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Microsymbiont discrimination mediated by a host-secreted peptide in Medicago truncatula. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6848-6853. [PMID: 28607056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700460114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The legume-rhizobial symbiosis results in the formation of root nodules that provide an ecological niche for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. However, plant-bacteria genotypic interactions can lead to wide variation in nitrogen fixation efficiency, and it is not uncommon that a bacterial strain forms functional (Fix+) nodules on one plant genotype but nonfunctional (Fix-) nodules on another. Host genetic control of this specificity is unknown. We herein report the cloning of the Medicago truncatula NFS1 gene that regulates the fixation-level incompatibility with the microsymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm41. We show that NFS1 encodes a nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptide. In contrast to the known role of NCR peptides as effectors of endosymbionts' differentiation to nitrogen-fixing bacteroids, we demonstrate that specific NCRs control discrimination against incompatible microsymbionts. NFS1 provokes bacterial cell death and early nodule senescence in an allele-specific and rhizobial strain-specific manner, and its function is dependent on host genetic background.
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152
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Flores-Félix JD, Ramírez-Bahena MH, Salazar S, Peix A, Velázquez E. Reclassification of Arthrobacter viscosus as Rhizobium viscosum comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:1789-1792. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José David Flores-Félix
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética and Instituto Hispanoluso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Martha Helena Ramírez-Bahena
- Unidad Asociada Grupo de Interacción Planta-Microorganismo, Universidad de Salamanca-IRNASA-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sergio Salazar
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alvaro Peix
- Unidad Asociada Grupo de Interacción Planta-Microorganismo, Universidad de Salamanca-IRNASA-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Encarna Velázquez
- Unidad Asociada Grupo de Interacción Planta-Microorganismo, Universidad de Salamanca-IRNASA-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética and Instituto Hispanoluso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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153
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Degefu T, Wolde-meskel E, Woliy K, Frostegård Å. Phylogenetically diverse groups of Bradyrhizobium isolated from nodules of tree and annual legume species growing in Ethiopia. Syst Appl Microbiol 2017; 40:205-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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154
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da-Silva JR, Alexandre A, Brígido C, Oliveira S. Can stress response genes be used to improve the symbiotic performance of rhizobia? AIMS Microbiol 2017; 3:365-382. [PMID: 31294167 PMCID: PMC6604987 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia are soil bacteria able to form symbioses with legumes and fix atmospheric nitrogen, converting it into a form that can be assimilated by the plant. The biological nitrogen fixation is a possible strategy to reduce the environmental pollution caused by the use of chemical N-fertilizers in agricultural fields. Successful colonization of the host root by free-living rhizobia requires that these bacteria are able to deal with adverse conditions in the soil, in addition to stresses that may occur in their endosymbiotic life inside the root nodules. Stress response genes, such as otsAB, groEL, clpB, rpoH play an important role in tolerance of free-living rhizobia to different environmental conditions and some of these genes have been shown to be involved in the symbiosis. This review will focus on stress response genes that have been reported to improve the symbiotic performance of rhizobia with their host plants. For example, chickpea plants inoculated with a Mesorhizobium strain modified with extra copies of the groEL gene showed a symbiotic effectiveness approximately 1.5 fold higher than plants inoculated with the wild-type strain. Despite these promising results, more studies are required to obtain highly efficient and tolerant rhizobia strains, suitable for different edaphoclimatic conditions, to be used as field inoculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigo da-Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia do Solo, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA), Universidade de Évora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Alexandre
- Laboratório de Microbiologia do Solo, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA), Universidade de Évora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Brígido
- Laboratório de Microbiologia do Solo, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA), Universidade de Évora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Solange Oliveira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia do Solo, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA), Universidade de Évora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
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155
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Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Marek-Kozaczuk M, Kalita M, Karaś M, Wójcik M, Małek W. Diversity and plant growth promoting properties of rhizobia isolated from root nodules of Ononis arvensis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 110:1087-1103. [PMID: 28500544 PMCID: PMC5511607 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report describing isolates from root nodules of Ononis arvensis (field restharrow). The aim of this investigation was to describe the diversity, phylogeny, and plant growth promoting features of microsymbionts of O. arvensis, i.e., a legume plant growing in different places of the southern part of Poland. Twenty-nine bacterial isolates were characterized in terms of their phenotypic properties, genome fingerprinting, and comparative analysis of their 16S rRNA, nodC and acdS gene sequences. Based on the nodC and 16S rRNA gene phylogenies, the O. arvensis symbionts were grouped close to bacteria of the genera Rhizobium and Mesorhizobium, which formed monophyletic clusters. The acdS gene sequences of all the isolates tested exhibited the highest similarities to the corresponding gene sequences of genus Mesorhizobium strains. The presence of the acdS genes in the genomes of rhizobia specific for O. arvensis implies that these bacteria may promote the growth and development of their host plant in stress conditions. The isolated bacteria showed a high genomic diversity and, in the BOX-PCR reaction, all of them (except three) exhibited DNA fingerprints specific only for them. Our studies showed that restharrow isolates formed effective symbiotic interactions with their native host (O. arvensis) and Ononis spinosa but not with Trifolium repens and Medicago sativa belonging to the same tribe Trifolieae as Ononis species and not with Lotus corniculatus, representing the tribe Loteae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Wdowiak-Wróbel
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie -Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Marek-Kozaczuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie -Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Kalita
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie -Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie -Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wójcik
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie -Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wanda Małek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie -Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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156
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Pan H, Wang D. Nodule cysteine-rich peptides maintain a working balance during nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17048. [PMID: 28470183 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia is highly relevant to human society and global ecology. One recent breakthrough in understanding the molecular interplay between the plant and the prokaryotic partner is that, at least in certain legumes, the host deploys a number of antimicrobial peptides, called nodule cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides, to control the outcome of this symbiosis. Under this plant dominance, the bacteria are subject to the sub-lethal toxicity of these antimicrobial peptides, resulting in limited reproductive potential. However, recent genetic studies have added unexpected twists to this mechanism: certain NCR peptides are essential for the bacteria to adapt to the intracellular environment needed for a successful symbiosis, and the absence of these peptides can break down the mutualism. Meanwhile, some rhizobial strains have evolved a peptidase to specifically degrade these antimicrobial peptides, allowing the bacteria to escape host control. These findings challenge the preconceptions about 'antimicrobial' peptides, supporting the notion that their role in biotic interactions extends beyond toxicity to the microbial partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huairong Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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157
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Cao Y, Halane MK, Gassmann W, Stacey G. The Role of Plant Innate Immunity in the Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:535-561. [PMID: 28142283 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A classic view of the evolution of mutualism is that it derives from a pathogenic relationship that attenuated over time to a situation in which both partners can benefit. If this is the case for rhizobia, then one might uncover features of the symbiosis that reflect this earlier pathogenic state. For example, as with plant pathogens, it is now generally assumed that rhizobia actively suppress the host immune response to allow infection and symbiosis establishment. Likewise, the host has retained mechanisms to control the nutrient supply to the symbionts and the number of nodules so that they do not become too burdensome. The open question is whether such events are strictly ancillary to the central symbiotic nodulation factor signaling pathway or are essential for rhizobial host infection. Subsequent to these early infection events, plant immune responses can also be induced inside nodules and likely play a role in, for example, nodule senescence. Thus, a balanced regulation of innate immunity is likely required throughout rhizobial infection, symbiotic establishment, and maintenance. In this review, we discuss the significance of plant immune responses in the regulation of symbiotic associations with rhizobia, as well as rhizobial evasion of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Morgan K Halane
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211;
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158
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Tampakaki AP, Fotiadis CT, Ntatsi G, Savvas D. Phylogenetic multilocus sequence analysis of indigenous slow-growing rhizobia nodulating cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.) in Greece. Syst Appl Microbiol 2017; 40:179-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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159
