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Characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and its potential applications and therapeutic prospects. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:150-157. [PMID: 34645940 PMCID: PMC8513558 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic that poses a great threat to human health worldwide. As the humoral immune response plays essential roles in disease occurrence and development, understanding the dynamics and characteristics of virus-specific humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients is of great importance for controlling this disease. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection and further emphasize the potential applications and therapeutic prospects of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and the critical role of this immunity in vaccine development. Notably, serological antibody testing based on the humoral immune response can guide public health measures and control strategies; however, it is not recommended for population surveys in areas with very low prevalence. Existing evidence suggests that asymptomatic individuals have a weaker immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas SARS-CoV-2-infected children have a more effective humoral immune response than adults. The correlations between antibody (especially neutralizing antibody) titers and protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection should be further examined. In addition, the emergence of cross-reactions among different coronavirus antigens in the development of screening technology and the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement related to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination should be given further attention.
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152
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Scurr MJ, Zelek WM, Lippiatt G, Somerville M, Burnell SEA, Capitani L, Davies K, Lawton H, Tozer T, Rees T, Roberts K, Evans M, Jackson A, Young C, Fairclough L, Tighe P, Wills M, Westwell AD, Morgan BP, Gallimore A, Godkin A. Whole blood-based measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells reveals asymptomatic infection and vaccine immunogenicity in healthy subjects and patients with solid-organ cancers. Immunology 2022; 165:250-259. [PMID: 34775604 PMCID: PMC8653009 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate assessment of SARS-CoV-2 immunity is critical in evaluating vaccine efficacy and devising public health policies. Whilst the exact nature of effective immunity remains incompletely defined, SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses are a critical feature that will likely form a key correlate of protection against COVID-19. Here, we developed and optimized a high-throughput whole blood-based assay to determine the T-cell response associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination amongst 231 healthy donors and 68 cancer patients. Following overnight in vitro stimulation with SARS-CoV-2-specific peptides, blood plasma samples were analysed for TH 1-type cytokines. Highly significant differential IFN-γ+ /IL-2+ SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses were seen amongst previously infected COVID-19-positive healthy donors in comparison with unknown / naïve individuals (p < 0·0001). IFN-γ production was more effective at identifying asymptomatic donors, demonstrating higher sensitivity (96·0% vs. 83·3%) but lower specificity (84·4% vs. 92·5%) than measurement of IL-2. A single COVID-19 vaccine dose induced IFN-γ and/or IL-2 SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses in 116 of 128 (90·6%) healthy donors, reducing significantly to 27 of 56 (48·2%) when measured in cancer patients (p < 0·0001). A second dose was sufficient to boost T-cell responses in the majority (90·6%) of cancer patients, albeit IFN-γ+ responses were still significantly lower overall than those induced in healthy donors (p = 0·034). Three-month post-vaccination T-cell responses also declined at a faster rate in cancer patients. Overall, this cost-effective standardizable test ensures accurate and comparable assessments of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses amenable to widespread population immunity testing, and identifies individuals at greater need of booster vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Scurr
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- ImmunoServ LtdCardiffUK
| | - Wioleta M. Zelek
- School of MedicineSystems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute CardiffCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Michelle Somerville
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Lorenzo Capitani
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | - Thomas Tozer
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
| | - Tara Rees
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
| | - Kerry Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Paddy Tighe
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Mark Wills
- Department of MedicineAddenbrooke’s HospitalUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew D. Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- School of MedicineSystems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute CardiffCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- School of MedicineSystems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- School of MedicineSystems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
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153
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Kopanja S, Gattinger P, Schmidthaler K, Sieber J, Niepodziana K, Schlederer T, Weseslindtner L, Stiasny K, Götzinger F, Pickl WF, Frischer T, Valenta R, Szépfalusi Z. Characterization of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in a mildly affected pediatric population. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13737. [PMID: 35212039 PMCID: PMC9115525 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While children usually experience a mild course of COVID-19, and a severe disease is more common in adults, the features, specificities, and functionality of the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody response in the pediatric population are of interest. METHODS We performed a detailed analysis of IgG antibodies specific for SARS-CoV-2-derived antigens S and RBD by ELISA in 26 SARS-CoV-2 seropositive schoolchildren with mild or asymptomatic disease course, and in an equally sized, age- and gender-matched control group. Furthermore, a detailed mapping of IgG reactivity to a panel of microarrayed SARS-CoV-2 proteins and S-derived peptides was performed by microarray technology. The capacity of the antibody response to block RBD-ACE2 binding and virus neutralization were assessed. Results were compared with those obtained in an adult COVID-19 convalescent population. RESULTS After mild COVID-19, anti-S and RBD-specific IgG antibodies were developed by 100% and 84.6% of pediatric subjects, respectively. No difference was observed in regards to symptoms and gender. Mounted antibodies recognized conformational epitopes of the spike protein and were capable to neutralize the virus up to a titer of ≥80 and to inhibit the ACE2-RBD interaction by up to 65%. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG responses in children were comparable to mildly affected adult patients. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic and mildly affected pediatric patients develop a SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody response, which is comparable regarding antigen, epitope recognition, and the ability to inhibit the RBD-ACE2 interaction to that observed in adult patients after mild COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kopanja
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and EndocrinologyDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineComprehensive Centre of PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchDivision of ImmunopathologyCentre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Klara Schmidthaler
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and EndocrinologyDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineComprehensive Centre of PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Justyna Sieber
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and EndocrinologyDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineComprehensive Centre of PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Katarzyna Niepodziana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchDivision of ImmunopathologyCentre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Schlederer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchDivision of ImmunopathologyCentre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Karin Stiasny
- Centre for VirologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Florian Götzinger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineKlinik OttakringViennaAustria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of ImmunologyCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
| | - Thomas Frischer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineKlinik OttakringViennaAustria
- Sigmund Freud Private UniversityViennaAustria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchDivision of ImmunopathologyCentre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesKremsAustria
- Laboratory for ImmunopathologyDepartment of Clinical Immunology and AllergologySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussia
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of RussiaMoscowRussia
| | - Zsolt Szépfalusi
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and EndocrinologyDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineComprehensive Centre of PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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154
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Maciola AK, La Raja M, Pacenti M, Salata C, De Silvestro G, Rosato A, Pasqual G. Neutralizing Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Recovered COVID-19 Patients Are Variable and Correlate With Disease Severity and Receptor-Binding Domain Recognition. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830710. [PMID: 35173741 PMCID: PMC8841804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused outbreaks of the pandemic starting from the end of 2019 and, despite ongoing vaccination campaigns, still influences health services and economic factors globally. Understanding immune protection elicited by natural infection is of critical importance for public health policy. This knowledge is instrumental to set scientific parameters for the release of “immunity pass” adopted with different criteria across Europe and other countries and to provide guidelines for the vaccination of COVID-19 recovered patients. Here, we characterized the humoral response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 natural infection by analyzing serum samples from 94 COVID-19 convalescent patients with three serological platforms, including live virus neutralization, pseudovirus neutralization, and ELISA. We found that neutralization potency varies greatly across individuals, is significantly higher in severe patients compared with mild ones, and correlates with both Spike and receptor-binding domain (RBD) recognition. We also show that RBD-targeting antibodies consistently represent only a modest proportion of Spike-specific IgG, suggesting broad specificity of the humoral response in naturally infected individuals. Collectively, this study contributes to the characterization of the humoral immune response in the context of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting its variability in terms of neutralization activity, with implications for immune protection in COVID-19 recovered patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Katarzyna Maciola
- Laboratory of Synthetic Immunology, Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo La Raja
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Monia Pacenti
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Rosato
- Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Pasqual, ; Antonio Rosato,
| | - Giulia Pasqual
- Laboratory of Synthetic Immunology, Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Pasqual, ; Antonio Rosato,
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155
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Gentles LE, Kehoe L, Crawford KH, Lacombe K, Dickerson J, Wolf C, Yuan J, Schuler S, Watson JT, Nyanseor S, Briggs-Hagen M, Saydah S, Midgley CM, Pringle K, Chu H, Bloom JD, Englund JA. Dynamics of infection-elicited SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children over time. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.01.14.22269235. [PMID: 35118481 PMCID: PMC8811949 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.14.22269235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection elicits an antibody response that targets several viral proteins including spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N); S is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. Here, we assess levels of anti-N binding antibodies and anti-S neutralizing antibodies in unvaccinated children compared with unvaccinated older adults following infection. Specifically, we examine neutralization and anti-N binding by sera collected up to 52 weeks following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and compare these to a cohort of adults, including older adults, most of whom had mild infections that did not require hospitalization. Neutralizing antibody titers were lower in children than adults early after infection, but by 6 months titers were similar between age groups. The neutralizing activity of the children's sera decreased modestly from one to six months; a pattern that was not significantly different from that observed in adults. However, infection of children induced much lower levels of anti-N antibodies than in adults, and levels of these anti-N antibodies decreased more rapidly in children than in adults, including older adults. These results highlight age-related differences in the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 proteins and, as vaccines for children are introduced, may provide comparator data for the longevity of infection-elicited and vaccination-induced neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Gentles
