151
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Sun K, Chang X, Yin L, Li J, Zhou T, Zhang C, Chen X. Expression and DNA methylation status of microRNA-375 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:967-72. [PMID: 24366165 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that DNA methylation in the promoter of microRNA-375 (miR-375) downregulates its expression during tumorigenesis. However, it is not known if CpG methylation of the miR-375 promoter also has a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, the expression level and CpG methylation status of miR-375 in patients with T2DM were analyzed. Plasma samples from 100 patients with T2DM and 100 healthy controls with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were collected. The plasma levels of miR-375 were examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the methylation status of 17 CpG sites in the promoter of the miR-375 were determined using MassARRAY spectrometry. The plasma levels of miR-375 were found to be upregulated in patients with T2DM compared with controls with NGT (P<0.05). Overall, the methylation levels of the miR-375 promoter in patients with T2DM were not significantly different compared with controls with NGT; however, further studies revealed that four of the eight analyzed individual CpG units within the amplicon were significantly hypomethylated in T2DM samples compared with the NGT samples. This study demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that miR-375 is overexpressed in plasma in patients with T2DM, and this may be used as a novel biomarker to distinguish between patients with T2DM and healthy individuals. It was also demonstrated in this study that the miR-375 promoter is hypomethylated, in patients with T2DM, which may regulate the expression of miR-375 and contribute to the pathogenesis of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyun Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Liang Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhou
- The Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
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152
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Hart M, Nolte E, Wach S, Szczyrba J, Taubert H, Rau TT, Hartmann A, Grässer FA, Wullich B. Comparative microRNA profiling of prostate carcinomas with increasing tumor stage by deep sequencing. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:250-63. [PMID: 24337069 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED MicroRNAs (miRNA) posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression and are important in tumorigenesis. Previous deep sequencing identified the miRNA profile of prostate carcinoma versus nonmalignant prostate tissue. Here, we generated miRNA expression profiles of prostate carcinoma by deep sequencing, with increasing tumor stage relative to corresponding nonmalignant and healthy prostate tissue, and detected clearly changed miRNA expression patterns. The miRNA profiles of the healthy and nonmalignant tissues were consistent with our previous findings, indicating a high fidelity of the method employed. In the tumors, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of 40 paired samples of prostate carcinoma versus normal tissue revealed significant upregulation of miR-20a, miR-148a, miR-200b, and miR-375 and downregulation of miR-143 and miR-145. Hereby, miR-375 increased from normal to organ-confined tumors (pT2 pN0), slightly decreased in tumors with extracapsular growth (pT3 pN0), but was then expressed again at higher levels in lymph node metastasizing (pN1) tumors. The sequencing data for miR-375 were confirmed by Northern blotting and qRT-PCR. The regulation for other selected miRNAs could, however, not be confirmed by qRT-PCR in individual tumor stages. MiR-200b, in addition to miR-200c and miR-375 reduced the expression of SEC23A. Interestingly, miR-375, found by sequencing in pT2 upregulated by us and others in tumor versus normal tissue, and miR-15a, found by sequencing in pT2 and pT3 and in the metastasizing tumors, target the phosphatases PHLPP1 and PHLPP2, respectively. PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 dephosphorylate members of the AKT family of signal transducers, thereby inhibiting cell growth. Coexpression of miR-15a and miR-375 resulted in downregulation of PHLPP1/2 and strongly increased prostate carcinoma cell growth. IMPLICATIONS These genomic data reveal relevant miRNAs in prostate cancer that may have biomarker and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hart
- Saarland University Medical School; Department of Virology, Kirrbergerstrasse, Haus 47, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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153
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Yan JW, Lin JS, He XX. The emerging role of miR-375 in cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 135:1011-8. [PMID: 24166096 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, small noncoding RNAs that are believed to play fundamental roles in various biological processes through regulation of gene expression at the level of posttranscription. MiR-375 was first identified as a pancreatic islet-specific miRNA regulating insulin secretion. However, further study revealed that miR-375 is a multifunctional miRNA participating in pancreatic islet development, glucose homeostasis, mucosal immunity, lung surfactant secretion and more importantly, tumorigenesis. Recently, miR-375 has been found significantly downregulated in multiple types of cancer, and suppresses core hallmarks of cancer by targeting several important oncogenes like AEG-1, YAP1, IGF1R and PDK1. The alteration of miR-375 in cancer is caused by a variety of mechanisms, including the dysregulation of transcription factors, aberrant promoter methylation and so on. Reduced expression of miR-375 in tissue or circulation may indicate the presence of neoplasia as well as a poor prognosis of many malignant cancers. Moreover, miR-375 stands for a promising direction for developing targeted therapies due to its capacity to inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Here, we summarize the present understanding of the tumor suppressive role of miR-375 in cancer progression; the mechanisms underlying the dysregulation of miR-375; the potential use of miR-375 in prognosis and diagnosis and the therapeutic prospects of miR-375 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Yan
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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154
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Hoppe R, Achinger-Kawecka J, Winter S, Fritz P, Lo WY, Schroth W, Brauch H. Increased expression of miR-126 and miR-10a predict prolonged relapse-free time of primary oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer following tamoxifen treatment. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3598-608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.07.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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155
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Zhang Y, Duan C, Bian C, Xiong Y, Zhang J. Steroid receptor coactivator-1: a versatile regulator and promising therapeutic target for breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:17-23. [PMID: 23474438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for women worldwide. Various therapeutic approaches have been proposed, among which endocrine therapy has recently become popular due to the high sensitivity of breast tissues to steroids such as estrogens and progesterone. The underlying mechanisms of steroid regulation in breast cancer cell proliferation, invasiveness, metastasis and endocrine resistance, however, remain largely unknown. Steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) has attracted much attention because it is an important co-regulator and plays a pivotal role in modulating the transcriptional activities of steroid nuclear receptors. Accumulated research has established a strong correlation between SRC-1 and the pathological progression or disease-related features of breast cancer, which supports its potential as a target for specific therapeutic intervention in the clinical management of breast cancer. In addition, a diverse group of downstream molecules have also been shown to participate in various functional pathways related to SRC-1-associated regulation of breast cancer. These downstream molecules are also considered promising therapeutic targets, providing additional options for targeted treatments. In this review, the expression of SRC-1 in breast cancer and the close relationships between SRC-1 and the cell proliferation, invasiveness, metastasis and endocrine resistance of breast cancer will be discussed, followed by a brief summary of its putative functional mechanisms with an emphasis on the potential therapeutic role of SRC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Company Ten of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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156
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Chu M, Chang Y, Li P, Guo Y, Zhang K, Gao W. Androgen receptor is negatively correlated with the methylation-mediated transcriptional repression of miR-375 in human prostate cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:34-40. [PMID: 24173286 PMCID: PMC3868498 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role during the development and progression of prostate cancer in which microRNA miR-375 is overexpressed and correlated with tumor progression. Although DNA methylation is a key mechanism for the repression of gene expression, the relationship between AR and the expression or the hypermethylation of miR-375 is unknown. In this study, we found that AR-positive prostate cancer (PCa) cells showed high expression levels and hypomethylation of the miR-375. In contrast, AR-negative PCa cells displayed low levels and hypermethylation of the miR-375. Addition of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a specific inhibitor of DNA methylation, into the culture medium reversed the low expression levels of miR-375 in the AR negative PCa cells. In addition, the total activity levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) were high in AR-negative PCa cells, in which hypermethylation of miR-375 promoter and low expression levels of miR-375 were observed. Taken together, these findings indicate that the negative correlation between AR and total DNMT activity is one of mechanisms to influence the methylation status of miR-375 promoter, which in turn regulates the expression of miR-375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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157