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Andrews M, Andrews ME. Specificity in Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E705. [PMID: 28346361 PMCID: PMC5412291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most species in the Leguminosae (legume family) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) via symbiotic bacteria (rhizobia) in root nodules. Here, the literature on legume-rhizobia symbioses in field soils was reviewed and genotypically characterised rhizobia related to the taxonomy of the legumes from which they were isolated. The Leguminosae was divided into three sub-families, the Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae. Bradyrhizobium spp. were the exclusive rhizobial symbionts of species in the Caesalpinioideae, but data are limited. Generally, a range of rhizobia genera nodulated legume species across the two Mimosoideae tribes Ingeae and Mimoseae, but Mimosa spp. show specificity towards Burkholderia in central and southern Brazil, Rhizobium/Ensifer in central Mexico and Cupriavidus in southern Uruguay. These specific symbioses are likely to be at least in part related to the relative occurrence of the potential symbionts in soils of the different regions. Generally, Papilionoideae species were promiscuous in relation to rhizobial symbionts, but specificity for rhizobial genus appears to hold at the tribe level for the Fabeae (Rhizobium), the genus level for Cytisus (Bradyrhizobium), Lupinus (Bradyrhizobium) and the New Zealand native Sophora spp. (Mesorhizobium) and species level for Cicer arietinum (Mesorhizobium), Listia bainesii (Methylobacterium) and Listia angolensis (Microvirga). Specificity for rhizobial species/symbiovar appears to hold for Galega officinalis (Neorhizobium galegeae sv. officinalis), Galega orientalis (Neorhizobium galegeae sv. orientalis), Hedysarum coronarium (Rhizobium sullae), Medicago laciniata (Ensifer meliloti sv. medicaginis), Medicago rigiduloides (Ensifer meliloti sv. rigiduloides) and Trifolium ambiguum (Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. trifolii). Lateral gene transfer of specific symbiosis genes within rhizobial genera is an important mechanism allowing legumes to form symbioses with rhizobia adapted to particular soils. Strain-specific legume rhizobia symbioses can develop in particular habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Andrews
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Morag E Andrews
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
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160
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Analysis of rhizobial endosymbionts of Vicia, Lathyrus and Trifolium species used to maintain mountain firewalls in Sierra Nevada National Park (South Spain). Syst Appl Microbiol 2017; 40:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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161
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Aserse AA, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Whitman WB, Lindström K. Draft genome sequence of type strain HBR26 T and description of Rhizobium aethiopicum sp. nov. Stand Genomic Sci 2017; 12:14. [PMID: 28163823 PMCID: PMC5278577 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-017-0220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobium aethiopicum sp. nov. is a newly proposed species within the genus Rhizobium. This species includes six rhizobial strains; which were isolated from root nodules of the legume plant Phaseolus vulgaris growing in soils of Ethiopia. The species fixes nitrogen effectively in symbiosis with the host plant P. vulgaris, and is composed of aerobic, Gram-negative staining, rod-shaped bacteria. The genome of type strain HBR26T of R. aethiopicum sp. nov. was one of the rhizobial genomes sequenced as a part of the DOE JGI 2014 Genomic Encyclopedia project designed for soil and plant-associated and newly described type strains. The genome sequence is arranged in 62 scaffolds and consists of 6,557,588 bp length, with a 61% G + C content and 6221 protein-coding and 86 RNAs genes. The genome of HBR26T contains repABC genes (plasmid replication genes) homologous to the genes found in five different Rhizobium etli CFN42T plasmids, suggesting that HBR26T may have five additional replicons other than the chromosome. In the genome of HBR26T, the nodulation genes nodB, nodC, nodS, nodI, nodJ and nodD are located in the same module, and organized in a similar way as nod genes found in the genome of other known common bean-nodulating rhizobial species. nodA gene is found in a different scaffold, but it is also very similar to nodA genes of other bean-nodulating rhizobial strains. Though HBR26T is distinct on the phylogenetic tree and based on ANI analysis (the highest value 90.2% ANI with CFN42T) from other bean-nodulating species, these nod genes and most nitrogen-fixing genes found in the genome of HBR26T share high identity with the corresponding genes of known bean-nodulating rhizobial species (96–100% identity). This suggests that symbiotic genes might be shared between bean-nodulating rhizobia through horizontal gene transfer. R. aethiopicum sp. nov. was grouped into the genus Rhizobium but was distinct from all recognized species of that genus by phylogenetic analyses of combined sequences of the housekeeping genes recA and glnII. The closest reference type strains for HBR26T were R. etli CFN42T (94% similarity of the combined recA and glnII sequences) and Rhizobium bangladeshense BLR175T (93%). Genomic ANI calculation based on protein-coding genes also revealed that the closest reference strains were R. bangladeshense BLR175T and R. etli CFN42T with ANI values 91.8 and 90.2%, respectively. Nevertheless, the ANI values between HBR26T and BLR175T or CFN42T are far lower than the cutoff value of ANI (> = 96%) between strains in the same species, confirming that HBR26T belongs to a novel species. Thus, on the basis of phylogenetic, comparative genomic analyses and ANI results, we formally propose the creation of R. aethiopicum sp. nov. with strain HBR26T (=HAMBI 3550T=LMG 29711T) as the type strain. The genome assembly and annotation data is deposited in the DOE JGI portal and also available at European Nucleotide Archive under accession numbers FMAJ01000001-FMAJ01000062.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aregu Amsalu Aserse
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 2a, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanja Woyke
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, USA
| | | | - William B Whitman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Biological Sciences Building, Athens, USA
| | - Kristina Lindström
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 2a, Helsinki, Finland
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162
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Ryu H, Laffont C, Frugier F, Hwang I. MAP Kinase-Mediated Negative Regulation of Symbiotic Nodule Formation in Medicago truncatula. Mol Cells 2017; 40:17-23. [PMID: 28152300 PMCID: PMC5303885 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades play critical roles in various cellular events in plants, including stress responses, innate immunity, hormone signaling, and cell specificity. MAPK-mediated stress signaling is also known to negatively regulate nitrogen-fixing symbiotic interactions, but the molecular mechanism of the MAPK signaling cascades underlying the symbiotic nodule development remains largely unknown. We show that the MtMKK5-MtMPK3/6 signaling module negatively regulates the early symbiotic nodule formation, probably upstream of ERN1 (ERF Required for Nodulation 1) and NSP1 (Nod factor Signaling Pathway 1) in Medicago truncatula. The overexpression of MtMKK5 stimulated stress and defense signaling pathways but also reduced nodule formation in M. truncatula roots. Conversely, a MAPK specific inhibitor, U0126, enhanced nodule formation and the expression of an early nodulation marker gene, MtNIN. We found that MtMKK5 directly activates MtMPK3/6 by phosphorylating the TEY motif within the activation loop and that the MtMPK3/6 proteins physically interact with the early nodulation-related transcription factors ERN1 and NSP1. These data suggest that the stress signaling-mediated MtMKK5/MtMPK3/6 module suppresses symbiotic nodule development via the action of early nodulation transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673,
Korea
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Diderot, Univ d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette,
France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Diderot, Univ d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette,
France
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673,
Korea
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163
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Berthelot N, Brossay A, Gasciolli V, Bono JJ, Baron A, Beau JM, Urban D, Boyer FD, Vauzeilles B. Synthesis of lipo-chitooligosaccharide analogues and their interaction with LYR3, a high affinity binding protein for Nod factors and Myc-LCOs. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7802-7812. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipo-chitotetrasaccharide analogues have been synthesized from a derivative obtained by controlled chitin depolymerization and a functionalized N-acetyl-glucosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Berthelot
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - Antoine Brossay
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | | | | | - Aurélie Baron
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - Jean-Marie Beau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - Dominique Urban
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - Boris Vauzeilles
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
- CNRS UPR2301
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette
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164
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Fan Y, Liu J, Lyu S, Wang Q, Yang S, Zhu H. The Soybean Rfg1 Gene Restricts Nodulation by Sinorhizobium fredii USDA193. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1548. [PMID: 28936222 PMCID: PMC5594104 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sinorhizobium fredii is a fast-growing rhizobial species that can establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with a wide range of legume species including soybeans (Glycine max). In soybeans, this interaction shows a high level of specificity such that particular S. fredii strains nodulate only a limited set of plant genotypes. Here we report the identification of a dominant gene in soybeans that restricts nodulation with S. fredii USDA193. Genetic mapping in an F2 population revealed co-segregation of the underlying locus with the previously cloned Rfg1 gene. The Rfg1 allele encodes a member of the Toll-interleukin receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat class of plant resistance proteins that restricts nodulation by S. fredii strains USDA257 and USDA205, and an allelic variant of this gene also restricts nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA122. By means of complementation tests and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockouts, we demonstrate that the Rfg1 allele also is responsible for resistance to nodulation by S. fredii USDA193. Therefore, the Rfg1 allele likely provides broad-spectrum resistance to nodulation by many S. fredii and B. japonicum strains in soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglun Fan
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng UniversityLiaocheng, China
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKY, United States
| | - Jinge Liu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKY, United States
| | - Shanhua Lyu
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng UniversityLiaocheng, China
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKY, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKY, United States
| | - Shengming Yang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKY, United States
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, LexingtonKY, United States
- *Correspondence: Hongyan Zhu,
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Tena W, Wolde-Meskel E, Degefu T, Walley F. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) nodulates with genotypically and phenotypically diverse rhizobia in Ethiopian soils. Syst Appl Microbiol 2016; 40:22-33. [PMID: 27931748 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight lentil-nodulating rhizobia were isolated from soil samples collected from diverse agro-ecological locations in Ethiopia, and characterized based on 76 phenotypic traits. Furthermore, 26 representative strains were selected and characterized using multilocus sequence analyses (MLSA) of core (16S rRNA, recA, atpD, glnII and gyrB) and symbiotic (nodA and nifH) genes. Numerical analysis of phenotypic characteristics showed that the 48 test strains fell into three major distinct clusters. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA genes showed that they belong to the Rhizobium genus. Our phylogenetic reconstruction based on combined gene trees (recA, atpD and glnII) supported three distinct sub-lineages (Clades I-III). While genospecies I and II could be classified with Rhizobium etli and Rhizobium leguminosarum, respectively, genospecies III, might be an unnamed genospecies within the genus Rhizobium. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the symbiosis-related genes supported a single cluster, indicating differences in the evolutionary histories between chromosomal and symbiotic genes. Overall, these results confirmed the presence of a great diversity of lentil-nodulating Rhizobium species in Ethiopia, inviting further exploration. Moreover, the differences in symbiotic effectiveness of the test strains indicated the potential for selecting and using them as inoculants to improve the productivity of lentil in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondwosen Tena