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Leanne Kehoe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katharine H.D. Crawford
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten Lacombe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jane Dickerson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin Wolf
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joanna Yuan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susanna Schuler
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John T. Watson
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sankan Nyanseor
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa Briggs-Hagen
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sharon Saydah
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire M. Midgley
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberly Pringle
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Helen Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet A. Englund
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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156
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Kurano M, Ohmiya H, Kishi Y, Okada J, Nakano Y, Yokoyama R, Qian C, Xia F, He F, Zheng L, Yu Y, Jubishi D, Okamoto K, Moriya K, Kodama T, Yatomi Y. Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Titers Improves the Prediction Accuracy of COVID-19 Maximum Severity by Machine Learning in Non-Vaccinated Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:811952. [PMID: 35126396 PMCID: PMC8814445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.811952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested that the titers of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are associated with the COVID-19 severity, however, the types of antibodies associated with the disease maximum severity and the timing at which the associations are best observed, especially within one week after symptom onset, remain controversial. We attempted to elucidate the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 that are associated with the maximum severity of COVID-19 in the early phase of the disease, and to investigate whether antibody testing might contribute to prediction of the disease maximum severity in COVID-19 patients. We classified the patients into four groups according to the disease maximum severity (severity group 1 (did not require oxygen supplementation), severity group 2a (required oxygen supplementation at low flow rates), severity group 2b (required oxygen supplementation at relatively high flow rates), and severity group 3 (required mechanical ventilatory support)), and serially measured the titers of IgM, IgG, and IgA against the nucleocapsid protein, spike protein, and receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 until day 12 after symptom onset. The titers of all the measured antibody responses were higher in severity group 2b and 3, especially severity group 2b, as early as at one week after symptom onset. Addition of data obtained from antibody testing improved the ability of analysis models constructed using a machine learning technique to distinguish severity group 2b and 3 from severity group 1 and 2a. These models constructed with non-vaccinated COVID-19 patients could not be applied to the cases of breakthrough infections. These results suggest that antibody testing might help physicians identify non-vaccinated COVID-19 patients who are likely to require admission to an intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Makoto Kurano,
| | - Hiroko Ohmiya
- Business Planning Department, Sales & Marketing Division, Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Kishi
- Business Planning Department, Sales & Marketing Division, Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Okada
- Business Planning Department, Sales & Marketing Division, Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rin Yokoyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chungen Qian
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuzhen Xia
- Reagent R&D Center, Shenzhen YHLO Biotech Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan He
- Reagent R&D Center, Shenzhen YHLO Biotech Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Reagent R&D Center, Shenzhen YHLO Biotech Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Reagent R&D Center, Shenzhen YHLO Biotech Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daisuke Jubishi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Okamoto
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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157
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Abusukhun M, Winkler MS, Pöhlmann S, Moerer O, Meissner K, Tampe B, Hofmann-Winkler H, Bauer M, Gräler MH, Claus RA. Activation of Sphingomyelinase-Ceramide-Pathway in COVID-19 Purposes Its Inhibition for Therapeutic Strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 12:784989. [PMID: 34987511 PMCID: PMC8721106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatment strategies for severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) remain scarce. Hydrolysis of membrane-embedded, inert sphingomyelin by stress responsive sphingomyelinases is a hallmark of adaptive responses and cellular repair. As demonstrated in experimental and observational clinical studies, the transient and stress-triggered release of a sphingomyelinase, SMPD1, into circulation and subsequent ceramide generation provides a promising target for FDA-approved drugs. Here, we report the activation of sphingomyelinase-ceramide pathway in 23 intensive care patients with severe COVID-19. We observed an increase of circulating activity of sphingomyelinase with subsequent derangement of sphingolipids in serum lipoproteins and from red blood cells (RBC). Consistent with increased ceramide levels derived from the inert membrane constituent sphingomyelin, increased activity of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) accurately distinguished the patient cohort undergoing intensive care from healthy controls. Positive correlational analyses with biomarkers of severe clinical phenotype support the concept of an essential pathophysiological role of ASM in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as of a promising role for functional inhibition with anti-inflammatory agents in SARS-CoV-2 infection as also proposed in independent observational studies. We conclude that large-sized multicenter, interventional trials are now needed to evaluate the potential benefit of functional inhibition of this sphingomyelinase in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Abusukhun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin S Winkler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Onnen Moerer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konrad Meissner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Björn Tampe
- Department of Nephrology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heike Hofmann-Winkler
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus H Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf A Claus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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158
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Park S, Chang SH, Lee JH, Lee JH, Ham JY, Kim YK, Kim SG, Ryoo NH. Serological evaluation of patients with coronavirus disease-2019 in Daegu, South Korea. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262820. [PMID: 35051239 PMCID: PMC8775192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
Early and accurate detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical to prevent spread of the infection. Understanding of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is insufficient, particularly in relation to those whose responses persist for more than 1 month after the onset of symptoms. We conducted a SARS-CoV-2 antibody test to identify factors affecting the serological response and to evaluate its diagnostic utility in patients with COVID-19.
Methods and finding
We collected 1,048 residual serum samples from 396 patients with COVID-19 confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2. The samples had been used for routine admission tests in six healthcare institutions in Daegu. Antibody to SARS-CoV-2 was analyzed and the cutoff index (COI) was calculated for quantitative analysis. The patients’ information was reviewed to evaluate the relationship between antibody positivity and clinical characteristics. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity rate was 85% and the average COI was 24·3. The positivity rate and COI increased with time elapsed since symptom onset. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody persisted for at least 13 weeks after symptom onset at a high COI. There was a significant difference in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity rate between patients with and without symptoms, but not according to sex or disease course. The descending COI pattern at weeks 1 to 5 after symptom onset was significantly more frequent in patients who died than in those who recovered.
Conclusions
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody persisted for at least 13 weeks at a high COI in patients with COVID-19. A decreasing COI pattern up to fifth week may be associated with a poor prognosis of COVID-19. As new treatments and vaccines are introduced, it is important to monitor continuously the usefulness of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyun Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Soon Hee Chang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keimyung University Daegu-Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Ham
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yu Kyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang-Gyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Nam Hee Ryoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Turkkan A, Saglik I, Turan C, Sahin A, Akalin H, Ener B, Kara A, Celebi S, Sahin E, Hacimustafaoglu M. Nine-month course of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in individuals with COVID-19 infection. Ir J Med Sci 2022; 191:2803-2811. [PMID: 35048229 PMCID: PMC8769943 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The continual course of the pandemic points to the importance of studies on the rate and durability of protective immunity after infection or vaccination. Aims In this study, we aimed to monitor anti-nucleocapsid (N) and anti-spike (S) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nearly 9 months duration after infection. Methods Anti-nucleocapsid (N) (at 11–15-20–29-38 weeks) and anti-spike antibodies (at 11 and 38 weeks) against SARS-CoV-2 were monitored during 38 weeks after the initial symptoms of COVID-19. Results Of 37 cases between 18 and 57 years old, 54% were women. The findings showed that anti-N antibodies decreased significantly after the 15th week (between 15 and 20 weeks, p = 0.016; 20–29 weeks, p = 0.0009; and 29–38 weeks, p = 0.049). At the 38th week, mean antibody levels decreased 35% compared to the 11th week, and 8% of the cases turned negative results. Anti-N antibody average level was 56.48 on the 11th week (the cut-off index threshold ≥ 1). It was estimated statistically that it would decrease to an average of 20.48 in weeks 53–62. In females, average antibody levels of all measurements were lower than males (p > 0.05). Anti-S antibody levels 14% increased at 38th week compared to 11th week (quantitative positivity threshold ≥ 0.8 U/ml), and no cases were negative at 38th week. Conclusions Patients had ≥ 90% positivity after at least 9 months of symptoms, both anti-N and anti-S antibodies. In all samples, both anti-N and anti-S antibody levels were lower in females. The findings suggest that the quantitative values of anti-S antibodies remained high for at least 9 months and could provide protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpaslan Turkkan
- Department of Public Health, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Imran Saglik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cansu Turan
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sahin
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Guven Tip Laboratuarı, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Halis Akalin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Beyza Ener
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ates Kara
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Solmaz Celebi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Emre Sahin
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Hacimustafaoglu
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey.
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160
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A novel STING agonist-adjuvanted pan-sarbecovirus vaccine elicits potent and durable neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in mice, rabbits and NHPs. Cell Res 2022; 32:269-287. [PMID: 35046518 PMCID: PMC8767042 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and potentially other highly pathogenic sarbecoviruses in the future highlights the need for pan-sarbecovirus vaccines. Here, we discovered a new STING agonist, CF501, and found that CF501-adjuvanted RBD-Fc vaccine (CF501/RBD-Fc) elicited significantly stronger neutralizing antibody (nAb) and T cell responses than Alum- and cGAMP-adjuvanted RBD-Fc in mice. Vaccination of rabbits and rhesus macaques (nonhuman primates, NHPs) with CF501/RBD-Fc elicited exceptionally potent nAb responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its nine variants and 41 S-mutants, SARS-CoV and bat SARSr-CoVs. CF501/RBD-Fc-immunized hACE2-transgenic mice were almost completely protected against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, even 6 months after the initial immunization. NHPs immunized with a single dose of CF501/RBD-Fc produced high titers of nAbs. The immunized macaques also exhibited durable humoral and cellular immune responses and showed remarkably reduced viral load in the upper and lower airways upon SARS-CoV-2 challenge even at 108 days post the final immunization. Thus, CF501/RBD-Fc can be further developed as a novel pan-sarbecovirus vaccine to combat current and future outbreaks of sarbecovirus diseases.