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Martínez-Pacheco M, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Romero-Córdoba S, Valverde M, Rojas E. MRNA and miRNA expression patterns associated to pathways linked to metal mixture health effects. Gene 2013; 533:508-14. [PMID: 24080485 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metals are a threat to human health by increasing disease risk. Experimental data have linked altered miRNA expression with exposure to some metals. MiRNAs comprise a large family of non-coding single-stranded molecules that primarily function to negatively regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Although several human populations are exposed to low concentrations of As, Cd and Pb as a mixture, most toxicology research focuses on the individual effects that these metals exert. Thus, this study aims to evaluate global miRNA and mRNA expression changes induced by a metal mixture containing NaAsO2, CdCl2, Pb(C2H3O2)2·3H2O and to predict possible metal-associated disease development under these conditions. Our results show that this metal mixture results in a miRNA expression profile that may be responsible for the mRNA expression changes observed under experimental conditions in which coding proteins are involved in cellular processes, including cell death, growth and proliferation related to the metal-associated inflammatory response and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Pacheco
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, C.U., 04510 México, México
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158
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Surgucheva I, Gunewardena S, Rao HS, Surguchov A. Cell-specific post-transcriptional regulation of γ-synuclein gene by micro-RNAs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73786. [PMID: 24040069 PMCID: PMC3770685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Synuclein is a member of the synucleins family of small proteins, which consists of three members:α, β- and γ-synuclein. γ-Synuclein is abnormally expressed in a high percentage of advanced and metastatic tumors, but not in normal or benign tissues. Furthermore, γ-synuclein expression is strongly correlated with disease progression, and can stimulate proliferation, induce invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. γ-Synuclein transcription is regulated basically through the binding of AP-1 to specific sequences in intron 1. Here we show that γ-synuclein expression may be also regulated by micro RNAs (miRs) on post-transcriptional level. According to prediction by several methods, the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of γ-synuclein gene contains targets for miRs. Insertion of γ-synuclein 3′-UTR downstream of the reporter luciferase (LUC) gene causes a 51% reduction of LUC activity after transfection into SKBR3 and Y79 cells, confirming the presence of efficient targets for miRs in this fragment. Expression of miR-4437 and miR-4674 for which putative targets in 3′-UTR were predicted caused a 61.2% and 60.1% reduction of endogenous γ-synuclein expression confirming their role in gene expression regulation. On the other hand, in cells overexpressing γ-synuclein no significant effect of miRs on γ-synuclein expression was found suggesting that miRs exert their regulatory effect only at low or moderate, but not at high level of γ-synuclein expression. Elevated level of γ-synuclein differentially changes the level of several miRs expression, upregulating the level of some miRs and downregulating the level of others. Three miRs upregulated as a result of γ-synuclein overexpression, i.e., miR-885-3p, miR-138 and miR-497 have putative targets in 3′-UTR of the γ-synuclein gene. Some of miRs differentially regulated by γ-synuclein may modulate signaling pathways and cancer related gene expression. This study demonstrates that miRs might provide cell-specific regulation of γ-synuclein expression and set the stage to further evaluate their role in pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Surgucheva
- Retinal Biology Research Laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - H. Shanker Rao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Andrei Surguchov
- Retinal Biology Research Laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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159
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Chu HW, Cheng CW, Chou WC, Hu LY, Wang HW, Hsiung CN, Hsu HM, Wu PE, Hou MF, Shen CY, Yu JC. A novel estrogen receptor-microRNA 190a-PAR-1-pathway regulates breast cancer progression, a finding initially suggested by genome-wide analysis of loci associated with lymph-node metastasis. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:355-67. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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160
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Allen GI, Liu Z. A Local Poisson Graphical Model for inferring networks from sequencing data. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2013; 12:189-98. [PMID: 23955777 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2013.2263838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gaussian graphical models, a class of undirected graphs or Markov Networks, are often used to infer gene networks based on microarray expression data. Many scientists, however, have begun using high-throughput sequencing technologies such as RNA-sequencing or next generation sequencing to measure gene expression. As the resulting data consists of counts of sequencing reads for each gene, Gaussian graphical models are not optimal for this discrete data. In this paper, we propose a novel method for inferring gene networks from sequencing data: the Local Poisson Graphical Model. Our model assumes a Local Markov property where each variable conditional on all other variables is Poisson distributed. We develop a neighborhood selection algorithm to fit our model locally by performing a series of l1 penalized Poisson, or log-linear, regressions. This yields a fast parallel algorithm for estimating networks from next generation sequencing data. In simulations, we illustrate the effectiveness of our methods for recovering network structure from count data. A case study on breast cancer microRNAs (miRNAs), a novel application of graphical models, finds known regulators of breast cancer genes and discovers novel miRNA clusters and hubs that are targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevera I Allen
- Department of Statistics & Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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161
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Mitani Y, Roberts DB, Fatani H, Weber RS, Kies MS, Lippman SM, El-Naggar AK. MicroRNA profiling of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma: association of miR-17-92 upregulation with poor outcome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66778. [PMID: 23825564 PMCID: PMC3692530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare relentlessly progressive malignant tumor. The molecular events associated with ACC tumorigenesis are poorly understood. Variable microRNAs (miRNA) have been correlated with tumorigenesis of several solid tumors but not in ACC. To investigate the association of miRNAs with the development and/or progression of ACC, we performed a comparative analysis of primary ACC specimens and matched normal samples and a pooled salivary gland standard and correlated the results with clinicopathologic factors and validated selected miRNAs in a separate set of 30 tumors. Methods MiRNA array platform was used for the identification of target miRNAs and the data was subjected to informatics and statistical interrelations. The results were also collected with the MYB-NFIB fusion status and the clinicopathologic features. Results Differentially dysregulated miRNAs in ACC were characterized in comparison to normal expression. No significant differences in miRNA expression were found between the MYB-NFIB fusion positive and -negative ACCs. Of the highly dysregulated miRNA in ACC, overexpression of the miR-17 and miR-20a were significantly associated with poor outcome in the screening and validation sets. Conclusion Our study indicates that the upregulation of miR-17-92 may play a role in the biology of ACC and could be potentially targeted in future therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Mitani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dianna B. Roberts
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hanadi Fatani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Randal S. Weber
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Merrill S. Kies
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Lippman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Adel K. El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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162
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MicroRNA 'signature' during estrogen-mediated mammary carcinogenesis and its reversal by ellagic acid intervention. Cancer Lett 2013; 339:175-84. [PMID: 23791885 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated miRNA expression has been associated with the development and progression of cancers, including breast cancer. The role of estrogen (E2) in regulation of cell proliferation and breast carcinogenesis is well-known. Recent reports have associated several miRNAs with estrogen receptors in breast cancers. Investigation of the regulatory role of miRNAs is critical for understanding the effect of E2 in human breast cancer, as well as developing strategies for cancer chemoprevention. In the present study we used the well-established ACI rat model that develops mammary tumors upon E2 exposure and identified a 'signature' of 33 significantly modulated miRNAs during the process of mammary tumorigenesis. Several of these miRNAs were altered as early as 3 weeks after initial E2 treatment and their modulation persisted throughout the mammary carcinogenesis process, suggesting that these molecular changes are early events. Furthermore, ellagic acid, which inhibited E2-induced mammary tumorigenesis in our previous study, reversed the dysregulation of miR-375, miR-206, miR-182, miR-122, miR-127 and miR-183 detected with E2 treatment and modulated their target proteins (ERα, cyclin D1, RASD1, FoxO3a, FoxO1, cyclin G1, Bcl-w and Bcl-2). This is the first systematic study examining the changes in miRNA expression associated with E2 treatment in ACI rats as early as 3 week until tumor time point. The effect of a chemopreventive agent, ellagic acid in reversing miRNAs modulated during E2-mediated mammary tumorigenesis is also established. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the new molecular events behind the chemopreventive action of ellagic acid and treatment of breast cancer.