- Debreberhan University, Department of Plant Science, P.O. Box 445, Debreberhan, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Tulu Degefu
- Hawassa University, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 05, Ethiopia
| | - Fran Walley
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Canada
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166
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Plant nodulation inducers enhance horizontal gene transfer of Azorhizobium caulinodans symbiosis island. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13875-13880. [PMID: 27849579 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615121113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of genomic islands is a driving force of bacterial evolution. Many pathogens and symbionts use this mechanism to spread mobile genetic elements that carry genes important for interaction with their eukaryotic hosts. However, the role of the host in this process remains unclear. Here, we show that plant compounds inducing the nodulation process in the rhizobium-legume mutualistic symbiosis also enhance the transfer of symbiosis islands. We demonstrate that the symbiosis island of the Sesbania rostrata symbiont, Azorhizobium caulinodans, is an 87.6-kb integrative and conjugative element (ICEAc) that is able to excise, form a circular DNA, and conjugatively transfer to a specific site of gly-tRNA gene of other rhizobial genera, expanding their host range. The HGT frequency was significantly increased in the rhizosphere. An ICEAc-located LysR-family transcriptional regulatory protein AhaR triggered the HGT process in response to plant flavonoids that induce the expression of nodulation genes through another LysR-type protein, NodD. Our study suggests that rhizobia may sense rhizosphere environments and transfer their symbiosis gene contents to other genera of rhizobia, thereby broadening rhizobial host-range specificity.
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167
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Fossou RK, Ziegler D, Zézé A, Barja F, Perret X. Two Major Clades of Bradyrhizobia Dominate Symbiotic Interactions with Pigeonpea in Fields of Côte d'Ivoire. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1793. [PMID: 27891120 PMCID: PMC5104742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In smallholder farms of Côte d'Ivoire, particularly in the northeast of the country, Cajanus cajan (pigeonpea) has become an important crop because of its multiple beneficial facets. Pigeonpea seeds provide food to make ends meet, are sold on local markets, and aerial parts serve as forage for animals. Since it fixes atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with soil bacteria collectively known as rhizobia, C. cajan also improves soil fertility and reduces fallow time. Yet, seed yields remain low mostly because farmers cannot afford chemical fertilizers. To identify local rhizobial strains susceptible to be used as bio-inoculants to foster pigeonpea growth, root nodules were collected in six fields of three geographically distant regions of Côte d'Ivoire. Nodule bacteria were isolated and characterized using various molecular techniques including matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and DNA sequencing. These molecular analyses showed that 63 out of 85 nodule isolates belonged to two major clades of bradyrhizobia, one of which is known as the Bradyrhizobium elkanii super clade. Phylogenies of housekeeping (16S-ITS-23S, rpoB) and symbiotic (nifH) genes were not always congruent suggesting that lateral transfer of nitrogen fixation genes also contributed to define the genome of these bradyrhizobial isolates. Interestingly, no field-, plant-, or cultivar-specific effect was found to shape the profiles of symbiotic strains. In addition, nodule isolates CI-1B, CI-36E, and CI-41A that belong to distinct species, showed similar symbiotic efficiencies suggesting that any of these strains might serve as a proficient inoculant for C. cajan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain K Fossou
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Ziegler
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland; Mabritec AGRiehen, Switzerland
| | - Adolphe Zézé
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétale et Microbienne, Unité Mixte de Recherche et d'Innovation en Sciences Agronomiques et Génie Rural, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny (INPHB) Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - François Barja
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Perret
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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168
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Krishnan HB, Alaswad AA, Oehrle NW, Gillman JD. Deletion of the SACPD-C Locus Alters the Symbiotic Relationship Between Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 and Soybean, Resulting in Elicitation of Plant Defense Response and Nodulation Defects. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:862-877. [PMID: 27749147 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-16-0173-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form symbiotic associations with soil-dwelling bacteria collectively called rhizobia. This association results in the formation of nodules, unique plant-derived organs, within which the rhizobia are housed. Rhizobia-encoded nitrogenase facilitates the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is utilized by the plants for its growth and development. Fatty acids have been shown to play an important role in root nodule symbiosis. In this study, we have investigated the role of stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase isoform C (SACPD-C), a soybean enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of stearic acid into oleic acid, which is expressed in developing seeds and in nitrogen-fixing nodules. In-depth cytological investigation of nodule development in sacpd-c mutant lines M25 and MM106 revealed gross anatomical alteration in the sacpd-c mutants. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed ultrastructural alterations in the sacpd-c mutants that are typically associated with plant defense response to pathogens. In nodules of two sacpd-c mutants, the combined jasmonic acid (JA) species (JA and the isoleucine conjugate of JA) were found to be reduced and 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) levels were significantly higher relative to wild-type lines. Salicylic acid levels were not significantly different between genotypes, which is divergent from previous studies of sacpd mutant studies on vegetative tissues. Soybean nodule phytohormone profiles were very divergent from those of roots, and root profiles were found to be almost identical between mutant and wild-type genotypes. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were also found to be higher in nodules of sacpd-c mutants. PR-1 gene expression was extremely elevated in M25 and MM106, while the expression of nitrogenase was significantly reduced in these sacpd-c mutants, compared with the parent 'Bay'. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry analyses confirmed sacpd-c mutants also accumulated higher amounts of pathogenesis-related proteins in the nodules. Our study establishes a major role for SACPD-C activity as essential for proper maintenance of soybean nodule morphology and physiology and indicates that OPDA signaling is likely to be involved in attenuation of nodule biotic defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari B Krishnan
- 1 Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
- 2 Plant Science Division, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A.; and
| | - Alaa A Alaswad
- 2 Plant Science Division, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A.; and
- 3 King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nathan W Oehrle
- 1 Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Jason D Gillman
- 1 Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
- 2 Plant Science Division, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A.; and
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169
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Grillo MA, Stinchcombe JR, Heath KD. Nitrogen addition does not influence pre-infection partner choice in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1763-1770. [PMID: 27671532 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Resource mutualisms such as the symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are context dependent and are sensitive to various aspects of the environment, including nitrogen (N) addition. Mutualist hosts such as legumes are also thought to use mechanisms such as partner choice to discriminate among potential symbionts that vary in partner quality (fitness benefits conferred to hosts) and thus impose selection on rhizobium populations. Together, context dependency and partner choice might help explain why the legume-rhizobium mutualism responds evolutionarily to N addition, since plant-mediated selection that shifts in response to N might be expected to favor different rhizobium strains in different N environments. METHODS We test for the influence of context dependency on partner choice in the model legume, Medicago truncatula, using a factorial experiments with three plant families across three N levels with a mixed inoculation of three rhizobia strains. KEY RESULTS Neither the relative frequencies of rhizobium strains occupying host nodules, nor the size of those nodules, differed in response to N level. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of context dependence, plant genotypes respond very differently to mixed populations of rhizobia, suggesting that these traits are genetically variable and thus could evolve in response to longer-term increases in N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Grillo
- University of Illinois, Department of Plant Biology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Katy D Heath
- University of Illinois, Department of Plant Biology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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170
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Bamba M, Nakata S, Aoki S, Takayama K, Núñez-Farfán J, Ito M, Miya M, Kajita T. Wide distribution range of rhizobial symbionts associated with pantropical sea-dispersed legumes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 109:1605-1614. [PMID: 27664091 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To understand the geographic distributions of rhizobia that associated with widely distributed wild legumes, 66 nodules obtained from 41 individuals including three sea-dispersed legumes (Vigna marina, Vigna luteola, and Canavalia rosea) distributed across the tropical and subtropical coastal regions of the world were studied. Partial sequences of 16S rRNA and nodC genes extracted from the nodules showed that only Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium were associated with the pantropical legumes, and some of the symbiont strains were widely distributed over the Pacific. Horizontal gene transfer of nodulation genes were observed within the Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium lineages. BLAST searches in GenBank also identified records of these strains from various legumes across the world, including crop species. However, one of the rhizobial strains was not found in GenBank, which implies the strain may have adapted to the littoral environment. Our results suggested that some rhizobia, which associate with the widespread sea-dispersed legume, distribute across a broad geographic range. By establishing symbiotic relationships with widely distributed rhizobia, the pantropical legumes may also be able to extend their range much further than other legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Bamba
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nakata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Jumonji Junior and Senior High School, 1-10-33 Kitaohtsuka, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishiro Aoki
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Koji Takayama
- Museum of Natural and Environmental History, Shizuoka, 5762 Oya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, 422-8017, Japan
| | - Juan Núñez-Farfán
- Laboratorio de Genética Ecológica y Evolución, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Motomi Ito
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Masaki Miya
- Natural History Museum & Institute, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kajita
- Iriomote Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 870 Uehara, Taketomi-cho, Yaeyama-gun, Okinawa, 907-1541, Japan.