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161
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Alqahtani M, Abdulrahman A, Mustafa F, Alawadhi AI, Alalawi B, Mallah SI. Evaluation of Rapid Antigen Tests Using Nasal Samples to Diagnose SARS-CoV-2 in Symptomatic Patients. Front Public Health 2022; 9:728969. [PMID: 35096725 PMCID: PMC8795669 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.728969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The best way to mitigate an outbreak besides mass vaccination is via early detection and isolation of infected cases. As such, a rapid, cost-effective test for the early detection of COVID-19 is required. METHODS The study included 4,183 mildly symptomatic patients. A nasal and nasopharyngeal sample obtained from each patient was analyzed to determine the diagnostic ability of the rapid antigen detection test (RADT, nasal swab) in comparison with the current gold-standard (RT-PCR, nasopharyngeal swab). RESULTS The calculated sensitivity and specificity of the RADT was 82.1 and 99.1%, respectively. Kappa's coefficient of agreement between the RADT and RT-PCR was 0.859 (p < 0.001). Stratified analysis showed that the sensitivity of the RADT improved significantly when lowering the cut-off RT-PCR Ct value to 24. CONCLUSION Our study's results support the potential use of nasal swab RADT as a screening tool in mildly symptomatic patients, especially in patients with higher viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf Alqahtani
- National Taskforce for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID-19), Sanabis, Bahrain
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Al Muharraq, Bahrain
- Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain
| | - Abdulkarim Abdulrahman
- National Taskforce for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID-19), Sanabis, Bahrain
- Mohammed Bin Khalifa Cardiac Centre, Riffa, Bahrain
| | - Fathi Mustafa
- National Taskforce for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID-19), Sanabis, Bahrain
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Al Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Abdulla I. Alawadhi
- National Taskforce for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID-19), Sanabis, Bahrain
- Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain
| | | | - Saad I. Mallah
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Al Muharraq, Bahrain
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162
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Lubetzky M, Zhao Z, Sukhu A, Sharma V, Sultan S, Kapur Z, Albakry S, Craig-Schapiro R, Lee JR, Salinas T, Aull M, Kapur S, Cushing M, Dadhania DM. OUP accepted manuscript. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 37:1585-1587. [PMID: 35323982 PMCID: PMC9383611 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Sukhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vijay Sharma
- Division of Nephrology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Sultan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zoe Kapur
- Division of Nephrology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shady Albakry
- Division of Nephrology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - John R Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thalia Salinas
- Division of Nephrology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meredith Aull
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandip Kapur
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Cushing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darshana M Dadhania
- Division of Nephrology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Adaptive immune responses play critical roles in viral clearance and protection against re-infection, and SARS-CoV-2 is no exception. What is exceptional is the rapid characterization of the immune response to the virus performed by researchers during the first 20 months of the pandemic. This has given us a more detailed understanding of SARS-CoV-2 compared to many viruses that have been with us for a long time. Furthermore, effective COVID-19 vaccines were developed in record time, and their rollout worldwide is already making a significant difference, although major challenges remain in terms of equal access. The pandemic has engaged scientists and the public alike, and terms such as seroprevalence, neutralizing antibodies, antibody escape and vaccine certificates have become familiar to a broad community. Here, we review key findings concerning B cell and antibody (Ab) responses to SARS-CoV-2, focusing on non-severe cases and anti-spike (S) Ab responses in particular, the latter being central to protective immunity induced by infection or vaccination. The emergence of viral variants that have acquired mutations in S acutely highlights the need for continued characterization of both emerging variants and Ab responses against these during the evolving pathogen-immune system arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaquin Castro Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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164
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Shenoy S. Gut microbiome, Vitamin D, ACE2 interactions are critical factors in immune-senescence and inflammaging: key for vaccine response and severity of COVID-19 infection. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:13-26. [PMID: 34738147 PMCID: PMC8568567 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01510-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to spread sporadically in the Unites States and worldwide. The severity and mortality excessively affected the frail elderly with co-existing medical diseases. There is growing evidence that cross-talk between the gut microbiome, Vitamin D and RAS/ACE2 system is essential for a balanced functioning of the elderly immune system and in regulating inflammation. In this review, we hypothesize that the state of gut microbiome, prior to infection determines the outcome associated with COVID-19 sepsis and may also be a critical factor in success to vaccination. METHODS Articles from PubMed/Medline searches were reviewed using a combination of terms "SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Inflammaging, Immune-senescence, Gut microbiome, Vitamin D, RAS/ACE2, Vaccination". CONCLUSION Evidence indicates a complex association between gut microbiota, ACE-2 expression and Vitamin D in COVID-19 severity. Status of gut microbiome is highly predictive of the blood molecular signatures and inflammatory markers and host responses to infection. Vitamin D has immunomodulatory function in innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infection. Anti-inflammatory functions of Vit D include regulation of gut microbiome and maintaining microbial diversity. It promotes growth of gut-friendly commensal strains of Bifida and Fermicutus species. In addition, Vitamin D is a negative regulator for expression of renin and interacts with the RAS/ ACE/ACE-2 signaling axis. Collectively, this triad may be the critical, link in determination of outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The presented data are empirical and informative. Further research using advanced systems biology techniques and artificial intelligence-assisted integration could assist with correlation of the gut microbiome with sepsis and vaccine responses. Modulating these factors may impact in guiding the success of vaccines and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Shenoy
- Department of Surgery, Kansas City VA Medical Center, University of Missouri Kansas City, 4801 E Linwood Blvd., Kansas City , MO, 64128, USA.
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165
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Tian Y, Carpp LN, Miller HER, Zager M, Newell EW, Gottardo R. Single-cell immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:30-41. [PMID: 34931002 PMCID: PMC9414121 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gaining a better understanding of the immune cell subsets and molecular factors associated with protective or pathological immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 could aid the development of vaccines and therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Single-cell technologies, such as flow cytometry, mass cytometry, single-cell transcriptomics and single-cell multi-omic profiling, offer considerable promise in dissecting the heterogeneity of immune responses among individual cells and uncovering the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis. Single-cell immune-profiling studies reported to date have identified innate and adaptive immune cell subsets that correlate with COVID-19 disease severity, as well as immunological factors and pathways of potential relevance to the development of vaccines and treatments for COVID-19. For facilitation of integrative studies and meta-analyses into the immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we provide standardized, download-ready versions of 21 published single-cell sequencing datasets (over 3.2 million cells in total) as well as an interactive visualization portal for data exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Translational Data Science Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helen E R Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Zager
- Center for Data Visualization, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Translational Data Science Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Biomedical Data Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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166
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Wong LYR, Perlman S. Immune dysregulation and immunopathology induced by SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses - are we our own worst enemy? Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:47-56. [PMID: 34837062 PMCID: PMC8617551 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from mild common colds to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. Three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 - have illustrated the epidemic and pandemic potential of human coronaviruses, and a better understanding of their disease-causing mechanisms is urgently needed for the rational design of therapeutics. Analyses of patients have revealed marked dysregulation of the immune system in severe cases of human coronavirus infection, and there is ample evidence that aberrant immune responses to human coronaviruses are typified by impaired induction of interferons, exuberant inflammatory responses and delayed adaptive immune responses. In addition, various viral proteins have been shown to impair interferon induction and signalling and to induce inflammasome activation. This suggests that severe disease associated with human coronaviruses is mediated by both dysregulated host immune responses and active viral interference. Here we discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in each of these scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok-Yin Roy Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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167
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Cristiano A, Pieri M, Sarubbi S, Pelagalli M, Calugi G, Tomassetti F, Bernardini S, Nuccetelli M. Evaluation of serological anti-SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescent immunoassays correlated to live virus neutralization test, for the detection of anti-RBD antibodies as a relevant alternative in COVID-19 large-scale neutralizing activity monitoring. Clin Immunol 2021; 234:108918. [PMID: 34971839 PMCID: PMC8714258 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Spike-Receptor Binding Domain (S-RBD) is considered the most antigenic protein in SARS-CoV-2 and probably the key player in SARS-CoV-2 immune response. Quantitative immunoassays may help establish an anti-RBD Abs threshold as an indication of protective immunity. Since different immunoassays are commercial, the standard reference method for the neutralizing activity is the live Virus Neutralization Test (VNT). In this study, anti-RBD IgG levels were detected with two chemiluminescent immunoassays in paucisymptomatic, symptomatic and vaccinated subjects, and their neutralizing activity was correlated to VNT titer, using SARS-CoV-2 original and British variant strains. Both immunoassays confirmed higher anti-RBD Abs levels in vaccinated subjects. Furthermore, despite different anti-RBD Abs median concentrations between the immunoassays, a strong positive correlation with VNT was observed. In conclusion, although the SARS-CoV-2 immune response heterogeneity, the use of immunoassays can help in large-scale monitoring of COVID-19 samples, becoming a valid alternative to VNT test for diagnostic routine laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cristiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Pieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Sarubbi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pelagalli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; IFCC Emerging Technologies Division, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Nuccetelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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168
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Erythrocytes increase endogenous sphingosine 1-phosphate levels as an adaptive response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2781-2791. [PMID: 34878105 PMCID: PMC8696489 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Low plasma levels of the signaling lipid metabolite sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are associated with disrupted endothelial cell (EC) barriers, lymphopenia and reduced responsivity to hypoxia. Total S1P levels were also reduced in 23 critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the two main S1P carriers, serum albumin (SA) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were dramatically low. Surprisingly, we observed a carrier-changing shift from SA to HDL, which probably prevented an even further drop in S1P levels. Furthermore, intracellular S1P levels in red blood cells (RBCs) were significantly increased in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy controls due to up-regulation of S1P producing sphingosine kinase 1 and down-regulation of S1P degrading lyase expression. Cell culture experiments supported increased sphingosine kinase activity and unchanged S1P release from RBC stores of COVID-19 patients. These observations suggest adaptive mechanisms for maintenance of the vasculature and immunity as well as prevention of tissue hypoxia in COVID-19 patients.
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169
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Deere JD, Carroll TD, Dutra J, Fritts L, Sammak RL, Yee JL, Olstad KJ, Reader JR, Kistler A, Kamm J, Di Germanio C, Shaan Lakshmanappa Y, Elizaldi SR, Roh JW, Simmons G, Watanabe J, Pollard RE, Usachenko J, Immareddy R, Schmidt BA, O’Connor SL, DeRisi J, Busch MP, Iyer SS, Van Rompay KKA, Hartigan-O’Connor DJ, Miller CJ. SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Rhesus Macaques Treated Early with Human COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0139721. [PMID: 34817208 PMCID: PMC8612156 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01397-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human clinical studies investigating use of convalescent plasma (CP) for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have produced conflicting results. Outcomes in these studies may vary at least partly due to different timing of CP administration relative to symptom onset. The mechanisms of action of CP include neutralizing antibodies but may extend beyond virus neutralization to include normalization of blood clotting and dampening of inflammation. Unresolved questions include the minimum therapeutic titer in the CP units or CP recipient as well as the optimal timing of administration. Here, we show that treatment of macaques with CP within 24 h of infection does not reduce viral shedding in nasal or lung secretions compared to controls and does not detectably improve any clinical endpoint. We also demonstrate that CP administration does not impact viral sequence diversity in vivo, although the selection of a viral sequence variant in both macaques receiving normal human plasma was suggestive of immune pressure. Our results suggest that CP, administered to medium titers, has limited efficacy, even when given very early after infection. Our findings also contribute information important for the continued development of the nonhuman primate model of COVID-19. These results should inform interpretation of clinical studies of CP in addition to providing insights useful for developing other passive immunotherapies and vaccine strategies. IMPORTANCE Antiviral treatment options for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remain very limited. One treatment that was explored beginning early in the pandemic (and that is likely to be tested early in future pandemics) is plasma collected from people who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), known as convalescent plasma (CP). We tested if CP reduces viral shedding or disease in a nonhuman primate model. Our results demonstrate that administration of CP 1 day after SARS-CoV-2 infection had no significant impact on viral loads, clinical disease, or sequence diversity, although treatment with normal human plasma resulted in selection of a specific viral variant. Our results demonstrate that passive immunization with CP, even during early infection, provided no significant benefit in a nonhuman primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Deere
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Timothy D. Carroll
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joseph Dutra
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Linda Fritts
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Lee Sammak
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - JoAnn L. Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Katherine J. Olstad
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - J. Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jack Kamm
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Sonny R. Elizaldi
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jamin W. Roh
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Watanabe
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rachel E. Pollard
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jodie Usachenko
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ramya Immareddy
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brian A. Schmidt
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Smita S. Iyer
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Koen K. A. Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dennis J. Hartigan-O’Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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170
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Response kinetics of different classes of antibodies to SARS-CoV2 infection in the Japanese population: The IgA and IgG titers increased earlier than the IgM titers. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 103:108491. [PMID: 34954559 PMCID: PMC8687758 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in individuals with COVID-19, it is important to investigate the kinetics of the antibody responses and their associations with the clinical course in different populations, since there seem to be considerable differences between Western and Asian populations in the clinical features and spread of COVID-19. In this study, we serially measured the serum titers of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies generated against the nucleocapsid protein (NCP), S1 subunit of the spike protein (S1), and receptor-binding domain in the S1 subunit (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in Japanese individuals with COVID-19. Among the IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies, IgA antibodies against all of the aforementioned viral proteins were the first to appear after the infection, and IgG and/or IgA seroconversion often preceded IgM seroconversion. In regard to the timeline of the antibody responses to the different viral proteins (NCP, S1 and RBD), IgA against NCP appeared than IgA against S1 or RBD, while IgM and IgG against S1 appeared earlier than IgM/IgG against NCP or RBD. The IgG responses to all three viral proteins and responses of all three antibody classes to S1 and RBD were sustained for longer durations than the IgA/IgM responses to all three viral proteins and responses of all three antibody classes to NCP, respectively. The seroconversion of IgA against NCP occurred later and less frequently in patients with mild COVID-19. These results suggest possible differences in the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens between the Japanese and Western populations.