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163
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Shen Y, Wang P, Li Y, Ye F, Wang F, Wan X, Cheng X, Lu W, Xie X. miR-375 is upregulated in acquired paclitaxel resistance in cervical cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:92-9. [PMID: 23778521 PMCID: PMC3708577 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chemo-resistance is one of the key causal factors in cancer death and emerging evidences suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) have critical roles in the regulation of chemo-sensitivity in cancers. Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women and insensitive to chemotherapy clinically. Methods: The differentially expressed miRNAs in cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues were screened by using a microarray platform (μParaflo Sanger miRBase release 13.0). The expression of miR-375 was determined by stem-loop RT–PCR using 23 clinical cervical cancer samples and 2 cervical cancer cell lines. We exogenously upregulated miR-375 expression in SiHa and Caski cells using a pre-miRNA lentiviral vector transfection and observed its impact on paclitaxel sensitivity using MTS. The cells that stably overexpressed miR-375 were subcutaneously injected into mice to determine tumour growth and chemo-sensitivity in vivo. Results: Twenty-one differentially expressed miRNAs were found by miRNA microarray between pro- and post-paclitaxel cervical cancer tissues. Of those, miR-375 showed consistent high expression levels across paclitaxel-treated cervical cells and tissues. Paclitaxel induced upregulated miR-375 expression in a clear dose-dependent manner. Forced overexpression of miR-375 in cervical cancer cells decreased paclitaxel sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: Collectively, our results suggest that miR-375 might be a therapeutic target in paclitaxel-resistant cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shen
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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164
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Downregulation of miR-140 promotes cancer stem cell formation in basal-like early stage breast cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:2589-600. [PMID: 23752191 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The major goal of breast cancer prevention is to reduce the incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), an early stage of breast cancer. However, the biology behind DCIS formation is not well understood. It is suspected that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are already programmed in pre-malignant DCIS lesions and that these tumor-initiating cells may determine the phenotype of DCIS. MicroRNA (miRNA) profiling of paired DCIS tumors revealed that loss of miR-140 is a hallmark of DCIS lesions. Previously, we have found that miR-140 regulates CSCs in luminal subtype invasive ductal carcinoma. Here, we find that miR-140 has a critical role in regulating stem cell signaling in normal breast epithelium and in DCIS. miRNA profiling of normal mammary stem cells and cancer stem-like cells from DCIS tumors revealed that miR-140 is significantly downregulated in cancer stem-like cells compared with normal stem cells, linking miR-140 and dysregulated stem cell circuitry. Furthermore, we found that SOX9 and ALDH1, the most significantly activated stem-cell factors in DCIS stem-like cells, are direct targets of miR-140. Currently, targeted therapies (tamoxifen) are only able to reduce DCIS risk in patients with estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive disease. We examined a model of ERα-negative/basal-like DCIS and found that restoration of miR-140 via a genetic approach or with the dietary compound sulforaphane decreased SOX9 and ALDH1, and reduced tumor growth in vivo. These results support that a miR-140/ALDH1/SOX9 axis is critical to basal CSC self-renewal and tumor formation in vivo, suggesting that the miR-140 pathway may be a promising target for preventative strategies in patients with basal-like DCIS.
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165
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Lu TX, Rothenberg ME. Diagnostic, functional, and therapeutic roles of microRNA in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:3-13; quiz 14. [PMID: 23735656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergic inflammation is accompanied by the coordinated expression of a myriad of genes and proteins that initiate, sustain, and propagate immune responses and tissue remodeling. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short single-stranded RNA molecules that posttranscriptionally silence gene expression and have been shown to fine-tune gene transcriptional networks because single miRNAs can target hundreds of genes. Considerable attention has been focused on the key role of miRNAs in regulating homeostatic immune architecture and acquired immunity. Recent studies have identified miRNA profiles in multiple allergic inflammatory diseases, including asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Specific miRNAs have been found to have critical roles in regulating key pathogenic mechanisms in allergic inflammation, including polarization of adaptive immune responses and activation of T cells (eg, miR-21 and miR-146), regulation of eosinophil development (eg, miR-21 and miR-223), and modulation of IL-13-driven epithelial responses (eg, miR-375). This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the expression and function of miRNAs in patients with allergic inflammation, their role as disease biomarkers, and perspectives for future investigation and clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X Lu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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166
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Hudson J, Duncavage E, Tamburrino A, Salerno P, Xi L, Raffeld M, Moley J, Chernock RD. Overexpression of miR-10a and miR-375 and downregulation of YAP1 in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:62-7. [PMID: 23685355 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a primordial mechanism of gene expression control that appear to be crucial to cellular development and may play an important role in tumor development. Much is known about the genetics of medullary thyroid carcinomas, as approximately 25% are hereditary and harbor germ line activating mutations in the RET gene. Somatic RET mutations are also seen in roughly 50% of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas. Few studies, however, have evaluated the role of microRNA expression in these tumors. DNA and RNA were extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of 15 medullary thyroid carcinomas [10 with RET mutations (3 hereditary) and 5 without RET mutations] and 5 non-tumor thyroid glands. miRNA expression of 754 targets was quantitated by real-time PCR using the ABI OpenArray miRNA assay. Three miRNAs showed significant differential expression and were validated in a larger cohort of 59 cases by real-time PCR. Expression of potential downstream targets and upstream regulators was also investigated by real-time PCR. miR-375 and miR-10a were significantly overexpressed, while miR-455 was underexpressed in medullary thyroid carcinomas. Expression of all 3 miRNAs was validated in the larger cohort of cases (miR-375, p=3.3×10(-26); miR-10a, p=5.6×10(-14); miR-455, p=2.4×10(-4)). No significant differences in miRNA expression were found between RET mutation positive and negative tumors nor between sporadic and hereditary tumors. Expression of the potential downstream targets of miR-375, YAP1 (a growth inhibitor) and SLC16a2 (a transporter of thyroid hormone), was down-regulated in the tumors suggesting that miR-375 is a negative regulator of the expression of these genes. Thus, differential expression of miR-375, miR-10a and miR-455 may be important for tumor development and/or reflect C-cell lineage of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, the growth inhibitor YAP1 is identified as a potential important downstream target of miR-375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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167
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Gupta N, Mayer D. Interaction of JAK with steroid receptor function. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e24911. [PMID: 24416641 PMCID: PMC3881601 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.24911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of steroid receptors is not only regulated by steroid hormones, but also by multiple cellular signaling cascades activated by membrane-bound receptors which are stimulated by growth factors or cytokines. Cross-talk between JAK and steroid receptors plays a central role in the regulation of a multitude of physiological processes and aberrant signaling is involved in the development of numerous diseases including cancer. In this review we provide a brief summary of the knowledge of interactions between JAK and the function of steroid receptors in normal cells and tissues and in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibedita Gupta
- Hematology and Oncology; University Hospital Magdeburg; Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Doris Mayer
- Hormones and Signal Transduction Group; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg, Germany
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168
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Chen D, Cabay RJ, Jin Y, Wang A, Lu Y, Shah-Khan M, Zhou X. MicroRNA Deregulations in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. EJOURNAL OF ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL RESEARCH 2013; 4:e2. [PMID: 24422025 PMCID: PMC3886106 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2013.4102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Head and neck/oral cancer, predominantly head and neck squamous cell
carcinoma (HNSCC), is the sixth most common cancer in the world. While
substantial advances have been made to define the genomic alterations
associated with head and neck/oral cancer, most studies are focused on
protein coding genes. The aim of this article is to review the current
literature on identified genomic aberrations of non-coding genes (e.g.,
microRNA) in head and neck/oral cancer (HNOC), and their contribution to the
initiation and progression of HNOC. Material and Methods A comprehensive review of the available literature relevant to microRNA
deregulation in HNSCC/HNOC, was undertaken using PubMed, Medline, Scholar
Google and Scopus. Keywords for the search were: microRNA and oral cancer,
microRNA and squamous cell carcinoma, microRNA deregulation and oral cancer,
microRNA and carcinogenesis in the head and neck/oral cavity. Only full
length articles in the English language were included. Results We recently identified a panel of microRNA deregulations that were
consistently observed in HNSCC [Chen et al., Oral Oncol. 2012;48(8):686-91],
including 7 consistently up-regulated microRNAs (miR-21, miR-7, miR-155,
miR-130b, miR-223, miR-34b), and 4 consistently down-regulated microRNAs
(miR-100, miR-99a, miR-125b, miR-375). In this review, we will first provide
an overview on microRNA and HNSCC. We will then provide a comprehensive
review on the roles of microRNA deregulations in HNSCC. The functional
significance of the identified HNSCC-associated microRNAs and a number of
other relevant microRNAs (e.g., miR-138, miR-98, miR-137, miR-193a and
miR-218) will be discussed in detail. Conclusions Based on current literature, microRNA deregulation plays a major role in head
and neck/oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois USA. ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Robert J Cabay
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois USA. ; Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois USA
| | - Yi Jin
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois USA
| | - Anxun Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong China. ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Muzaffar Shah-Khan
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois USA. ; Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois USA. ; UIC Cancer Center, Graduate College, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois USA
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169
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Edvardsson K, Nguyen-Vu T, Kalasekar SM, Pontén F, Gustafsson JÅ, Williams C. Estrogen receptor β expression induces changes in the microRNA pool in human colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1431-41. [PMID: 23436804 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is epidemiological, animal and in vitro evidence that estrogen receptor β (ERβ) can mediate protective effects against colon cancer, but the mechanism is not completely understood. Previous research has indicated critical pathways whereby ERβ acts in an antitumorigenic fashion. In this study, we investigate ERβ's impact on the microRNA (miRNA) pool in colon cancer cells using large-scale genomic approaches, bioinformatics and focused functional studies. We detect and confirm 27 miRNAs to be significantly changed following ERβ expression in SW480 colon cancer cells. Among these, the oncogenic miR-17-92 cluster and miR-200a/b are strongly downregulated. Using target prediction and anticorrelation to gene expression data followed by focused mechanistic studies, we demonstrate that repression of miR-17 is a secondary event following ERβ's downregulatory effect on MYC. We show that re-introduction of miR-17 can reverse the antiproliferative effects of ERβ. The repression of miR-17 also influences cell death upon DNA damage and mediates regulation of NCOA3 (SRC-3) and CLU in colon cancer cells. We further determine that the downregulation of miR-200a/b mediates increased ZEB1 while decreasing E-cadherin levels in ERβ-expressing colon cancer cells. Changes in these genes correspond to significant alterations in morphology and migration. Our work contributes novel data of ERβ and miRNA in the colon. Elucidating the mechanism of ERβ and biomarkers of its activity has significant potential to impact colon cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Edvardsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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170