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171
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Subramanian S, Ricci E, Souleimanov A, Smith DL. A Proteomic Approach to Lipo-Chitooligosaccharide and Thuricin 17 Effects on Soybean GerminationUnstressed and Salt Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160660. [PMID: 27560934 PMCID: PMC4999219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is an important abiotic stressor affecting crop growth and productivity. Of the 20 percent of the terrestrial earth's surface available as agricultural land, 50 percent is estimated by the United Nations Environment Program to be salinized to the level that crops growing on it will be salt-stressed. Increased soil salinity has profound effects on seed germination and germinating seedlings as they are frequently confronted with much higher salinities than vigorously growing plants, because germination usually occurs in surface soils, the site of greatest soluble salt accumulation. The growth of soybean exposed to 40 mM NaCl is negatively affected, while an exposure to 80 mM NaCl is often lethal. When treated with the bacterial signal compounds lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) and thuricin 17 (Th17), soybean seeds (variety Absolute RR) responded positively at salt stress of up to 150 mM NaCl. Shotgun proteomics of unstressed and 100 mM NaCl stressed seeds (48 h) in combination with the LCO and Th17 revealed many known, predicted, hypothetical and unknown proteins. In all, carbon, nitrogen and energy metabolic pathways were affected under both unstressed and salt stressed conditions when treated with signals. PEP carboxylase, Rubisco oxygenase large subunit, pyruvate kinase, and isocitrate lyase were some of the noteworthy proteins enhanced by the signals, along with antioxidant glutathione-S-transferase and other stress related proteins. These findings suggest that the germinating seeds alter their proteome based on bacterial signals and on stress, the specificity of this response plays a crucial role in organ maturation and transition from one stage to another in the plants' life cycle; understanding this response is of fundamental importance in agriculture and, as a result, global food security. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD004106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmyalakshmi Subramanian
- Department of Plant Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Emily Ricci
- Department of Plant Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Alfred Souleimanov
- Department of Plant Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada
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172
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Boivin S, Fonouni-Farde C, Frugier F. How Auxin and Cytokinin Phytohormones Modulate Root Microbe Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1240. [PMID: 27588025 PMCID: PMC4988986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A large range of microorganisms can associate with plants, resulting in neutral, friendly or hostile interactions. The ability of plants to recognize compatible and incompatible microorganisms and to limit or promote their colonization is therefore crucial for their survival. Elaborated communication networks determine the degree of association between the host plant and the invading microorganism. Central to these regulations of plant microbe interactions, phytohormones modulate microorganism plant associations and coordinate cellular and metabolic responses associated to the progression of microorganisms across different plant tissues. We review here hormonal regulations, focusing on auxin and cytokinin phytohormones, involved in the interactions between plant roots and soil microorganisms, including bacterial and fungi associations, either beneficial (symbiotic) or detrimental (pathogenic). The aim is to highlight similarities and differences in cytokinin/auxin functions amongst various compatible versus incompatible associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences – Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Diderot, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-SaclayGif-sur-Yvette, France
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173
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Biogeographical Patterns of Legume-Nodulating Burkholderia spp.: from African Fynbos to Continental Scales. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5099-115. [PMID: 27316955 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00591-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rhizobia of the genus Burkholderia have large-scale distribution ranges and are usually associated with South African papilionoid and South American mimosoid legumes, yet little is known about their genetic structuring at either local or global geographic scales. To understand variation at different spatial scales, from individual legumes in the fynbos (South Africa) to a global context, we analyzed chromosomal (16S rRNA, recA) and symbiosis (nifH, nodA, nodC) gene sequences. We showed that the global diversity of nodulation genes is generally grouped according to the South African papilionoid or South American mimosoid subfamilies, whereas chromosomal sequence data were unrelated to biogeography. While nodulation genes are structured on a continental scale, a geographic or host-specific distribution pattern was not detected in the fynbos region. In host range experiments, symbiotic promiscuity of Burkholderia tuberum STM678(T) and B phymatum STM815(T) was discovered in selected fynbos species. Finally, a greenhouse experiment was undertaken to assess the ability of mimosoid (Mimosa pudica) and papilionoid (Dipogon lignosus, Indigofera filifolia, Macroptilium atropurpureum, and Podalyria calyptrata) species to nodulate in South African (fynbos) and Malawian (savanna) soils. While the Burkholderia-philous fynbos legumes (D lignosus, I filifolia, and P calyptrata) nodulated only in their native soils, the invasive neotropical species M pudica did not develop nodules in the African soils. The fynbos soil, notably rich in Burkholderia, seems to retain nodulation genes compatible with the local papilionoid legume flora but is incapable of nodulating mimosoid legumes that have their center of diversity in South America. IMPORTANCE This study is the most comprehensive phylogenetic assessment of root-nodulating Burkholderia and investigated biogeographic and host-related patterns of the legume-rhizobial symbiosis in the South African fynbos biome, as well as at global scales, including native species from the South American Caatinga and Cerrado biomes. While a global investigation of the rhizobial diversity revealed distinct nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes among South African and South American legumes, regionally distributed species in the Cape region were unrelated to geographic and host factors.
