151
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Meldolesi J. Extracellular vesicles (exosomes and ectosomes) play key roles in the pathology of brain diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:18. [PMID: 35006460 PMCID: PMC8607397 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Last century, neurons and glial cells were mostly believed to play distinct functions, relevant for the brain. Progressively, however, it became clear that neurons, astrocytes and microglia co-operate intensely with each other by release/binding of signaling factors, direct surface binding and generation/release of extracellular vesicles, the exosomes and ectosomes, called together vesicles in this abstract. The present review is focused on these vesicles, fundamental in various brain diseases. Their properties are extraordinary. The specificity of their membrane governs their fusion with distinct target cells, variable depending on the state and specificity of their cells of origin and target. Result of vesicle fusion is the discharge of their cargos into the cytoplasm of target cells. Cargos are composed of critical molecules, from proteins (various nature and function) to nucleotides (especially miRNAs), playing critical roles in immune and neurodegenerative diseases. Among immune diseases is multiple sclerosis, affected by extensive dysregulation of co-trafficking neural and glial vesicles, with distinct miRNAs inducing severe or reducing effects. The vesicle-dependent differences between progressive and relapsing-remitting forms of the disease are relevant for clinical developments. In Alzheimer’s disease the vesicles can affect the brain by changing their generation and inducing co-release of effective proteins, such Aβ and tau, from neurons and astrocytes. Specific miRNAs can delay the long-term development of the disease. Upon their traffic through the blood-brainbarrier, vesicles of various origin reach fluids where they are essential for the identification of biomarkers, important for diagnostic and therapeutic innovations, critical for the future of many brain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Meldolesi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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152
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Sherman CD, Lodha S, Sahoo S. EV Cargo Sorting in Therapeutic Development for Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1500. [PMID: 34203713 PMCID: PMC8232200 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Thus, therapeutic interventions to circumvent this growing burden are of utmost importance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) actively secreted by most living cells, play a key role in paracrine and endocrine intercellular communication via exchange of biological molecules. As the content of secreted EVs reflect the physiology and pathology of the cell of their origin, EVs play a significant role in cellular homeostasis, disease pathogenesis and diagnostics. Moreover, EVs are gaining popularity in clinics as therapeutic and drug delivery vehicles, transferring bioactive molecules such as proteins, genes, miRNAs and other therapeutic agents to target cells to treat diseases and deter disease progression. Despite our limited but growing knowledge of EV biology, it is imperative to understand the complex mechanisms of EV cargo sorting in pursuit of designing next generation EV-based therapeutic delivery systems. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms of EV cargo sorting and methods of EV bioengineering and discuss engineered EVs as a potential therapeutic delivery system to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustav L. Levy, P.O. Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.D.S.); (S.L.)
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153
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Extracellular Vesicles and Their miRNA Content in Amniotic and Tracheal Fluids of Fetuses with Severe Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Undergoing Fetal Intervention. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061493. [PMID: 34198576 PMCID: PMC8231823 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are at high risk of postnatal mortality due to lung hypoplasia and arterial pulmonary hypertension. In severe cases, prenatal intervention by fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) can improve survival by accelerating lung growth. However, postnatal mortality remains in the range of about 50% despite fetal treatment, and there is currently no clear explanation for this different clinical response to FETO. We evaluated the concentration of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and associated microRNA expression in amniotic and tracheal fluids of fetuses with CDH undergoing FETO, and we examined the association between molecular findings and postnatal survival. We observed a higher count of EVs in the amniotic fluid of non-survivors and in the tracheal fluid sampled in utero at the time of reversal of tracheal occlusion, suggesting a pro-inflammatory lung reactivity that is already established in utero and that could be associated with a worse postnatal clinical course. In addition, we observed differential regulation of four EV-enclosed miRNAs (miR-379-5p, miR-889-3p; miR-223-3p; miR-503-5p) in relation to postnatal survival, with target genes possibly involved in altered lung development. Future research should investigate molecular therapeutic agents targeting differentially regulated miRNAs to normalize their expression and potentially improve clinical outcomes.
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154
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Exosomal microRNA in Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment: From Bench to Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112777. [PMID: 34204940 PMCID: PMC8199777 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States and over 90% of the patients suffer from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is the most lethal gastrointestinal malignancies and only 10% of the people survive more than 5 years, therefore, novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies are an immediate necessity. Studies have demonstrated microRNAs in bodily fluids that are bound with membranes (exosomes) can act as stable biomarkers both for disease development and metastasis. The diagnostic, prognostic, as well as therapeutic roles of exosomal microRNAs in pancreatic cancer have been discussed in this review. Abstract Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the United States, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for more than 90% of pancreatic cancer cases. PDAC is one of the most lethal gastrointestinal malignancies with an overall five-year survival rate of ~10%. Developing effective therapeutic strategies against pancreatic cancer is a great challenge. Novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies are an immediate necessity to increase the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. So far, studies have demonstrated microRNAs (miRNAs) as sensitive biomarkers because of their significant correlation with disease development and metastasis. The miRNAs have been shown to be more stable inside membrane-bound vesicles in the extracellular environment called exosomes. Varieties of miRNAs are released into the body fluids via exosomes depending on the normal physiological or pathological conditions of the body. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic roles of exosomal miRNAs in pancreatic cancer.
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155
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Puffer RC, Cumba Garcia LM, Himes BT, Jung MY, Meyer FB, Okonkwo DO, Parney IF. Plasma extracellular vesicles as a source of biomarkers in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2021; 134:1921-1928. [PMID: 32707544 DOI: 10.3171/2020.4.jns20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to isolate extracellular vesicles (EVs) from plasma in a cohort of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and analyze their contents for novel biomarkers that could prove useful for rapid diagnosis and classification of brain injury during initial evaluation. METHODS Plasma EVs were isolated by serial ultracentrifugation from patients with TBI (n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 5). Samples were obtained from the TRACK-TBI biorepository (2010-present). Size and concentration were determined by nanoparticle tracking. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) concentration was determined in EV protein. EV RNA was isolated and deep sequencing of short noncoding RNA was performed. RESULTS Plasma EVs are physically similar but contained approximately 10 times more GFAP in TBI patients with altered consciousness than patients and controls with normal consciousness. Eleven highly differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified between these groups. Genes targeted by these miRNAs are highly associated with biologically relevant cellular pathways, including organismal injury, cellular development, and organismal development. Multiple additional coding and noncoding RNA species with potential biomarker utility were identified. CONCLUSIONS Isolating plasma EVs in patients with TBI is feasible. Increased GFAP concentration-a validated plasma TBI marker-in EVs from TBI patients with altered consciousness, along with differential expression of multiple miRNAs targeting TBI-relevant pathways, suggests that EVs may be a useful source of TBI biomarkers. Additional evaluation in larger patient cohorts is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luz M Cumba Garcia
- 2Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
- 3Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Benjamin T Himes
- Departments of1Neurological Surgery and
- 2Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
| | | | | | - David O Okonkwo
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian F Parney
- Departments of1Neurological Surgery and
- 2Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
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156
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Machhi J, Shahjin F, Das S, Patel M, Abdelmoaty MM, Cohen JD, Singh PA, Baldi A, Bajwa N, Kumar R, Vora LK, Patel TA, Oleynikov MD, Soni D, Yeapuri P, Mukadam I, Chakraborty R, Saksena CG, Herskovitz J, Hasan M, Oupicky D, Das S, Donnelly RF, Hettie KS, Chang L, Gendelman HE, Kevadiya BD. A Role for Extracellular Vesicles in SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics and Prevention. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:270-288. [PMID: 33544324 PMCID: PMC7862527 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the common designation for ectosomes, microparticles and microvesicles serving dominant roles in intercellular communication. Both viable and dying cells release EVs to the extracellular environment for transfer of cell, immune and infectious materials. Defined morphologically as lipid bi-layered structures EVs show molecular, biochemical, distribution, and entry mechanisms similar to viruses within cells and tissues. In recent years their functional capacities have been harnessed to deliver biomolecules and drugs and immunological agents to specific cells and organs of interest or disease. Interest in EVs as putative vaccines or drug delivery vehicles are substantial. The vesicles have properties of receptors nanoassembly on their surface. EVs can interact with specific immunocytes that include antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells and other mononuclear phagocytes) to elicit immune responses or affect tissue and cellular homeostasis or disease. Due to potential advantages like biocompatibility, biodegradation and efficient immune activation, EVs have gained attraction for the development of treatment or a vaccine system against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) infection. In this review efforts to use EVs to contain SARS CoV-2 and affect the current viral pandemic are discussed. An emphasis is made on mesenchymal stem cell derived EVs' as a vaccine candidate delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Farah Shahjin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Srijanee Das
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Milankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Mai Mohamed Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jacob D Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Preet Amol Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, PB, India
| | - Ashish Baldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, PB, India
| | - Neha Bajwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, PB, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Lalit K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Tapan A Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences (PDPIAS), Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, Anand, Gujarat, 388421, India
| | - Maxim D Oleynikov
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Dhruvkumar Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Insiya Mukadam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Rajashree Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Caroline G Saksena
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - David Oupicky
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Suvarthi Das
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, 94304, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Kenneth S Hettie
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 94304, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 21201, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, PB, India.
| | - Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
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157
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Jacobs B, Gebel V, Heger L, Grèze V, Schild H, Dudziak D, Ullrich E. Characterization and Manipulation of the Crosstalk Between Dendritic and Natural Killer Cells Within the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670540. [PMID: 34054844 PMCID: PMC8160470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapy has entered the daily clinical life with the approval of CAR T cell therapeutics and dendritic cell (DCs) vaccines in the US and the EU. In addition, numerous other adoptive cellular products, including natural killer (NK) cells, are currently evaluated in early phase I/ II clinical trials for the treatment of cancer patients. Despite these promising accomplishments, various challenges remain to be mastered in order to ensure sustained therapeutic success. These include the identification of strategies by which tumor cells escape the immune system or establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). As part of the innate immune system, DCs and NK cells are both present within the TME of various tumor entities. While NK cells are well known for their intrinsic anti-tumor activity by their cytotoxicity capacities and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the role of DCs within the TME is a double-edged sword as different DC subsets have been described with either tumor-promoting or -inhibiting characteristics. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the interaction of DCs and NK cells under physiological conditions and within the TME. One focus is the crosstalk of various DC subsets with NK cells and their impact on the progression or inhibition of tumor growth. In addition, we will provide suggestions to overcome the immunosuppressive outcome of the interaction of DCs and NK cells within the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Jacobs
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Gebel
- Children's Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Experimental Immunology, Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Victoria Grèze
- Children's Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Experimental Immunology, Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Children's Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Experimental Immunology, Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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158
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Tai Tay DJ, Song Y, Peng B, Toh TB, Hooi L, Kaixin Toh DF, Hong H, Tang SJ, Han J, Gan WL, Man Chan TH, Krishna MS, Patil KM, Maraswami M, Loh TP, Dan YY, Zhou L, Bonney GK, Kah-Hoe Chow P, Chen G, Kai-Hua Chow E, Le MT, Chen L. Targeting RNA Editing of Antizyme Inhibitor 1: a Potential Oligonucleotide-Based Antisense Therapy for Cancer. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3258-3273. [PMID: 33974998 PMCID: PMC8571177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is implicated in various cancers. However, no available RNA editing inhibitors have so far been developed to inhibit cancer-associated RNA editing events. Here, we decipher the RNA secondary structure of antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1), one of the best-studied A-to-I editing targets in cancer, by locating its editing site complementary sequence (ECS) at the 3′ end of exon 12. Chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that target the editing region of AZIN1 caused a substantial exon 11 skipping, whereas ECS-targeting ASOs effectively abolished AZIN1 editing without affecting splicing and translation. We demonstrate that complete 2′-O-methyl (2′-O-Me) sugar ring modification in combination with partial phosphorothioate (PS) backbone modification may be an optimal chemistry for editing inhibition. ASO3.2, which targets the ECS, specifically inhibits cancer cell viability in vitro and tumor incidence and growth in xenograft models. Our results demonstrate that this AZIN1-targeting, ASO-based therapeutics may be applicable to a wide range of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Jin Tai Tay
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Yangyang Song
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Boya Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tan Boon Toh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599; The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1), 28 Medical Dr, Singapore 117456
| | - Lissa Hooi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Desiree-Faye Kaixin Toh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - HuiQi Hong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593
| | - Sze Jing Tang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Jian Han
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Wei Liang Gan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Tim Hon Man Chan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Manchugondanahalli S Krishna
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Kiran M Patil
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Manikantha Maraswami
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Teck Peng Loh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
| | - Lei Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
| | - Glenn Kunnath Bonney
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
| | - Pierce Kah-Hoe Chow
- Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610; Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Gang Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Edward Kai-Hua Chow
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600; The N.1 Institute for Health (N.1), 28 Medical Dr, Singapore 117456
| | - Minh Tn Le
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Leilei Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599; Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117594.
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159
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Gao Z, Pang B, Li J, Gao N, Fan T, Li Y. Emerging Role of Exosomes in Liquid Biopsy for Monitoring Prostate Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:679527. [PMID: 34017837 PMCID: PMC8129505 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.679527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common solid tumor in men. While patients with local PCa have better prognostic survival, patients with metastatic PCa have relatively high mortality rates. Existing diagnostic methods for PCa rely on tissue biopsy and blood prostate-specific antigen (PSA) detection; however, the PSA test does not detect aggressive PCa. Liquid biopsy is a promising technique to overcome tumor heterogeneity in diagnosis, provide more comprehensive information, and track tumor progression over time, allowing for the development of treatment options at all stages of PCa. Exosomes containing proteins and nucleic acids are potential sources of tumor biomarkers. Accumulating evidence indicates that exosomes play important roles in cell communication and tumor progression and are suitable for monitoring PCa progression and metastasis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the use of exosomal proteins and miRNAs as biomarkers for monitoring PCa invasion and metastasis and discuss their feasibility in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bairen Pang
- Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, St George Hospital, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianli Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Faculty of Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, St George Hospital, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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160
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Yokoi A, Ochiya T. Exosomes and extracellular vesicles: Rethinking the essential values in cancer biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 74:79-91. [PMID: 33798721 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes are released by all living cells and contain diverse bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. Accumulating evidence of EV-related functions has revealed that these tiny vesicles can mediate specific cell-to-cell communication. Within the tumor microenvironment, diverse cells are actively interacting with their surroundings via EVs facilitating tumor malignancy by regulating malignant cascades including angiogenesis, immune modulation, and metastasis. This review summarizes the recent studies of fundamental understandings of EVs from the aspect of EV heterogeneity and highlights the role of EVs in the various steps from oncogenic to metastatic processes. The recognition of EV subtypes is necessary to identify which pathways can be affected by EVs and which subtypes can be targeted in therapeutic approaches or liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yokoi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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161
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Fernández-Francos S, Eiro N, Costa LA, Escudero-Cernuda S, Fernández-Sánchez ML, Vizoso FJ. Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Cornerstone in a Galaxy of Intercellular Signals: Basis for a New Era of Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073576. [PMID: 33808241 PMCID: PMC8036553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 40% of the population will suffer at some point in their life a disease involving tissue loss or an inflammatory or autoimmune process that cannot be satisfactorily controlled with current therapies. An alternative for these processes is represented by stem cells and, especially, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Numerous preclinical studies have shown MSC to have therapeutic effects in different clinical conditions, probably due to their mesodermal origin. Thereby, MSC appear to play a central role in the control of a galaxy of intercellular signals of anti-inflammatory, regenerative, angiogenic, anti-fibrotic, anti-oxidative stress effects of anti-apoptotic, anti-tumor, or anti-microbial type. This concept forces us to return to the origin of natural physiological processes as a starting point to understand the evolution of MSC therapy in the field of regenerative medicine. These biological effects, demonstrated in countless preclinical studies, justify their first clinical applications, and draw a horizon of new therapeutic strategies. However, several limitations of MSC as cell therapy are recognized, such as safety issues, handling difficulties for therapeutic purposes, and high economic cost. For these reasons, there is an ongoing tendency to consider the use of MSC-derived secretome products as a therapeutic tool, since they reproduce the effects of their parent cells. However, it will be necessary to resolve key aspects, such as the choice of the ideal type of MSC according to their origin for each therapeutic indication and the implementation of new standardized production strategies. Therefore, stem cell science based on an intelligently designed production of MSC and or their derivative products will be able to advance towards an innovative and more personalized medical biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemi Eiro
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (S.F.-F.); (L.A.C.)