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Li LH, Tu HW, Liang D, Wen CY, Li AA, Lin WY, Hu KQ, Hong WS, Li YP, Su J, Zhao ST, Li W, Yuan RY, Zhou PP, Hu FY, Tang XP, Ke CW, Ke BX, Cai WP. Kinetic Characteristics of Neutralizing Antibody Responses Vary among Patients with COVID-19. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2021; 34:976-983. [PMID: 34981720 PMCID: PMC8747431 DOI: 10.3967/bes2021.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to present a major challenge to public health. Vaccine development requires an understanding of the kinetics of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS In total, 605 serum samples from 125 COVID-19 patients (from January 1 to March 14, 2020) varying in age, sex, severity of symptoms, and presence of underlying diseases were collected, and antibody titers were measured using a micro-neutralization assay with wild-type SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS NAbs were detectable approximately 10 days post-onset (dpo) of symptoms and peaked at approximately 20 dpo. The NAb levels were slightly higher in young males and severe cases, while no significant difference was observed for the other classifications. In follow-up cases, the NAb titer had increased or stabilized in 18 cases, whereas it had decreased in 26 cases, and in one case NAbs were undetectable at the end of our observation. Although a decreasing trend in NAb titer was observed in many cases, the NAb level was generally still protective. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that NAb levels vary among all categories of COVID-19 patients. Long-term studies are needed to determine the longevity and protective efficiency of NAbs induced by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hua Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Wei Tu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun Yan Wen
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - An An Li
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Yin Lin
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Qi Hu
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Shan Hong
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Ping Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Su
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - San Tao Zhao
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Run Yu Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Ping Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Yu Hu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Ping Tang
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Chang Wen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Bi Xia Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Ping Cai
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
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Mellinghoff SC, Vanshylla K, Dahlke C, Addo MM, Cornely OA, Klein F, Persigehl T, Rybniker J, Gruell H, Bröckelmann PJ. Case Report: Clinical Management of a Patient With Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Newly Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibition During Symptomatic COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:798276. [PMID: 34987520 PMCID: PMC8721042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of initiation of programmed-death-protein 1 (PD1) blockade during active SARS-CoV-2 infection on antiviral immunity, COVID-19 course, and underlying malignancy are unclear. We report on the management of a male in his early 40s presenting with highly symptomatic metastatic lung cancer and active COVID-19 pneumonia. After treatment initiation with pembrolizumab, carboplatin, and pemetrexed, the respiratory situation initially worsened and high-dose corticosteroids were initiated due to suspected pneumonitis. After improvement and SARS-CoV-2 clearance, anti-cancer treatment was resumed without pembrolizumab. Immunological analyses with comparison to otherwise healthy SARS-CoV-2-infected ambulatory patients revealed a strong humoral immune response with higher levels of SARS-CoV-2-reactive IgG and neutralizing serum activity. Additionally, sustained increase of Tfh as well as activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was observed. Sequential CT scans showed regression of tumor lesions and marked improvement of the pulmonary situation, with no signs of pneumonitis after pembrolizumab re-challenge as maintenance. At the latest follow-up, the patient is ambulatory and in ongoing partial remission on pembrolizumab. In conclusion, anti-PD1 initiation during active COVID-19 pneumonia was feasible and cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 appeared enhanced in our hospitalized patient. However, distinguishing COVID-19-associated changes from anti-PD1-associated immune-related pneumonitis posed a considerable clinical, radiographic, and immunologic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle C. Mellinghoff
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Disease (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Dahlke
- Department of Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Infectious Diseases, First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M. Addo
- Department of Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Infectious Diseases, First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver A. Cornely
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Disease (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Persigehl
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul J. Bröckelmann
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel School of Oncology (MSSO) Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Paul J. Bröckelmann,
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Yang L, Xu Q, Yang B, Li J, Dong R, Da J, Ye Z, Xu Y, Zhou H, Zhang X, Liu L, Zha Y, Yu F. IgG antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein correlate with the severity of COVID-19 patients. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:351. [PMID: 34922455 PMCID: PMC8683808 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) is a current worldwide threat for which the immunological features after infection need to be investigated. The aim of this study was to establish a highly sensitive and quantitative detection method for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody and to compare the antibody reaction difference in patients with different disease severity. RESULTS Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to establish an indirect IgG ELISA detection system. The sensitivity of the ELISA was 100% with a specificity of 96.8% and a 98.3% concordance when compared to a colloidal gold kit, in addition, the sensitivity of the ELISA was 100% with a specificity of 98.9% and a 99.4% concordance when compared to a SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein IgG antibody ELISA kit. The increased sensitivity resulted in a higher rate of IgG antibody detection for COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the quantitative detection can be conducted with a much higher serum dilution (1:400 vs 1:10, 1:400 vs 1:100). The antibody titers of 88 patients with differing COVID-19 severity at their early convalescence ranged from 800 to 102,400, and the geometric mean titer for severe and critical cases, moderate cases, asymptomatic and mild cases was 51,203, 20,912, and 9590 respectively. CONCLUSION The development of a highly sensitive ELISA system for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies is described herein. This system enabled a quantitative study of rSARS-CoV-2-N IgG antibody titers in COVID-19 patients, the occurrence of higher IgG antibody titers were found to be correlated with more severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Dong
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Da
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixu Ye
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hourong Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases (Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital), Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases (Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital), Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zha
- Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases (Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital), Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxun Yu
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Central Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 Zhongshan Dong Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunological Diseases (Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital), Guiyang, People's Republic of China.
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174
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Xu Y, Li M, Zhou L, Liu D, He W, Liang W, Sun Q, Sun H, Li Y, Liu X. Ribavirin Treatment for Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:5287-5291. [PMID: 34916812 PMCID: PMC8672023 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s330743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread all over the world resulting in high mortality, yet no specific antiviral treatment has been recommended. Methods A retrospective descriptive study was conducted involving 19 consecutive critically ill patients during January 27, 2020 to April 18, 2020. Ribavirin was given at 0.15g q8h orally upon ICU admission for 7 to 21 days. Here, 28-day mortality, lower respiratory tract specimens (ETA), and ribavirin side effect on the day of ICU admission (Day 1), Day 7, Day 14 and Day 21 were analyzed. Results All the nineteen critically ill COVID-19 patients (14 males and 5 females, median age 56yr) survived through to the 28th day of observations with 6 patients (31.58%) being discharged from the ICU. The SARS-CoV-2 viral positivity in sputum/ETA was 100% (19/19) on Day 1, 73.68% (14/19) on Day 7, 57.89% (11/19) on Day 14 and 36.84% (7/19) on Day 21. Ribavirin side effect was not observed in these patients. Conclusion Ribavirin is well tolerated in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and may benefit COVID-19 patients through increasing the virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Manshu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqun He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibo Liang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwen Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Huadong Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, People's Republic of China
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175
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Guerrieri M, Francavilla B, Fiorelli D, Nuccetelli M, Passali FM, Coppeta L, Somma G, Bernardini S, Magrini A, Di Girolamo S. Nasal and Salivary Mucosal Humoral Immune Response Elicited by mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to SARS-CoV-2 Natural Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121499. [PMID: 34960244 PMCID: PMC8708818 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays are crucial in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Approved mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are well known to induce a serum antibody responses against the spike protein and its RBD. Mucosal immunity plays a major role in the fight against COVID-19 directly at the site of virus entry; however, vaccine abilities to elicit mucosal immune responses have not been reported. We detected anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA-S1 and IgG-RBD in three study populations (healthy controls, vaccinated subjects, and subjects recovered from COVID-19 infection) on serum, saliva, and nasal secretions using two commercial immunoassays (ELISA for IgA-S1 and chemiluminescent assay for IgG-RBD). Our results show that the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech, New York, NY, USA) determines the production of nasal and salivary IgA-S1 and IgG-RBD against SARS-CoV-2. This mucosal humoral immune response is stronger after the injection of the second vaccine dose compared to subjects recovered from COVID-19. Since there is a lack of validated assays on saliva and nasal secretions, this study shows that our pre-analytical and analytical procedures are consistent with the data. Our findings indicate that the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine elicits antigen-specific nasal and salivary immune responses, and that mucosal antibody assays could be used as candidates for non-invasive monitoring of vaccine-induced protection against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariapia Guerrieri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (F.M.P.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Beatrice Francavilla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (F.M.P.); (S.D.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Denise Fiorelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Marzia Nuccetelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Francesco Maria Passali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (F.M.P.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Luca Coppeta
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Somma
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (M.N.); (S.B.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Stefano Di Girolamo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (F.M.P.); (S.D.G.)
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Zhuang Z, Liu D, Sun J, Li F, Zhao J. Immune responses to human respiratory coronaviruses infection in mouse models. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 52:102-111. [PMID: 34906757 PMCID: PMC8665230 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory coronaviruses (HCoVs), including the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, potentially cause severe lung infections and multiple organ damages, emphasizing the urgent need for antiviral therapeutics and vaccines against HCoVs. Small animal models, especially mice, are ideal tools for deciphering the pathogenesis of HCoV infections as well as virus-induced immune responses, which is critical for antiviral drug development and vaccine design. In this review, we focus on the antiviral innate immune response, antibody response and T cell response in HCoV infected mouse models, and discuss the potential implications for understanding the anti-HCoV immunity and fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Donglan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510320, China.