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174
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Muszyński A, Heiss C, Hjuler CT, Sullivan JT, Kelly SJ, Thygesen MB, Stougaard J, Azadi P, Carlson RW, Ronson CW. Structures of Exopolysaccharides Involved in Receptor-mediated Perception of Mesorhizobium loti by Lotus japonicus. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20946-20961. [PMID: 27502279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the symbiosis formed between Mesorhizobium loti strain R7A and Lotus japonicus Gifu, rhizobial exopolysaccharide (EPS) plays an important role in infection thread formation. Mutants of strain R7A affected in early exopolysaccharide biosynthetic steps form nitrogen-fixing nodules on L. japonicus Gifu after a delay, whereas mutants affected in mid or late biosynthetic steps induce uninfected nodule primordia. Recently, it was shown that a plant receptor-like kinase, EPR3, binds low molecular mass exopolysaccharide from strain R7A to regulate bacterial passage through the plant's epidermal cell layer (Kawaharada, Y., Kelly, S., Nielsen, M. W., Hjuler, C. T., Gysel, K., Muszyński, A., Carlson, R. W., Thygesen, M. B., Sandal, N., Asmussen, M. H., Vinther, M., Andersen, S. U., Krusell, L., Thirup, S., Jensen, K. J., et al. (2015) Nature 523, 308-312). In this work, we define the structure of both high and low molecular mass exopolysaccharide from R7A. The low molecular mass exopolysaccharide produced by R7A is a monomer unit of the acetylated octasaccharide with the structure (2,3/3-OAc)β-d-RibfA-(1→4)-α-d-GlcpA-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-(3OAc)β-d-Glcp-(1→6)-*[(2OAc)β-d-Glcp-(1→4)-(2/3OAc)β-d-Glcp-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→3)-β-d-Galp]. We propose it is a biosynthetic constituent of high molecular mass EPS polymer. Every new repeating unit is attached via its reducing-end β-d-Galp to C-4 of the fourth glucose (asterisked above) of the octasaccharide, forming a branch. The O-acetylation occurs on the four glycosyl residues in a non-stoichiometric ratio, and each octasaccharide subunit is on average substituted with three O-acetyl groups. The availability of these structures will facilitate studies of EPR3 receptor binding of symbiotically compatible and incompatible EPS and the positive or negative consequences on infection by the M. loti exo mutants synthesizing such EPS variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Muszyński
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602,
| | - Christian Heiss
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Christian T Hjuler
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John T Sullivan
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Simon J Kelly
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mikkel B Thygesen
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Russell W Carlson
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Clive W Ronson
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand,
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175
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De Meyer SE, Briscoe L, Martínez-Hidalgo P, Agapakis CM, de-Los Santos PE, Seshadri R, Reeve W, Weinstock G, O'Hara G, Howieson JG, Hirsch AM. Symbiotic Burkholderia Species Show Diverse Arrangements of nif/fix and nod Genes and Lack Typical High-Affinity Cytochrome cbb3 Oxidase Genes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:609-619. [PMID: 27269511 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-16-0091-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Genome analysis of fourteen mimosoid and four papilionoid beta-rhizobia together with fourteen reference alpha-rhizobia for both nodulation (nod) and nitrogen-fixing (nif/fix) genes has shown phylogenetic congruence between 16S rRNA/MLSA (combined 16S rRNA gene sequencing and multilocus sequence analysis) and nif/fix genes, indicating a free-living diazotrophic ancestry of the beta-rhizobia. However, deeper genomic analysis revealed a complex symbiosis acquisition history in the beta-rhizobia that clearly separates the mimosoid and papilionoid nodulating groups. Mimosoid-nodulating beta-rhizobia have nod genes tightly clustered in the nodBCIJHASU operon, whereas papilionoid-nodulating Burkholderia have nodUSDABC and nodIJ genes, although their arrangement is not canonical because the nod genes are subdivided by the insertion of nif and other genes. Furthermore, the papilionoid Burkholderia spp. contain duplications of several nod and nif genes. The Burkholderia nifHDKEN and fixABC genes are very closely related to those found in free-living diazotrophs. In contrast, nifA is highly divergent between both groups, but the papilionoid species nifA is more similar to alpha-rhizobia nifA than to other groups. Surprisingly, for all Burkholderia, the fixNOQP and fixGHIS genes required for cbb3 cytochrome oxidase production and assembly are missing. In contrast, symbiotic Cupriavidus strains have fixNOQPGHIS genes, revealing a divergence in the evolution of two distinct electron transport chains required for nitrogen fixation within the beta-rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie E De Meyer
- 1 Centre for Rhizobium Studies, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leah Briscoe
- 2 Dept. of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | | | - Christina M Agapakis
- 2 Dept. of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Paulina Estrada de-Los Santos
- 3 Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11340, México
| | | | - Wayne Reeve
- 1 Centre for Rhizobium Studies, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - George Weinstock
- 5 The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, U.S.A; and
| | - Graham O'Hara
- 1 Centre for Rhizobium Studies, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John G Howieson
- 1 Centre for Rhizobium Studies, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ann M Hirsch
- 2 Dept. of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
- 6 The Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
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176
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Sańko-Sawczenko I, Łotocka B, Czarnocka W. Expression Analysis of PIN Genes in Root Tips and Nodules of Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1197. [PMID: 27463709 PMCID: PMC5000595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar auxin transport is dependent on the family of PIN-formed proteins (PINs), which are membrane transporters of anionic indole-3-acetic acid (IAA(-)). It is assumed that polar auxin transport may be essential in the development and meristematic activity maintenance of Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula) root nodules. However, little is known about the involvement of specific PIN proteins in M. truncatula nodulation. Using real-time quantitative PCR, we analyzed the expression patterns of all previously identified MtPIN genes and compared them between root nodules and root tips of M. truncatula. Our results demonstrated significant differences in the expression level of all 11 genes (MtPIN1-MtPIN11) between examined organs. Interestingly, MtPIN9 was the only PIN gene with higher expression level in root nodules compared to root tips. This result is the first indication of PIN9 transporter potential involvement in M. truncatula nodulation. Moreover, relatively high expression level in root nodules was attributed to MtPINs encoding orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana PIN5 subclade. PIN proteins from this subclade have been found to localize in the endoplasmic reticulum, which may indicate that the development and meristematic activity maintenance of M. truncatula root nodules is associated with intracellular homeostasis of auxins level and their metabolism in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sańko-Sawczenko
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Łotocka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Weronika Czarnocka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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177
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Gerding M, Oyarzúa P, García L, Fischer S, Norambuena C, Barahona V, del Pozo A, Ovalle C. Diversity and symbiotic effectiveness of Adesmia spp. root nodule bacteria in central and southern Chile. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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178
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Li N, Alfiky A, Vaughan MM, Kang S. Stop and smell the fungi: Fungal volatile metabolites are overlooked signals involved in fungal interaction with plants. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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179
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Mus F, Crook MB, Garcia K, Garcia Costas A, Geddes BA, Kouri ED, Paramasivan P, Ryu MH, Oldroyd GED, Poole PS, Udvardi MK, Voigt CA, Ané JM, Peters JW. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and the Challenges to Its Extension to Nonlegumes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016. [PMID: 27084023 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01055-01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Access to fixed or available forms of nitrogen limits the productivity of crop plants and thus food production. Nitrogenous fertilizer production currently represents a significant expense for the efficient growth of various crops in the developed world. There are significant potential gains to be had from reducing dependence on nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture in the developed world and in developing countries, and there is significant interest in research on biological nitrogen fixation and prospects for increasing its importance in an agricultural setting. Biological nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric N2 to NH3, a form that can be used by plants. However, the process is restricted to bacteria and archaea and does not occur in eukaryotes. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is part of a mutualistic relationship in which plants provide a niche and fixed carbon to bacteria in exchange for fixed nitrogen. This process is restricted mainly to legumes in agricultural systems, and there is considerable interest in exploring whether similar symbioses can be developed in nonlegumes, which produce the bulk of human food. We are at a juncture at which the fundamental understanding of biological nitrogen fixation has matured to a level that we can think about engineering symbiotic relationships using synthetic biology approaches. This minireview highlights the fundamental advances in our understanding of biological nitrogen fixation in the context of a blueprint for expanding symbiotic nitrogen fixation to a greater diversity of crop plants through synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Matthew B Crook
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amaya Garcia Costas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Barney A Geddes
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelia D Kouri
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Min-Hyung Ryu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Philip S Poole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael K Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christopher A Voigt
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John W Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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180
