151
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Lee DW, Cho MS, Choe EY, Park SW, Song YM, Lee SC, Sung J. Epicardial Fat Thickness and Bone Mineral Content: The Healthy Twin Study in Korea. J Epidemiol 2018; 28:253-259. [PMID: 29332861 PMCID: PMC5911676 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The conventional concept of positive association between general obesity and bone health was challenged in recent studies reporting the different effects of specific fat deposition on bone health. In the present study, we investigated the association between epicardial fat and bone health. Methods We measured echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and bone mineral content (BMC) in a twin-family cohort of Koreans (n = 1,198; 525 men, 460 pre- and 213 post-menopausal women). A total 121 pairs of monozygotic twin (MZ) and 404 pairs of dizygotic twin and sibling pairs (DZ/Sib) were included. Results EFT was positively associated with BMC in total, as well as in three subgroups (β = 0.107, 0.076, and 0.058 for men, pre-, and post-menopausal women, respectively). The positive association between EFT and BMC remained for DZ/Sib difference analysis, but was absent for MZ comparisons. The positive association between BMI and BMC was consistent for DZ/Sib and MZ difference analysis. After adjusting for the effect of general obesity via BMI, the association between BMC and EFT was statistically non-significant (β = 0.020, 0.000, and −0.009 for men, pre-, and post-menopausal women, respectively). Conclusion Our findings do not support epicardial fat’s beneficial effects on bone health, whereas general adiposity has an osteotropic effect. The association between EFT and BMC is through common genetic component factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Korea University Ansan Hospital
| | - Min Soo Cho
- Heart Institute, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
| | - Eun Yeong Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Seung Woo Park
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine
| | - Yun-Mi Song
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine
| | - Sang-Chol Lee
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University.,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University.,Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University
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152
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Becker C, Kukat A, Szczepanowska K, Hermans S, Senft K, Brandscheid CP, Maiti P, Trifunovic A. CLPP deficiency protects against metabolic syndrome but hinders adaptive thermogenesis. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45126. [PMID: 29588285 PMCID: PMC5934779 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are fundamental for cellular metabolism as they are both a source and a target of nutrient intermediates originating from converging metabolic pathways, and their role in the regulation of systemic metabolism is increasingly recognized. Thus, maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis is indispensable for a functional energy metabolism of the whole organism. Here, we report that loss of the mitochondrial matrix protease CLPP results in a lean phenotype with improved glucose homeostasis. Whole-body CLPP-deficient mice are protected from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, which was not present in mouse models with either liver- or muscle-specific depletion of CLPP However, CLPP ablation also leads to a decline in brown adipocytes function leaving mice unable to cope with a cold-induced stress due to non-functional adaptive thermogenesis. These results demonstrate a critical role for CLPP in different metabolic stress conditions such as high-fat diet feeding and cold exposure providing tools to understand pathologies with deregulated Clpp expression and novel insights into therapeutic approaches against metabolic dysfunctions linked to mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Becker
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kukat
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karolina Szczepanowska
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffen Hermans
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Senft
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Paul Brandscheid
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Priyanka Maiti
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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153
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Lin JG, Lin SZ, Lin LH, Wu CC, Tsai WT, Harn HJ, Su LH, Ho WY, Hsieh CJ, Ho TJ. Effects of Moxibustion on the Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1: A Pilot Study. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:551-556. [PMID: 29692183 PMCID: PMC6038048 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717724795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Moxibustion (艾灸) is a traditional Chinese medicine therapy performed using Artemisia argyii. Zusanli (足三里, ST36) is an acupoint in the stomach meridian, long associated in ancient Chinese medical practices with the extension of life span when moxibustion is applied to it. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels after application of moxibustion to ST36. Four healthy men and women participated in this 28-day trial and were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A received moxibustion treatment from days 1 to 14, while group B received moxibustion treatment from days 15 to 28. Blood samples were taken 5 times during this study to measure serum IGF-1 (s-IGF-1) levels. The s-IGF-1 levels increased in both groups after 7 and 14 d of moxibustion therapy (group A: 11.02% [7 d] and 29.65% [14 d]; group B: 169.12% [7 d] and 274.85% [14 d]). After moxibustion therapy had been completed (day 14), s-IGF-1 levels continued to increase in group A (increases on day 21 and day 28 were 53.19% and 61.45%, respectively). There were no adverse events in either group. The s-IGF-1 levels were significantly raised in both groups after 7 and 14 d of moxibustion therapy. Moreover, once therapy had been completed, s-IGF-1 levels continued to increase in group A up to 14 d after the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaung-Geng Lin
- 1 School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang Shi, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- 2 Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Hwa Lin
- 3 Division of Chinese Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, Tainan, Taiwan.,4 Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chang Wu
- 5 Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Tsai
- 5 Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- 6 Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hui Su
- 7 Department of Nursing, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Ho
- 8 Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,9 Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Che-Jui Hsieh
- 1 School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang Shi, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- 1 School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang Shi, Taichung, Taiwan.,3 Division of Chinese Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, Tainan, Taiwan.,5 Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan
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154
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Systemic IGF-1 gene delivery by rAAV9 improves spontaneous autoimmune peripheral polyneuropathy (SAPP). Sci Rep 2018; 8:5408. [PMID: 29615658 PMCID: PMC5883061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous autoimmune peripheral polyneuropathy (SAPP) is a mouse model of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice null for costimulatory molecule, B7-2 gene (B7-2−/−). SAPP is a chronic progressive and multifocal inflammatory and demyelinating polyneuropathy of spontaneous onset with secondary axonal degeneration. Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) is a pleiotropic factor with neuroprotective, regenerative, and anti-inflammatory effects with extensive experience in its preclinical and clinical use. Systemic delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) provides robust and widespread gene transfer to central and peripheral nervous systems making it suitable for gene delivery in neurological diseases. A significant proportion of patients with inflammatory neuropathies like CIDP do not respond to current clinical therapies and there is a need for new treatments. In this study, we examined the efficacy IGF-1 gene therapy by systemic delivery with rAAV9 in SAPP model. The rAAV9 construct also contained a reporter gene to monitor the surrogate expression of IGF-1. We found significant improvement in neuropathic disease after systemic delivery of rAAV9/IGF-1 gene at presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of SAPP model. These findings support that IGF-1 treatment (including gene therapy) is a viable therapeutic option in immune neuropathies such as CIDP.
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155
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Radom-Aizik S, Zaldivar FP, Nance DM, Haddad F, Cooper DM, Adams GR. A Translational Model of Incomplete Catch-Up Growth: Early-Life Hypoxia and the Effect of Physical Activity. Clin Transl Sci 2018; 11:412-419. [PMID: 29603633 PMCID: PMC6039202 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in therapies have led to prolonged survival from many previously lethal health threats in children, notably among prematurely born babies and those with congenital heart disease. Evidence for catch‐up growth is common in these children, but in many cases the adult phenotype is never achieved. A translational animal model is required in which specific tissues can be studied over a reasonable time interval. We investigated the impact of postnatal hypoxia (HY) (12%O2 (HY12) or 10% O2 (HY10)) on growth in rats relative to animals raised in room air. Subgroups had access to running wheels following the HY period. Growth was fully compensated in adult HY12 rats but not HY10 rats. The results of this study indicate that neonatal hypoxia can be a useful model for the elucidation of mechanisms that mediate successful catch‐up growth following neonatal insults and identify the critical factors that prevent successful catch‐up growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), Departments of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Frank P Zaldivar
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), Departments of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dwight M Nance
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), Departments of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Fadia Haddad
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), Departments of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dan M Cooper
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), Departments of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Gregory R Adams
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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156
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Abstract
Microbiota and their hosts have coevolved for millions of years. Microbiota are not only critical for optimal development of the host under normal physiological growth, but also important to ensure proper host development during nutrient scarcity or disease conditions. A large body of research has begun to detail the mechanism(s) of how microbiota cooperate with the host to maintain optimal health status. One crucial host pathway recently demonstrated to be modulated by microbiota is that of the growth factor insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Gut microbiota are capable of dynamically modulating circulating IGF-1 in the host, with the majority of data suggesting that microbiota induce host IGF-1 synthesis to influence growth. Microbiota-derived metabolites such as short chain fatty acids are sufficient to induce IGF-1. Whether microbiota induction of IGF-1 is mediated by the difference in growth hormone expression or the host sensitivity to growth hormone is still under investigation. This review summarizes the current data detailing the interaction between gut microbiota, IGF-1 and host development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, BTM 6022, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Julia F Charles
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, BTM 6022, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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157