- Correspondence: (N.E.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +34-985320050 (ext. 84216)
| | - Luis A. Costa
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (S.F.-F.); (L.A.C.)
| | - Sara Escudero-Cernuda
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.E.-C.); (M.L.F.-S.)
| | - María Luisa Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (S.E.-C.); (M.L.F.-S.)
| | - Francisco J. Vizoso
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, 33290 Gijón, Spain; (S.F.-F.); (L.A.C.)
- Correspondence: (N.E.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +34-985320050 (ext. 84216)
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162
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Potential role of extracellular vesicles in the pathophysiology of glomerular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2741-2754. [PMID: 33111949 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released by most cells and are found in diverse biological fluids. The release of EVs provides a new mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to transfer their functional cargoes to target cells. Glomerular diseases account for a large proportion of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. In recent years, an increasing number of research groups have focused their effort on identifying the functional role of EVs in renal diseases. However, the involvement of EVs in the pathophysiology of glomerular diseases has not been comprehensively described and discussed. In this review, we first briefly introduce the characteristics of EVs. Then, we describe the involvement of EVs in the mechanisms underlying glomerular diseases, including immunological and fibrotic processes. We also discuss what functions EVs derived from different kidney cells have in glomerular diseases and how EVs exert their effects through different signaling pathways. Furthermore, we summarize recent advances in the knowledge of EV involvement in the pathogenesis of various glomerular diseases. Finally, we propose future research directions for identifying better management strategies for glomerular diseases.
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163
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Liu Y, Shi K, Chen Y, Wu X, Chen Z, Cao K, Tao Y, Chen X, Liao J, Zhou J. Exosomes and Their Role in Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:639159. [PMID: 33828985 PMCID: PMC8020998 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.639159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes from extracellular vesicles can activate or inhibit various signaling pathways by transporting proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other substances to recipient cells. In addition, exosomes are considered to be involved in the development and progression of tumors from different tissue sources in numerous ways, including remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, promoting angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion, and regulating the immune escape of tumor cells. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which exosomes participate in these different processes remains unclear. In this review, we describe the research progress of tumor cell-derived exosomes in cancer progression. We also discuss the prospects of the application of exosomes combined with nanoengineered chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Xianrui Wu
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junlin Liao
- Departments of Medical Cosmetology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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164
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Effective delivery of STING agonist using exosomes suppresses tumor growth and enhances antitumor immunity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100523. [PMID: 33711340 PMCID: PMC8042450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway is implicated in the innate immune response and is important in both oncogenesis and cancer treatment. Specifically, activation of the cytosolic DNA sensor STING in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) induces a type I interferon response and cytokine production that facilitates antitumor immune therapy. However, use of STING agonists (STINGa) as a cancer therapeutic has been limited by unfavorable pharmacological properties and targeting inefficiency due to rapid clearance and limited uptake into the cytosol. Exosomes, a class of extracellular vesicles shed by all cells are under consideration for their use as effective carriers of drugs owing to their innate ability to be taken up by cells and their biocompatibility for optimal drug biodistribution. Therefore, we engineered exosomes to deliver the STING agonist cyclic GMP-AMP (iExoSTINGa), to exploit their favorable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Selective targeting of the STING pathway in APCs with iExoSTINGa was associated with superior potency compared with STINGa alone in suppressing B16F10 tumor growth. Moreover, iExoSTINGa showed superior uptake of STINGa into dendritic cells compared with STINGa alone, which led to increased accumulation of activated CD8+ T-cells and an antitumor immune response. Our study highlights the potential of exosomes in general, and iExoSTINGa specifically, in enhancing cancer therapy outcomes.
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165
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Exosomes for mRNA delivery: a novel biotherapeutic strategy with hurdles and hope. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:20. [PMID: 33691652 PMCID: PMC7945253 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00683-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, therapeutic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have emerged as a highly promising new class of drugs for protein replacement therapies. Due to the recent developments, the incorporation of modified nucleotides in synthetic mRNAs can lead to maximizing protein expression and reducing adverse immunogenicity. Despite these stunning improvements, mRNA therapy is limited by the need for the development of safe and efficient carriers to protect the mRNA integrity for in vivo applications. Recently, leading candidates for in vivo drug delivery vehicles are cell-derived exosomes, which have fewer immunogenic responses. In the current study, the key hurdles facing mRNA-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on recent strategies to overcoming its immunogenicity and instability, were highlighted. Then the immunogenicity and toxicity of exosomes derived from various cell sources were mentioned in detail. Finally, an overview of the recent strategies in using exosomes for mRNA delivery in the treatment of multiple diseases was stated.
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166
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Pham TC, Jayasinghe MK, Pham TT, Yang Y, Wei L, Usman WM, Chen H, Pirisinu M, Gong J, Kim S, Peng B, Wang W, Chan C, Ma V, Nguyen NTH, Kappei D, Nguyen XH, Cho WC, Shi J, Le MTN. Covalent conjugation of extracellular vesicles with peptides and nanobodies for targeted therapeutic delivery. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12057. [PMID: 33643546 PMCID: PMC7886705 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ideal drug carriers due to their remarkable biocompatibility. Their delivery specificity can be achieved by the conjugation of targeting ligands. However, existing methods to engineer target‐specific EVs are tedious or inefficient, having to compromise between harsh chemical treatments and transient interactions. Here, we describe a novel method for the covalent conjugation of EVs with high copy numbers of targeting moieties using protein ligases. Conjugation of EVs with either an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐targeting peptide or anti‐EGFR nanobody facilitates their accumulation in EGFR‐positive cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Systemic delivery of paclitaxel by EGFR‐targeting EVs at a low dose significantly increases drug efficacy in a xenografted mouse model of EGFR‐positive lung cancer. The method is also applicable to the conjugation of EVs with peptides and nanobodies targeting other receptors, such as HER2 and SIRP alpha, and the conjugated EVs can deliver RNA in addition to small molecules, supporting the versatile application of EVs in cancer therapies. This simple, yet efficient and versatile method for the stable surface modification of EVs bypasses the need for genetic and chemical modifications, thus facilitating safe and specific delivery of therapeutic payloads to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Chanh Pham
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Migara Kavishka Jayasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong.,Institute for Digital Medicine Immunology Programme and Cancer Programme Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Thach Tuan Pham
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong.,Institute for Digital Medicine Immunology Programme and Cancer Programme Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Likun Wei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute Shenzhen China
| | - Waqas Muhammad Usman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Marco Pirisinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Jinhua Gong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute Shenzhen China
| | - Seongkyeol Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Boya Peng
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore.,Institute for Digital Medicine Immunology Programme and Cancer Programme Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Weixi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute Shenzhen China
| | - Charlene Chan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Victor Ma
- Department of Clinical Oncology Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong
| | - Nhung T H Nguyen
- Vinmec Institute of Applied Science and Regenerative Medicine and College of Health Sciences Vinmec Healthcare system Vin University Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Dennis Kappei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Vinmec Institute of Applied Science and Regenerative Medicine and College of Health Sciences Vinmec Healthcare system Vin University Hanoi Vietnam
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute Shenzhen China
| | - Minh T N Le
- Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore.,Institute for Digital Medicine Immunology Programme and Cancer Programme Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health National University of Singapore Singapore
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167
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Gobin J, Muradia G, Mehic J, Westwood C, Couvrette L, Stalker A, Bigelow S, Luebbert CC, Bissonnette FSD, Johnston MJW, Sauvé S, Tam RY, Wang L, Rosu-Myles M, Lavoie JR. Hollow-fiber bioreactor production of extracellular vesicles from human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells yields nanovesicles that mirrors the immuno-modulatory antigenic signature of the producer cell. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:127. [PMID: 33579358 PMCID: PMC7880218 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) are currently investigated for their clinical effectiveness towards immune-mediated diseases. The large amounts of stem cell-derived EVs required for clinical testing suggest that bioreactor production systems may be a more amenable alternative than conventional EV production methods for manufacturing products for therapeutic use in humans. Methods To characterize the potential utility of these systems, EVs from four hBM-MSC donors were produced independently using a hollow-fiber bioreactor system under a cGMP-compliant procedure. EVs were harvested and characterized for size, concentration, immunophenotype, and glycan profile at three separate intervals throughout a 25-day period. Results Bioreactor-inoculated hBM-MSCs maintained high viability and retained their trilineage mesoderm differentiation capability while still expressing MSC-associated markers upon retrieval. EVs collected from the four hBM-MSC donors showed consistency in size and concentration in addition to presenting a consistent surface glycan profile. EV surface immunophenotypic analyses revealed a consistent low immunogenicity profile in addition to the presence of immuno-regulatory CD40 antigen. EV cargo analysis for biomarkers of immune regulation showed a high abundance of immuno-regulatory and angiogenic factors VEGF-A and IL-8. Conclusions Significantly, EVs from hBM-MSCs with immuno-regulatory constituents were generated in a large-scale system over a long production period and could be frequently harvested with the same quality and quantity, which will circumvent the challenge for clinical application. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02190-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gobin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gauri Muradia
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jelica Mehic
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carole Westwood
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Couvrette
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Stalker
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stewart Bigelow