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Mus F, Crook MB, Garcia K, Garcia Costas A, Geddes BA, Kouri ED, Paramasivan P, Ryu MH, Oldroyd GED, Poole PS, Udvardi MK, Voigt CA, Ané JM, Peters JW. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and the Challenges to Its Extension to Nonlegumes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3698-3710. [PMID: 27084023 PMCID: PMC4907175 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01055-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to fixed or available forms of nitrogen limits the productivity of crop plants and thus food production. Nitrogenous fertilizer production currently represents a significant expense for the efficient growth of various crops in the developed world. There are significant potential gains to be had from reducing dependence on nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture in the developed world and in developing countries, and there is significant interest in research on biological nitrogen fixation and prospects for increasing its importance in an agricultural setting. Biological nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric N2 to NH3, a form that can be used by plants. However, the process is restricted to bacteria and archaea and does not occur in eukaryotes. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is part of a mutualistic relationship in which plants provide a niche and fixed carbon to bacteria in exchange for fixed nitrogen. This process is restricted mainly to legumes in agricultural systems, and there is considerable interest in exploring whether similar symbioses can be developed in nonlegumes, which produce the bulk of human food. We are at a juncture at which the fundamental understanding of biological nitrogen fixation has matured to a level that we can think about engineering symbiotic relationships using synthetic biology approaches. This minireview highlights the fundamental advances in our understanding of biological nitrogen fixation in the context of a blueprint for expanding symbiotic nitrogen fixation to a greater diversity of crop plants through synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Matthew B Crook
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amaya Garcia Costas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Barney A Geddes
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelia D Kouri
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Min-Hyung Ryu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Philip S Poole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael K Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christopher A Voigt
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John W Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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181
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Ma Y, Oliveira RS, Freitas H, Zhang C. Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant-Microbe-Metal Interactions: Relevance for Phytoremediation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:918. [PMID: 27446148 PMCID: PMC4917562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes coexist or compete for survival and their cohesive interactions play a vital role in adapting to metalliferous environments, and can thus be explored to improve microbe-assisted phytoremediation. Plant root exudates are useful nutrient and energy sources for soil microorganisms, with whom they establish intricate communication systems. Some beneficial bacteria and fungi, acting as plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), may alleviate metal phytotoxicity and stimulate plant growth indirectly via the induction of defense mechanisms against phytopathogens, and/or directly through the solubilization of mineral nutrients (nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, iron, etc.), production of plant growth promoting substances (e.g., phytohormones), and secretion of specific enzymes (e.g., 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase). PGPM can also change metal bioavailability in soil through various mechanisms such as acidification, precipitation, chelation, complexation, and redox reactions. This review presents the recent advances and applications made hitherto in understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions and their role in the major processes involved in phytoremediation, such as heavy metal detoxification, mobilization, immobilization, transformation, transport, and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui S. Oliveira
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Department of Environmental Health, Research Centre on Health and Environment, School of Allied Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of PortoVila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica PortuguesaPorto, Portugal
| | - Helena Freitas
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
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182
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Nouwen N, Fardoux J, Giraud E. NodD1 and NodD2 Are Not Required for the Symbiotic Interaction of Bradyrhizobium ORS285 with Nod-Factor-Independent Aeschynomene Legumes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157888. [PMID: 27315080 PMCID: PMC4912097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium strain ORS285 forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots and stems of tropical aquatic legumes of the Aeschynomene genus. Depending on the Aeschynomene species, this symbiotic interaction does or does not rely on the synthesis of Nod-factors (NFs). However, whether during the interaction of Bradyrhizobium ORS285 with NF-independent Aeschynomene species the nod genes are expressed and if the general regulator NodD plays a symbiotic role is unknown. Expression studies showed that in contrast to the interaction with the NF-dependent Aeschynomene species, A. afraspera, the Bradyrhizobium ORS285 nod genes are not induced upon contact with the NF-independent host plant A. indica. Mutational analysis of the two nodD genes present in ORS285, showed that deletion of nodD1 and nodD2 did not affect the symbiotic interaction between Bradyrhizobium ORS285 and A. indica whereas the deletions had an effect on the symbiotic interaction with A. afraspera plants. In addition, when the expression of nod genes was artificially induced by adding naringenin to the plant growth medium, the nodulation of A. indica by Bradyrhizobium ORS285 is delayed and resulted in lower nodule numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Nouwen
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRA/ UM2 /CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Joel Fardoux
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRA/ UM2 /CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Giraud
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, UMR IRD/ SupAgro/INRA/ UM2 /CIRAD, Montpellier, France
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183
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Barrett LG, Zee PC, Bever JD, Miller JT, Thrall PH. Evolutionary history shapes patterns of mutualistic benefit in
Acacia
–rhizobial interactions. Evolution 2016; 70:1473-85. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter C. Zee
- Department of Biology California State University Northridge California 91330
| | - James D. Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | - Joseph T. Miller
- National Research Collections Australia CSIRO National Facilities and Collections Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Division of Environmental Biology National Science Foundation Arlington Virginia 22230
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184
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Van Cauwenberghe J, Lemaire B, Stefan A, Efrose R, Michiels J, Honnay O. Symbiont abundance is more important than pre-infection partner choice in a Rhizobium - legume mutualism. Syst Appl Microbiol 2016; 39:345-9. [PMID: 27269381 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the genetic diversity of conspecific rhizobia present in root nodules differs greatly among populations of a legume species, which has led to the suggestion that both dispersal limitation and the local environment affect rhizobial genotypic composition. However, it remains unclear whether rhizobial genotypes residing in root nodules are representative of the entire population of compatible symbiotic rhizobia. Since symbiotic preferences differ among legume populations, the genetic composition of rhizobia found within nodules may reflect the preferences of the local hosts, rather than the full diversity of potential nodulating rhizobia present in the soil. Here, we assessed whether Vicia cracca legume hosts of different provenances select different Rhizobium leguminosarum genotypes than sympatric V. cracca hosts, when presented a natural soil rhizobial population. Through combining V. cracca plants and rhizobia from adjacent and more distant populations, we found that V. cracca hosts are relatively randomly associated with rhizobial genotypes. This indicates that pre-infection partner choice is relatively weak in certain legume hosts when faced with a natural population of rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Van Cauwenberghe
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Benny Lemaire
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrei Stefan
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Rodica Efrose
- Department of Experimental and Applied Biology, NIRDBS-Institute of Biological Research Iasi, Lascar Catargi 47, 700107 Iasi, Romania
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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185
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Yuan S, Li R, Chen S, Chen H, Zhang C, Chen L, Hao Q, Shan Z, Yang Z, Qiu D, Zhang X, Zhou X. RNA-Seq Analysis of Differential Gene Expression Responding to Different Rhizobium Strains in Soybean (Glycine max) Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:721. [PMID: 27303417 PMCID: PMC4885319 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The root nodule symbiosis (RNS) between legume plants and rhizobia is the most efficient and productive source of nitrogen fixation, and has critical importance in agriculture and mesology. Soybean (Glycine max), one of the most important legume crops in the world, establishes a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with different types of rhizobia, and the efficiency of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean greatly depends on the symbiotic host-specificity. Although, it has been reported that rhizobia use surface polysaccharides, secretion proteins of the type-three secretion systems and nod factors to modulate host range, the host control of nodulation specificity remains poorly understood. In this report, the soybean roots of two symbiotic systems (Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 113-2-soybean and Sinorhizobium fredii USDA205-soybean)with notable different nodulation phenotypes and the control were studied at five different post-inoculation time points (0.5, 7-24 h, 5, 16, and 21 day) by RNA-seq (Quantification). The results of qPCR analysis of 11 randomly-selected genes agreed with transcriptional profile data for 136 out of 165 (82.42%) data points and quality assessment showed that the sequencing library is of quality and reliable. Three comparisons (control vs. 113-2, control vs. USDA205 and USDA205 vs. 113-2) were made and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between them were analyzed. The number of DEGs at 16 days post-inoculation (dpi) was the highest in the three comparisons, and most of the DEGs in USDA205 vs. 113-2 were found at 16 dpi and 21 dpi. 44 go function terms in USDA205 vs. 113-2 were analyzed to evaluate the potential functions of the DEGs, and 10 important KEGG pathway enrichment terms were analyzed in the three comparisons. Some important genes induced in response to different strains (113-2 and USDA205) were identified and analyzed, and these genes primarily encoded soybean resistance proteins, NF-related proteins, nodulins and immunity defense proteins, as well as proteins involving flavonoids/flavone/flavonol biosynthesis and plant-pathogen interaction. Besides, 189 candidate genes are largely expressed in roots and\or nodules. The DEGs uncovered in this study provides molecular candidates for better understanding the mechanisms of symbiotic host-specificity and explaining the different symbiotic effects between soybean roots inoculated with different strains (113-2 and USDA205).