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Valenti MT, Mottes M, Cheri S, Deiana M, Micheletti V, Cosaro E, Davì MV, Francia G, Dalle Carbonare L. Runx2 overexpression compromises bone quality in acromegalic patients. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:269-277. [PMID: 29295822 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acromegalic patients, characterized by excessive secretion of GH and IGF-1, show a high fracture risk but bone mineral density is a poor predictor for bone fractures in these patients. The effects of an excess of GH/IGF1 on skeleton as well as on osteogenic progenitors, i.e. mesenchymal stem cells, have not been investigated in these patients. We aimed to elucidate the skeletal conditions of acromegalic patients by means of bone microarchitecture analysis and evaluation of MSCs osteogenic commitment. In particular, we performed histomorphometric analyses, and we quantified the expression levels of the osteogenic transcription factor RUNX2 in circulating MSCs. Our results showed an abnormal microarchitecture and demonstrated that bone impairment in acromegalic patients is associated with the upregulation of RUNX2 expression. Furthermore, osteoblastic activity was significantly reduced in patients under pharmacological treatment, compared to untreated patients. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the key role of RUNX2 gene overexpression in causing bone impairment in acromegalic patients. It also suggests a therapeutic approach for the improvement of bone quality, focused on the osteoblastic lineage rather than the inhibition of osteoclastic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of MedicineInternal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Monica Mottes
- Department of NeurosciencesBiomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Samuele Cheri
- Department of MedicineInternal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of NeurosciencesBiomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Deiana
- Department of MedicineInternal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of NeurosciencesBiomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Micheletti
- Department of MedicineInternal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Cosaro
- Department of MedicineInternal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Davì
- Department of MedicineInternal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Francia
- Department of MedicineInternal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Dalle Carbonare
- Department of MedicineInternal Medicine, Section D, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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158
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Waldron J, Raymond W, Ostli-Eilertsen G, Nossent J. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) in systemic lupus erythematosus: relation to disease activity, organ damage and immunological findings. Lupus 2018; 27:963-970. [PMID: 29385899 DOI: 10.1177/0961203318756288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1) activates cell proliferation pathways and inhibits apoptosis. IGF1 is involved in tumour growth and required for T-cell independent activation of B cells. Activated B cells and autoantibody production are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To investigate the possible role of IGF1 in SLE, we studied IGF1 across clinical characteristics, immunological biomarkers, disease activity and organ damage in SLE patients. Method In a cross-sectional study, we collected clinical characteristics, medication, disease activity (SLEDAI-2K) and organ damage (SDI) for 94 SLE patients. Autoantibodies and cytokines were measured by ELISA, and levels of IGF1 and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) by chemiluminescence. Free IGF1 was estimated by the IGF1:IGFBP3 ratio. Healthy controls served as a comparator group. Results There was a significant age-related decline in IGF1, IGFBP3 and free IGF1 (IGF1:IGFBP3 ratio) that was similar in SLE patients and controls with very few outliers. Free IGF1 was inversely related to blood pressure (Rs -0.327, p < 0.01) and HbA1c (Rs -0.31, p < 0.01). Free IGF1 was higher in disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-treated patients ( p < 0.01), but there was no significant association between the IGF1 axis and autoantibody profiles, cytokine levels or SLEDAI-2K or SDI categories. IGF1 correlated inversely with BAFF level and B, natural killer and CD8 + cell counts. Conclusion Free IGF1 levels in SLE patients declined appropriately with age. IGF1 levels were not associated with disease activity, severity or autoantibody levels in SLE. Free IGF1 had positive metabolic effects in SLE and may play an indirect role in dampening the cellular immune response by downregulating B- and T-cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Waldron
- 1 Rheumatology Group, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - W Raymond
- 1 Rheumatology Group, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - G Ostli-Eilertsen
- 2 Inflammation Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway
| | - J Nossent
- 1 Rheumatology Group, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,3 Department of Rheumatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
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159
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Xu J, Zhu C, Zhang M, Tong Q, Wan X, Liao Z, Cai X, Xu Y, Yuan Y, Wang L, Zhu X, Wang S, Gao P, Xi Q, Xu Y, Jiang Q, Shu G. Arginine reverses growth hormone resistance through the inhibition of toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammatory pathway. Metabolism 2018; 79:10-23. [PMID: 29080813 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth hormone stimulates growth by increasing insulin-like growth factor 1 expression and secretion. In the presence of insufficient nutrients, GH increases, whereas IGF-1 expression becomes severely suppressed, leading to GH resistance. This study aimed to explore the effect of arginine (Arg) on GH resistance during malnutrition and to describe its underlying mechanism. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with Arg for 1h or subjected to caloric restriction with Arg supplement in drinking water for 18days. HepG2 cells were exposed to different Arg concentrations for 24h. Signaling pathway agonists/inhibitors, siRNA, and overexpression plasmids were used to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. Liver-specific toll-like receptor (TLR4) knockout mice were utilized to clarify the role of TLR4 in Arg-induced IGF-I expression and secretion. RESULTS Arg inhibited the TLR4 downstream pathway by binding to TLR4 and consequently activated Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 signaling pathway. As a result, IGF-1 transcription and secretion increased. Arg activity was absent in liver-specific TLR4 knockout mice and was greatly suppressed in liver with overexpressed TLR4, suggesting that hepatic TLR4 was required and sufficient to induce GH resistance. By contrast, the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway was unnecessary for Arg activity. Arg not only significantly increased IGF-1 expression and secretion under acute fasting and chronic CR conditions but also attenuated body weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a previously unappreciated pathway involving Arg that reverses GH resistance and alleviates malnutrition-induced growth restriction through the inhibition of TLR4-mediated inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingren Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Canjun Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin, Suite 1800, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Wan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zhengrui Liao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xingcai Cai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yexian Yuan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
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160
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Zhong Z, Li F, Li Y, Qin S, Wen C, Fu Y, Xiao Q. Inhibition of microRNA-19b promotes ovarian granulosa cell proliferation by targeting IGF-1 in polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4889-4898. [PMID: 29363717 PMCID: PMC5865948 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the functional role of microRNA (miR)-19b in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and try to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Expression of miR-19b and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was examined in ovarian cortexes [(from 18 women with PCOS and 10 who did not have PCOS (non-PCOS)] and KGN cells. Cell proliferation assays (cell viability and colony formation assay) were performed following overexpression or inhibition of miR-19b and IGF-1 or following insulin treatment in KGN cells. Expression levels of the cell cycle-associated protein cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 1 were analyzed following overexpression or inhibition of miR-19b and IGF-1. Potential miR-19b targets were identified by bioinformatics. Luciferase assay, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to determine whether IGF-1 was a target of miR-19b. miR-19b expression was significantly decreased in the PCOS ovarian cortex and KGN cells and its identified target, IGF-1, was upregulated. miR-19b overexpression inhibited cell proliferation at G2/M phrase. Overexpression of IGF-1 promoted cell viability and colony formation ability in KGN cells. The expression of cyclin D1 and CDK1 was statistically increased by inhibition of miR-19b and overexpression of IGF-1. High concentrations of insulin decreased levels of miR-19b, stimulated KGN cell proliferation, and elevated IGF-1 levels. Inhibition of miR-19b promoted ovarian granulosa cell proliferation by targeting IGF-1 in PCOS. Insulin decreased the expression levels of miR-19b and stimulated cell proliferation. The present study suggested that overexpression of miR-19b may be a potential therapeutic approach for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohui Zhong
- Department of General Gynaecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eighth People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of General Gynaecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of General Gynaecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Canliang Wen
- Department of General Gynaecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Yiyuan Fu
- Department of General Gynaecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of General Gynaecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
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McBreairty LE, Zello GA, Gordon JJ, Serrao SB, Pierson RA, Chizen DR, Chilibeck PD. Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Have Comparable Hip Bone Geometry to Age-Matched Control Women. J Clin Densitom 2018; 21:54-60. [PMID: 28034591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age manifesting with polycystic ovaries, menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism, and insulin resistance. The oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea characteristic to PCOS are associated with low bone mineral density (BMD); conversely, the hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia may elicit a protective effect on BMD. As bone geometric properties provide additional information about bone strength, the objective of this study was to compare measures of hip geometry in women with PCOS to a healthy female population. Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, BMD and measures of hip geometry were determined in women with PCOS (n = 60) and healthy controls (n = 60) aged 18-35 years. Clinical biochemical measures were also determined in women with PCOS. Measures of hip geometry, including cross-sectional area, cross-sectional moment of inertia, subperiosteal width (SPW), and section modulus, were similar between groups following correction for body mass index (BMI) (all p > 0.05) with intertrochanter SPW significantly lower in women with PCOS (p < 0.05). BMI-corrected whole body BMD as well as the lumbar spine and regions of proximal femur were also comparable between groups. In women with PCOS, BMI-corrected correlations were found between insulin and femoral shaft SPW (r = 0.322, p < 0.05), glucose and femoral neck (r = 0.301, p < 0.05), and trochanter BMD (0.348, p < 0.05), as well as between testosterone and femoral neck BMD (0.376, p < 0.05) and narrow neck cross-sectional area (0.306, p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that women with PCOS may have compromised intertrochanter SPW while oligomenorrhea appears to have no detrimental effect on bone density or geometry in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McBreairty
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Gordon A Zello
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Julianne J Gordon
- College of Kinesiology, Physical Activity Complex, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Shani B Serrao
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, College of Medicine, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Roger A Pierson
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, College of Medicine, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Donna R Chizen
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, College of Medicine, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, Physical Activity Complex, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada.