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian C Luebbert
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frédéric St-Denis Bissonnette
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J W Johnston
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Sauvé
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger Y Tam
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessie R Lavoie
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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168
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Kato M, Nakamoto R, Ishizuka M, Watanabe N. Facile and simple purification method for small extracellular vesicles obtained from a culture medium through cationic particle capture. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2523-2528. [PMID: 33569647 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) carry DNA, miRNA, and proteins, and they play an important role in long-distance intercellular communication, their generation and circulation mechanisms are unclear. sEVs can be used as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of diseases (e.g., cancer, Alzheimer's disease, melanoma, and cardiovascular diseases) and as drug delivery carriers to the target tissues. Hence, sEVs are attracting considerable attention from scientists and medical professionals. In the present study, we investigated four different commercially available cationic particles (two silica particles modified with diethylaminopropyl or trimethylaminopropyl groups, and two agarose particles modified with diethylaminopropyl or trimethylaminopropyl groups) for the purification of sEVs obtained from a cell culture medium. All the cationic particles captured the sEVs well. The NaCl concentrations required for elution of the captured sEVs differed for the different cationic particles. sEVs were most efficiently captured by silica particles modified with diethylaminopropyl groups, and they were eluted from these particles using 200 mM NaCl as the elution solution. Because the developed method can be used to easily purify sEVs obtained from a culture medium, it is expected to facilitate the functional analysis of sEVs, as well as early diagnosis and treatment of diseases using sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kato
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Riho Nakamoto
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishizuka
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Noriko Watanabe
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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169
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Cargnoni A, Papait A, Masserdotti A, Pasotti A, Stefani FR, Silini AR, Parolini O. Extracellular Vesicles From Perinatal Cells for Anti-inflammatory Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:637737. [PMID: 33614619 PMCID: PMC7892960 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.637737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal cells, including cells from placenta, fetal annexes (amniotic and chorionic membranes), umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid display intrinsic immunological properties which very likely contribute to the development and growth of a semiallogeneic fetus during pregnancy. Many studies have shown that perinatal cells can inhibit the activation and modulate the functions of various inflammatory cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, including macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and T and B lymphocytes. These immunological properties, along with their easy availability and lack of ethical concerns, make perinatal cells very useful/promising in regenerative medicine. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained great interest as a new therapeutic tool in regenerative medicine being a cell-free product potentially capable, thanks to the growth factors, miRNA and other bioactive molecules they convey, of modulating the inflammatory microenvironment thus favoring tissue regeneration. The immunomodulatory actions of perinatal cells have been suggested to be mediated by still not fully identified factors (secretoma) secreted either as soluble proteins/cytokines or entrapped in EVs. In this review, we will discuss how perinatal derived EVs may contribute toward the modulation of the immune response in various inflammatory pathologies (acute and chronic) by directly targeting different elements of the inflammatory microenvironment, ultimately leading to the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cargnoni
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Papait
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Masserdotti
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Pasotti
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Rosa Silini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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170
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Barok M, Puhka M, Yazdi N, Joensuu H. Extracellular vesicles as modifiers of antibody-drug conjugate efficacy. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12070. [PMID: 33613875 PMCID: PMC7881363 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of anti-cancer drugs that consist of a monoclonal antibody, a highly potent small-molecule cytotoxic drug, and a chemical linker between the two. ADCs can selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells leading to a reduced systemic exposure and a wider therapeutic window. To date, nine ADCs have received marketing approval, and over 100 are being investigated in nearly 600 clinical trials. The target antigens of at least eight out of the nine approved anti-cancer ADCs and of 69 investigational ADCs are present on extracellular vesicles (EVs) (tiny particles produced by almost all types of cells) that may carry their contents into local and distant cells. Therefore, the EVs have a potential to mediate both the anti-cancer effects and the adverse effects of ADCs. In this overview, we discuss the mechanisms of action of ADCs and the resistance mechanisms to them, the EV-mediated resistance mechanisms to small molecule anti-cancer drugs and anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies, and the EVs as modifiers of ADC efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Barok
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Laboratory of Molecular OncologyUniversity of HelsinkiBiomedicumHelsinkiFinland
| | - Maija Puhka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMMEV and HiPrep CoreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Narjes Yazdi
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Laboratory of Molecular OncologyUniversity of HelsinkiBiomedicumHelsinkiFinland
| | - Heikki Joensuu
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Laboratory of Molecular OncologyUniversity of HelsinkiBiomedicumHelsinkiFinland
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171
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Jiao F, Gao F, Liu Y, Fan Z, Xiang X, Xia C, Lv Y, Xie Y, Bai H, Zhang W, Qin W, Qian X. A facile "one-material" strategy for tandem enrichment of small extracellular vesicles phosphoproteome. Talanta 2021; 223:121776. [PMID: 33298282 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (SEVs), are cell-derived, membrane-enclosed nanometer-sized vesicles that play vital roles in many biological processes. Recent years, more and more evidences proved that small EVs have close relationship with many diseases such as cancers and Alzheimer's disease. The use of phosphoproteins in SEVs as potential biomarkers is a promising new choice for early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. However, current techniques for SEVs isolation still facing many challenges, such as highly instrument dependent, time consuming and insufficient purity. Furthermore, complex enrichment procedures and low microgram amounts of proteins available from clinical sources largely limit the throughput and the coveage depth of SEVs phosphoproteome mapping. Here, we synthesized Ti4+-modified magnetic graphene-oxide composites (GFST) and developed a "one-material" strategy for facile and efficient phosphoproteome enrichment and identification in SEVs from human serum. By taking advantage of chelation and electrostatic interactions between metal ions and phosphate groups, GFST shows excellent performance in both SEVs isolation and phosphopeptide enrichment. Close to 85% recovery is achieved within a few minutes by simple incubation with GFST and magnetic separation. Proteome profiling of the isolated serum SEVs without phosphopeptide enrichment results in 515 proteins, which is approximately one-fold more than those otained by ultracentrifugation or coprecipitation kits. Further application of GFST in one-material-based enrichment led to identification of 859 phosphosites in 530 phosphoproteins. Kinase-substrate correlation analysis reveals enriched substrates of CAMK in serum SEVs phosphoproteome. Therefore, we expect that the low instrument dependency and the limited sample requirement of this new strategy may facilitate clinical investigations in SEV-based transportation of abnormal kinases and substrates for drug target discovery and cancer monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglong Jiao
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhiya Fan
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaochao Xiang
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chaoshuang Xia
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yayao Lv
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuping Xie
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Haihong Bai
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Weijie Qin
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China; College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
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172
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Hu W, Xiong H, Ru Z, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Xie K, Xiao W, Xiong Z, Wang C, Yuan C, Shi J, Du Q, Zhang X, Yang H. Extracellular vesicles-released parathyroid hormone-related protein from Lewis lung carcinoma induces lipolysis and adipose tissue browning in cancer cachexia. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:134. [PMID: 33510128 PMCID: PMC7843996 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a metabolic disorder characterized by skeletal muscle wasting and white adipose tissue browning. Specific functions of several hormones, growth factors, and cytokines derived from tumors can trigger cachexia. Moreover, adipose tissue lipolysis might explain weight loss that occurs owing to cachexia. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in intercellular communication. However, whether EVs participate in lipolysis induced by cancer cachexia has not been thoroughly investigated. Using Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell culture, we tested whether LLC cell-derived EVs can induce lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. EVs derived from LLC cells were isolated and characterized biochemically and biophysically. Western blotting and glycerol assay were used to study lipolysis. LLC cell-derived EVs induced lipolysis in vivo and vitro. EVs fused directly with target 3T3-L1 adipocytes and transferred parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), activating the PKA signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Blocking PTHrP activity in LLC-EVs using a neutralizing antibody and by knocking down PTHR expression prevented lipolysis in adipocytes. Inhibiting the PKA signaling pathway also prevents the lipolytic effects of EVs. In vivo, suppression of LLC-EVs release by knocking down Rab27A alleviated white adipose tissue browning and lipolysis. Our data showed that LLC cell-derived EVs induced adipocyte lipolysis via the extracellular PTHrP-mediated PKA pathway. Our data demonstrate that LLC-EVs induce lipolysis in vitro and vivo by delivering PTHrP, which interacts with PTHR. The lipolytic effect of LLC-EVs was abrogated by PTHR knockdown and treatment with a neutralizing anti-PTHrP antibody. Together, these data show that LLC-EV-induced lipolysis is mediated by extracellular PTHrP. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of lipid droplet loss and identify a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Hu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hairong Xiong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zeyuan Ru
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yali Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kairu Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Changfei Yuan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Quansheng Du
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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173