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Affiliation(s)
- Songli Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Shuilian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Limiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Qingnan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Shan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Zhonglu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Dezhen Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Xinan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
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186
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Teixeira H, Rodríguez-Echeverría S. Identification of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria from three African leguminous trees in Gorongosa National Park. Syst Appl Microbiol 2016; 39:350-8. [PMID: 27287843 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The symbiosis between leguminous plants and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria is a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. Woody legumes are well represented in tropical African forests but despite their ecological and socio-economic importance, they have been little studied for this symbiosis. In this study, we examined the identity and diversity of symbiotic-nitrogen fixing bacteria associated with Acacia xanthophloea, Faidherbia albida and Albizia versicolor in the Gorongosa National Park (GNP) in Mozambique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the identity of symbiotic-nitrogen fixing bacteria in this region. 166 isolates were obtained and subjected to molecular identification. BOX-A1R PCR was used to discriminate different bacterial isolates and PCR-sequencing of 16S rDNA, and two housekeeping genes, glnII and recA, was used to identify the obtained bacteria. The gene nifH was also analyzed to assess the symbiotic capacity of the obtained bacteria. All isolates from F. albida and Al. versicolor belonged to the Bradyrhizobium genus whereas isolates from Ac. xanthophloea clustered with Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium or Ensifer strains. Soil chemical analysis revealed significant differences between the soils occupied by the three studied species. Thus, we found a clear delimitation in the rhizobial communities and soils associated with Ac. xanthophloea, F. albida and Al. versicolor, and higher rhizobial diversity for Ac. xanthophloea than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Teixeira
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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187
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López-Baena FJ, Ruiz-Sainz JE, Rodríguez-Carvajal MA, Vinardell JM. Bacterial Molecular Signals in the Sinorhizobium fredii-Soybean Symbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E755. [PMID: 27213334 PMCID: PMC4881576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii (S. fredii) is a rhizobial species exhibiting a remarkably broad nodulation host-range. Thus, S. fredii is able to effectively nodulate dozens of different legumes, including plants forming determinate nodules, such as the important crops soybean and cowpea, and plants forming indeterminate nodules, such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis and pigeon-pea. This capacity of adaptation to different symbioses makes the study of the molecular signals produced by S. fredii strains of increasing interest since it allows the analysis of their symbiotic role in different types of nodule. In this review, we analyze in depth different S. fredii molecules that act as signals in symbiosis, including nodulation factors, different surface polysaccharides (exopolysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, cyclic glucans, and K-antigen capsular polysaccharides), and effectors delivered to the interior of the host cells through a symbiotic type 3 secretion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J López-Baena
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida de Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José E Ruiz-Sainz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida de Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Rodríguez-Carvajal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José M Vinardell
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida de Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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188
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Yuan K, Miwa H, Iizuka M, Yokoyama T, Fujii Y, Okazaki S. Genetic Diversity and Symbiotic Phenotype of Hairy Vetch Rhizobia in Japan. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:121-6. [PMID: 27151657 PMCID: PMC4912146 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) is a leguminous crop widely used as green manure and a cover crop in Japan. It exhibits strong weed-suppressing activity, high resistance to insect pests, and the ability to fix nitrogen through symbiotic interactions with soil bacteria known as rhizobia. Few studies have investigated the rhizobia that form nodules on hairy vetch in Japan, and the biological resources available for selecting high nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are limited. In the present study, we isolated 110 hairy vetch rhizobia from 13 different areas in Japan. Based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, 73% of the isolates were identified as Rhizobium leguminosarum. A comparative analysis of nodC and 16S rRNA gene phylogenies revealed that several isolates possessed congruent nodC sequences despite having divergent 16S rRNA gene sequences, suggesting that the horizontal transfer of nod genes occurred during the evolution of rhizobia. Inoculation tests showed that isolates closely related to R. leguminosarum had better plant growth-promoting effects than other strains, thereby providing a promising agricultural resource for inoculating crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yuan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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189
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Yoshida S, Cui S, Ichihashi Y, Shirasu K. The Haustorium, a Specialized Invasive Organ in Parasitic Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:643-67. [PMID: 27128469 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants thrive by infecting other plants. Flowering plants evolved parasitism independently at least 12 times, in all cases developing a unique multicellular organ called the haustorium that forms upon detection of haustorium-inducing factors derived from the host plant. This organ penetrates into the host stem or root and connects to its vasculature, allowing exchange of materials such as water, nutrients, proteins, nucleotides, pathogens, and retrotransposons between the host and the parasite. In this review, we focus on the formation and function of the haustorium in parasitic plants, with a specific emphasis on recent advances in molecular studies of root parasites in the Orobanchaceae and stem parasites in the Convolvulaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; , , ,
| | - Songkui Cui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; , , ,
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; , , ,
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; , , ,
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190
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Aliliche K, Beghalem H, Landoulsi A, Chriki A. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Rhizobium sullae isolated from Algerian Hedysarum flexuosum. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 109:897-906. [PMID: 27034287 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isolates from root nodules of Hedysarum flexuosum, sampled from north region of Algeria, were analyzed on the basis of their phenotypic and molecular characteristics. They were tested for their tolerance to NaCl, pH, temperatures, antibiotics and heavy metals resistance. Interestingly, the isolate Hf_04N appeared resistant to ZnCl2 (50 μg/mL) and grew at high saline concentration up to 9 %. The phylogenetic positions of five isolates were studied by comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA, recA, nifH and nodD genes. There were grouped close to the Rhizobium sullae type strain in relation to their 16S rRNA, recA and nifH genes-based phylogenies. By contrast, the tree of nodD gene was not congruent with ribosomal, housekeeping and nitrogen fixation genes. We suggest that our strains have a novel nodD gene. The detection of conserved domains of NodD protein and nitrogenase reductase enzyme, confirm their ability to nodulate and fix nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadidja Aliliche
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Hamida Beghalem
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Landoulsi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Ali Chriki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
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191
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Hollowell AC, Regus JU, Gano KA, Bantay R, Centeno D, Pham J, Lyu JY, Moore D, Bernardo A, Lopez G, Patil A, Patel S, Lii Y, Sachs JL. Epidemic Spread of Symbiotic and Non-Symbiotic Bradyrhizobium Genotypes Across California. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:700-710. [PMID: 26467244 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The patterns and drivers of bacterial strain dominance remain poorly understood in natural populations. Here, we cultured 1292 Bradyrhizobium isolates from symbiotic root nodules and the soil root interface of the host plant Acmispon strigosus across a >840-km transect in California. To investigate epidemiology and the potential role of accessory loci as epidemic drivers, isolates were genotyped at two chromosomal loci and were assayed for presence or absence of accessory "symbiosis island" loci that encode capacity to form nodules on hosts. We found that Bradyrhizobium populations were very diverse but dominated by few haplotypes-with a single "epidemic" haplotype constituting nearly 30 % of collected isolates and spreading nearly statewide. In many Bradyrhizobium lineages, we inferred presence and absence of the symbiosis island suggesting recurrent evolutionary gain and or loss of symbiotic capacity. We did not find statistical phylogenetic evidence that the symbiosis island acquisition promotes strain dominance and both symbiotic and non-symbiotic strains exhibited population dominance and spatial spread. Our dataset reveals that a strikingly few Bradyrhizobium genotypes can rapidly spread to dominate a landscape and suggests that these epidemics are not driven by the acquisition of accessory loci as occurs in key human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hollowell
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - J U Regus
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - K A Gano
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - R Bantay
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - D Centeno
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - J Pham
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - J Y Lyu
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - D Moore
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - A Bernardo
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - G Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - A Patil
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - S Patel
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Y Lii
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - J L Sachs
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 95616, USA.