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Zhang N, Lin JK, Chen J, Liu XF, Liu JL, Luo HS, Li YQ, Cui S. MicroRNA 375 mediates the signaling pathway of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) regulating pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) expression by targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase 8. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10361-73. [PMID: 23430746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.425504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a common precursor of melanocortin-related peptides in the pituitary and primarily regulated by corticotropin- releasing factor (CRF). Our results show that miR-375 is highly expressed in the mouse pituitary gland and located specifically in the intermediate lobe of pituitary. The functional studies show that the forced inhibition of endogenous miR-375 in AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells and in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland significantly increases POMC expression, whereas miR-375 overexpression down-regulates POMC expression and ACTH secretion stimulated by CRF. This function of miR-375 is accomplished by its binding to the 3'-UTR of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-8. Our results here have demonstrated that miR-375 acts as a negative regulating molecule mediating the signaling pathway of CRF and affecting POMC expression by targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-8, which subsequently down-regulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation and nerve growth factor-induced clone B (NGFI-B) transcription activity. Taken together, our results show that miR-375 is a novel negative regulator of POMC expression and related hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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171
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Wang Y, Huang C, Reddy Chintagari N, Bhaskaran M, Weng T, Guo Y, Xiao X, Liu L. miR-375 regulates rat alveolar epithelial cell trans-differentiation by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:3833-44. [PMID: 23396279 PMCID: PMC3616718 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) trans-differentiation is a process where type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC II) trans-differentiate into type I alveolar epithelial cells (AEC I) during lung recovery after various injuries, in which AEC I are damaged. This process is critical for lung tissue repair. MicroRNAs are a group of small RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They have the potential to regulate almost every aspect of cell physiology. However, whether AEC trans-differentiation is regulated by microRNAs is completely unknown. In this study, we found that miR-375 was downregulated during AEC trans-differentiation. The overexpression of miR-375 with an adenoviral vector inhibited alveolar epithelial trans-differentiation as indicated by an increase in the AEC II marker, surfactant protein C, and decreases in the AEC I markers, T1α and advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor. miR-375 also inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The constitutively activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with a stabilized form of β-catenin blocked the miR-375 effects. Frizzled 8 was identified as a target of miR-375. In summary, our results demonstrate that miR-375 regulates AEC trans-differentiation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This discovery may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention to benefit lung recovery from injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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172
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Manavathi B, Dey O, Gajulapalli VNR, Bhatia RS, Bugide S, Kumar R. Derailed estrogen signaling and breast cancer: an authentic couple. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:1-32. [PMID: 22947396 PMCID: PMC3565105 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen or 17β-estradiol, a steroid hormone, plays a critical role in the development of mammary gland via acting through specific receptors. In particular, estrogen receptor-α (ERα) acts as a transcription factor and/or a signal transducer while participating in the development of mammary gland and breast cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that the transcriptional activity of ERα is altered by the action of nuclear receptor coregulators and might be responsible, at least in part, for the development of breast cancer. In addition, this process is driven by various posttranslational modifications of ERα, implicating active participation of the upstream receptor modifying enzymes in breast cancer progression. Emerging studies suggest that the biological outcome of breast cancer cells is also influenced by the cross talk between microRNA and ERα signaling, as well as by breast cancer stem cells. Thus, multiple regulatory controls of ERα render mammary epithelium at risk for transformation upon deregulation of normal homeostasis. Given the importance that ERα signaling has in breast cancer development, here we will highlight how the activity of ERα is controlled by various regulators in a spatial and temporal manner, impacting the progression of the disease. We will also discuss the possible therapeutic value of ERα modulators as alternative drug targets to retard the progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bramanandam Manavathi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Gachibowli, Prof. CR Rao Road, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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173
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miRNA gene promoters are frequent targets of aberrant DNA methylation in human breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54398. [PMID: 23342147 PMCID: PMC3547033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are important regulators of gene expression that are frequently deregulated in cancer, with aberrant DNA methylation being an epigenetic mechanism involved in this process. We previously identified miRNA promoter regions active in normal mammary cell types and here we analyzed which of these promoters are targets of aberrant DNA methylation in human breast cancer cell lines and breast tumor specimens. Using 5-methylcytosine immunoprecipitation coupled to miRNA tiling microarray hybridization, we performed comprehensive evaluation of DNA methylation of miRNA gene promoters in breast cancer. We found almost one third (55/167) of miRNA promoters were targets for aberrant methylation in breast cancer cell lines. Breast tumor specimens displayed DNA methylation of majority of these miRNA promoters, indicating that these changes in DNA methylation might be clinically relevant. Aberrantly methylated miRNA promoters were, similar to protein coding genes, enriched for promoters targeted by polycomb in normal cells. Detailed analysis of selected miRNA promoters revealed decreased expression of miRNA linked to increased promoter methylation for mir-31, mir-130a, let-7a-3/let-7b, mir-155, mir-137 and mir-34b/mir-34c genes. The proportion of miRNA promoters we found aberrantly methylated in breast cancer is several fold larger than that observed for protein coding genes, indicating an important role of DNA methylation in miRNA deregulation in cancer.
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174
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Wilting SM, Verlaat W, Jaspers A, Makazaji NA, Agami R, Meijer CJLM, Snijders PJF, Steenbergen RDM. Methylation-mediated transcriptional repression of microRNAs during cervical carcinogenesis. Epigenetics 2013; 8:220-8. [PMID: 23324622 DOI: 10.4161/epi.23605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is common and biologically relevant in cervical carcinogenesis and appears only partly related to chromosomal changes. We recently identified 32 miRNAs showing decreased expression in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and carcinomas not associated with a chromosomal loss, 6 of which were located within a CpG island. This study aimed to investigate to what extent these miRNAs are subject to DNA methylation-mediated transcriptional repression in cervical carcinogenesis. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis on a cell line panel representing different stages of human papillomavirus (HPV) induced transformation revealed an increase in methylation of hsa-miR-149, -203 and -375 with progression to malignancy, whereas expression of these miRNAs was restored upon treatment with a demethylating agent. All three miRNAs showed significantly increased levels of methylation in cervical carcinomas, whereas methylation levels of hsa-miR-203 and -375 were also significantly increased in high-grade CIN. A pilot analysis showed that increased hsa-miR-203 methylation was also detectable in HPV-positive cervical scrapes of women with high-grade CIN compared with controls. Similar to recent findings on hsa-miR-375, ectopic expression of hsa-miR-203 in cervical cancer cells decreased both the proliferation rate and anchorage independent growth. We found evidence for methylation-mediated transcriptional repression of hsa-miR-149, -203 and -375 in cervical cancer. Methylation of the latter two was already apparent in precancerous lesions and represent functionally relevant events in HPV-mediated transformation. Increased hsa-miR-203 methylation was detectable in scrapes of women with high-grade CIN, indicating that methylated miRNAs may provide putative markers to assess the presence of (pre)cancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia M Wilting
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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175
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Shahmoradgoli M, Riazalhosseini Y, Haag D, Becker N, Hovestadt V, Heck S, Sinn HP, Schneeweiss A, Mannherz O, Sahin Ö, Lichter P. Protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 15B is a survival factor for ERα-positive breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2714-9. [PMID: 23169272 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease at both the clinical and molecular levels. This heterogeneity may give rise to different therapy responses. Molecular profiling has facilitated identification of signatures for stratifying patients who would potentially benefit from given therapies. Previously, we reported on a subset of genes with the potential for predicting response of primary breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Herein, we report that patients with luminal (estrogen receptor α [ERα]-expressing) breast cancer were enriched for nonresponders. To identify novel factors that contribute to the survival of breast cancer cells, a loss-of-function screen was performed with a subset of genes overexpressed in patients with disease resistant to chemotherapy. This approach led us to identify protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 15B (PPP1R15B) as a factor with a potentially essential role in the survival of ERα-positive breast cancer cells. Functional analyses showed that PPP1R15B depletion results in impaired proliferation due to unsuccessful transition of cells from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle, and apoptosis induction. Moreover, our data revealed a regulatory role for PPP1R15B in activating ERα. Furthermore, a high level of PPP1R15B mRNA expression was associated with poor outcome following tamoxifen-based therapy. Accordingly, knockdown of PPP1R15B expression sensitized tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells to tamoxifen while reducing ERα abundance in these cells. Our findings reveal a novel role for PPP1R15B in the survival and therapy response of ERα-positive breast cancer and may open new avenues for tumor subtype-specific therapeutic strategies in the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Shahmoradgoli
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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176
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Jackson AL, Levin AA. Developing microRNA therapeutics: approaching the unique complexities. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012; 22:213-25. [PMID: 22913594 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2012.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by interfering with translation or stability of target transcripts. The importance of microRNAs for maintaining biological functions is illustrated by the fact that microRNAs are exploited in nature to regulate phenotypes, and by the diverse disease phenotypes that result when microRNAs are mutated or improperly expressed. Disease-associated microRNAs might therefore represent a new class of therapeutic targets. With the recent demonstration that inhibition of miR-122 reduces viral load in hepatitis C patients, microRNA modulators are no longer merely theoretical, but rather, have become strong candidate therapeutics. The complexity of microRNA biology offers a novel mechanism of action for therapeutic intervention but also poses unique challenges for the development of therapeutic modulators as drugs.