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Shehzad A, Islam SU, Shahzad R, Khan S, Lee YS. Extracellular vesicles in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 223:107806. [PMID: 33465400 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer promotion, development, and malignant transformation is greatly influenced by cell-to-cell interactions in a complex tissue microenvironment. Cancer and stromal cells secrete soluble factors, as well as deport membrane-encapsulated structures, which actively contribute and mediate cell-to-cell interaction within a tumor microenvironment (TME). These membrane structures are recognized as extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes and microvesicles. They can carry and transport regulatory molecules such as oncogenic proteins, coding and non-coding RNAs, DNA, and lipids between neighboring cells and to distant sites. EVs mediate crucial pathophysiological effects such as the formation of premetastatic niches and the progression of malignancies. There is compelling evidence that cancer cells exhibit a significant amount of EVs, which can be released into the surrounding body fluids, compared with nonmalignant cells. EVs therefore have the potential to be used as disease indicator for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancers, as well as for facilitating research into the underlying mechanism and biomolecular basis of these diseases. Because of their ability to transport substances, followed by their distinct immunogenicity and biocompatibility, EVs have been used to carry therapeutically-active molecules such as RNAs, proteins, short and long peptides, and various forms of drugs. In this paper, we summarize new advancement in the biogenesis and physiological roles of EVs, and underpin their functional impacts in the process of cancer growth and metastasis. We further highlight the therapeutic roles of EVs in the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Shehzad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Raheem Shahzad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Young Sup Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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174
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Soares E, Reis J, Rodrigues M, Ribeiro CF, Pereira FC. Circulating Extracellular Vesicles: The Missing Link between Physical Exercise and Depression Management? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020542. [PMID: 33430399 PMCID: PMC7827999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is associated with an increased risk of aging-related diseases. It is also seemingly a common psychological reaction to pandemic outbreaks with forced quarantines and lockdowns. Thus, depression represents, now more than ever, a major global health burden with therapeutic management challenges. Clinical data highlights that physical exercise is gaining momentum as a non-pharmacological intervention in depressive disorders. Although it may contribute to the reduction of systemic inflammation associated with depression, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial physical exercise effects in emotional behavior remain to be elucidated. Current investigations indicate that a rapid release of extracellular vesicles into the circulation might be the signaling mediators of systemic adaptations to physical exercise. These biological entities are now well-established intercellular communicators, playing a major role in relevant physiological and pathophysiological functions, including brain cell-cell communication. We also reviewed emerging evidence correlating depression with modified circulating extracellular vesicle surfaces and cargo signatures (e.g., microRNAs and proteins), envisioned as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, efficient disease stratification and appropriate therapeutic management. Accordingly, the clinical data summarized in the present review prompted us to hypothesize that physical exercise-related circulating extracellular vesicles contribute to its antidepressant effects, particularly through the modulation of inflammation. This review sheds light on the triad "physical exercise-extracellular vesicles-depression" and suggests new avenues in this novel emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Soares
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.R.); (M.R.); (C.F.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Julie Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.R.); (M.R.); (C.F.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Rodrigues
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.R.); (M.R.); (C.F.R.)
| | - Carlos Fontes Ribeiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.R.); (M.R.); (C.F.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Frederico C. Pereira
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.R.); (M.R.); (C.F.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (F.C.P.)
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175
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Muthu S, Bapat A, Jain R, Jeyaraman N, Jeyaraman M. Exosomal therapy-a new frontier in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Investig 2021; 8:7. [PMID: 33969112 PMCID: PMC8100822 DOI: 10.21037/sci-2020-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in translational and nanomedicine have paved the way for developing the targeted drug delivery system at a greater pace among global researchers. On par with these technologies, exosomes act as a potential portal for cell-free drug delivery systems as these are bestowed with the native characteristics of the parent cell of origin. Exosomes, called extracellular vesicles (EcVs), are present in almost all cells, tissues, and body fluids. They help in intercellular signaling and maintains tissue homeostasis in the disease pathobiology. Researchers have characterized 9,769 proteins, 2,838 miRNAs, 3,408 mRNAs, and 1,116 lipids being present in exosomal cargo. The separation of exosomes from cells, tissues, and body fluids follow different patterned kinetics. Exosomes interact with the recipient cells through their surface receptor molecules and ligands and internalize within recipient cells through micropinocytosis and phagocytosis. Advancing technologies in regenerative medicine have facilitated the researchers to isolate exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as these cells are blessed with supreme regenerative potentiality in targeting a disease. Exosomal cargo is a key player in establishing the diagnosis and executing therapeutic role whilst regulating a disease process. Various in vitro studies have exhibited the safety, efficacy, and therapeutic potentiality of exosomes in various cancers, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and orthopedic diseases. This article throws light on the composition, therapeutic role, and regulatory potentials of exosomes with the widening of the horizon in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Muthu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Hospital, Velayuthampalayam, Karur, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asawari Bapat
- Director of Quality and Regulatory Affairs, Infohealth FZE, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rashmi Jain
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, MAHE University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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176
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Mo Z, Cheong JYA, Xiang L, Le MTN, Grimson A, Zhang DX. Extracellular vesicle-associated organotropic metastasis. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12948. [PMID: 33145869 PMCID: PMC7791170 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis refers to the progressive dissemination of primary tumour cells and their colonization of other tissues and is associated with most cancer-related mortalities. The disproportional and systematic distribution pattern of distant metastasis in different cancers has been well documented, as is termed metastatic organotropism, a process orchestrated by a combination of anatomical, pathophysiological, genetic and biochemical factors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized cell-derived membrane-bound particles known to mediate intercellular communication, are now considered crucial in organ-specific metastasis. Here, we review and summarize recent findings regarding EV-associated organotropic metastasis as well as some of the general mechanisms by which EVs contribute to this important process in cancer and provide a future perspective on this emerging topic. We highlight studies that demonstrate a role of tumour-derived EVs in organotropic metastasis via pre-metastatic niche modulation. The bioactive cargo carried by EVs is of diagnostic and prognostic values, and counteracting the functions of such EVs may be a novel therapeutic strategy targeting metastasis. Further investigations are warranted to better understand the functions and mechanisms of EVs in organotropic metastasis and accelerate the relevant clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Mo
- Department of PaediatricsPeople's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Jia Yang Alex Cheong
- Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Lirong Xiang
- Department of PaediatricsPeople's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningChina
| | - Minh T. N. Le
- Institute for Digital Medicine and Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Andrew Grimson
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Daniel Xin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SAR
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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177
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Geng H, Wu G, Li C, Song J, Chen P, Cai Q. Preparation of Sm-doped CaZrO 3 nanosheets for facile human serum exosome isolation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01055g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy for facile serum exosome isolation based on specific interactions between phospholipid bilayers and CaZrO3:Sm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Guangyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development
- College of Life Sciences
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha
| | - Chenyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Jie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development
- College of Life Sciences
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha
| | - Qingyun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
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178
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Wei H, Chen Q, Lin L, Sha C, Li T, Liu Y, Yin X, Xu Y, Chen L, Gao W, Li Y, Zhu X. Regulation of exosome production and cargo sorting. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:163-177. [PMID: 33390841 PMCID: PMC7757038 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.53671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication can be mediated by the exchange of biological information, mainly in the form of proteins and RNAs. This can occur when extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, secreted by a donor cell are internalized by an acceptor cell. Exosomes bear specific repertoires of proteins and RNAs, indicating the existence of mechanisms that control the sorting of molecules into them. Knowledge about loadings and processes and mechanisms of cargo sorting of exosomes is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms associated with exosome secretion and their specific cargo sorting, with special attention to the sorting of RNAs and proteins, and thus the outcome and the emerging therapeutic opportunities of the communication between the exosome-producer and recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjiang, Jiangsu, 210009, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Li Lin
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Chunli Sha
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Taoqiong Li
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Yuhao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Wujiang Gao
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Yuefeng Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhu
- Reproductive Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.,Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
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179
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Chen P, Wang L, Fan X, Ning X, Yu B, Ou C, Chen M. Targeted delivery of extracellular vesicles in heart injury. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2263-2277. [PMID: 33500724 PMCID: PMC7797669 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale extracellular vesicles derived from endocytosis that are crucial to intercellular communication. EVs possess natural biocompatibility and stability that allow them to cross biological membranes and that protect them from degradation. Recent studies have shown that EVs-mediated crosstalk between different cell types in the heart could play important roles in the maintenance of cardiac homeostasis and the pathogenesis of heart diseases. In particular, EVs secreted by different types of stem cells exhibit cardioprotective effects. However, numerous studies have shown that intravenously injected EVs are quickly cleared by macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and preferentially accumulate in MPS organs such as the liver, spleen, and lung. In this review, we discuss exosome biogenesis, the role of EVs in heart diseases, and challenges in delivering EVs to the heart. Furthermore, we extensively discuss the targeted delivery of EVs for treating ischemic heart disease. These understandings will aid in the development of effective treatment strategies for heart diseases.