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177
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Loftus TJ, Ungaro R, Dirain M, Efron PA, Mazer MB, Remy KE, Hotchkiss RS, Zhong L, Bacher R, Starostik P, Moldawer LL, Brakenridge SC. Overlapping but Disparate Inflammatory and Immunosuppressive Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Bacterial Sepsis: An Immunological Time Course Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:792448. [PMID: 34956225 PMCID: PMC8696010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.792448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both severe SARS-CoV-2 infections and bacterial sepsis exhibit an immunological dyscrasia and propensity for secondary infections. The nature of the immunological dyscrasias for these differing etiologies and their time course remain unclear. In this study, thirty hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were compared with ten critically ill patients with bacterial sepsis over 21 days, as well as ten healthy control subjects. Blood was sampled between days 1 and 21 after admission for targeted plasma biomarker analysis, cellular phenotyping, and leukocyte functional analysis via enzyme-linked immunospot assay. We found that circulating inflammatory markers were significantly higher early after bacterial sepsis compared with SARS-CoV-2. Both cohorts exhibited profound immune suppression through 21 days (suppressed HLA-DR expression, reduced mononuclear cell IFN-gamma production), and expanded numbers of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In addition, MDSC expansion and ex vivo production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were resolving over time in bacterial sepsis, whereas in SARS-CoV-2, immunosuppression and inflammation were accelerating. Despite less severe initial physiologic derangement, SARS-CoV-2 patients had similar incidence of secondary infections (23% vs 30%) as bacterial sepsis patients. Finally, COVID patients who developed secondary bacterial infections exhibited profound immunosuppression evident by elevated sPD-L1 and depressed HLA-DR. Although both bacterial sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 are associated with inflammation and immune suppression, their immune dyscrasia temporal patterns and clinical outcomes are different. SARS-CoV-2 patients had less severe early inflammation and organ dysfunction but had persistent inflammation and immunosuppression and suffered worse clinical outcomes, especially when SARS-CoV-2 infection was followed by secondary bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Loftus
- Department of Surgery and the Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ricardo Ungaro
- Department of Surgery and the Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marvin Dirain
- Department of Surgery and the Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Philip A. Efron
- Department of Surgery and the Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Monty B. Mazer
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kenneth E. Remy
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Richard S. Hotchkiss
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Luer Zhong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rhonda Bacher
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Petr Starostik
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine and Shands Hospital-UF Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lyle L. Moldawer
- Department of Surgery and the Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Lyle L. Moldawer,
| | - Scott C. Brakenridge
- Department of Surgery and the Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Fumagalli MJ, Castro-Jorge LA, Fraga-Silva TFDC, de Azevedo PO, Capato CF, Rattis BAC, Hojo-Souza NS, Floriano VG, de Castro JT, Ramos SG, da Fonseca BAL, Bonato VLD, Gazzinelli RT, Figueiredo LTM. Protective Immunity against Gamma and Zeta Variants after Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Virus Immunization. Viruses 2021; 13:2440. [PMID: 34960708 PMCID: PMC8707686 DOI: 10.3390/v13122440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistent circulation of SARS-CoV-2 represents an ongoing global threat due to the emergence of new viral variants that can sometimes evade the immune system of previously exposed or vaccinated individuals. We conducted a follow-up study of adult individuals that had received an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, evaluating antibody production and neutralizing activity over a period of 6 months. In addition, we performed mice immunization with inactivated SARS-CoV-2, and evaluated the immune response and pathological outcomes against Gamma and Zeta variant infection. Vaccinated individuals produced high levels of antibodies with robust neutralizing activity, which was significantly reduced against Gamma and Zeta variants. Production of IgG anti-S antibodies and neutralizing activity robustly reduced after 6 months of vaccination. Immunized mice demonstrated cellular response against Gamma and Zeta variants, and after viral infection, reduced viral loads, IL-6 expression, and histopathological outcome in the lungs. TNF levels were unchanged in immunized or not immunized mice after infection with the Gamma variant. Furthermore, serum neutralization activity rapidly increases after infection with the Gamma and Zeta variants. Our data suggest that immunization with inactivated WT SARS-CoV-2 induces a promptly responsive cross-reactive immunity response against the Gamma and Zeta variants, reducing COVID-19 pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcilio Jorge Fumagalli
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.L.D.B.); (R.T.G.)
| | - Luiza Antunes Castro-Jorge
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
| | | | - Patrick Orestes de Azevedo
- Immunopathology Laboratory, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.O.d.A.); (N.S.H.-S.); (J.T.d.C.)
| | - Carlos Fabiano Capato
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
| | - Bruna Amanda Cruz Rattis
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (B.A.C.R.); (S.G.R.)
| | - Natália Satchiko Hojo-Souza
- Immunopathology Laboratory, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.O.d.A.); (N.S.H.-S.); (J.T.d.C.)
| | - Vitor Gonçalves Floriano
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
| | - Julia Teixeira de Castro
- Immunopathology Laboratory, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.O.d.A.); (N.S.H.-S.); (J.T.d.C.)
| | - Simone Gusmão Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (B.A.C.R.); (S.G.R.)
| | - Benedito Antônio Lopes da Fonseca
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
| | - Vânia Luiza Deperon Bonato
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.L.D.B.); (R.T.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.L.D.B.); (R.T.G.)
- Immunopathology Laboratory, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (P.O.d.A.); (N.S.H.-S.); (J.T.d.C.)
- Platform of Translational Medicine, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.A.C.-J.); (C.F.C.); (V.G.F.); (B.A.L.d.F.); (L.T.M.F.)
- Basic and Applied Immunology Program, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.L.D.B.); (R.T.G.)
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Lustig Y, Cohen C, Biber A, Jaber H, Becker Ilany Y, Indenbaum V, Amit S, Mandelboim M, Mendelson E, Regev-Yochay G. Immunoglobulin (Ig)A seropositivity against SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers in Israel, 4 April to 13 July 2020: an observational study. Euro Surveill 2021; 26. [PMID: 34857065 PMCID: PMC8641069 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.48.2001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has put healthcare workers (HCW) at significant risk. Presence of antibodies can confirm prior severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Aim This study investigates the prevalence of IgA and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in HCW. Methods Performance of IgA and IgG antibody ELISA assays were initially evaluated in positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 serum samples. IgA and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were measured in 428 asymptomatic HCW. We assessed the risk of two groups: HCW with high exposure risk outside work (HROW) residing in areas where COVID-19 was endemic (n = 162) and HCW with high exposure risk at work (HRAW) in a COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 97). Results Sensitivities of 80% and 81.2% and specificities of 97.2% and 98% were observed for IgA and IgG antibodies, respectively. Of the 428 HCW, three were positive for IgG and 27 for IgA. Only 3/27 (11%) IgA-positive HCW had IgG antibodies compared with 50/62 (81%) in a group of previous SARS-CoV-2-PCR-positive individuals. Consecutive samples from IgA-positive HCW demonstrated IgA persistence 18–83 days in 12/20 samples and IgG seroconversion in 1/20 samples. IgA antibodies were present in 8.6% of HROW and 2% of HRAW. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 exposure may lead to asymptomatic transient IgA response without IgG seroconversion. The significance of these findings needs further study. Out of work exposure is a possible risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCW and infection in HCW can be controlled if adequate protective equipment is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Lustig
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Carmit Cohen
- Infection Prevention & Control Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Asaf Biber
- Infection Prevention & Control Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Hanaa Jaber
- Infection Prevention & Control Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yael Becker Ilany
- Infection Prevention & Control Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Sharon Amit
- Microbiology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ella Mendelson
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Gili Regev-Yochay
- Infection Prevention & Control Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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180
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Galipeau Y, Siragam V, Laroche G, Marion E, Greig M, McGuinty M, Booth RA, Durocher Y, Cuperlovic-Culf M, Bennett SAL, Crawley AM, Giguère PM, Cooper C, Langlois MA. Relative Ratios of Human Seasonal Coronavirus Antibodies Predict the Efficiency of Cross-Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Binding to ACE2. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103700. [PMID: 34861490 PMCID: PMC8629681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies raised against human seasonal coronaviruses (sCoVs), which are responsible for the common cold, are known to cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 antigens. This prompts questions about their protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 severity. However, the relationship between sCoVs exposure and SARS-CoV-2 correlates of protection are not clearly identified. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of cross-reactivity and cross-neutralization to SARS-CoV-2 antigens (S-RBD, S-trimer, N) using pre-pandemic sera from four different groups: pediatrics and adolescents, individuals 21 to 70 years of age, older than 70 years of age, and individuals living with HCV or HIV. Data was then further analysed using machine learning to identify predictive patterns of neutralization based on sCoVs serology. FINDINGS Antibody cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 antigens varied between 1.6% and 15.3% depending on the cohort and the isotype-antigen pair analyzed. We also show a range of neutralizing activity (0-45%) with median inhibition ranging from 17.6 % to 23.3 % in serum that interferes with SARS-CoV-2 spike attachment to ACE2 independently of age group. While the abundance of sCoV antibodies did not directly correlate with neutralization, we show that neutralizing activity is rather dependent on relative ratios of IgGs in sera directed to all four sCoV spike proteins. More specifically, we identified antibodies to NL63 and OC43 as being the most important predictors of neutralization. INTERPRETATION Our data support the concept that exposure to sCoVs triggers antibody responses that influence the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 spike binding to ACE2, which may potentially impact COVID-19 disease severity through other latent variables. FUNDING This study was supported by a grant by the CIHR (VR2 -172722) and by a grant supplement by the CITF, and by a NRC Collaborative R&D Initiative Grant (PR031-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Galipeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Vinayakumar Siragam
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Geneviève Laroche
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Erika Marion
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Matthew Greig
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Ronald A Booth
- University of Ottawa & The Ottawa Hospital Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association (EORLA)
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada
| | - Miroslava Cuperlovic-Culf
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; Digital Technologies Research Center, National Research Council Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology
| | - Steffany A L Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology; University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3)
| | - Angela M Crawley
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3); Department of Biology, Carleton University, Canada
| | - Patrick M Giguère
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3).
