic homeostasis. Nuclear membranes of the mentioned types of cells possess the same ionic transporters; however, the type of receptors is cell-type dependent. Regulation of cytosolic and nuclear ionic homeostasis was found to be dependent upon a tight crosstalk between receptors and ionic transporters of the plasma membranes and those of the nuclear membrane. This crosstalk seems to be the basis for excitation–contraction coupling, excitation–secretion coupling, and excitation – gene expression coupling. Further advancement in this field will certainly shed light on the role of nuclear membrane receptors and transporters in health and disease. This will in turn enable the successful design of a new class of drugs that specifically target such highly vital nuclear receptors and ionic transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Bkaily
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Levon Avedanian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Johny Al-Khoury
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Lena Ahmarani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Claudine Perreault
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Danielle Jacques
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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