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162
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Protein and Peptides for Elderly Health. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 112:265-308. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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163
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Cabrera-Salcedo C, Mizuno T, Tyzinski L, Andrew M, Vinks AA, Frystyk J, Wasserman H, Gordon CM, Hwa V, Backeljauw P, Dauber A. Pharmacokinetics of IGF-1 in PAPP-A2-Deficient Patients, Growth Response, and Effects on Glucose and Bone Density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4568-4577. [PMID: 29029190 PMCID: PMC5718699 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP-A2) cleaves insulinlike growth factor binding proteins 3 and 5, releasing free insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Homozygous mutations in PAPP-A2 result in growth failure with elevated total but low free IGF-1. OBJECTIVE To determine the 24-hour pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of free and total IGF-1 after a dose of recombinant human insulinlike growth factor 1 (rhIGF-1). We describe the growth response and effects on glucose metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) after 1 year of rhIGF-1 therapy. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Three affected siblings, their heterozygous parents, and two healthy controls participated. The subjects received a dose of rhIGF-1, followed by serial blood samples collected over 24 hours. The two younger siblings were started on rhIGF-1 treatment. An oral glucose tolerance test and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans were obtained at baseline and after 1 year of treatment. RESULTS Subcutaneous administration of rhIGF-1 increased the concentration of free and total IGF-1 in patients with PAPP-A2 deficiency. The PK profile was comparable in all participants. At baseline, all three subjects demonstrated insulin resistance and below-average BMD. Treatment with rhIGF-1 is ongoing in the youngest patient but was discontinued in his brother because of the development of pseudotumor cerebri. The treated patient had an increase in height velocity from 3.0 to 6.2 cm/y, resolution of insulin resistance, and an increase in total body BMD. CONCLUSIONS rhIGF-1 at standard dosages resulted in similar PK characteristics in patients with PAPP-A2 deficiency, heterozygous relatives, and healthy controls. The youngest affected patient experienced a modest growth response to therapy with rhIGF-1, as well as beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Cabrera-Salcedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Tomoyuki Mizuno
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
- Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Leah Tyzinski
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Melissa Andrew
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Alexander A. Vinks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
- Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Halley Wasserman
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Catherine M. Gordon
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Philippe Backeljauw
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
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164
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that bone and glucose metabolism are closely associated with each other. Since the risk of osteoporotic fractures is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), osteoporosis is recently recognized as one of diabetic complications, called DM-induced bone fragility. Previous studies showed that collagen cross-links of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and dysfunctions of osteoblast and osteocyte are involved in DM-induced bone fragility. Circulating levels of AGEs and homocysteine are increased in patients with DM, and they directly impair the functions of osteoblast and osteocyte, resulting in decreased bone formation and bone remodeling. On the other hand, bone is recently recognized as an endocrine organ. Previous studies based on in vitro and animal studies showed that osteocalcin, which is specifically expressed in osteoblasts and secreted into the circulation, may regulate glucose homeostasis. Although several clinical studies reported the relationship between osteocalcin and glucose metabolism, further large-scale and intervention studies are necessary to confirm the beneficial effects of osteocalcin on glucose metabolism in human. It has been shown that adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular energy sensor, is involved in bone metabolism. Adiponectin and metformin stimulate osteocalcin expression and the differentiation of osteoblasts via AMPK activation. Also, AMPK activation protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of osteocytes. These findings suggest that AMPK in osteoblasts and osteocytes may be a therapeutic target for DM-induced bone fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Kanazawa
- Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
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165
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Kim TY, Schwartz AV, Li X, Xu K, Black DM, Petrenko DM, Stewart L, Rogers SJ, Posselt AM, Carter JT, Shoback DM, Schafer AL. Bone Marrow Fat Changes After Gastric Bypass Surgery Are Associated With Loss of Bone Mass. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2239-2247. [PMID: 28791737 PMCID: PMC5685913 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow fat is a unique fat depot that may regulate bone metabolism. Marrow fat is increased in states of low bone mass, severe underweight, and diabetes. However, longitudinal effects of weight loss and improved glucose homeostasis on marrow fat are unclear, as is the relationship between marrow fat and bone mineral density (BMD) changes. We hypothesized that after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, marrow fat changes are associated with BMD loss. We enrolled 30 obese women, stratified by diabetes status. Before and 6 months after RYGB, we measured BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and vertebral marrow fat content by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. At baseline, those with higher marrow fat had lower BMD. Postoperatively, total body fat declined dramatically in all participants. Effects of RYGB on marrow fat differed by diabetes status (p = 0.03). Nondiabetic women showed no significant mean change in marrow fat (+1.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.8% to +5.4%, p = 0.29), although those who lost more total body fat were more likely to have marrow fat increases (r = -0.70, p = 0.01). In contrast, diabetic women demonstrated a mean marrow fat change of -6.5% (95% CI -13.1% to 0%, p = 0.05). Overall, those with greater improvements in hemoglobin A1c had decreases in marrow fat (r = 0.50, p = 0.01). Increases in IGF-1, a potential mediator of the marrow fat-bone relationship, were associated with marrow fat declines (r = -0.40, p = 0.05). Spinal volumetric BMD decreased by 6.4% ± 5.9% (p < 0.01), and femoral neck areal BMD decreased by 4.3% ± 4.1% (p < 0.01). Marrow fat and BMD changes were negatively associated, such that those with marrow fat increases had more BMD loss at both spine (r = -0.58, p < 0.01) and femoral neck (r = -0.49, p = 0.01), independent of age and menopause. Our findings suggest that glucose metabolism and weight loss may influence marrow fat behavior, and marrow fat may be a determinant of bone metabolism. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Y Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Endocrine Research Unit, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ann V Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaipin Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dennis M Black
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dimitry M Petrenko
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Endocrine Research Unit, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lygia Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stanley J Rogers
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew M Posselt
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan T Carter
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dolores M Shoback
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Endocrine Research Unit, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne L Schafer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Endocrine Research Unit, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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166
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Stimulation of liver IGF-1 expression promotes peak bone mass achievement in growing rats: a study with pomegranate seed oil. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 52:18-26. [PMID: 29121593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peak bone mass (PBM) achieved at adulthood is a strong determinant of future onset of osteoporosis, and maximizing it is one of the strategies to combat the disease. Recently, pomegranate seed oil (PSO) has been shown to have bone-sparing effect in ovariectomized mice. However, its effect on growing skeleton and its molecular mechanism remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of PSO on PBM in growing rats and associated mechanism of action. PSO was given at various doses to 21-day-old growing rats for 90 days by oral gavage. The changes in bone parameters were assessed by micro-computed tomography and histology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to analyze the levels of serum insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1). Western blotting from bone and liver tissues was done. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was performed to study the histone acetylation levels at IGF-1 gene. The results of the study show that PSO treatment significantly increases bone length, bone formation rate, biomechanical parameters, bone mineral density and bone microarchitecture along with enhancing muscle and brown fat mass. This effect was due to the increased serum levels of IGF-1 and stimulation of its signaling in the bones. Studies focusing on acetylation of histones in the liver, the major site of IGF-1 synthesis, showed enrichment of acetylated H3K9 and H3K14 at IGF-1 gene promoter and body. Further, the increased acetylation at H3K9 and H3K14 was associated with a reduced HDAC1 protein level. Together, our data suggest that PSO promotes the PBM achievement via increased IGF-1 expression in liver and IGF-1 signaling in bone.
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167
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Argente J, Chowen JA, Pérez-Jurado LA, Frystyk J, Oxvig C. One level up: abnormal proteolytic regulation of IGF activity plays a role in human pathophysiology. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:1338-1345. [PMID: 28801361 PMCID: PMC5623872 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of a mutation in a specific gene can be very important for determining the pathophysiology underlying the disease of a patient and may also help to decide the best treatment protocol on an individual basis. However, sometimes the discovery of mutations in new proteins advances our comprehension in a more widespread manner. The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 axis is fundamental for systemic growth, but is also involved in many other important processes. Our understanding of this system in physiology and pathophysiology has advanced throughout the years with each discovery of mutations in members of this axis. This review focuses on the most recent discovery: mutations in the metalloproteinase pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2), one of the proteases involved in liberating IGF-1 from the complexes in which it circulates, in patients with delayed growth failure. We also discuss the advances in the stanniocalcins (STC1 and STC2), proteins that modulate PAPP-A2, as well as PAPP-A. These new advances not only bring us one step closer to understanding the strict spatial and temporal control of this axis in systemic growth and maturation, but also highlight possible therapeutic targets when this system goes awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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168
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Reible B, Schmidmaier G, Prokscha M, Moghaddam A, Westhauser F. Continuous stimulation with differentiation factors is necessary to enhance osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in-vitro. Growth Factors 2017; 35:179-188. [PMID: 29228886 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2017.1401618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bone defect treatment belongs to the most challenging fields in orthopedic surgery and requires the well-coordinated application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and differentiation factors. MSC isolated from reaming material (RMSC) and iliac crest (BMSC) in combination with bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been used. The short half-life of both factors limit their applications: a burst release of the factor can probably not induce sustainable differentiation. We stimulated MSC in osteogenic differentiation medium with three different concentrations of BMP-7 or IGF-1: Group A was stimulated continuously, group B for 24 h and group C remained without any stimulation. Osteogenic differentiation was measured after seven and 14 days by alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Continuous stimulation led to higher levels of osteogenic differentiation than short-term stimulation. This could lead to a reconsideration of established application forms for differentiation factors, aiming to provide a more sustained release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Reible
- a HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmidmaier
- a HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Matthäus Prokscha
- a HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- a HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
- b ATORG - Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine , Aschaffenburg , Germany
| | - Fabian Westhauser
- a HTRG - Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
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169