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181
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Almendro-Vázquez P, Laguna-Goya R, Ruiz-Ruigomez M, Utrero-Rico A, Lalueza A, Maestro de la Calle G, Delgado P, Perez-Ordoño L, Muro E, Vila J, Zamarron I, Moreno-Batanero M, Chivite-Lacaba M, Gil-Etayo FJ, Martín-Higuera C, Meléndez-Carmona MÁ, Lumbreras C, Arellano I, Alarcon B, Allende LM, Aguado JM, Paz-Artal E. Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010211. [PMID: 34962970 PMCID: PMC8757952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of the development of specific adaptive immunity after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and its relevance in clinical outcome, has not been characterized in depth. Description of the long-term maintenance of both cellular and humoral responses elicited by real-world anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is still scarce. Here we aimed to understand the development of optimal protective responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We performed an early, longitudinal study of S1-, M- and N-specific IFN-γ and IL-2 T cell immunity and anti-S total and neutralizing antibodies in 88 mild, moderate or severe acute COVID-19 patients. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity was also analysed in 234 COVID-19 recovered subjects, 28 uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees and 30 uninfected healthy controls. Upon natural infection, cellular and humoral responses were early and coordinated in mild patients, while weak and inconsistent in severe patients. The S1-specific cellular response measured at hospital arrival was an independent predictive factor against severity. In COVID-19 recovered patients, four to seven months post-infection, cellular immunity was maintained but antibodies and neutralization capacity declined. Finally, a robust Th1-driven immune response was developed in uninfected BNT162b2-vaccinees. Three months post-vaccination, the cellular response was comparable, while the humoral response was consistently stronger, to that measured in COVID-19 recovered patients. Thus, measurement of both humoral and cellular responses provides information on prognosis and protection from infection, which may add value for individual and public health recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocio Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Ruiz-Ruigomez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Utrero-Rico
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Lalueza
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Maestro de la Calle
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Delgado
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Perez-Ordoño
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Muro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Vila
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Zamarron
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Chivite-Lacaba
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Etayo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martín-Higuera
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Meléndez-Carmona
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Lumbreras
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Arellano
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Allende
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Aguado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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182
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Karuna S, Li SS, Grant S, Walsh SR, Frank I, Casapia M, Trahey M, Hyrien O, Fisher L, Miner MD, Randhawa AK, Polakowski L, Kublin JG, Corey L, Montefiori D. Neutralizing antibody responses over time in demographically and clinically diverse individuals recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States and Peru: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003868. [PMID: 34871308 PMCID: PMC8687542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) experience a wide range of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic and mild illness to severe illness and death, influenced by age and a variety of comorbidities. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are thought to be a primary immune defense against the virus. Large, diverse, well-characterized cohorts of convalescent individuals provide standardized values to benchmark nAb responses to past SARS-CoV-2 infection and define potentially protective levels of immunity. METHODS AND FINDINGS This analysis comprises an observational cohort of 329 HIV-seronegative adults in the United States (n = 167) and Peru (n = 162) convalescing from SARS-CoV-2 infection from May through October 2020. The mean age was 48 years (range 18 to 86), 54% of the cohort overall was Hispanic, and 34% identified as White. nAb titers were measured in serum by SARS-CoV-2.D614G Spike-pseudotyped virus infection of 293T/ACE2 cells. Multiple linear regression was applied to define associations between nAb titers and demographic variables, disease severity and time from infection or disease onset, and comorbidities within and across US and Peruvian cohorts over time. nAb titers peaked 28 to 42 days post-diagnosis and were higher in participants with a history of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (p < 0.001). Diabetes, age >55 years, male sex assigned at birth, and, in some cases, body mass index were also independently associated with higher nAb titers, whereas hypertension was independently associated with lower nAb titers. nAb titers did not differ by race, underlying pulmonary disease or smoking. Two months post-enrollment, nAb ID50 (ID80) titers declined 3.5 (2.8)-fold overall. Study limitations in this observational, convalescent cohort include survivorship bias and missing early viral loads and acute immune responses to correlate with the convalescent responses we observed. CONCLUSIONS In summary, in our cohort, nAb titers after SARS-CoV-2 infection peaked approximately 1 month post-diagnosis and varied by age, sex assigned at birth, disease severity, and underlying comorbidities. Our data show great heterogeneity in nAb responses among people with recent COVID-19, highlighting the challenges of interpreting natural history studies and gauging responses to vaccines and therapeutics among people with recent infection. Our observations illuminate potential correlations of demographic and clinical characteristics with nAb responses, a key element for protection from COVID-19, thus informing development and implementation of preventative and therapeutic strategies globally. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04403880.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shuying Sue Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shannon Grant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ian Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Meg Trahey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leigh Fisher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maurine D. Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - April K. Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laura Polakowski
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Guo J, Li L, Wu Q, Li H, Li Y, Hou X, Yang F, Qin Z. Detection and predictors of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in COVID-19 patients at 8 months after symptom onset. Future Virol 2021; 0. [PMID: 34804188 PMCID: PMC8596336 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To determine SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG levels of patients with COVID-19 at 8 months after symptom onset and to explore the predictors of antibody levels. Materials & methods: The magnetic chemiluminescence method was used to measure the antibody levels. Clinical data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 54 patients were enrolled in this study, of whom 59.3% were IgM positive and 96.4% were IgG positive. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the duration of RNA shedding, C-reactive protein level and disease severity were independent predictors of IgG levels. Conclusion: COVID-19 patients retained long-term viral-specific protective immunity. Disease severity, C-reactive protein level and duration of RNA shedding were related to antibody levels 8 months after symptom onset. This study aimed to detect the levels of antibodies made by the body in response to COVID-19, 8 months after infection. We reviewed the characteristics of 54 patients with a history COVID-19 to find factors that may influence antibody levels. The results showed that 8 months after infection, almost all the patients had sufficient antibody levels to protect them from another episode of COVID-19 and that antibody levels were especially well maintained in those with a history of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinwei Hou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fangfei Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhonghua Qin
- Department of Laboratory, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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184
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Jarlhelt I, Nielsen SK, Jahn CXH, Hansen CB, Pérez-Alós L, Rosbjerg A, Bayarri-Olmos R, Skjoedt MO, Garred P. SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Mediate Complement and Cellular Driven Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:767981. [PMID: 34804055 PMCID: PMC8596567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to constitute a serious public health threat worldwide. Protective antibody-mediated viral neutralization in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been firmly characterized. Where the effects of the antibody response are generally considered to be beneficial, an important biological question regarding potential negative outcomes of a SARS-CoV-2 antibody response has yet to be answered. We determined the distribution of IgG subclasses and complement activation levels in plasma from convalescent individuals using in-house developed ELISAs. The IgG response towards SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) after natural infection appeared to be mainly driven by IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses, which are the main ligands for C1q mediated classical complement pathway activation. The deposition of the complement components C4b, C3bc, and TCC as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies were depending primarily on the SARS-CoV-2 RBD and significantly correlated with both IgG levels and disease severity, indicating that individuals with high levels of IgG and/or severe disease, might have a more prominent complement activation during viral infection. Finally, freshly isolated monocytes and a monocyte cell line (THP-1) were used to address the cellular mediated inflammatory response as a consequence of Fc-gamma receptor engagement by SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. Monocytic Fc gamma receptor charging resulted in a significant rise in the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Our results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 antibodies might drive significant inflammatory responses through the classical complement pathway and via cellular immune-complex activation that could have negative consequences during COVID-19 disease. We found that increased classical complement activation was highly associated to COVID-19 disease severity. The combination of antibody-mediated complement activation and subsequent cellular priming could constitute a significant risk of exacerbating COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Jarlhelt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sif Kaas Nielsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Xenia Holtermann Jahn
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Bo Hansen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Pérez-Alós
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Recombinant Protein and Antibody Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rafael Bayarri-Olmos
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Recombinant Protein and Antibody Laboratory, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel-Ole Skjoedt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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185
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Hagman K, Hedenstierna M, Rudling J, Gille-Johnson P, Hammas B, Grabbe M, Jakobsson J, Dillner J, Ursing J. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 viremia and its correlation to mortality and inflammatory parameters in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a cohort study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 102:115595. [PMID: 34896666 PMCID: PMC8595972 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viremia at admission is associated with high risk for mortality. However, longitudinal data on viremia duration are limited. Viremic patients hospitalized for COVID-19 were included in a cohort. Time to serum viral clearance and the effect of viremia duration on the odds of mortality were calculated. One hundred and twenty-one viremic patients were included. Median age was 62 (IQR 52−71) years and 68% were males. The total in-hospital mortality of the cohort was 33%. Median time from admission to serum viral clearance was 7 (95% CI 6−8) days. Duration of viremia showed a relative risk ratio of 1.40 (95% CI 1.02−1.92) for the odds of mortality in an adjusted multinomial logistic regression. Serum viral clearance coincided with defervescence and decreasing C-reactive protein. Median time to serum viral clearance was 7 days after admission. The odds of mortality increased with 40% for each additional day of viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Hagman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Johan Rudling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Berit Hammas
- Department of Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Malin Grabbe
- Department of Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jan Jakobsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Ursing
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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186
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Blom KB, Åsberg A, Sjaastad I, Kalleberg KT, Søraas A, Midtvedt K, Birkeland JA. Kidney Transplant Recipient Behavior During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey Study in Norway. Kidney Med 2021; 4:100389. [PMID: 34805967 PMCID: PMC8596763 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective Studies published from countries with a high prevalence of COVID-19 have found increased incidence and a more severe disease course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in kidney transplant recipients than in the general population. We investigated how the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the everyday life of kidney transplant recipients in a country with a low infection burden. Study Design Prospective case-control study. Setting & Participants All adult kidney transplant recipients in Norway with a functioning graft and listed in the public phone registry (n = 3,060) and a group of randomly recruited individuals >18 years from the general population (n = 20,000) were invited to participate in the study by an SMS text message. In parallel, all kidney transplant recipients in Norway were invited to measure severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG from mid-June to October 2020. Predictors The participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire focused on everyday life, travel history, exposure to known COVID-19 cases, and demographics. Analytical Approach Groups were compared with independent tests using 2-sided 0.05 significance levels. Results A total of 1,007 kidney transplant recipients and 4,409 controls answered the questionnaire. The kidney transplant recipients reported being more concerned about SARS-CoV-2 infection (27%) than the control group (7%; P value < 0.001); ie, they behaved more carefully in their everyday life (not going to the grocery store, 5.9% vs 0.9%, P < 0.001; keeping at least 1 meter distance, 16.6% vs 5.8%, P < 0.001). Of the kidney transplant responders, 81% had a SARS-CoV-2 IgG taken; all were negative. Limitations Mortality data is not reliable because of the low number of SARS-CoV-2 infected kidney transplant recipients in Norway. The relatively low questionnaire response rate for kidney transplant recipients is not optimal. Conclusions The questionnaire shows that kidney transplant recipients have behaved more carefully compared with the general population with less social interaction and a very high degree of adherence to governmental advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti B Blom
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway and Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway and Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arne Søraas
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karsten Midtvedt
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon A Birkeland
- Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
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187
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Tian X, Jiang W, Zhang H, Lu X, Li L, Liu W, Li J. Persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response in Asymptomatic Patients in Correctional Facilities. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:789374. [PMID: 34858383 PMCID: PMC8631518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.789374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global health disaster with millions of death worldwide, and the substantial proportion of asymptomatic carriers poses a huge threat to public health. The long-term antibody responses and neutralization activity during natural asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown. In this study, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and neutralization assay with purified SARS-CoV-2S and N proteins to study the antibody responses of 156 individuals with natural asymptomatic infection. We found robust antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 156 patients from 6 to 12 months. Although the antibody responses gradually decreased, S-IgG was more stable than N-IgG. S-IgG was still detected in 79% of naturally infected individuals after 12 months of infection. Moderate to potent neutralization activities were also observed in 98.74% of patients 6 months after infection. However, this proportion decreased at 8-month (46.15%) and 10-month (39.11%) after infection, respectively. Only 23.72% of patients displayed potent neutralization activity at 12 months. This study strongly supports the long-term presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in individuals with natural asymptomatic infection, although the magnitude of the antibody responses started to cripple 6 months after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wenguo Jiang
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - He Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - XiXi Lu
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - Libo Li
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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188
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Aguilar-Bretones M, Westerhuis BM, Raadsen MP, de Bruin E, Chandler FD, Okba NM, Haagmans BL, Langerak T, Endeman H, van den Akker JP, Gommers DA, van Gorp EC, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Vries RD, Fouchier RA, Rockx BH, Koopmans MP, van Nierop GP. Seasonal coronavirus-specific B cells with limited SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactivity dominate the IgG response in severe COVID-19. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e150613. [PMID: 34499051 PMCID: PMC8553556 DOI: 10.1172/jci150613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Little is known about the interplay between preexisting immunity to endemic seasonal coronaviruses and the development of a SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG response. We investigated the kinetics, breadth, magnitude, and level of cross-reactivity of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and heterologous seasonal and epidemic coronaviruses at the clonal level in patients with mild or severe COVID-19 as well as in disease control patients. We assessed antibody reactivity to nucleocapsid and spike antigens and correlated this IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Patients with COVID-19 mounted a mostly type-specific SARS-CoV-2 response. Additionally, IgG clones directed against a seasonal coronavirus were boosted in patients with severe COVID-19. These boosted clones showed limited cross-reactivity and did not neutralize SARS-CoV-2. These findings indicate a boost of poorly protective CoV-specific antibodies in patients with COVID-19 that correlated with disease severity, revealing "original antigenic sin."