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180
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Mohammadalipour A, Dumbali SP, Wenzel PL. Mitochondrial Transfer and Regulators of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Function and Therapeutic Efficacy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:603292. [PMID: 33365311 PMCID: PMC7750467 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.603292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) metabolism plays a crucial role in the surrounding microenvironment in both normal physiology and pathological conditions. While MSCs predominantly utilize glycolysis in their native hypoxic niche within the bone marrow, new evidence reveals the importance of upregulation in mitochondrial activity in MSC function and differentiation. Mitochondria and mitochondrial regulators such as sirtuins play key roles in MSC homeostasis and differentiation into mature lineages of the bone and hematopoietic niche, including osteoblasts and adipocytes. The metabolic state of MSCs represents a fine balance between the intrinsic needs of the cellular state and constraints imposed by extrinsic conditions. In the context of injury and inflammation, MSCs respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as damaged mitochondria and mitochondrial products, by donation of their mitochondria to injured cells. Through intercellular mitochondria trafficking, modulation of ROS, and modification of nutrient utilization, endogenous MSCs and MSC therapies are believed to exert protective effects by regulation of cellular metabolism in injured tissues. Similarly, these same mechanisms can be hijacked in malignancy whereby transfer of mitochondria and/or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to cancer cells increases mitochondrial content and enhances oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to favor proliferation and invasion. The role of MSCs in tumor initiation, growth, and resistance to treatment is debated, but their ability to modify cancer cell metabolism and the metabolic environment suggests that MSCs are centrally poised to alter malignancy. In this review, we describe emerging evidence for adaptations in MSC bioenergetics that orchestrate developmental fate decisions and contribute to cancer progression. We discuss evidence and potential strategies for therapeutic targeting of MSC mitochondria in regenerative medicine and tissue repair. Lastly, we highlight recent progress in understanding the contribution of MSCs to metabolic reprogramming of malignancies and how these alterations can promote immunosuppression and chemoresistance. Better understanding the role of metabolic reprogramming by MSCs in tissue repair and cancer progression promises to broaden treatment options in regenerative medicine and clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Mohammadalipour
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sandeep P Dumbali
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pamela L Wenzel
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Immunology Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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181
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Zhang H, Lu J, Liu J, Zhang G, Lu A. Advances in the discovery of exosome inhibitors in cancer. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1322-1330. [PMID: 32543905 PMCID: PMC7717571 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1754814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles released by most eukaryotic cells. They are considered to play an essential role in cell-to-cell communication, and It is also found that they serve as functional mediators in many severe diseases, including progression of various types of cancers. Inhibition of exosome release may slow the progression of some cancers; thus, exosome has been an attractive target for cancer treatment. Over the years, considerable efforts have been made to discover novel, highly potent and excellently selective exosome inhibitors. Most of these inhibitors are derived from synthetic compounds, some of which are currently existed drugs and found to have the potential to inhibit exosome release. In this review, we briefly discussed the development of exosome inhibitors that are currently discovered and provided guidance for the future development of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarui Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
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182
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Wang S, Zhang Z, Gao Q. Transfer of microRNA-25 by colorectal cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles facilitates colorectal cancer development and metastasis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 23:552-564. [PMID: 33510943 PMCID: PMC7810909 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been reported to promote the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), although the regulatory mechanism remains uncharacterized. In this study, we investigated the role of microRNA-25 (miR-25)/sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) in the contribution of EVs derived from CRC cells to progression of CRC. In a co-culture system with EVs from HCT116 and NCM460 cells, the viability, migratory, and invasive properties of SW480 and SW620 cells were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell assays. Luciferase, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were conducted to verify the interaction among miR-25, SIRT6, lin-28 homologB (Lin28b), and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1). It was established that HCT116 cell-derived EVs promoted the malignant properties of SW480 cells and SW620 cells by delivering miR-25. SIRT6 was targeted by miR-25, whereas SIRT6 inhibited NRP-1 through downregulation of Lin28b. The tumor-bearing nude mouse experiments substantiated that HCT116 cell-derived EVs transferred miR-25 to facilitate tumor formation and metastasis by inhibiting SIRT6. In summary, our study clarifies the involvement of miR-25-targeted SIRT6 inhibition and SIRT6-mediated inhibition of the Lin28b/NRP-1 axis in CRC cell-derived EVs to CRC progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchao Wang
- Department of Anorectal, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276003, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Zeyan Zhang
- Department of Anorectal, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276003, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Qianfu Gao
- Department of Anorectal, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276003, Shandong Province, P.R. China
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183
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Chang M, Wang Q, Qin W, Shi X, Xu G. Rational Synthesis of Aptamer-Functionalized Polyethylenimine-Modified Magnetic Graphene Oxide Composites for Highly Efficient Enrichment and Comprehensive Metabolomics Analysis of Exosomes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15497-15505. [PMID: 33175504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, which are phospholipid bilayer nanovesicles, can transfer their content to recipient cells, playing a crucial role in intercellular communication. Exosomes have emerged as promising cancer biomarkers. However, a convenient, efficient, and economical approach for their isolation and comprehensive analysis is still technically challenging. In this study, aptamer-based immunoaffinitive magnetic composites, MagG@PEI@DSP@aptamer, were prepared to achieve the convenient capture, efficient enrichment, and mild release of exosomes. The constructed composites contain three segments: a PEI-modified magnetic graphene scaffold, an aptamer CD63 sequence, and a cleavable cross-linker in between. Notably, the binding capacity of MagG@PEI@DSP for an aptamer is 93 nmol/mg, and per milligram MagG@PEI@DSP@aptamer could capture 450 μg exosomes. Moreover, the released exosomes from MagG@PEI@DSP@aptamer composites were intact and well-dispersed. The prepared composites were then applied to profile the metabolite composition of exosomes secreted by breast cancer cells MCF-7, and the number of detected features was obviously increased when compared to that obtained by the traditional ultracentrifugation method (4528 vs 3710 and 3967 vs 3785 in the positive and negative ionization modes). Besides, the exosomes secreted by MCF-7 and normal breast cells MCF-10A were isolated from cell culture medium with MagG@PEI@DSP@aptamer, and their metabolic profiles were then comprehensively analyzed; in total, 119 metabolites in MCF-7 and MCF-10A were identified. Compared with exosomes from MCF-10A, 43 and 42 metabolites were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in those from MCF-7. These data showed that the prepared MagG@PEI@DSP@aptamer composites can be used to effectively capture exosomes and further for metabolomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wangshu Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianzhe Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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184
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Co-Culture of Primary Human Coronary Artery and Internal Thoracic Artery Endothelial Cells Results in Mutually Beneficial Paracrine Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218032. [PMID: 33126651 PMCID: PMC7663246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although saphenous veins (SVs) are commonly used as conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts have significantly higher long-term patency. As SVs and ITA endothelial cells (ECs) have a considerable level of heterogeneity, we suggested that synergistic paracrine interactions between CA and ITA ECs (HCAECs and HITAECs, respectively) may explain the increased resistance of ITA grafts and adjacent CAs to atherosclerosis and restenosis. In this study, we measured the gene and protein expression of the molecules responsible for endothelial homeostasis, pro-inflammatory response, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in HCAECs co-cultured with either HITAECs or SV ECs (HSaVECs) for an ascending duration. Upon the co-culture, HCAECs and HITAECs showed augmented expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and reduced expression of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition transcription factors Snail and Slug when compared to the HCAEC–HSaVEC model. HCAECs co-cultured with HITAECs demonstrated an upregulation of HES1, a master regulator of arterial specification, of which the expression was also exclusively induced in HSaVECs co-cultured with HCAECs, suggestive of their arterialisation. In addition, co-culture of HCAECs and HITAECs promoted the release of pro-angiogenic molecules. To conclude, co-culture of HCAECs and HITAECs results in reciprocal and beneficial paracrine interactions that might contribute to the better performance of ITA grafts upon CABG.