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192
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Ge YY, Xiang QW, Wagner C, Zhang D, Xie ZP, Staehelin C. The type 3 effector NopL of Sinorhizobium sp. strain NGR234 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase substrate. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2483-94. [PMID: 26931172 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria utilize type 3 secretion systems to inject type 3 effectors (T3Es) into host cells, thereby subverting host defense reactions. Similarly, T3Es of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobia can affect nodule formation on roots of legumes. Previous work showed that NopL (nodulation outer protein L) of Sinorhizobium(Ensifer) sp. strain NGR234 is multiply phosphorylated in eukaryotic cells and that this T3E suppresses responses mediated by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling in yeast (mating pheromone signaling) and plant cells (expression of pathogenesis-related defense proteins). Here, we show that NopL is a MAP kinase substrate. Microscopic observations of fluorescent fusion proteins and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis in onion cells indicated that NopL is targeted to the nucleus and forms a complex with SIPK (salicylic acid-induced protein kinase), a MAP kinase of tobacco. In vitro experiments demonstrated that NopL is phosphorylatyed by SIPK. At least nine distinct spots were observed after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, indicating that NopL can be hyperphosphorylated by MAP kinases. Senescence symptoms in nodules of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Tendergreen) were analyzed to determine the symbiotic effector activity of different NopL variants with serine to alanine substitutions at identified and predicted phosphorylation sites (serine-proline motif). NopL variants with six or eight serine to alanine substitutions were partially active, whereas NopL forms with 10 or 12 substituted serine residues were inactive. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that NopL interacts with MAP kinases and reveals the importance of serine-proline motifs for effector activity during symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christian Wagner
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Shenzhen Research and Development Center of State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Baoan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Shenzhen Research and Development Center of State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Baoan, Shenzhen, China
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193
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Rosier A, Bishnoi U, Lakshmanan V, Sherrier DJ, Bais HP. A perspective on inter-kingdom signaling in plant-beneficial microbe interactions. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:537-48. [PMID: 26792782 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that the rhizospheric and phyllospheric microbiomes of plants are composed of highly diverse microbial species. Though the information pertaining to the diversity of the aboveground and belowground microbes associated with plants is known, an understanding of the mechanisms by which these diverse microbes function is still in its infancy. Plants are sessile organisms, that depend upon chemical signals to interact with the microbiota. Of late, the studies related to the impact of microbes on plants have gained much traction in the research literature, supporting diverse functional roles of microbes on plant health. However, how these microbes interact as a community to confer beneficial traits to plants is still poorly understood. Recent advances in the use of "biologicals" as bio-fertilizers and biocontrol agents for sustainable agricultural practices is promising, and a fundamental understanding of how microbes in community work on plants could help this approach be more successful. This review attempts to highlight the importance of different signaling events that mediate a beneficial plant microbe interaction. Fundamental research is needed to understand how plants react to different benign microbes and how these microbes are interacting with each other. This review highlights the importance of chemical signaling, and biochemical and genetic events which determine the efficacy of benign microbes to promote the development of beneficial traits in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rosier
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Usha Bishnoi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Venkatachalam Lakshmanan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - D Janine Sherrier
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Harsh P Bais
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
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194
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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Chang L, Zhang T, An J, Liu Y, Cao Y, Zhao X, Sha X, Hu T, Yang P. MsZEP, a novel zeaxanthin epoxidase gene from alfalfa (Medicago sativa), confers drought and salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:439-53. [PMID: 26573680 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The zeaxanthin epoxidase gene ( MsZEP ) was cloned and characterized from alfalfa and validated for its function of tolerance toward drought and salt stresses by heterologous expression in Nicotiana tabacum. Zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) plays important roles in plant response to various environment stresses due to its functions in ABA biosynthetic and the xanthophyll cycle. To understand the expression characteristics and the biological functions of ZEP in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a novel gene, designated as MsZEP (KM044311), was cloned, characterized and overexpressed in Nicotiana tabacum. The open reading frame of MsZEP contains 1992 bp nucleotides and encodes a 663-amino acid polypeptide. Amino acid sequence alignment indicated that deduced MsZEP protein was highly homologous to other plant ZEP sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MsZEP was grouped into a branch with other legume plants. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that MsZEP gene expression was clearly tissue-specific, and the expression levels were higher in green tissues (leaves and stems) than in roots. MsZEP expression decreased in shoots under drought, cold, heat and ABA treatment, while the expression levels in roots showed different trends. Besides, the results showed that nodules could up-regulate the MsZEP expression under non-stressful conditions and in the earlier stage of different abiotic stress. Heterologous expression of the MsZEP gene in N. tabacum could confer tolerance to drought and salt stress by affecting various physiological pathways, ABA levels and stress-responsive genes expression. Taken together, these results suggested that the MsZEP gene may be involved in alfalfa responses to different abiotic stresses and nodules, and could enhance drought and salt tolerance of transgenic tobacco by heterologous expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yafang Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Leqin Chang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yushi Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuman Cao
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuyang Sha
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianming Hu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Peizhi Yang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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195
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The extracellular polysaccharide produced by Enterobacter spp. isolated from root nodules of Abrus precatorius L. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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196
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Tang F, Yang S, Liu J, Zhu H. Rj4, a Gene Controlling Nodulation Specificity in Soybeans, Encodes a Thaumatin-Like Protein But Not the One Previously Reported. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:26-32. [PMID: 26582727 PMCID: PMC4704605 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rj4 is a dominant gene in soybeans (Glycine max) that restricts nodulation by many strains of Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The soybean-B. elkanii symbiosis has a low nitrogen-fixation efficiency, but B. elkanii strains are highly competitive for nodulation; thus, cultivars harboring an Rj4 allele are considered favorable. Cloning the Rj4 gene is the first step in understanding the molecular basis of Rj4-mediated nodulation restriction and facilitates the development of molecular tools for genetic improvement of nitrogen fixation in soybeans. We finely mapped the Rj4 locus within a small genomic region on soybean chromosome 1, and validated one of the candidate genes as Rj4 using both complementation tests and CRISPR/Cas9-based gene knockout experiments. We demonstrated that Rj4 encodes a thaumatin-like protein, for which a corresponding allele is not present in the surveyed rj4 genotypes, including the reference genome Williams 82. Our conclusion disagrees with the previous report that Rj4 is the Glyma.01G165800 gene (previously annotated as Glyma01g37060). Instead, we provide convincing evidence that Rj4 is Glyma.01g165800-D, a duplicated and unique version of Glyma.01g165800, that has evolved the ability to control symbiotic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312
| | - Shengming Yang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312
| | - Jinge Liu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312
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197
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Kučerová D, Kollárová K, Vatehová Z, Lišková D. Interaction of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides with auxin involves changes in flavonoid accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 98:155-161. [PMID: 26691060 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) are signalling molecules originating from plant cell walls influencing plant growth and defence reactions. The present study focused on their interaction with exogenous IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). GGMOs acted as auxin antagonists and diminished the effect of IAA on Arabidopsis primary root growth. Their effect is associated with meristem enlargement and prolongation of the elongation zone. Reduction of the elongation zone was a consequence of the IAA action, but IAA did not affect the size of the meristem. In the absence of auxin, GGMOs stimulated root growth, meristem enlargement and elongation zone prolongation. It is assumed that the effect of GGMOs in the absence of exogenous auxin resulted from their interaction with the endogenous form. In the presence of auxin transport inhibitor GGMOs did not affect root growth. It is known that flavonoids are auxin transport modulators but this is the first study suggesting the role of flavonoids in GGMOs' signalling. The accumulation of flavonoids in the meristem and elongation zone decreased in GGMOs' treatments in comparison with the control. These oligosaccharides also diminished the effect of IAA on the flavonoids' elevation. The fact that GGMOs decreased the accumulation of flavonoids, known to be modulators of auxin transport, and the loss of GGMOs' activity in the presence of the auxin transport inhibitor indicates that the root growth stimulation caused by GGMOs could be related to changes in auxin transport, possibly mediated by flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Kučerová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
| | - Karin Kollárová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Vatehová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
| | - Desana Lišková
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
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198
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Geddes BA, Oresnik IJ. The Mechanism of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28068-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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199
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Lemaire B, Van Cauwenberghe J, Verstraete B, Chimphango S, Stirton C, Honnay O, Smets E, Sprent J, James EK, Muasya AM. Characterization of the papilionoid-Burkholderia interaction in the Fynbos biome: The diversity and distribution of beta-rhizobia nodulating Podalyria calyptrata (Fabaceae, Podalyrieae). Syst Appl Microbiol 2015; 39:41-8. [PMID: 26689612 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The South African Fynbos soils are renowned for nitrogen-fixing Burkholderia associated with diverse papilionoid legumes of the tribes Crotalarieae, Hypocalypteae, Indigofereae, Phaseoleae and Podalyrieae. However, despite numerous rhizobial studies in the region, the symbiotic diversity of Burkholderia has not been investigated in relation to a specific host legume and its geographical provenance. This study analyzed the diversity of nodulating strains of Burkholderia from the legume species Podalyria calyptrata. Diverse lineages were detected that proved to be closely related to Burkholderia taxa, originating from hosts in other legume tribes. By analyzing the genetic variation of chromosomal (recA) and nodulation (nodA) sequence data in relation to the sampling sites we assessed the geographical distribution patterns of the P. calyptrata symbionts. Although we found a degree of genetically differentiated rhizobial populations, a correlation between genetic (recA and nodA) and geographic distances among populations was not observed, suggesting high rates of dispersal and rhizobial colonization within Fynbos soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Lemaire
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, PO Box 2435, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Jannick Van Cauwenberghe
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, PO Box 2435, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Samson Chimphango
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles Stirton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, PO Box 2435, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Erik Smets
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, PO Box 2435, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janet Sprent
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at JHI, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Euan K James
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - A Muthama Muasya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
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Remigi P, Zhu J, Young JPW, Masson-Boivin C. Symbiosis within Symbiosis: Evolving Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Symbionts. Trends Microbiol 2015; 24:63-75. [PMID: 26612499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial accessory genes are genomic symbionts with an evolutionary history and future that is different from that of their hosts. Packages of accessory genes move from strain to strain and confer important adaptations, such as interaction with eukaryotes. The ability to fix nitrogen with legumes is a remarkable example of a complex trait spread by horizontal transfer of a few key symbiotic genes, converting soil bacteria into legume symbionts. Rhizobia belong to hundreds of species restricted to a dozen genera of the Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, suggesting infrequent successful transfer between genera but frequent successful transfer within genera. Here we review the genetic and environmental conditions and selective forces that have shaped evolution of this complex symbiotic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Remigi
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France; New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Peter W Young
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Catherine Masson-Boivin
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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