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177
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Oner SS, Maher EM, Gabay M, Tall GG, Blumer JB, Lanier SM. Regulation of the G-protein regulatory-Gαi signaling complex by nonreceptor guanine nucleotide exchange factors. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3003-15. [PMID: 23212907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.418467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Group II activators of G-protein signaling (AGS) serve as binding partners for Gα(i/o/t) via one or more G-protein regulatory (GPR) motifs. GPR-Gα signaling modules may be differentially regulated by cell surface receptors or by different nonreceptor guanine nucleotide exchange factors. We determined the effect of the nonreceptor guanine nucleotide exchange factors AGS1, GIV/Girdin, and Ric-8A on the interaction of two distinct GPR proteins, AGS3 and AGS4, with Gα(il) in the intact cell by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. AGS3-Rluc-Gα(i1)-YFP and AGS4-Rluc-Gα(i1)-YFP BRET were regulated by Ric-8A but not by Gα-interacting vesicle-associated protein (GIV) or AGS1. The Ric-8A regulation was biphasic and dependent upon the amount of Ric-8A and Gα(i1)-YFP. The inhibitory regulation of GPR-Gα(i1) BRET by Ric-8A was blocked by pertussis toxin. The enhancement of GPR-Gα(i1) BRET observed with Ric-8A was further augmented by pertussis toxin treatment. The regulation of GPR-Gα(i) interaction by Ric-8A was not altered by RGS4. AGS3-Rluc-Gα(i1)-YFP and AGS4-Rluc-G-Gα(i1)-YFP BRET were observed in both pellet and supernatant subcellular fractions and were regulated by Ric-8A in both fractions. The regulation of the GPR-Gα(i1) complex by Ric-8A, as well as the ability of Ric-8A to restore Gα expression in Ric8A(-/-) mouse embryonic stem cells, involved two helical domains at the carboxyl terminus of Ric-8A. These data indicate a dynamic interaction between GPR proteins, Gα(i1) and Ric-8A, in the cell that influences subcellular localization of the three proteins and regulates complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Sadik Oner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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178
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Zhao J, Imbrie GA, Baur WE, Iyer LK, Aronovitz MJ, Kershaw TB, Haselmann GM, Lu Q, Karas RH. Estrogen receptor-mediated regulation of microRNA inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 33:257-65. [PMID: 23175673 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estradiol (E2) regulates gene transcription by activating estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β. Many of the genes regulated by E2 via estrogen receptors are repressed, yet the molecular mechanisms that mediate E2-induced gene repression are currently unknown. We hypothesized that E2, acting through estrogen receptors, regulates expression of microRNAs (miRs) leading to repression of expression of specific target genes. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we report that E2 significantly upregulates the expression of 26 miRs and downregulates the expression of 6 miRs in mouse aorta. E2-mediated upregulation of one of these miRs, miR-203, was chosen for further study. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), E2-mediated upregulation of miR-203 is mediated by estrogen receptor-α (but not estrogen receptor-β) via transcriptional upregulation of the primary miR. We demonstrate that the transcription factors Zeb-1 and AP-1 play critical roles in mediating E2-induced upregulation of miR-203 transcription. We show further that miR-203 mediates E2-induced repression of Abl1, and p63 protein abundance in VSMC. Finally, knocking-down miR-203 abolishes E2-mediated inhibition of VSMC proliferation, and overexpression of miR-203 inhibits cultured VSMC proliferation, but not vascular endothelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that E2 regulates expression of miRs in the vasculature and support the estrogen receptors-dependent induction of miRs as a mechanism for E2-mediated gene repression. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that miR-203 contributes to E2-induced inhibition of VSMC proliferation and highlight the potential of miR-203 as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of proliferative cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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179
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Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) represent the most abundant class of gene expression regulators that bind complementarily to transcripts to repress their translation or mRNA degradation. These small ( 21-23 nucleotides in length) noncoding RNAs are derived through a multistep process by miRNA genes located in genomic DNA. Because miRNAs regulate fundamental cellular functions, their dysregulation affects a large range of physiological processes, such as development, immune responses, metabolism, and diseases as well as toxicological outcomes. Cancer-related miRNAs have been extensively studied; however, the roles of miRNAs in xenobiotic metabolism and in toxicology have only recently been explored. This review focuses on the current knowledge of miRNA-dependent regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and nuclear receptors and the associated potential toxicological implications. The potential modulation of toxicology-related changes in miRNA expression, the role of miRNA in immune-mediated drug-induced liver injuries, the use of circulating miRNAs in body fluids as potential toxicological biomarkers, and the link between miRNA-related pharmacogenomics and adverse drug reactions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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180
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Jonsdottir K, Janssen SR, Da Rosa FC, Gudlaugsson E, Skaland I, Baak JPA, Janssen EAM. Validation of expression patterns for nine miRNAs in 204 lymph-node negative breast cancers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48692. [PMID: 23144930 PMCID: PMC3492447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although lymph node negative (LN-) breast cancer patients have a good 10-years survival (∼85%), most of them still receive adjuvant therapy, while only some benefit from this. More accurate prognostication of LN- breast cancer patient may reduce over- and under-treatment. Until now proliferation is the strongest prognostic factor for LN- breast cancer patients. The small molecule microRNA (miRNA) has opened a new window for prognostic markers, therapeutic targets and/or therapeutic components. Previously it has been shown that miR-18a/b, miR-25, miR-29c and miR-106b correlate to high proliferation. Methods The current study validates nine miRNAs (miR-18a/b miR-25, miR-29c, miR-106b, miR375, miR-424, miR-505 and let-7b) significantly correlated with established prognostic breast cancer biomarkers. Total RNA was isolated from 204 formaldehyde-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) LN- breast cancers and analyzed with quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Independent T-test was used to detect significant correlation between miRNA expression level and the different clinicopathological features for breast cancer. Results Strong and significant associations were observed for high expression of miR-18a/b, miR-106b, miR-25 and miR-505 to high proliferation, oestrogen receptor negativity and cytokeratin 5/6 positivity. High expression of let-7b, miR-29c and miR-375 was detected in more differentiated tumours. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high miR-106b expression had an 81% survival rate vs. 95% (P = 0.004) for patients with low expression. Conclusion High expression of miR-18a/b are strongly associated with basal-like breast cancer features, while miR-106b can identify a group with higher risk for developing distant metastases in the subgroup of Her2 negatives. Furthermore miR-106b can identify a group of patients with 100% survival within the otherwise considered high risk group of patients with high proliferation. Using miR-106b as a biomarker in conjunction to mitotic activity index could thereby possibly save 18% of the patients with high proliferation from overtreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Jonsdottir
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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181
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Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR)-targeted therapies comprise a large class of clinically employed drugs. A number of drugs currently being used against this protein class were designed as structural analogs of the endogenous ligand of these receptors. In recent years, there has been significant interest in developing newer strategies to target NRs, especially those that rely on mechanistic pathways of NR function. Prominent among these are noncanonical means of targeting NRs, which include selective NR modulation, NR coactivator interaction inhibition, inhibition of NR DNA binding, modulation of NR cellular localization, modulation of NR ligand biosynthesis and downregulation of NR levels in target tissues. This article reviews each of these promising emerging strategies for NR drug development and highlights some of most significant successes achieved in using them.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a major class of small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by targeting mRNAs to trigger either translational repression or mRNA degradation. They have recently been more widely investigated due to their potential role as targets for cancer therapy. Many miRNAs have been implicated in several human cancers, including breast cancer. miRNAs are known to regulate cell cycle and development, and thus may serve as useful targets for exploration in anticancer therapeutics. The link between altered miRNA signatures and breast cancer development and metastasis can be observed either through the loss of tumor suppressor miRNAs, such as let-7s, miR-30a/31/34a/125s/200s/203/205/206/342 or the overexpression of oncogenic miRNAs, such as miR-10b/21/135a/155/221/222/224/373/520c in breast cancer cells. Some of these miRNAs have also been validated in tumor specimens of breast cancer patients, underscoring their potential roles in diagnostics, as well as targets for novel therapeutics for breast cancer. In this review article, we will provide an overview and update of our current understanding of the mode of action of several of these well characterized miRNAs in breast cancer models. Therefore, better understanding of the gene networks orchestrated by these miRNAs may help exploit the full potential of miRNAs in regards to cancer diagnosis, treatment, and therapeutics.