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185
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Zhang TR, Huang WQ. Angiogenic Exosome-Derived microRNAs: Emerging Roles in Cardiovascular Disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 14:824-840. [PMID: 33104961 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-10082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process of growing endothelial capillary cells. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are rich in miRNAs. Studies have shown that exosomes can carry communication between cells and various tissues by delivering miRNAs to their target organs and cells. It has been repeatedly proven that miRNAs regulate the expression of growth factors and other proteins in endothelial cells through paracrine signalling and participate in the physiological and pathological processes of angiogenesis. In the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, exosome-derived microRNAs can play important roles as biomarkers and drug carriers. In this review, we introduce the characteristics of miRNAs and exosomes and their interactions. Then, we specifically summarize the exosome-derived miRNAs related to angiogenesis, and we discuss the potential uses of exosome-derived miRNAs for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Rong Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology & Guangxi Key Laboratory Base of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease Control and Prevention & Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qiang Huang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology & Guangxi Key Laboratory Base of Precision Medicine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease Control and Prevention & Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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186
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Assessment of extracellular vesicles using IFC for application in transfusion medicine. Transfus Apher Sci 2020; 59:102942. [PMID: 32943325 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to be involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. With respect to Transfusion Medicine, the accumulation of EVs in blood products during hypothermic storage is an indicator of the storage lesion and reportedly correlates with adverse effects after transfusion, including but not limited to immunomodulation, activation of coagulation, endothelial activation, and others. To optimally reduce such an impact on blood product quality degradation and improve post-transfusion outcomes, better methods for detection, enumeration, characterisation by size and phenotype, and functional involvement of EVs in different pathophysiological and physiological processes are required. Currently, Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC) technology provides the most comprehensive assessment of EV subsets in different body fluids. The unique ability of IFC to detect EVs of 20 nm size by registration of a single pixel of fluorescence signal makes this approach highly promising for comprehensive studies of EVs. In this review, we will focus on the recent breakthrough and advantages of using the ImageStreamX MKII IFC platform for the detection and characterisation of EVs and its future prospects for routine application of IFC in Transfusion Medicine.
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187
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Shanmughapriya S, Langford D, Natarajaseenivasan K. Inter and Intracellular mitochondrial trafficking in health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101128. [PMID: 32712108 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurons and glia maintain central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis through diverse mechanisms of intra- and intercellular signaling. Some of these interactions include the exchange of soluble factors between cells via direct cell-to-cell contact for both short and long-distance transfer of biological materials. Transcellular transfer of mitochondria has emerged as a key example of this communication. This transcellular transfer of mitochondria are dynamically involved in the cellular and tissue response to CNS injury and play beneficial roles in recovery. This review highlights recent research addressing the cause and effect of intra- and intercellular mitochondrial transfer with a specific focus on the future of mitochondrial transplantation therapy. We believe that mitochondrial transfer plays a crucial role during bioenergetic crisis/deficit, but the quality, quantity and mode of mitochondrial transfer determines the protective capacity for the receiving cells. Mitochondrial transplantation is a new treatment paradigm and will overcome the major bottleneck of traditional approach of correcting mitochondria-related disorders.
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188
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Jung HH, Kim JY, Lim JE, Im YH. Cytokine profiling in serum-derived exosomes isolated by different methods. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14069. [PMID: 32826923 PMCID: PMC7442638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes in blood play an important role in cell-to-cell signaling and are a novel source of biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Recently, evidence has accumulated that cytokines are released from encapsulated exosomes and are capable of eliciting biological effects upon contact with sensitive cells. However, there is currently limited information on exosome isolation methods for cytokine research. In this study, we evaluated three exosome isolation methods for their usability, yield, purity, and effectiveness in subsequent cytokine profiling. We found that ultracentrifugation (UC) and Exoquick (EQ), but not exoEasy, yielded appropriate exosome sizes, and EQ had higher exosome extraction efficiency than the other two methods. Although UC generated markedly fewer particles than EQ, it yielded a relatively high purity. Next, we performed a multiplex assay with the ProcartaPlex Immune Monitoring 65-Plex Panel to determine the feasibility of these methods for cytokine profiling. The results indicated significant differences among isolation methods when analyzing exosomal cytokine profiles. We further investigated the changes of exosomal cytokines according to breast cancer progression in triple-negative breast cancer. We found significantly decreased concentrations of MIP-3 alpha, IL-23, M-CSF, Eotaxin-3, BLC, SDF-1 alpha, IL-2R, MDC, FGF-2, IL-22, and IL-31 in exosomes from metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Hyun Jung
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Kim
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Korea.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lim
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Young-Hyuck Im
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea. .,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Korea. .,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
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189
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Xu YF, Xu X, Gin A, Nshimiyimana JD, Mooers BHM, Caputi M, Hannafon BN, Ding WQ. SRSF1 regulates exosome microRNA enrichment in human cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:130. [PMID: 32819370 PMCID: PMC7439691 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are extracellular vesicles containing a variety of biological molecules including microRNAs (miRNAs). We have recently demonstrated that certain miRNA species are selectively and highly enriched in pancreatic cancer exosomes with miR-1246 being the most abundant. Exosome miRNAs have been shown to mediate intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment and promote cancer progression. Therefore, understanding how exosomes selectively enrich specific miRNAs to initiate exosome miRNA signaling in cancer cells is critical to advancing cancer exosome biology. Results The aim of this study was to identify RNA binding proteins responsible for selective enrichment of exosome miRNAs in cancer cells. A biotin-labeled miR-1246 probe was used to capture RNA binding proteins (RBPs) from PANC-1 cells. Among the RBPs identified through proteomic analysis, SRSF1, EIF3B and TIA1 were highly associated with the miR-1246 probe. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) confirmed the binding of SRSF1 to miR-1246. Lentivirus shRNA knockdown of SRSF1 in pancreatic cancer cells selectively reduced exosome miRNA enrichment whereas GFP-SRSF1 overexpression enhanced the enrichment as analyzed by next generation small RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR. miRNA sequence motif analysis identified a common motif shared by 36/45 of SRSF1-associated exosome miRNAs. EMSA confirmed that shared motif decoys inhibit the binding of SRSF1 to the miR-1246 sequence. Conclusions We conclude that SRSF1 mediates selective exosome miRNA enrichment in pancreatic cancer cells by binding to a commonly shared miRNA sequence motif. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 401A, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 401A, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215400, China
| | - Amy Gin
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 401A, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jean D Nshimiyimana
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 401A, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Blaine H M Mooers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Massimo Caputi
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Bethany N Hannafon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Stephenson Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73103, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BMSB 401A, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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190
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Normoxic Tumour Extracellular Vesicles Modulate the Response of Hypoxic Cancer and Stromal Cells to Doxorubicin In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175951. [PMID: 32824972 PMCID: PMC7503554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) secreted in the tumour microenvironment (TME) are emerging as major antagonists of anticancer therapies by orchestrating the therapeutic outcome through altering the behaviour of recipient cells. Recent evidence suggested that chemotherapeutic drugs could be responsible for the EV-mediated tumour-stroma crosstalk associated with cancer cell drug resistance. Here, we investigated the capacity of tumour EV (TEV) secreted by normoxic and hypoxic (1% oxygen) C26 cancer cells after doxorubicin (DOX) treatment to alter the response of naïve C26 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages to DOX. We observed that C26 cells were less responsive to DOX treatment under normoxia compared to hypoxia, and a minimally cytotoxic DOX concentration that mounted distinct effects on cell viability was selected for TEV harvesting. Homotypic and heterotypic pretreatment of naïve hypoxic cancer and macrophage-like cells with normoxic DOX-elicited TEV rendered these cells slightly less responsive to DOX treatment. The observed effects were associated with strong hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) induction and B-cell lymphoma-extra-large anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-xL)-mediated anti-apoptotic response in normoxic DOX-treated TEV donor cells, being also tightly connected to the DOX-TEV-mediated HIF-1α induction, as well as Bcl-xL levels increasing in recipient cells. Altogether, our results could open new perspectives for investigating the role of chemotherapy-elicited TEV in the colorectal cancer TME and their modulatory actions on promoting drug resistance.