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Henrik Endeman
- Intensive Care Unit, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), Wytemaweg, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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189
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Makoah NA, Tipih T, Litabe MM, Brink M, Sempa JB, Goedhals D, Burt FJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sensitivity of antibody tests for the laboratory confirmation of COVID-19. Future Virol 2021; 17:10.2217/fvl-2021-0211. [PMID: 34950219 PMCID: PMC8686841 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of serological tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 during the first week of symptom onset in patients confirmed with the real-time RT-PCR. Materials & methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 58 publications were performed using data obtained from Academic Search Ultimate, Africa-wide, Scopus, Web of Science and MEDLINE. Results: We found that the highest pooled sensitivities were obtained with ELISA IgM-IgG and chemiluminescence immunoassay IgM tests. Conclusion: Serological tests have low sensitivity within the first week of symptom onset and cannot replace nucleic acid amplification tests. However, serological assays can be used to support nucleic acid amplification tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel A Makoah
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Thomas Tipih
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Matefo M Litabe
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Mareza Brink
- Free State Department of Health, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Joseph B Sempa
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling & Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Dominique Goedhals
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Felicity J Burt
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
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190
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Luo S, Xu J, Cho CY, Zhu S, Whittaker KC, Wang X, Feng J, Wang M, Xie S, Fang J, Huang AS, Song X, Huang RP. Quantitative Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Using Indirect ELISA. Lab Med 2021; 53:225-234. [PMID: 34718706 PMCID: PMC8574490 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard for the diagnosis of COVID-19, but it is necessary to utilize other tests to determine the burden of the disease and the spread of the outbreak such as IgG-, IgM-, and IgA-based antibody detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods We developed an indirect ELISA assay to quantitatively measure the amount of COVID-19 IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies present in patient serum, dried blood, and plasma. Results The population cutoff values for positivity were determined by receiver operating characteristic curves to be 1.23 U/mL, 23.09 U/mL, and 6.36 U/mL for IgG, IgM, and IgA, respectively. After albumin subtraction, the specificity remained >98% and the sensitivity was 95.72%, 83.47%, and 82.60%, respectively, for IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to the combined spike subunit 1 receptor binding domain and N proteins in serum. Plasma and dried blood spot specimens were also validated on this assay. Conclusion This assay may be used for determining the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a population exposed to the virus or in vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Luo
- RayBiotech, Guangzhou, China.,RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, US
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Department of Laboratory Science, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Xingqi Wang
- RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, US
| | - Jie Feng
- RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, US
| | - Meng Wang
- RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, US
| | | | - Jianmin Fang
- RayBiotech, Guangzhou, China.,RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, US
| | | | | | - Ruo-Pan Huang
- RayBiotech, Guangzhou, China.,RayBiotech Life, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, US.,South China Biochip Research Center, Guangzhou, China
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191
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Menon V, Shariff MA, Perez Gutierrez V, Carreño JM, Yu B, Jawed M, Gossai M, Valdez E, Pillai A, Venugopal U, Kasubhai M, Dimitrov V, Krammer F. Longitudinal humoral antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in a New York City hospital. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051045. [PMID: 34702729 PMCID: PMC8550870 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dynamics of humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens following infection suggest an initial decay of antibody followed by subsequent stabilisation. We aim to understand the longitudinal humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein and spike (S) protein and to evaluate their correlation to clinical symptoms among healthcare workers (HCWs). DESIGN A prospective longitudinal study. SETTING This study was conducted in a New York City public hospital in the South Bronx, New York. PARTICIPANTS HCWs participated in phase 1 (N=500) and were followed up 4 months later in phase 2 (N=178) of the study. They underwent SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serology testing for N and S protein antibodies, in addition to completion of an online survey in both phases. Analysis was performed on the 178 participants who participated in both phases of the study. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Evaluate longitudinal humoral responses to viral N (qualitative serology testing) and S protein (quantitative Mount Sinai Health System ELISA to detect receptor-binding domain and full-length S reactive antibodies) by measuring rate of decay. RESULTS Anti-N antibody positivity was 27% and anti-S positivity was 28% in phase 1. In phase 1, anti-S titres were higher in symptomatic (6754 (5177-8812)) than in asymptomatic positive subjects (5803 (2825-11 920)). Marginally higher titres (2382 (1494-3797)) were seen in asymptomatic compared with the symptomatic positive subgroup (2198 (1753-2755)) in phase 2. A positive correlation was noted between age (R=0.269, p<0.01), number (R=0.310, p<0.01) and duration of symptoms (R=0.434, p<0.01), and phase 1 anti-S antibody titre. A strong correlation (R=0.898, p<0.001) was observed between phase 1 titres and decay of anti-S antibody titres between the two phases. Significant correlation with rate of decay was also noted with fever (R=0.428, p<0.001), gastrointestinal symptoms (R=0.340, p<0.05), and total number (R=0.357, p<0.01) and duration of COVID-19 symptoms (R=0.469, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher initial anti-S antibody titres were associated with larger number and longer duration of symptoms as well as a faster decay between the two time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Menon
- Department of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/ Lincoln, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Masood A Shariff
- Department of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/ Lincoln, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Victor Perez Gutierrez
- Department of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/ Lincoln, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Juan M Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/ Lincoln, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Muzamil Jawed
- Department of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/ Lincoln, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Marcia Gossai
- Department of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/ Lincoln, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Elisenda Valdez
- Department of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/ Lincoln, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Anjana Pillai
- Department of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/ Lincoln, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Usha Venugopal
- Department of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/ Lincoln, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Moiz Kasubhai
- Department of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/ Lincoln, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Vihren Dimitrov
- Department of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/ Lincoln, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
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192
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Agreement between two diagnostic methods for COVID-19: preliminary data from a Brazilian clinical laboratory. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: To investigate possible differences between laboratory profiles of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. There are different of them available for COVID-19 diagnoses and surveillance, so this research was to evaluate the positive agreement the diagnostic methods.
Methods: For symptomatic patients swab samples from nasal and oral mucosal were collected between first and second week after symptoms onset, to perform RT-PCR, blood samples were collected 7 days after to perform antibody detection test. For asymptomatic patients, only antibody detection was performed to confirm the infection. We investigated specific humoral immune response for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and also analyzed the positivity index and kappa agreement between immunochromatographic and ELISA assays.
Results: Most symptomatic patients presented negative RT-PCR with IgM and IgA detection. Symptomatic and asymptomatic patients have presented elevated IgM and IgA immunoglobulins, being this detection higher in symptomatic patients. The positivity index for immunochromatographic was higher than ELISA and there was no kappa agreement between IgM and IgA detection between these two methods.
Conclusion: Symptomatic patients presented higher amounts of IgM and IgA than asymptomatic, suggesting a relation between antibody quantity and severity of disease. We verified no agreement between IgM and IgA detection, and observed higher positivity index for IMMUNO when compared to ELISA. The different kinetics may cause a variation in their detection. Also, many different virus proteins can be used as antigens in these methods, being able of altering their sensibility and specificity.