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183
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Peri S, de Cicco RL, Santucci-Pereira J, Slifker M, Ross EA, Russo IH, Russo PA, Arslan AA, Belitskaya-Lévy I, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Bordas P, Lenner P, Åhman J, Afanasyeva Y, Johansson R, Sheriff F, Hallmans G, Toniolo P, Russo J. Defining the genomic signature of the parous breast. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:46. [PMID: 23057841 PMCID: PMC3487939 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is accepted that a woman's lifetime risk of developing breast cancer after menopause is reduced by early full term pregnancy and multiparity. This phenomenon is thought to be associated with the development and differentiation of the breast during pregnancy. Methods In order to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of pregnancy induced breast cancer protection, we profiled and compared the transcriptomes of normal breast tissue biopsies from 71 parous (P) and 42 nulliparous (NP) healthy postmenopausal women using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. To validate the results, we performed real time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results We identified 305 differentially expressed probesets (208 distinct genes). Of these, 267 probesets were up- and 38 down-regulated in parous breast samples; bioinformatics analysis using gene ontology enrichment revealed that up-regulated genes in the parous breast represented biological processes involving differentiation and development, anchoring of epithelial cells to the basement membrane, hemidesmosome and cell-substrate junction assembly, mRNA and RNA metabolic processes and RNA splicing machinery. The down-regulated genes represented biological processes that comprised cell proliferation, regulation of IGF-like growth factor receptor signaling, somatic stem cell maintenance, muscle cell differentiation and apoptosis. Conclusions This study suggests that the differentiation of the breast imprints a genomic signature that is centered in the mRNA processing reactome. These findings indicate that pregnancy may induce a safeguard mechanism at post-transcriptional level that maintains the fidelity of the transcriptional process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Peri
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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HLAVNA MARIAN, RAUDENSKA MARTINA, HUDCOVA KRISTYNA, GUMULEC JAROMIR, SZTALMACHOVA MARKETA, TANHÄUSEROVA VERONIKA, BABULA PETR, ADAM VOJTECH, ECKSCHLAGER TOMAS, KIZEK RENE, MASARIK MICHAL. MicroRNAs and zinc metabolism-related gene expression in prostate cancer cell lines treated with zinc(II) ions. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:2237-44. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Saito Y, Saito H. Role of CTCF in the regulation of microRNA expression. Front Genet 2012; 3:186. [PMID: 23056006 PMCID: PMC3457075 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate expression of various target genes. miRNAs are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and play important roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation and histone modification are essential for chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene expression including miRNAs. The CCCTC-binding factor, CTCF, is known to bind insulators and exhibits an enhancer-blocking and barrier function, and more recently, it also contributes to the three-dimensional organization of the genome. CTCF can also serve as a barrier against the spread of DNA methylation and histone repressive marks over promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes. Recent studies have shown that CTCF is also involved in the regulation of miRNAs such as miR-125b1, miR-375, and the miR-290 cluster in cancer cells and stem cells. miR-125b1 is a candidate of tumor suppressor and is silenced in breast cancer cells. On the other hand, miR-375 may have oncogenic function and is overexpressed in breast cancer cells. CTCF is involved in the regulation of both miR-125b1 and miR-375, indicating that there are various patterns of CTCF-associated epigenetic regulation of miRNAs. CTCF may also play a key role in the pluripotency of cells through the regulation of miR-290 cluster. These observations suggest that CTCF-mediated regulation of miRNAs could be a novel approach for cancer therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Saito
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University Tokyo, Japan
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186
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Bierkens M, Krijgsman O, Wilting SM, Bosch L, Jaspers A, Meijer GA, Meijer CJLM, Snijders PJF, Ylstra B, Steenbergen RDM. Focal aberrations indicate EYA2 and hsa-miR-375 as oncogene and tumor suppressor in cervical carcinogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 52:56-68. [PMID: 22987659 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer results from persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV). Common genetic aberrations in cervical (pre)cancers encompass large genomic regions with numerous genes, hampering identification of driver genes. This study aimed to identify genes functionally involved in HPV-mediated transformation by analysis of focal aberrations (<3 Mb) in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (hgCIN). Focal chromosomal aberrations were determined in high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization data of 60 hgCIN. Genes located within focal aberrations were validated using 2 external gene expression datasets or qRT-PCR. Functional roles of candidate genes EYA2 (20q13) and hsa-miR-375 (2q35) were studied by siRNA-mediated knock-down and overexpression, respectively, in hrHPV-containing cell lines. We identified 74 focal aberrations encoding 305 genes. Concurrent altered expression in hgCIN and/or cervical carcinomas compared with normal cervical samples was shown for ATP13A3, HES1, OPA1, HRASLS, EYA2, ZMYND8, APOBEC2, and NCR2. Gene silencing of EYA2 significantly reduced viability, migratory capacity, and anchorage-independent growth of HPV16-transformed keratinocytes. For hsa-miR-375, a direct correlation between a (focal) loss and significantly reduced expression was found. Downregulation of hsa-miR-375 expression was confirmed in an independent series of cervical tissues. Ectopic expression of hsa-miR-375 in 2 cervical carcinoma cell lines reduced cellular viability. Our data provide a proof of concept that chromosomal aberrations are actively contributing to HPV-induced carcinogenesis and identify EYA2 and hsa-miR-375 as oncogene and tumor suppressor gene, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska Bierkens
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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187
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Woo HH, László CF, Greco S, Chambers SK. Regulation of colony stimulating factor-1 expression and ovarian cancer cell behavior in vitro by miR-128 and miR-152. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:58. [PMID: 22909061 PMCID: PMC3706266 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) plays an important role in ovarian cancer biology and as a prognostic factor in ovarian cancer. Elevated levels of CSF-1 promote progression of ovarian cancer, by binding to CSF-1R (the tyrosine kinase receptor encoded by c-fms proto-oncogene). Post-transcriptional regulation of CSF-1 mRNA by its 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) has been studied previously. Several cis-acting elements in 3’UTR are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of CSF-1 mRNA. These include conserved protein-binding motifs as well as miRNA targets. miRNAs are 21-23nt single strand RNA which bind the complementary sequences in mRNAs, suppressing translation and enhancing mRNA degradation. Results In this report, we investigate the effect of miRNAs on post-transcriptional regulation of CSF-1 mRNA in human ovarian cancer. Bioinformatics analysis predicts at least 14 miRNAs targeting CSF-1 mRNA 3’UTR. By mutations in putative miRNA targets in CSF-1 mRNA 3’UTR, we identified a common target for both miR-128 and miR-152. We have also found that both miR-128 and miR-152 down-regulate CSF-1 mRNA and protein expression in ovarian cancer cells leading to decreased cell motility and adhesion in vitro, two major aspects of the metastatic potential of cancer cells. Conclusion The major CSF-1 mRNA 3’UTR contains a common miRNA target which is involved in post-transcriptional regulation of CSF-1. Our results provide the evidence for a mechanism by which miR-128 and miR-152 down-regulate CSF-1, an important regulator of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Hyung Woo
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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188
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Suzuki H, Maruyama R, Yamamoto E, Kai M. DNA methylation and microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Mol Oncol 2012; 6:567-78. [PMID: 22902148 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a key role in the silencing of numerous cancer-related genes, thereby affecting a number of vital cellular processes, including the cell cycle checkpoint, apoptosis, signal transduction, cell adhesion and angiogenesis. Also widely altered in human malignancies is the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small noncoding RNAs that act as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Furthermore, emerging evidence now supports the idea that DNA methylation is crucially involved in the dysregulation of miRNAs in cancer. This is in part the result of technological advances that enable more comprehensive analysis of miRNA expression profiles and the epigenome in cancer cells, which has led to the identification of a number of epigenetically regulated miRNAs. As with protein-coding genes, it appears that miRNA genes involved in regulating cancer-related pathways are silenced in association with CpG island hypermethylation. In addition, methylation in CpG island shore regions and DNA hypomethylation also appear to contribute to miRNA dysregulation in cancer. Aberrant DNA methylation of miRNA genes is a potentially useful biomarker for detecting cancer and predicting its outcome. Moreover, re-expression of miRNAs and the replacement of tumor suppressive miRNAs using miRNA mimics or expression vectors could be effective approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University, S1 W17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
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189
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MiR-375 is downregulated in epithelial cells after IL-13 stimulation and regulates an IL-13-induced epithelial transcriptome. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:388-96. [PMID: 22453679 PMCID: PMC4154234 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 13 (IL-13)-induced epithelial gene and protein expression changes are central to the pathogenesis of multiple allergic diseases. Herein, using human esophageal squamous and bronchial columnar epithelial cells, we identified microRNAs (miRNAs) that were differentially regulated after IL-13 stimulation. Among the IL-13-regulated miRNAs, miR-375 showed a conserved pattern of downregulation. Furthermore, miR-375 was downregulated in the lung of IL-13 lung transgenic mice. We subsequently analyzed miR-375 levels in a human disease characterized by IL-13 overproduction--the allergic disorder eosinophilic esophagitis (EE)--and observed downregulation of miR-375 in EE patient samples compared with control patients. MiR-375 expression levels reflected disease activity, normalized with remission, and inversely correlated with the degree of allergic inflammation. Using a lentiviral strategy and whole-transcriptome analysis in epithelial cells, miR-375 overexpression was sufficient to markedly modify IL-13-associated immunoinflammatory pathways in epithelial cells in vitro, further substantiating interactions between miR-375 and IL-13. Taken together, our results support a key role of miRNAs, particularly miR-375, in regulating and fine-tuning IL-13-mediated responses.