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Molina P, Carrero JJ, Bover J, Chauveau P, Mazzaferro S, Torres PU. Vitamin D, a modulator of musculoskeletal health in chronic kidney disease. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:686-701. [PMID: 28675610 PMCID: PMC5659055 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of activity of vitamin D goes beyond calcium and bone homeostasis, and growing evidence suggests that vitamin D contributes to maintain musculoskeletal health in healthy subjects as well as in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), who display the combination of bone metabolism disorder, muscle wasting, and weakness. Here, we review how vitamin D represents a pathway in which bone and muscle may interact. In vitro studies have confirmed that the vitamin D receptor is present on muscle, describing the mechanisms whereby vitamin D directly affects skeletal muscle. These include genomic and non-genomic (rapid) effects, regulating cellular differentiation and proliferation. Observational studies have shown that circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels correlate with the clinical symptoms and muscle morphological changes observed in CKD patients. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to low bone formation rate and bone mineral density, with an increased risk of skeletal fractures. The impact of low vitamin D status on skeletal muscle may also affect muscle metabolic pathways, including its sensitivity to insulin. Although some interventional studies have shown that vitamin D may improve physical performance and protect against the development of histological and radiological signs of hyperparathyroidism, evidence is still insufficient to draw definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Molina
- Department of NephrologyHospital Universitario Doctor PesetValenciaSpain
- REDinRENMadridSpain
- Department of MedicineUniversitat de ValènciaValenciaSpain
| | - Juan J. Carrero
- Division of Renal MedicineCLINTEC, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jordi Bover
- REDinRENMadridSpain
- Department of NephrologyFundació PuigvertBarcelonaSpain
- IIB Sant PauBarcelonaSpain
| | - Philippe Chauveau
- Service de Néphrologie Transplantation DialyseCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux et Aurad‐AquitaineBordeauxFrance
| | - Sandro Mazzaferro
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic and Geriatric SciencesSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Pablo Ureña Torres
- Department of Nephrology and DialysisClinique du Landy, Ramsay‐Générale de SantéSaint OuenParisFrance
- Department of Renal PhysiologyNecker Hospital, University of Paris DescartesParisFrance
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170
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Dauber A, Muñoz-Calvo MT, Barrios V, Domené HM, Kloverpris S, Serra-Juhé C, Desikan V, Pozo J, Muzumdar R, Martos-Moreno GÁ, Hawkins F, Jasper HG, Conover CA, Frystyk J, Yakar S, Hwa V, Chowen JA, Oxvig C, Rosenfeld RG, Pérez-Jurado LA, Argente J. Mutations in pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 cause short stature due to low IGF-I availability. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 8:363-74. [PMID: 26902202 PMCID: PMC4818753 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in multiple genes of the growth hormone/IGF‐I axis have been identified in syndromes marked by growth failure. However, no pathogenic human mutations have been reported in the six high‐affinity IGF‐binding proteins (IGFBPs) or their regulators, such as the metalloproteinase pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP‐A2) that is hypothesized to increase IGF‐I bioactivity by specific proteolytic cleavage of IGFBP‐3 and ‐5. Multiple members of two unrelated families presented with progressive growth failure, moderate microcephaly, thin long bones, mildly decreased bone density and elevated circulating total IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3, and ‐5, acid labile subunit, and IGF‐II concentrations. Two different homozygous mutations in PAPPA2, p.D643fs25* and p.Ala1033Val, were associated with this novel syndrome of growth failure. In vitro analysis of IGFBP cleavage demonstrated that both mutations cause a complete absence of PAPP‐A2 proteolytic activity. Size‐exclusion chromatography showed a significant increase in IGF‐I bound in its ternary complex. Free IGF‐I concentrations were decreased. These patients provide important insights into the regulation of longitudinal growth in humans, documenting the critical role of PAPP‐A2 in releasing IGF‐I from its BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dauber
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - María T Muñoz-Calvo
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Horacio M Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soren Kloverpris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Clara Serra-Juhé
- Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM) & CIBERER. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vardhini Desikan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, New York Medical College, Valhalla NY, USA
| | - Jesús Pozo
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gabriel Á Martos-Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Hawkins
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor G Jasper
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ron G Rosenfeld
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA STAT5 LLC, Los Altos, CA, USA
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM) & CIBERER. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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171
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Smeets CCJ, van der Steen M, Renes JS, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Bone Mineral Density After Cessation of GH Treatment in Young Adults Born SGA: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3508-3516. [PMID: 28911145 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Short children born small for gestational age (SGA) have below-average bone mineral density (BMD). Growth hormone (GH) treatment improves height and BMD in short SGA children. Longitudinal data on BMD in adults born SGA, after GH cessation (GH-stop), are lacking. OBJECTIVE To determine BMD in young adults born SGA during 5 years after GH-stop. METHODS In 173 GH-treated adults born SGA (SGA-GH), BMD of total body (BMDTB) and bone mineral apparent density of lumbar spine (BMADLS) were measured longitudinally at adult height (AH) and 6 months, 2 years, and 5 years thereafter. At 5 years after GH-stop (age 21 years), data were compared with 45 untreated short SGA adults (SGA-S), 59 SGA adults with spontaneous catch-up (SGA-CU), and 81 adults born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). RESULTS At GH-stop (mean age 16.4 years), estimated mean (standard error) BMDTB standard deviation score (SDS) was -0.40 (0.1) in males and -0.51 (0.1) in females, followed by a trend toward a decrease of BMDTB in males to -0.59 (0.1) at 5 years after GH-stop (P = 0.06), whereas it remained stable in females [-0.57 (0.1); P = 0.33]. At GH-stop, BMADLS SDS was -0.01 (0.1) in males and -0.29 (0.1) in females, followed by a decrease in males and females to -0.38 and -0.55, respectively, at 5 years after GH-stop (P < 0.001). At 5 years after GH-stop, BMDTB and BMADLS in SGA-GH were similar compared with SGA-S, SGA-CU, and AGA. CONCLUSION After GH-stop, there is a gradual decline of BMADLS, but at the age of 21 years, BMDTB and BMADLS are similar as in untreated short SGA adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina C J Smeets
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manouk van der Steen
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, 3016AH Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith S Renes
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Department of Paediatrics, Subdivision Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, 3016AH Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Reddy KE, Jeong JY, Lee Y, Lee HJ, Kim MS, Kim DW, Jung HJ, Choe C, Oh YK, Lee SD. Deoxynivalenol- and zearalenone-contaminated feeds alter gene expression profiles in the livers of piglets. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:595-606. [PMID: 28823120 PMCID: PMC5838333 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective The Fusarium mycotoxins of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zerolenone (ZEN) cause health hazards for both humans and farm animals. Therefore, the main intention of this study was to reveal DON and ZEN effects on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other immune related genes in the liver of piglets. Methods In the present study, 15 six-week-old piglets were randomly assigned to the following three different dietary treatments for 4 weeks: control diet, diet containing 8 mg DON/kg feed, and diet containing 0.8 mg ZEN/kg feed. After 4 weeks, liver samples were collected and sequenced using RNA-Seq to investigate the effects of the mycotoxins on genes and gene networks associated with the immune systems of the piglets. Results Our analysis identified a total of 249 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 99 upregulated and 150 downregulated genes in both the DON and ZEN dietary treatment groups. After biological pathway analysis, the DEGs were determined to be significantly enriched in gene ontology terms associated with many biological pathways, including immune response and cellular and metabolic processes. Consistent with inflammatory stimulation due to the mycotoxin-contaminated diet, the following Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways, which were related to disease and immune responses, were found to be enriched in the DEGs: allograft rejection pathway, cell adhesion molecules, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), type I diabetes mellitus, human T-cell leukemia lymphoma virus infection, and viral carcinogenesis. Genome-wide expression analysis revealed that DON and ZEN treatments downregulated the expression of the majority of the DEGs that were associated with inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10 receptor, beta, chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 9), proliferation (insulin-like growth factor 1, major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, lipase G, and salt inducible kinase 1), and other immune response networks (paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor beta, Src-like-adaptor-1 [SLA1], SLA3, SLA5, SLA7, claudin 4, nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme, ubiquitin D, histone H2B type 1, and serum amyloid A). Conclusion In summary, our results demonstrated that high concentrations DON and ZEN disrupt immune-related processes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondreddy Eswar Reddy
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Yookyung Lee
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Jung
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Changyong Choe
- Animal Disease & Biosecurity Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Young Kyoon Oh
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sung Dae Lee
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
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Yan CL, Kim HS, Hong JS, Lee JH, Han YG, Jin YH, Son SW, Ha SH, Kim YY. Effect of Dietary sugar beet pulp supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal Microflora, blood profiles and Diarrhea incidence in weaning pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 59:18. [PMID: 28794893 PMCID: PMC5545862 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-017-0142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background In 2006, the European Union (EU) has decided to forbid use of antibiotics as growth promoters. Although many researches had been conducted about fiber source as alternatives of antibiotics, there are still lack of reports in the literature about the optimum level of sugar beet pulp supplementation, affecting growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Therefore, different level of sugar beet pulp was added to diets to determine the effects of sugar beet pulp supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, blood profile and incidence of diarrhea in weaning pigs. Methods A total of 200 weaning pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc], averaging 9.01 ± 1.389 kg of initial body weight were, allotted to 5 treatments in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Each treatment was composed of 4 replicates with 10 pigs per pen. The treatments were control treatment: Corn-SBM basal diet + ZnO (phase 1: 0.05%; phase 2; 0.03%) and four different levels of sugar beet pulp were supplemented in Corn-SBM basal diet (3, 6, 9 or 12%). Two phase feeding programs (phase 1: 1–2 weeks; phase 2: 3–5 weeks) were used for 5 week of growth trial. Results In feeding trial, there were no significant differences in growth performance and incidence of diarrhea among treatments. The E.coli counts were not significantly different among dietary treatments but linear response was observed in Lactobacillus counts as sugar beet pulp supplementation increased (P < 0.05). In addition, IGF-1, IgA and IgG were not affected by dietary treatments. However, the BUN concentration was decreased when pigs were fed the treatments of diets with SBP compared to that of control treatment (P < 0.05). In nutrient digestibility, crude fiber and NDF digestibilities were improved as the sugar beet pulp increased (P < 0.05). However, digestibilities of crude ash, crude fat, crude fiber and nitrogen retention were not affected by dietary sugar beet pulp levels. Conclusion This experiment demonstrated that sugar beet pulp can be supplemented in weaning pigs’ diet instead of ZnO to prevent postweaning diarrhea without any detrimental effect on growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Yan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - H S Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - J S Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - J H Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Y G Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Y H Jin
- Department of Agricultural College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 13300 China
| | - S W Son
- PuKyung Pig Farmers Agricultural Cooperative, Gimhae, 50925 Republic of Korea
| | - S H Ha
- PuKyung Pig Farmers Agricultural Cooperative, Gimhae, 50925 Republic of Korea
| | - Y Y Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea.,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