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Lei Q, Hou H, Yu C, Zhang Y, Ndzouboukou JLB, Lin X, Yao Z, Fu H, Sun Z, Wang F, Fan X. Kinetics of Neutralizing Antibody Response Underscores Clinical COVID-19 Progression. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9822706. [PMID: 34712742 PMCID: PMC8548120 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9822706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutralizing antibody (nAb) response is generated following infection or immunization and plays an important role in the protection against a broad of viral infections. The role of nAb during clinical progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains little known. METHODS 123 COVID-19 patients during hospitalization in Tongji Hospital were involved in this retrospective study. The patients were grouped based on the severity and outcome. The nAb responses of 194 serum samples were collected from these patients within an investigation period of 60 days after the onset of symptoms and detected by a pseudotyped virus neutralization assay. The detail data about onset time, disease severity and laboratory biomarkers, treatment, and clinical outcome of these participants were obtained from electronic medical records. The relationship of longitudinal nAb changes with each clinical data was further assessed. RESULTS The nAb response in COVID-19 patients evidently experienced three consecutive stages, namely, rising, stationary, and declining periods. Patients with different severity and outcome showed differential dynamics of the nAb response over the course of disease. During the stationary phase (from 20 to 40 days after symptoms onset), all patients evolved nAb responses. In particular, high levels of nAb were elicited in severe and critical patients and older patients (≥60 years old). More importantly, critical but deceased COVID-19 patients showed high levels of several proinflammation cytokines, such as IL-2R, IL-8, and IL-6, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in vivo, which resulted in lymphopenia, multiple organ failure, and the rapidly decreased nAb response. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that nAb plays a crucial role in preventing the progression and deterioration of COVID-19, which has important implications for improving clinical management and developing effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caizheng Yu
- Department of Public Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yandi Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jo-Lewis Banga Ndzouboukou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaosong Lin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongjie Yao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xionglin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Mrzljak A, Jureković Ž, Pavičić-Šarić J, Stevanović V, Tabain I, Hruškar Ž, Mikulić D, Barbić L, Vilibić-Čavlek T. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Croatian solid-organ transplant recipients. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2021; 31:030901. [PMID: 34658649 PMCID: PMC8495621 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2021.030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The data on the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) in Croatia is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Croatian SOTRs. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 7 September to 27 November 2020 (beginning of the second COVID-19 pandemic wave), a cross-sectional screening for COVID-19 was performed in the adult outpatient liver (LTRs; N = 280) and kidney transplant recipients (KTRs; N = 232). Serum samples were initially tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Vircell Microbiologists, Granada, Spain). All positive samples were confirmed using a virus neutralization test (VNT). Data on risk exposure and COVID-19 related symptoms were collected using a questionnaire. RESULTS The transplanted cohort's seroprevalence detected by ELISA and VNT was 20.1% and 3.1%, respectively. Neutralizing (NT) antibodies developed in 15.6% of anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA IgG positive SOTRs. The difference in seropositivity rates between LTRs and KTRs was not statistically significant (ELISA 21.1% vs. 19.0%, P = 0.554; VNT 3.6% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.082). Overall VNT positivity rates were higher in patients who reported participation in large community events (5.9% vs. 1.0%; P = 0.027) as well as in patients who reported COVID-19 related symptoms in the past six months. In addition, symptomatic VNT positive patients showed significantly higher (P = 0.031) NT antibody titers (median 128, interquartile range (IQR) = 32-128) compared to asymptomatic patients (median 16, IQR = 16-48). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that 15.6% of anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA positive Croatian SOTRs developed NT antibodies indicating protective immunity. Further studies are needed to determine the dynamic of NT antibodies and COVID-19 immunity duration in immunocompromised populations such as LTRs and KTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Corresponding author:
| | | | | | - Vladimir Stevanović
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Hruškar
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danko Mikulić
- Transplant Centre, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubo Barbić
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Vilibić-Čavlek
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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195
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Immune characterization of a Colombian family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIOMEDICA 2021; 41:86-102. [PMID: 34669281 PMCID: PMC8604040 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Immunological markers have been described during COVID-19 and persist after recovery. These immune markers are associated with clinical features among SARS- CoV-2 infected individuals. Nevertheless, studies reporting a comprehensive analysis of the immune changes occurring during SARS-CoV-2 infection are still limited. Objective: To evaluate the production of proinflammatory cytokines, the antibody response, and the phenotype and function of NK cells and T cells in a Colombian family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and methods: Proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated by RT-PCR and ELISA. The frequency, phenotype, and function of NK cells (cocultures with K562 cells) and T-cells (stimulated with spike/RdRp peptides) were assessed by flow cytometry. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were determined using indirect immunofluorescence and plaque reduction neutralization assay. Results: During COVID-19, we observed a high proinflammatory-cytokine production and a reduced CD56bright-NK cell and cytotoxic response. Compared with healthy controls, infected individuals had a higher frequency of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells CD38+HLA-DR-. During the acute phase, CD8+ T cells stimulated with viral peptides exhibited a monofunctional response characterized by high IL-10 production. However, during recovery, we observed a bifunctional response characterized by the co-expression of CD107a and granzyme B or perforin. Conclusion: Although the proinflammatory response is a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 infection, other phenotypic and functional alterations in NK cells and CD8+ T cells could be associated with the outcome of COVID-19. However, additional studies are required to understand these alterations and to guide future immunotherapy strategies.
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196
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Kaplonek P, Wang C, Bartsch Y, Fischinger S, Gorman MJ, Bowman K, Kang J, Dayal D, Martin P, Nowak RP, Villani AC, Hsieh CL, Charland NC, Gonye AL, Gushterova I, Khanna HK, LaSalle TJ, Lavin-Parsons KM, Lilley BM, Lodenstein CL, Manakongtreecheep K, Margolin JD, McKaig BN, Rojas-Lopez M, Russo BC, Sharma N, Tantivit J, Thomas MF, Sade-Feldman M, Feldman J, Julg B, Nilles EJ, Musk ER, Menon AS, Fischer ES, McLellan JS, Schmidt A, Goldberg MB, Filbin MR, Hacohen N, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G. Early cross-coronavirus reactive signatures of humoral immunity against COVID-19. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabj2901. [PMID: 34652962 PMCID: PMC8943686 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of vaccines has inspired hope in the battle against SARS-CoV-2. However, the emergence of viral variants, in the absence of potent antivirals, has left the world struggling with the uncertain nature of this disease. Antibodies currently represent the strongest correlate of immunity against SARS-CoV-2, thus we profiled the earliest humoral signatures in a large cohort of acutely ill (survivors and nonsurvivors) and mild or asymptomatic individuals with COVID-19. Although a SARS-CoV-2–specific immune response evolved rapidly in survivors of COVID-19, nonsurvivors exhibited blunted and delayed humoral immune evolution, particularly with respect to S2-specific antibodies. Given the conservation of S2 across β-coronaviruses, we found that the early development of SARS-CoV-2–specific immunity occurred in tandem with preexisting common β-coronavirus OC43 humoral immunity in survivors, which was also selectively expanded in individuals that develop a paucisymptomatic infection. These data point to the importance of cross-coronavirus immunity as a correlate of protection against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuangqi Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yannic Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn Bowman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jaewon Kang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diana Dayal
- Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, Hawthorne, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Martin
- Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, Hawthorne, CA, USA
| | - Radoslaw P. Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicole C. Charland
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna L.K. Gonye
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irena Gushterova
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hargun K. Khanna
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J. LaSalle
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Brendan M. Lilley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carl L. Lodenstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kasidet Manakongtreecheep
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin D. Margolin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenna N. McKaig
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maricarmen Rojas-Lopez
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian C. Russo
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nihaarika Sharma
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Tantivit
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molly F. Thomas
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moshe Sade-Feldman
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Elon R. Musk
- Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, Hawthorne, CA, USA
| | - Anil S. Menon
- Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, Hawthorne, CA, USA
| | - Eric S. Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R. Filbin
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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197
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Serological anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies association to live virus neutralizing test titers in COVID-19 paucisymptomatic/symptomatic patients and vaccinated subjects. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108215. [PMID: 34649115 PMCID: PMC8487771 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large number of immunoassays have been developed to detect specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; however, not always they are functional to neutralize the virus. The reference test for the anti-spike neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) ability to counteract the viral infection is the virus neutralization test (VNT). Great interest is developing on reliable serological assays allowing antibodies concentration and antibody protective titer correlation. The aim of our study was to detect nAbs serum levels in paucisymptomatic, symptomatic and vaccinated subjects, to find a cut-off value able to protect from virus infection. nAbs serum levels were detected by a competitive automated immunoassay, in association to VNT with the SARS-CoV-2 original and British variant strains. The median nAbs concentrations were: 281.3 BAU/ml for paucisymptomatics; 769.4 BAU/ml for symptomatics; 351.65 BAU/ml for the vaccinated cohort; 983 BAU/ml considering only the second dose vaccinated individuals. The original strain VNT analysis showed 1:80 median neutralization titers in paucisymptomatic and vaccinated subjects; 1:160 in symptomatic patients; 1:160 in the second dose groups. The British variant VNT analysis showed lower neutralization titers in paucisymptomatic and vaccinated groups (1:40); the same titer in symptomatic patients (1:160); the second dose group confirmed the original strain titer (1:160). In conclusion, our data showed optimal correlations with a proportional increase between neutralizing activity and antibody concentration, making nAbs detection a good alternative to virus neutralization assays, difficult to carry out in routine laboratories. Finally, ROC curve analysis established a cut-off of 408.6 BAU/ml to identify subjects with a low risk of infection.
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198
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Kim DM, Kim Y, Seo JW, Lee J, Park U, Ha NY, Koh J, Park H, Lee JW, Ro HJ, Yun NR, Kim DY, Yoon SH, Na YS, Moon DS, Lim SC, Kim CM, Jeon K, Kang JG, Jang NY, Jeong H, Kim J, Cheon S, Sohn KM, Moon JY, Kym S, Han SR, Lee MS, Kim HJ, Park WY, Choi JY, Shin HW, Kim HY, Cho CH, Jeon YK, Kim YS, Cho NH. Enhanced eosinophil-mediated inflammation associated with antibody and complement-dependent pneumonic insults in critical COVID-19. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109798. [PMID: 34587481 PMCID: PMC8450316 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the worldwide effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the underlying mechanisms of fatal viral pneumonia remain elusive. Here, we show that critical COVID-19 is associated with enhanced eosinophil-mediated inflammation when compared to non-critical cases. In addition, we confirm increased T helper (Th)2-biased adaptive immune responses, accompanying overt complement activation, in the critical group. Moreover, enhanced antibody responses and complement activation are associated with disease pathogenesis as evidenced by formation of immune complexes and membrane attack complexes in airways and vasculature of lung biopsies from six fatal cases, as well as by enhanced hallmark gene set signatures of Fcγ receptor (FcγR) signaling and complement activation in myeloid cells of respiratory specimens from critical COVID-19 patients. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection may drive specific innate immune responses, including eosinophil-mediated inflammation, and subsequent pulmonary pathogenesis via enhanced Th2-biased immune responses, which might be crucial drivers of critical disease in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Uni Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Ha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoree Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Ro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Ra Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sub Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sik Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Mee Kim
- Premedical Science, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Kang
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Yoon Jang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongseok Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinhyea Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mok Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youg Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Kym
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ro Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Je Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea; Geninus Inc., Seoul 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeob Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea.
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199
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Enhanced eosinophil-mediated inflammation associated with antibody and complement-dependent pneumonic insults in critical COVID-19. Cell Rep 2021. [PMID: 34587481 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109798.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the worldwide effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the underlying mechanisms of fatal viral pneumonia remain elusive. Here, we show that critical COVID-19 is associated with enhanced eosinophil-mediated inflammation when compared to non-critical cases. In addition, we confirm increased T helper (Th)2-biased adaptive immune responses, accompanying overt complement activation, in the critical group. Moreover, enhanced antibody responses and complement activation are associated with disease pathogenesis as evidenced by formation of immune complexes and membrane attack complexes in airways and vasculature of lung biopsies from six fatal cases, as well as by enhanced hallmark gene set signatures of Fcγ receptor (FcγR) signaling and complement activation in myeloid cells of respiratory specimens from critical COVID-19 patients. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection may drive specific innate immune responses, including eosinophil-mediated inflammation, and subsequent pulmonary pathogenesis via enhanced Th2-biased immune responses, which might be crucial drivers of critical disease in COVID-19 patients.
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200
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Zhao L, Gao R, Lu R, Wang H, Deng Y, Niu P, Jiang F, Huang B, Liang J, Jia J, Zhang F, Wang W, Wu G, Tan W. Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and Antibodies in Inpatients with COVID-19 not Related with Clinical Manifestation: A Single Centre Study. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1088-1092. [PMID: 34212284 PMCID: PMC8248291 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ruqin Gao
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Roujian Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yao Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Peihua Niu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fachun Jiang
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiwei Liang
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Wenling Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Guizhen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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