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190
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The functional significance of microRNA-375 in human squamous cell carcinoma: aberrant expression and effects on cancer pathways. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:556-63. [PMID: 22718022 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding RNA molecules consisting of 19-22 nucleotides that are involved in a variety of biological processes, including development, differentiation, apoptosis and cell proliferation. In cancer research, a growing body of evidence has indicated that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in many types of human cancers and can function either as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Bioinformatic predictions suggest that miRNAs regulate more than 30% of protein-coding genes. Aberrant expression of miRNAs in cancer cells causes destruction of miRNA-regulated messenger RNA networks. Therefore, the identification of miRNA-regulated cancer pathways is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of human cancer. Searching for the aberrant expression of miRNAs in cancer cells is the first step in the functional analysis of miRNAs in cancer cells. Genome-wide miRNA expression signatures can rapidly and precisely reveal aberrant expression of miRNA in cancers. The miRNA expression signatures of human cancers have revealed that miR-375 is significantly downregulated in cancer cells. Our recent data on maxillary sinus, hypopharyngeal and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas have suggested that miR-375 is frequently downregulated and functions as a tumor suppressor that targets several oncogenic genes in cancer cells. In this review, we focus on several types of human squamous cell carcinoma and describe the aberrant expression of miRNAs and the cancer pathways they regulate in these diseases.
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191
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Zhou X, Marian C, Makambi KH, Kosti O, Kallakury BVS, Loffredo CA, Zheng YL. MicroRNA-9 as potential biomarker for breast cancer local recurrence and tumor estrogen receptor status. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39011. [PMID: 22723919 PMCID: PMC3377597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, non-protein coding transcripts involved in many cellular functions. Many miRs have emerged as important cancer biomarkers. In the present study, we investigated whether miR levels in breast tumors are predictive of breast cancer local recurrence (LR). Sixty-eight women who were diagnosed with breast cancer at the Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center were included in this study. Breast cancer patients with LR and those without LR were matched on year of surgery, age at diagnosis, and type of surgery. Candidate miRs were identified by screening the expression levels of 754 human miRs using miR arrays in 16 breast tumor samples from 8 cases with LR and 8 cases without LR. Eight candidate miRs that showed significant differences between tumors with and without LR were further verified in 52 tumor samples using real-time PCR. Higher expression of miR-9 was significantly associated with breast cancer LR in all cases as well as the subset of estrogen receptor (ER) positive cases (p = 0.02). The AUCs (Area Under Curve) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of miR-9 for all tumors and ER positive tumors are 0.68 (p = 0.02) and 0.69 (p = 0.02), respectively. In ER positive cases, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with lower miR-9 levels had significantly better 10-year LR-free survival (67.9% vs 30.8%, p = 0.02). Expression levels of miR-9 and another miR candidate, miR-375, were also strongly associated with ER status (p<0.001 for both). The potential of miR-9 as a biomarker for LR warrants further investigation with larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Catalin Marian
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Kepher H. Makambi
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Ourania Kosti
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Bhaskar V. S. Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Loffredo
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Yun-Ling Zheng
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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192
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Du Y, Liu Z, Gu L, Zhou J, Zhu BD, Ji J, Deng D. Characterization of human gastric carcinoma-related methylation of 9 miR CpG islands and repression of their expressions in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:249. [PMID: 22703336 PMCID: PMC3517451 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many miR genes are located within or around CpG islands. It is unclear whether methylation of these CpG islands represses miR transcription regularly. The aims of this study are to characterize gastric carcinoma (GC)-related methylation of miR CpG islands and its relationship with miRNA expression. Methods Methylation status of 9 representative miR CpG islands in a panel of cell lines and human gastric samples (including 13 normal biopsies, 38 gastritis biopsies, 112 pairs of GCs and their surgical margin samples) was analyzed by bisulfite-DHPLC and sequencing. Mature miRNA levels were determined with quantitative RT-PCR. Relationships between miR methylation, transcription, GC development, and clinicopathological characteristics were statistically analyzed. Results Methylation frequency of 5 miR CpG islands (miR-9-1, miR-9-3, miR-137, miR-34b, and miR-210) gradually increased while the proportion of methylated miR-200b gradually decreased during gastric carcinogenesis (Ps < 0.01). More miR-9-1 methylation was detected in 62%-64% of the GC samples and 4% of the normal or gastritis samples (18/28 versus 2/48; Odds ratio, 41.4; P < 0.01). miR-210 methylation showed high correlation with H. pylori infection. miR-375, miR-203, and miR-193b methylation might be host adaptation to the development of GCs. Methylation of these miR CpG islands was consistently shown to significantly decrease the corresponding miRNA levels presented in human cell lines. The inverse relationship was also observed for miR-9-1, miR-9-3, miR-137, and miR-200b in gastric samples. Among 112 GC patients, miR-9-1 methylation was an independent favourable predictor of overall survival of GC patients in both univariate and multivariate analysis (P < 0.02). Conclusions In conclusion, alteration of methylation status of 6 of 9 tested miR CpG islands was characterized in gastric carcinogenesis. miR-210 methylation correlated with H. pylori infection. miR-9-1 methylation may be a GC-specific event. Methylation of miR CpG islands may significantly down-regulate their transcription regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Du
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Division of Cancer Etiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Fu-Cheng-Lu, No,52 Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China.
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193
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Perera RJ, Ray A. Epigenetic regulation of miRNA genes and their role in human melanomas. Epigenomics 2012; 4:81-90. [PMID: 22332660 DOI: 10.2217/epi.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a leading cause of death from cancers in the USA. While exposure to UV radiation has long been identified as a primary risk factor for melanoma, molecular mechanisms directly linking UV radiation to the development of melanoma, especially metastatic melanoma, are poorly understood. Besides abnormality in several signal transduction pathways important for normal melanocyte development, a number of ncRNAs, including miRNAs, are emerging as important causal factors to melanoma initiation and progression. The recent discovery of altered patterns of epigenetic regulation in ncRNA genes adds further complexity. Since miRNA precursor genes are usually nested within other protein-coding genes, the abnormal regulation of these protein-coding genes by epigenetic mechanisms is expected to cause aberrant regulation of the miRNA target genes. We discuss recent findings that link epigenetic regulation of ncRNA genes to melanoma, and speculate on a possible connection between UV irradiation and epigenetic regulation that might be important for this disease.