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Liu Z, Han T, Fishman S, Butler J, Zimmermann T, Tremblay F, Harbison C, Agrawal N, Kopchick JJ, Schaffler MB, Yakar S. Ablation of Hepatic Production of the Acid-Labile Subunit in Bovine-GH Transgenic Mice: Effects on Organ and Skeletal Growth. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2556-2571. [PMID: 28475811 PMCID: PMC5551555 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are anabolic hormones that facilitate somatic and skeletal growth and regulate metabolism via endocrine and autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. We hypothesized that excess tissue production of GH would protect skeletal growth and integrity in states of reduction in serum IGF-1 levels. To test our hypothesis, we used bovine GH (bGH) transgenic mice as a model of GH hypersecretion and ablated the liver-derived acid-labile subunit, which stabilizes IGF-1 complexes with IGF-binding protein-3 and -5 in circulation. We used a genetic approach to create bGH/als gene knockout (ALSKO) mice and small interfering RNA (siRNA) gene-silencing approach to reduce als or igf-1 gene expression. We found that in both models, decreased IGF-1 levels in serum were associated with decreased body and skeletal size of the bGH mice. Excess GH produced more robust bones but compromised mechanical properties in male mice. Excess GH production in tissues did not protect from trabecular bone loss in response to reductions in serum IGF-1 (in bGH/ALSKO or bGH mice treated with siRNAs). Reduced serum IGF-1 levels in the bGH mice did not alleviate the hyperinsulinemia and did not resolve liver or kidney pathologies that resulted from GH hypersecretion. We concluded that reduced serum IGF-1 levels decrease somatic and skeletal growth even in states of excess GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Liu
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, David B. Kriser Dental Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010-4086
| | - Tianzhen Han
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, David B. Kriser Dental Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010-4086
| | - Shannon Fishman
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - James Butler
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | | | | | - Carole Harbison
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Nidhi Agrawal
- Department of Endocrinology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Mitchell B. Schaffler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, David B. Kriser Dental Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010-4086
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175
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Takahashi Y. The Role of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in the Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071447. [PMID: 28678199 PMCID: PMC5535938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is characterized by metabolic abnormalities associated with visceral obesity, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality. Patients with adult GHD show increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy has been shown to improve these conditions. It has also been demonstrated that a decrease in the GH insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis is closely associated with the progression of general NAFLD, suggesting a physiological role of these hormones for the maintenance of the liver. NASH histologically demonstrates inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis, in addition to steatosis (and is a serious disease because it can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in a subset of cases). While fibrosis determines the prognosis of the patient, efficacious treatment for fibrosis is crucial; however, it has not yet been established. Recent studies have clarified the essential roles of GH and IGF-I in the liver. GH profoundly reduces visceral fat, which plays an important role in the development of NAFLD. Furthermore, GH directly reduces lipogenesis in the hepatocytes. IGF-I induces cellular senescence and inactivates hepatic stellate cells, therefore ameliorating fibrosis. IGF-I treatment has been shown to improve animal models of NASH and cirrhosis, suggesting potential clinical applications of IGF-I in these conditions. In this review, I will focus on the important roles of GH and IGF-I in the liver, their underlying mechanisms, and their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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176
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Delayed Puberty and Gonadal Failure in Patients with HAX1 Mutation. J Clin Immunol 2017; 37:524-528. [PMID: 28681255 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Homozygous mutations in the HAX1 gene cause an autosomal recessive form of severe congenital neutropenia (SCN). There are limited data on cases of gonadal insufficiency that involve the HAX1 gene mutation. We aimed to evaluate the pubertal development and gonadal functions of our patients with a p.Trp44X mutation in the HAX1 gene. METHOD Pubertal development, physical and laboratory findings of one male and seven female patients with HAX1 deficiency were evaluated. RESULTS The age of the patients was between 13 and 25 years. All female patients were diagnosed with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) based on amenorrhea and elevated gonadotropins. The ovary volumes in female patients were determined to be smaller than normal for their age through sonographic studies. Short stature associated with gonadal insufficiency was also observed in three patients. CONCLUSION The HAX1 gene is important for ovarian development, in which a p.Trp44X mutation may cause POI in female patients. It is crucial to follow up and evaluate the gonadal functions of female patients in such cases.
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177
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The Wilms tumor protein WT1 stimulates transcription of the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5). Gene 2017; 619:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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178
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Ye L, Li X, Li L, Chen H, Ge RS. Insights into the Development of the Adult Leydig Cell Lineage from Stem Leydig Cells. Front Physiol 2017; 8:430. [PMID: 28701961 PMCID: PMC5487449 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult Leydig cells (ALCs) are the steroidogenic cells in the testes that produce testosterone. ALCs develop postnatally from a pool of stem cells, referred to as stem Leydig cells (SLCs). SLCs are spindle-shaped cells that lack steroidogenic cell markers, including luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The commitment of SLCs into the progenitor Leydig cells (PLCs), the first stage in the lineage, requires growth factors, including Dessert Hedgehog (DHH) and platelet-derived growth factor-AA. PLCs are still spindle-shaped, but become steroidogenic and produce mainly androsterone. The next transition in the lineage is from PLC to the immature Leydig cell (ILC). This transition requires LH, DHH, and androgen. ILCs are ovoid cells that are competent for producing a different form of androgen, androstanediol. The final stage in the developmental lineage is ALC. The transition to ALC involves the reduced expression of 5α-reductase 1, a step that is necessary to make the cells to produce testosterone as the final product. The transitions along the Leydig cell lineage are associated with the progressive down-regulation of the proliferative activity, and the up-regulation of steroidogenic capacity, with each step requiring unique regulatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Linxi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Haolin Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China
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179
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Nolan MB, Walsh CM, Duff N, McCrarren C, Prendergast RL, Murphy BA. Artificially extended photoperiod administered to pre-partum mares via blue light to a single eye: Observations on gestation length, foal birth weight and foal hair coat at birth. Theriogenology 2017; 100:126-133. [PMID: 28708527 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In seasonally breeding animals, photoperiod perception is crucial for timing of important physiological events. In the horse, long day photoperiod influences the onset of ovulation and cyclicity, shedding of the heavier winter coat and the timing of parturition. In this compilation of studies, conducted across three breeding seasons and two countries, the impact of artificially extended day length was investigated on gestation length, foal birth weight and foal hair coat at birth. The light therapy was administered to pre-partum mares via mobile head worn masks which provided short wavelength blue light to a single eye. In Study 1, reductions in gestation lengths were observed following administration of artificially extended day length (124.8 ± 15.11 days) in the final months of pregnancy to a group of Thoroughbred mares compared to controls (P < 0.05; 339.7 ± 9.56 days vs 350.6 ± 9.13). Study 2 revealed that pre-partum exposure to artificially extended day length (104.6 ± 9.89 days) increased foal birth weight compared to controls (47.13 ± 2.93 kg vs 43.51 ± 6.14 kg; P < 0.05) in mares bred early in the year. In Study 3, artificially extended day length (87.53 ± 19.6 days) administered to pre-partum mares affected the coat condition of foals at birth with respect to hair weight (P < 0.0001) and hair length (P < 0.0001) compared to controls (0.34 ± 0.20 μg vs 0.59 ± 0.12 μg and 1.93 ± 0.56 cm vs 2.56 ± 0.32 cm, respectively). Collectively, these studies serve to highlight the influential role of the circa-annual changes in photoperiod length on the pre-partum mare for normal foetal development during the natural breeding season. It also emphasizes the potential that exists to improve breeding efficiency parameters by artificially simulating this important environmental cue in the latter stages of gestation against the backdrop of an economically driven early breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Nolan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Caroline M Walsh
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Noelle Duff
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Conor McCrarren
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ralph L Prendergast
- School of Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Barbara A Murphy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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180
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Gabrielli AP, Manzardo AM, Butler MG. Exploring genetic susceptibility to obesity through genome functional pathway analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1136-1143. [PMID: 28474384 PMCID: PMC5444946 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity has been reaching epidemic levels in recent decades, with a growing body of research identifying predisposing genetic components. To explore the relationship of genetic factors contributing to obesity, an analytical computer-based gene-profiling approach utilizing an updated list of clinically relevant and known obesity-related genes was undertaken. METHODS An updated list of 494 genes reportedly associated with obesity was compiled, and the GeneAnalytics profiling software was utilized to interrogate genomic databases from GeneCards® to cross-reference obesity gene sets against tissues and cells, diseases, genetic pathways, gene ontology (GO)-biological processes and GO-molecular functions, phenotypes, and compounds. RESULTS Obesity-related fields identified by GeneAnalytics algorithms included 8 diseases, 46 pathways, 62 biological processes, 22 molecular functions, 148 phenotypes, and 286 compounds impacting adipogenesis, signal transduction by G-protein coupled receptors, and lipid metabolism involving insulin-related genes (IGF1, INS, IRS1). GO-biological processes identified feeding behavior, cholesterol metabolic process, and glucose and cholesterol homeostasis pathways, while GO-molecular processes pertained to receptor binding, affecting glucose homeostasis, body weight, and circulating insulin and triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS The gene-profiling model suggests that pathogenesis of obesity relates to the coordination of biological responses to glucose and intracellular lipids possibly through a disruption of biochemical cascades and cellular signaling arising from affected receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gabrielli
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Ann M Manzardo
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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181
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Carnauba RA, Baptistella AB, Paschoal V, Hübscher GH. Diet-Induced Low-Grade Metabolic Acidosis and Clinical Outcomes: A Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:E538. [PMID: 28587067 PMCID: PMC5490517 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-grade metabolic acidosis is a condition characterized by a slight decrease in blood pH, within the range considered normal, and feeding is one of the main factors that may influence the occurrence of such a condition. The excessive consumption of acid precursor foods (sources of phosphorus and proteins), to the detriment of those precursors of bases (sources of potassium, calcium, and magnesium), leads to acid-base balance volubility. If this condition occurs in a prolonged, chronic way, low-grade metabolic acidosis can become significant and predispose to metabolic imbalances such as kidney stone formation, increased bone resorption, reduced bone mineral density, and the loss of muscle mass, as well as the increased risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis. Considering the increase in the number of studies investigating the influence of diet-induced metabolic acidosis on clinical outcomes, this review gathers the available evidence evaluating the association of this disturbance and metabolic imbalances, as well as related mechanisms. It is necessary to look at the western dietary pattern of most countries and the increasing incidence of non-comunicable diseases for the balance between fruit and vegetable intake and the appropriate supply of protein, mainly from animal sources, so that it does not exceed the daily recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valéria Paschoal
- VP Research Institute, 287, Carlos Petit St, São Paulo 04110-000, Brazil.
| | - Gilberti Helena Hübscher
- Departament of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil.
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Cho SM, Lee SH, Lee D, Lee JH, Chang GT, Kim H, Lee JY. The Korean herbal formulation Yukmijihwangtang stimulates longitudinal bone growth in animal models. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:239. [PMID: 28464905 PMCID: PMC5414215 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Yukmijihwangtang (YJT) is a traditional Korean medicine that has been used to treat kidney-yin deficiency symptoms such as dizziness and tinnitus. In addition, because it is also thought to nourish kidney-yin, it has been used to treat short stature from congenital deficiency. This study evaluated the effects of YJT on longitudinal bone growth in rats. Methods Female adolescent rats were randomly assigned to groups that received distilled water (per os [p.o.] twice a day; control), recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH; 20 μg/kg, subcutaneous [s.c.] once a day), or two different doses of YJT (100 or 300 mg/kg, p.o. twice a day). In each group, treatment was maintained for 4 days. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 50 mg/kg) to label proliferating chondrocytes on days 2 – 4. Tetracycline hydrochloride (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to form fluorescent bands on the growth plates on day 3 for measuring the longitudinal bone growth rate. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the growth plate was identified using immunohistochemistry. Results There was a significant increase in the rate of bone growth in the 300 mg/kg YJT group (523.8 ± 23.7 μm/day; P < 0.05) compared to the control group (498.0 ± 23.8 μm/day), while the 100 mg/kg YJT group exhibited a non-significant increase. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the chondrocytes of the rhGH-treated group exhibited a significant increase (103.8 ± 34.2 cells/mm2) compared to that of the control group (70.3 ± 19.7 cells/mm2), while the 300 mg/kg YJT group had a non-significant increase. Additionally, IGF-1 and BMP-2 were highly expressed in the growth plate in the 300 mg/kg YJT and rhGH groups. Conclusions YJT increased the longitudinal bone growth rate by stimulating chondrocyte proliferation with increasing increments of local IGF-1 and BMP-2 expression. Based on these findings, YJT may be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of growth retardation during adolescence.
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183
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Association of a Cac8I polymorphism in the IGF1 gene with growth traits in Indian goats. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017; 15:7-11. [PMID: 30647636 PMCID: PMC6296596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) gene is a member of somatotropic axis and plays a key role in proliferation of cells, mitosis, myogenesis, meiosis, differentiation in foetal development and post natal growth. The objectives of this study were to verify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IGF1 gene and their association with growth traits in two indigenous native goat genetic groups of Kerala, viz., Malabari and Attappady Black. A total of 277 goats were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using the restriction enzyme Cac8I. One SNP, A224G was detected in the 5′ non-coding region of the IGF1 gene, and accordingly two genotypes were revealed, GG and AG. This SNP was significantly associated with growth traits in Attappady Black goats, which is maintained as meat breed in Kerala. Results from this study demonstrated higher performance of GG animals for growth traits. The association of IGF1 gene with these traits emphasizes the importance of caprine IGF1 as a candidate gene for growth traits in goat breeding.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we will discuss the current understanding of bone pain and muscle weakness in cancer patients. We will describe the underlying physiology and mechanisms of cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) and cancer-induced muscle wasting (CIMW), as well as current methods of diagnosis and treatment. We will discuss future therapies and research directions to help patients with these problems. RECENT FINDINGS There are several pharmacologic therapies that are currently in preclinical and clinical testing that appear to be promising adjuncts to current CIBP and CIMW therapies. Such therapies include resiniferitoxin, which is a targeted inhibitor of noceciptive nerve fibers, and selective androgen receptor modulators, which show promise in increasing lean mass. CIBP and CIMW are significant causes of morbidity in affected patients. Current management is mostly palliative; however, targeted therapies are poised to revolutionize how these problems are treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Milgrom
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Neha L Lad
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Leonidas G Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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185
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Tamaki H, Yotani K, Ogita F, Hayao K, Nakagawa K, Sugawara K, Kirimoto H, Onishi H, Kasuga N, Yamamoto N. Electrical Stimulation of Denervated Rat Skeletal Muscle Ameliorates Bone Fragility and Muscle Loss in Early-Stage Disuse Musculoskeletal Atrophy. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 100:420-430. [PMID: 28213864 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether daily muscle electrical stimulation (ES) can ameliorate the decrease in cortical bone strength as well as muscle and bone geometric and material properties in the early stages of disuse musculoskeletal atrophy. 7-week-old male F344 rats were randomly divided into three groups: age-matched control group (Cont); a sciatic denervation group (DN); and a DN + direct electrical stimulation group (DN + ES). Denervated tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in the DN + ES group received ES with 16 mA at 10 Hz for 30 min/day, 6 days/week. Micro CT, the three-point bending test, and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize cortical bone mechanical, structural, and material properties of tibiae. TA muscle in the DN + ES group showed significant improvement in muscle mass and myofiber cross-sectional area relative to the DN group. Maximal load and stiffness of tibiae, bone mineral density estimated by micro CT, and immunoreactivity of DMP1 in the cortical bone tissue were also significantly greater in the DN + ES group than in the DN group. These results suggest that daily ES-induced muscle contraction treatment reduced the decrease in muscle mass and cortical bone strength in early-stage disuse musculoskeletal atrophy and is associated with a beneficial effect on material properties such as mineralization of cortical bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tamaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Kengo Yotani
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Futoshi Ogita
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Keishi Hayao
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Kouki Nakagawa
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugawara
- Tohoku Fukushi University, 1‑8‑1 Kunimi, Aoba‑ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981‑8522, Japan
| | - Hikari Kirimoto
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Norikatsu Kasuga
- Aichi University of Education, 1 Hirosawa, Igaya, Kariya, Aichi, 448-8542, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yamamoto
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
- Niigata Rehabilitation Hospital, 761 Kisaki, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3304, Japan
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Rico-Llanos GA, Becerra J, Visser R. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) enhances the osteogenic activity of bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) in vitro and in vivo, and together have a stronger osteogenic effect than when IGF-1 is combined with BMP-2. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1867-1875. [PMID: 28256809 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is widely used in orthopedic surgery and bone tissue engineering because of its strong osteogenic activity. However, BMP-2 treatments have several drawbacks and many groups are actively exploring alternatives. Since BMP-6 has been demonstrated to be more osteoinductive, its use, either alone or together with other growth factors, might be an interesting option. In this work, we have compared the effect of BMP-2, BMP-6, or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), either alone or in combination. Murine preosteoblasts were treated with 15 nM IGF-1 and/or 6 nM BMP-2 or -6 and the expression of osteogenic marker genes, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in vitro were analyzed. The results showed that IGF-1 greatly enhanced the BMP-induced osteogenic differentiation of these cells in general and that the ALP activity in the cultures was higher when the combination was made with BMP-6 than with BMP-2. Furthermore, we tested the osteogenic potential of these treatments in vivo by loading 25 pmoles of IGF-1 and/or 10 pmoles of BMP-2 or -6 onto absorbable collagen sponges and implanting them into an ectopic bone formation model in rats. This study revealed that only BMP-6 was able to induce bone formation at the used dose and that the addition of IGF-1 contributed to an increase of the mineralization in the implants. Hence, the combination of BMP-6 with IGF-1 might be a better alternative than BMP-2 for orthopedic surgery or bone tissue engineering approaches. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1867-1875, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Rico-Llanos
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, IBIMA, Malaga, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Malaga, Spain.,BIONAND, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (Junta de Andalucia, University of Malaga)
| | - Jose Becerra
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, IBIMA, Malaga, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Malaga, Spain.,BIONAND, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (Junta de Andalucia, University of Malaga)
| | - Rick Visser
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, IBIMA, Malaga, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Malaga, Spain.,BIONAND, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (Junta de Andalucia, University of Malaga)
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187
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Zaidi M, Sun L, Liu P, Davies TF, New M, Zallone A, Yuen T. Pituitary-bone connection in skeletal regulation. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 28:85-94. [PMID: 27508964 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary hormones have traditionally been thought to exert specific, but limited function on target tissues. More recently, the discovery of these hormones and their receptors in organs such as the skeleton suggests that pituitary hormones have more ubiquitous functions. Here, we discuss the interaction of growth hormone (GH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin (AVP) with bone. The direct skeletal action of pituitary hormones therefore provides new insights and therapeutic opportunities for metabolic bone diseases, prominently osteoporosis.