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194
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Ward A, Balwierz A, Zhang JD, Küblbeck M, Pawitan Y, Hielscher T, Wiemann S, Sahin Ö. Re-expression of microRNA-375 reverses both tamoxifen resistance and accompanying EMT-like properties in breast cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:1173-82. [PMID: 22508479 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an initiating event in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. It has been shown to occur in resistance to a range of cancer therapies, including tamoxifen. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been associated with EMT as well as resistance to standard therapies. To investigate the role of miRNAs in the development of resistance to tamoxifen as well as accompanying EMT-like properties, we established a tamoxifen-resistant (TamR) model by continually exposing MCF-7 breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. In addition to the molecular changes known to be involved in acquired tamoxifen resistance, TamR cells displayed mesenchymal features and had increased invasiveness. Genome-wide miRNA microarray analysis revealed that miRNA-375 was among the top downregulated miRNAs in resistant cells. Re-expression of miR-375 was sufficient to sensitize TamR cells to tamoxifen and partly reversed EMT. A combination of mRNA profiling, bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation identified metadherin (MTDH) as a direct target of miR-375. Knockdown of MTDH partially phenocopied the effects of miR-375 on the sensitivity to tamoxifen and the reversal of EMT. We observed an inverse correlation between the expression of miR-375 and its target MTDH in primary breast cancer samples, implying the pathological relevance of targeting. Finally, tamoxifen-treated patients with higher expression of MTDH had a shorter disease-free survival and higher risk of relapse. As most cancer-related deaths occur because of resistance to standard therapies and metastasis, re-expression of miR-375 or targeting MTDH might serve as potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of TamR breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ward
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
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195
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Singh P, Soon PSH, Feige JJ, Chabre O, Zhao JT, Cherradi N, Lalli E, Sidhu SB. Dysregulation of microRNAs in adrenocortical tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:118-28. [PMID: 21996374 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that are involved in the epigenetic regulation of cellular processes. Different malignancies are often associated with the deregulation of specific sets of miRNAs. The prognosis of adrenocortical cancers (ACCs) is very poor as compared to adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs), and even within ACCs there are cases with better disease specific survival. An improved understanding of the pathobiology of this disease will therefore be useful in facilitating better management of ACCs as well as distinguishing high risk versus low risk subgroups. One third of coding genes are regulated by miRNAs and therefore changes in miRNA expression may be associated with cancer development and progression. In this review we summarize the current understanding of miRNAs in adrenocortical tumors, and highlight their potential in differentiating between ACCs and ACAs, risk stratification and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Singh
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Hormones & Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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196
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Bucur O, Stancu AL, Khosravi-Far R, Almasan A. Analysis of apoptosis methods recently used in Cancer Research and Cell Death & Disease publications. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e263. [PMID: 22297295 PMCID: PMC3288344 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Blumer JB, Oner SS, Lanier SM. Group II activators of G-protein signalling and proteins containing a G-protein regulatory motif. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:202-18. [PMID: 21615707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Beyond the core triad of receptor, Gαβγ and effector, there are multiple accessory proteins that provide alternative modes of signal input and regulatory adaptability to G-protein signalling systems. Such accessory proteins may segregate a signalling complex to microdomains of the cell, regulate the basal activity, efficiency and specificity of signal propagation and/or serve as alternative binding partners for Gα or Gβγ independent of the classical heterotrimeric Gαβγ complex. The latter concept led to the postulate that Gα and Gβγ regulate intracellular events distinct from their role as transducers for cell surface seven-transmembrane span receptors. One general class of such accessory proteins is defined by AGS proteins or activators of G-protein signalling that refer to mammalian cDNAs identified in a specific yeast-based functional screen. The discovery of AGS proteins and related entities revealed a number of unexpected mechanisms for regulation of G-protein signalling systems and expanded functional roles for this important signalling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Blumer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA
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198
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Zhao H, Zhu L, Jin Y, Ji H, Yan X, Zhu X. miR-375 is highly expressed and possibly transactivated by achaete-scute complex homolog 1 in small-cell lung cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:177-82. [PMID: 22172490 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified five miRNAs highly expressed in the small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line NCI-H209. Among them, the expression levels of miR-375 were dramatically elevated in all SCLC cell lines examined, coincident with the expression of the transcription factor achaete-scute complex homolog 1 (ASCL1). Moreover, miR-375 was upregulated and correlated with ASCL1 in the cell lines generated from mouse SCLC-like tumors as well. Dual-luciferase assays further showed that ASCL1 activated the expression of miR-375 by binding to the three E-box elements in the miR-375 promoter. These results imply a role of ASCL1 in SCLC via the upregulation of miR-375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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199
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Soto-Reyes E, González-Barrios R, Cisneros-Soberanis F, Herrera-Goepfert R, Pérez V, Cantú D, Prada D, Castro C, Recillas-Targa F, Herrera LA. Disruption of CTCF at the miR-125b1 locus in gynecological cancers. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:40. [PMID: 22277129 PMCID: PMC3297514 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cancer cells, transcriptional gene silencing has been associated with genetic and epigenetic defects. The disruption of DNA methylation patterns and covalent histone marks has been associated with cancer development. Until recently, microRNA (miRNA) gene silencing was not well understood. In particular, miR-125b1 has been suggested to be an miRNA with tumor suppressor activity, and it has been shown to be deregulated in various human cancers. In the present study, we evaluated the DNA methylation at the CpG island proximal to the transcription start site of miR-125b1 in cancer cell lines as well as in normal tissues and gynecological tumor samples. In addition, we analyzed the association of CTCF and covalent histone modifications at the miR-125b1 locus. METHODS To assess the DNA methylation status of the miR-125b1, genomic DNA was transformed with sodium bisulfite, and then PCR-amplified with modified primers and sequenced. The miR-125b1 gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR using U6 as a control for constitutive gene expression. CTCF repressive histone marks abundance was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS The disruption of CTCF in breast cancer cells correlated with the incorporation of repressive histone marks such H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 as well as with aberrant DNA methylation patterns. To determine the effect of DNA methylation at the CpG island of miR-125b1 on the expression of this gene, we performed a qRT-PCR assay. We observed a significant reduction on the expression of miR-125b1 in cancer cells in comparison with controls, suggesting that DNA methylation at the CpG island might reduce miR-125b1 expression. These effects were observed in other gynecological cancers, including ovarian and cervical tumors. CONCLUSIONS A reduction of miR-125b1 expression in cancers, correlated with methylation, repressive histone marks and loss of CTCF binding at the promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Soto-Reyes
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, DF, México
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200
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Harris T, Jimenez L, Kawachi N, Fan JB, Chen J, Belbin T, Ramnauth A, Loudig O, Keller CE, Smith R, Prystowsky MB, Schlecht NF, Segall JE, Childs G. Low-level expression of miR-375 correlates with poor outcome and metastasis while altering the invasive properties of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:917-928. [PMID: 22234174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Small, noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be abnormally expressed in every tumor type examined. We used comparisons of global miRNA expression profiles of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) samples and adjacent normal tissue to rank those miRNAs that were most significantly altered in our patient population. Rank Consistency Score analysis revealed miR-375 to have the most significantly lowered miRNA levels in tumors relative to matched adjacent nonmalignant tissue from the same patient among 736 miRNAs that were evaluated. This result has been previously observed by other groups; however, we extend this finding with the unique observation that low miR-375 expression levels correlate significantly with cancer survival and distant metastasis. In a study of 123 primary HNSCC patients using multivariable Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), both death from disease (HR: 12.8, 95% CI: 3 to 49) and incidence of distant metastasis (HR: 8.7, 95% CI: 2 to 31) correlated with lower expression levels of miR-375 regardless of the site or stage of the tumor. In addition, we found that oral cavity tumor cell lines (eg, UMSCC1 and UMSCC47) overexpressing miR-375 were significantly less invasive in vitro than their matched empty vector controls. We conclude that miR-375 represents a potential prognostic marker of poor outcome and metastasis in HNSCC and that it may function by suppressing the tumor's invasive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Harris
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Lizandra Jimenez
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nicole Kawachi
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Jing Chen
- Illumina Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Tom Belbin
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Andrew Ramnauth
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Olivier Loudig
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Christian E Keller
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Richard Smith
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Nicolas F Schlecht
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jeffrey E Segall
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Geoffrey Childs
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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