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188
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Impaired osteogenesis of T1DM bone marrow-derived stromal cells and periosteum-derived cells and their differential in-vitro responses to growth factor rescue. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:65. [PMID: 28283030 PMCID: PMC5346267 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poor bone quality, increased fracture risks, and impaired bone healing are orthopedic comorbidities of type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Standard osteogenic growth factor treatments are inadequate in fully rescuing retarded healing of traumatic T1DM long bone injuries where both periosteal and bone marrow niches are disrupted. We test the hypotheses that osteogenesis of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) and periosteum-derived cells (PDCs), two critical skeletal progenitors in long bone healing, are both impaired in T1DM and that they respond differentially to osteogenic bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and/or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) rescue. Methods BMSCs and PDCs were isolated from Biobreeding Diabetes Prone/Worcester rats acquiring T1DM and normal Wistar rats. Proliferation, osteogenesis, and adipogenesis of the diabetic progenitors were compared with normal controls. Responses of diabetic progenitors to osteogenesis rescue by rhBMP-2/7 heterodimer (45 or 300 ng/ml) and/or rhIGF-1 (15 or 100 ng/ml) in normal and high glucose cultures were examined by alizarin red staining and qPCR. Results Diabetic BMSCs and PDCs proliferated slower and underwent poorer osteogenesis than nondiabetic controls, and these impairments were exacerbated in high glucose cultures. Osteogenesis of diabetic PDCs was rescued by rhBMP-2/7 or rhBMP-2/7 + rhIGF-1 in both normal and high glucose cultures in a dose-dependent manner. Diabetic BMSCs, however, only responded to 300 ng/nl rhBMP-2/7 with/without 100 ng/ml rhIGF-1 in normal but not high glucose osteogenic culture. IGF-1 alone was insufficient in rescuing the osteogenesis of either diabetic progenitor. Supplementing rhBMP-2/7 in high glucose osteogenic culture significantly enhanced gene expressions of type 1 collagen (Col 1), osteocalcin (OCN), and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) while suppressing that of adipogenic marker peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in diabetic PDCs. The same treatment in high glucose culture only resulted in a moderate increase in Col 1, but no significant changes in OCN or GLUT1 expressions in diabetic BMSCs. Conclusions This study demonstrates more effective osteogenesis rescue of diabetic PDCs than BMSCs by rhBMP-2/7 with/without rhIGF-1 in a hyperglycemia environment, underscoring the necessity to tailor biochemical therapeutics to specific skeletal progenitor niches. Our data also suggest potential benefits of combining growth factor treatment with blood glucose management to optimize orthopedic therapeutic outcomes for T1DM patients.
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189
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Siddiqui JA, Partridge NC. Physiological Bone Remodeling: Systemic Regulation and Growth Factor Involvement. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:233-45. [PMID: 27053737 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00061.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is essential for adult bone homeostasis. It comprises two phases: bone formation and resorption. The balance between the two phases is crucial for sustaining bone mass and systemic mineral homeostasis. This review highlights recent work on physiological bone remodeling and discusses our knowledge of how systemic and growth factors regulate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nicola C Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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190
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Dhaunsi GS. Receptor-mediated selective impairment of insulin-like growth factor-1 activity in congenital disorders of glycosylation patients. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:526-530. [PMID: 27089502 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) patients share a basic feature of protein hypoglycosylation. Activity of growth factors and their receptors, glycoproteins playing a pivotal role during child development, remains unexplored in CDG patients. METHODS Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) isolated from 9 CDG patients and 12 healthy controls were cultured in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and BrdU incorporation was measured. Levels of plasma IGF-1 and PBL IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and its glycosylation were detected using immunoassay and western blot. RESULTS CDG patients showed significantly less (P < 0.01) serum-induced 5'-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in PBL than in controls. PDGF-/FGF-stimulated BrdU incorporation showed no difference in patients and controls, whereas IGF-1-induced DNA synthesis was significantly (P < 0.01) less in patients. Plasma IGF-1 levels and PBL IGF-1 receptor protein were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced in patients as compared to controls. IGF-1 receptor in PBL of all CDG patients had significantly (P < 0.01) reduced carbohydrate content when compared with control. CONCLUSIONS These results show selective impairment of IGF-1-induced DNA synthesis in lymphocytes of CDG patients through decreased gene expression and hypoglycosylation of the IGF-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursev S Dhaunsi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait city, Kuwait
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191
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) exerts several effects on the skeleton, mediated either directly or indirectly, leading to increased bone formation and resorption rates. Patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) of adult onset have decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. Some, but not all, studies have found that adults with childhood onset GHD also have lower BMD than healthy controls. Adults with GHD of childhood onset have smaller bone dimensions, leading to possible underestimation of areal BMD (measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), thus potentially confounding the interpretation of densitometric data. Available data suggest that patients with childhood onset GHD are at increased fracture risk. Prospective studies and some clinical trials found that GH replacement for at least 18-24 months leads to increased BMD. Retrospective and prospective data suggest that GH replacement is associated with decreased fracture risk in adults. However, data from randomized clinical trials are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Tritos
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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192
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Tangpricha V, Luo M, Fernández-Estívariz C, Gu LH, Bazargan N, Klapproth JM, Sitaraman SV, Galloway JR, Leader LM, Ziegler TR. Growth Hormone Favorably Affects Bone Turnover and Bone Mineral Density in Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome Undergoing Intestinal Rehabilitation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 30:480-6. [PMID: 17047171 DOI: 10.1177/0148607106030006480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) have a high prevalence of metabolic bone disease due to nutrient malabsorption and potential effects of parenteral nutrition (PN). Human growth hormone (hGH) has been shown in some studies to have anabolic effects on bone, but hGH effects on bone in patients with SBS are unknown. METHODS Adults with PN-dependent SBS underwent a 7-day period of baseline studies while receiving usual oral diet and PN and then began receiving modified diets designed to improve nutrient absorption and daily oral calcium/vitamin D supplements (1500 mg elemental calcium and 600 IU vitamin D, respectively). Subjects were randomized to receive in a double-blind manner either subcutaneous (sc) saline placebo as the control or hGH (0.1 mg/kg/d for 3 weeks, then 0.1 mg/kg 3 days a week for 8 subsequent weeks). Open-label hGH was given from week 13 to week 24 in subjects who required PN after completion of the 12-week double-blind phase. Markers of bone turnover (serum osteocalcin and urinary N-telopeptide [NTX]), vitamin D nutriture (serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-OH D] and parathyroid hormone [PTH] concentrations), and intestinal calcium absorption were measured at baseline and at weeks 4 and 12. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the hip and spine was performed to determine bone mineral density (BMD) at baseline and weeks 12 and 24. RESULTS The majority of subjects in each group exhibited evidence of vitamin D deficiency at baseline (25-OH D levels<30 ng/mL; 78% and 79% of control and hGH-treated subjects, respectively). Subjects treated with hGH demonstrated a significant increase from baseline in serum osteocalcin levels at 12 weeks (+62%; p<.05). The levels of NTX were increased over time in the hGH-treated group; however, this did not reach statistical significance. Both NTX and osteocalcin remained unchanged in control subjects. BMD of the spine and total hip was unchanged in subjects treated with placebo or hGH at 24 weeks. However, femoral neck BMD was slightly but significantly decreased in the placebo group at this time point but remained unchanged from baseline in the hGH-treated subjects. CONCLUSIONS hGH therapy significantly increased markers of bone turnover during the initial 3 months of therapy and stabilized femoral neck bone mass over a 6-month period in patients with severe SBS undergoing intestinal rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vin Tangpricha
- Department of Medicine and Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Miyake H, Kanazawa I, Sugimoto T. Decreased Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-I is a Risk Factor for Non-vertebral Fractures in Diabetic Postmenopausal Women. Intern Med 2017; 56:269-273. [PMID: 28154269 PMCID: PMC5348449 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies have shown that serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is involved in diabetes-related bone fragility. Although lower serum levels of IGF-I are reported to be associated with a higher risk of vertebral fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes, it is unknown whether or not the serum level of IGF-I is associated with the incidence of non-vertebral fractures. Methods We investigated the relationships between the serum levels of IGF-I and the incidence of non-vertebral osteoporotic fractures in 188 men and 168 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Results A multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, observation period, body mass index, HbA1c, serum creatinine, and the bone mineral density at the lumbar spine showed that the serum IGF-I level was significantly and inversely associated with the incidence of non-vertebral osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (odds ratio =0.48, 95% confidential interval [CI] 0.23-0.99 per SD increase; p=0.047), but not in men. Moreover, the inverse association between the serum IGF-I level and the incidence of non-vertebral fractures remained significant after additional adjustment for insulin use, and the serum calcium and phosphate levels (odds ratio =0.48, 95% CI 0.23-0.99 per SD increase; p=0.046). Conclusion This is the first study to show that decreased serum IGF-I levels are associated with a higher risk of non-vertebral osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Serum IGF-I could be a useful marker for assessing the incidence of osteoporotic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Miyake
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Ma MS, Kannan V, de Vries AE, Czepiel M, Wesseling EM, Balasubramaniyan V, Kuijer R, Vissink A, Copray SCVM, Raghoebar GM. Characterization and comparison of osteoblasts derived from mouse embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. J Bone Miner Metab 2017; 35:21-30. [PMID: 26747612 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-015-0730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New developments in stem cell biology offer alternatives for the reconstruction of critical-sized bone defects. One of these developments is the use of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. These stem cells are similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells, but can be generated from adult somatic cells and therefore do not raise ethical concerns. Proper characterization of iPS-derived osteoblasts is important for future development of safe clinical applications of these cells. For this reason, we differentiated mouse ES and iPS cells toward osteoblasts using osteogenic medium and compared their functionality. Immunocytochemical analysis showed significant expression of bone markers (osteocalcin and collagen type I) in osteoblasts differentiated from ES and iPS cells on days 7 and 30. An in vitro mineralization assay confirmed the functionality of osteogenically differentiated ES and iPS cells. Gene expression arrays focusing on osteogenic differentiation were performed in order to compare the gene expression pattern in both differentiated and undifferentiated ES cells and iPS cells. We observed a significant upregulation of osteogenesis-related genes such as Runx2, osteopontin, collagen type I, Tnfsf11, Csf1, and alkaline phosphatase upon osteogenic differentiation of the ES and iPS cells. We further validated the expression of key osteogenic genes Runx2, osteopontin, osteocalcin, collagen type I, and osterix in both differentiated and undifferentiated ES and iPS cells by means of quantified real-time polymerase chain reaction. We conclude that ES and iPS cells are similar in their osteogenic differentiation capacities, as well as in their gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-San Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vishnu Kannan
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneriek E de Vries
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcin Czepiel
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evelyn M Wesseling
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veerakumar Balasubramaniyan
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Kuijer
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef C V M Copray
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerry M Raghoebar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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195
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Amoroso G, Ventura T, Cobcroft JM, Adams MB, Elizur A, Carter CG. Multigenic Delineation of Lower Jaw Deformity in Triploid Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168454. [PMID: 27977809 PMCID: PMC5158070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower jaw deformity (LJD) is a skeletal anomaly affecting farmed triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) which leads to considerable economic losses for industry and has animal welfare implications. The present study employed transcriptome analysis in parallel with real-time qPCR techniques to characterise for the first time the LJD condition in triploid Atlantic salmon juveniles using two independent sample sets: experimentally-sourced salmon (60 g) and commercially produced salmon (100 g). A total of eleven genes, some detected/identified through the transcriptome analysis (fbn2, gal and gphb5) and others previously determined to be related to skeletal physiology (alp, bmp4, col1a1, col2a1, fgf23, igf1, mmp13, ocn), were tested in the two independent sample sets. Gphb5, a recently discovered hormone, was significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated in LJD affected fish in both sample sets, suggesting a possible hormonal involvement. In-situ hybridization detected gphb5 expression in oral epithelium, teeth and skin of the lower jaw. Col2a1 showed the same consistent significant (P < 0.05) down-regulation in LJD suggesting a possible cartilaginous impairment as a distinctive feature of the condition. Significant (P < 0.05) differential expression of other genes found in either one or the other sample set highlighted the possible effect of stage of development or condition progression on transcription and showed that anomalous bone development, likely driven by cartilage impairment, is more evident at larger fish sizes. The present study improved our understanding of LJD suggesting that a cartilage impairment likely underlies the condition and col2a1 may be a marker. In addition, the involvement of gphb5 urges further investigation of a hormonal role in LJD and skeletal physiology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Amoroso
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Cobcroft
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark B. Adams
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris G. Carter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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196
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Hsu B, Seibel MJ, Cumming RG, Blyth FM, Naganathan V, Bleicher K, Le Couteur DG, Waite LM, Handelsman DJ. Progressive Temporal Change in Serum SHBG, But Not in Serum Testosterone or Estradiol, Is Associated With Bone Loss and Incident Fractures in Older Men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:2115-2122. [PMID: 27363725 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine progressive temporal relationships between changes in major reproductive hormones across three waves of a cohort study of older men and (1) changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and (2) incident fractures (any, hip or non-vertebral) over an average of 6 years of follow-up. The CHAMP cohort of men aged 70 years and older were assessed at baseline (2005 to 2007, n = 1705), 2-year follow-up (n = 1367), and 5-year follow-up (n = 958). Serum testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2), and estrone (E1) (by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [LC-MS/MS]), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (by immunoassay) were measured at all time-points, whereas free testosterone (cFT) was calculated using a well-validated formula. Hip BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at all three time-points, and fracture data were verified radiographically. Statistical modeling was done using general estimating equations (GEEs). For total hip BMD, univariable analyses revealed inverse associations with temporal changes in serum SHBG, FSH, and LH and positive associations for serum E1 and cFT across the three time-points. In models adjusted for multiple covariables, serum SHBG (β = -0.029), FSH (β = -0.065), LH (β = -0.049), E1 (β = 0.019), and cFT (β = 0.033) remained significantly associated with hip BMD. However for femoral neck BMD, only FSH (β = -0.048) and LH (β = -0.036) remained associated in multivariable-adjusted models. Temporal change in serum SHBG, but not T, E2, or other hormonal variables, was significantly associated with any, nonvertebral or hip fracture incidence in univariable analyses. In multivariable-adjusted models, temporal increase in serum SHBG over time remained associated with any fracture (β = 0.060) and hip fracture (β = 0.041) incidence, but not nonvertebral fracture incidence. These data indicate that a progressive increase in circulating SHBG over time predicts bone loss and fracture risk in older men. Further studies are warranted to further characterize changes in circulating SHBG as a mechanism and/or biomarker of bone health during male ageing. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjumin Hsu
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre of Education and Research on Ageing, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus J Seibel
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert G Cumming
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre of Education and Research on Ageing, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona M Blyth
- Centre of Education and Research on Ageing, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vasi Naganathan
- Centre of Education and Research on Ageing, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerrin Bleicher
- Centre of Education and Research on Ageing, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre of Education and Research on Ageing, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise M Waite
- Centre of Education and Research on Ageing, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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197
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Han CZ, Juncadella IJ, Kinchen JM, Buckley MW, Klibanov AL, Dryden K, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Erdbrügger U, Turner SD, Shim YM, Tung KS, Ravichandran KS. Macrophages redirect phagocytosis by non-professional phagocytes and influence inflammation. Nature 2016; 539:570-574. [PMID: 27820945 PMCID: PMC5799085 DOI: 10.1038/nature20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Professional phagocytes (such as macrophages) and non-professional phagocytes (such as epithelial cells) clear billions of apoptotic cells and particles on a daily basis. Although professional and non-professional macrophages reside in proximity in most tissues, whether they communicate with each other during cell clearance, and how this might affect inflammation, is not known. Here we show that macrophages, through the release of a soluble growth factor and microvesicles, alter the type of particles engulfed by non-professional phagocytes and influence their inflammatory response. During phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or in response to inflammation-associated cytokines, macrophages released insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The binding of IGF-1 to its receptor on non-professional phagocytes redirected their phagocytosis, such that uptake of larger apoptotic cells was reduced whereas engulfment of microvesicles was increased. IGF-1 did not alter engulfment by macrophages. Macrophages also released microvesicles, whose uptake by epithelial cells was enhanced by IGF-1 and led to decreased inflammatory responses by epithelial cells. Consistent with these observations, deletion of IGF-1 receptor in airway epithelial cells led to exacerbated lung inflammation after allergen exposure. These genetic and functional studies reveal that IGF-1- and microvesicle-dependent communication between macrophages and epithelial cells can critically influence the magnitude of tissue inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Z Han
- The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Ignacio J Juncadella
- The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Jason M Kinchen
- The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Monica W Buckley
- The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Alexander L Klibanov
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Kelly Dryden
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Stephen D Turner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Yun M Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Kenneth S Tung
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- The Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
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198
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Elfers K, Liesegang A, Wilkens MR, Breves G, Muscher-Banse AS. Dietary nitrogen and calcium modulate bone metabolism in young goats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:188-193. [PMID: 26589092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants, possessing the rumino-hepatic circulation, are thought to cope easily with reduced dietary nitrogen (N) supply which is of economic and environmental interest to diminish N output. Nevertheless, feeding an N reduced diet to young goats resulted in a decrease in calcitriol and calcium (Ca) plasma concentrations. Although a dietary Ca reduction alone stimulated calcitriol synthesis and plasma Ca concentrations were restored, in combination with a reduced N supply this stimulating effect was abolished. Based on the important role bone tissue plays in maintaining Ca homeostasis, aim of the present study was to determine effects of an N reduced diet with or without a concomitant Ca reduction on bone metabolism in young goats. A dietary N reduction alone resulted in a significant rise in plasma concentrations of bone resorption marker C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and bone formation marker osteocalcin (OC), while reduced intake of Ca as well as the combination of both dietary interventions increased bone markers only slightly. Bone mineral content and bone mineral density of metatarsi were decreased by reduced N intake, while Ca and phosphorus (P) content of dried bones remained unaffected. In contrast, a dietary Ca reduction alone led to decreased Ca and P content of dried bones. From these data it can be concluded that a dietary N reduction alone or in combination with a reduced dietary Ca supply modulated bone metabolism in young goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Elfers
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Annette Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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199
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Devesa J, Almengló C, Devesa P. Multiple Effects of Growth Hormone in the Body: Is it Really the Hormone for Growth? Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2016; 9:47-71. [PMID: 27773998 PMCID: PMC5063841 DOI: 10.4137/cmed.s38201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the effects of growth hormone on a number of tissues and organs and its putative role in the longitudinal growth of an organism. We conclude that the hormone plays a very important role in maintaining the homogeneity of tissues and organs during the normal development of the human body or after an injury. Its effects on growth do not seem to take place during the fetal period or during the early infancy and are mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) during childhood and puberty. In turn, IGF-I transcription is dependent on an adequate GH secretion, and in many tissues, it occurs independent of GH. We propose that GH may be a prohormone, rather than a hormone, since in many tissues and organs, it is proteolytically cleaved in a tissue-specific manner giving origin to shorter GH forms whose activity is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra, Teo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Devesa
- Research and Development, Medical Center Foltra, 15886-Teo, Spain
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200
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Lindsey RC, Mohan S. Skeletal effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I therapy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 432:44-55. [PMID: 26408965 PMCID: PMC4808510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis is critically important for the regulation of bone formation, and deficiencies in this system have been shown to contribute to the development of osteoporosis and other diseases of low bone mass. The GH/IGF axis is regulated by a complex set of hormonal and local factors which can act to regulate this system at the level of the ligands, receptors, IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), or IGFBP proteases. A combination of in vitro studies, transgenic animal models, and clinical human investigations has provided ample evidence of the importance of the endocrine and local actions of both GH and IGF-I, the two major components of the GH/IGF axis, in skeletal growth and maintenance. GH- and IGF-based therapies provide a useful avenue of approach for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Lindsey
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA; Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA; Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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