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191
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Schneider DJ, Smith KA, Latuszek CE, Wilke CA, Lyons DM, Penke LR, Speth JM, Marthi M, Swanson JA, Moore BB, Lauring AS, Peters‐Golden M. Alveolar macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit endosomal fusion of influenza virus. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105057. [PMID: 32643835 PMCID: PMC7429743 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) and epithelial cells (ECs) are the lone resident lung cells positioned to respond to pathogens at early stages of infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important vectors of paracrine signaling implicated in a range of (patho)physiologic contexts. Here we demonstrate that AMs, but not ECs, constitutively secrete paracrine activity localized to EVs which inhibits influenza infection of ECs in vitro and in vivo. AMs exposed to cigarette smoke extract lost the inhibitory activity of their secreted EVs. Influenza strains varied in their susceptibility to inhibition by AM-EVs. Only those exhibiting early endosomal escape and high pH of fusion were inhibited via a reduction in endosomal pH. By contrast, strains exhibiting later endosomal escape and lower fusion pH proved resistant to inhibition. These results extend our understanding of how resident AMs participate in host defense and have broader implications in the defense and treatment of pathogens internalized within endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schneider
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Katherine A Smith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Catrina E Latuszek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Carol A Wilke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Danny M Lyons
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseaseDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Loka R Penke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Jennifer M Speth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Matangi Marthi
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Joel A Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
- Graduate Program in ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseaseDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
- Graduate Program in ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Marc Peters‐Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
- Graduate Program in ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
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192
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Li F, Zhao L, Shi Y, Liang J. Edaravone-Loaded Macrophage-Derived Exosomes Enhance Neuroprotection in the Rat Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3192-3201. [PMID: 32786956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Edaravone (Edv) can inhibit tissue damage, cause cerebral edema, and delay neuronal death caused by acute cerebral infarction. Exosomes are considered as cargo carriers for intercellular communication and serve as important regulators in many pathological processes. Here, we developed macrophage-derived exosomes (Exo) containing Edv (Exo + Edv) to improve the bioavailability of Edv and enhance the neuroprotective effects in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (PMCAO). The results showed that Exo + Edv significantly improved the bioavailability of Edv and prolonged half-life (t1/2). At the same time, Exo + Edv made Edv more easily reach the ischemic side of rats with PMCAO and was localized with neuronal cells and microglia, thus reducing the death of neuronal cells and promoting the polarization of microglia from M1 to M2. Taken together, Exo + Edv may become a potential clinical treatment option for PMCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, P. R. China
| | - Yijie Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, P. R. China
| | - Jia Liang
- Life Science Institution, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, P. R. China
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193
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Martins B, Amorim M, Reis F, Ambrósio AF, Fernandes R. Extracellular Vesicles and MicroRNA: Putative Role in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E705. [PMID: 32759750 PMCID: PMC7463887 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complex, progressive, and heterogenous retinal degenerative disease associated with diabetes duration. It is characterized by glial, neural, and microvascular dysfunction, being the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown a hallmark of the early stages. In advanced stages, there is formation of new blood vessels, which are fragile and prone to leaking. This disease, if left untreated, may result in severe vision loss and eventually legal blindness. Although there are some available treatment options for DR, most of them are targeted to the advanced stages of the disease, have some adverse effects, and many patients do not adequately respond to the treatment, which demands further research. Oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation are closely associated processes that play a critical role in the development of DR. Retinal cells communicate with each other or with another one, using cell junctions, adhesion contacts, and secreted soluble factors that can act in neighboring or long-distance cells. Another mechanism of cell communication is via secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), through exchange of material. Here, we review the current knowledge on deregulation of cell-to-cell communication through EVs, discussing the changes in miRNA expression profiling in body fluids and their role in the development of DR. Thereafter, current and promising therapeutic agents for preventing the progression of DR will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martins
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (B.M.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (A.F.A.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Madania Amorim
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (B.M.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (A.F.A.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (B.M.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (A.F.A.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (B.M.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (A.F.A.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (B.M.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (A.F.A.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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194
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FcεRI Signaling in the Modulation of Allergic Response: Role of Mast Cell-Derived Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155464. [PMID: 32751734 PMCID: PMC7432241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells that act as environment resident sentinels playing a crucial role in Th2-mediated immune responses, including allergic reactions. Distinguishing features of MCs are the presence of numerous cytoplasmic granules that encapsulate a wide array of preformed bio-active molecules and the constitutive expression of the high affinity receptor of IgE (FcεRI). Upon FcεRI engagement by means of IgE and multivalent antigens, aggregated receptors trigger biochemical pathways that ultimately lead to the release of granule-stored and newly synthesized pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, MCs are also able to release exosomes either constitutively or upon stimulation. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles of endocytic origin endowed with important immunoregulatory properties, and represent an additional way of intercellular communication. Interestingly, exosomes generated upon FcεRI engagement contain co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules, lipid mediators, and MC-specific proteases, as well as receptor subunits together with IgE and antigens. These findings support the notion that FcεRI signaling plays an important role in influencing the composition and functions of exosomes derived by MCs depending on their activation status.
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195
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Ayaz-Guner S, Alessio N, Acar MB, Aprile D, Özcan S, Di Bernardo G, Peluso G, Galderisi U. A comparative study on normal and obese mice indicates that the secretome of mesenchymal stromal cells is influenced by tissue environment and physiopathological conditions. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:118. [PMID: 32727501 PMCID: PMC7388533 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00614-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The term mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) designates an assorted cell population comprised of stem cells, progenitor cells, fibroblasts, and stromal cells. MSCs contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of many organs through paracrine and long-distance signaling. Tissue environment, in both physiological and pathological conditions, may affect the intercellular communication of MSCs. Methods We performed a secretome analysis of MSCs isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue (sWAT) and visceral adipose tissue (vWAT), and from bone marrow (BM), of normal and obese mice. Results The MSCs isolated from tissues of healthy mice share a common core of released factors: components of cytoskeletal and extracellular structures; regulators of basic cellular functions, such as protein synthesis and degradation; modulators of endoplasmic reticulum stress; and counteracting oxidative stress. It can be hypothesized that MSC secretome beneficially affects target cells by the horizontal transfer of many released factors. Each type of MSC may exert specific signaling functions, which could be determined by looking at the many factors that are exclusively released from every MSC type. The vWAT-MSCs release factors that play a role in detoxification activity in response to toxic substances and drugs. The sWAT-MSC secretome contains proteins involved in in chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis. Analysis of BM-MSC secretome revealed that these cells exert a signaling function by remodeling extracellular matrix structures, such as those containing glycosaminoglycans. Obesity status profoundly modified the secretome content of MSCs, impairing the above-described activity and promoting the release of inflammatory factors. Conclusion We demonstrated that the content of MSC secretomes depends on tissue microenvironment and that pathological condition may profoundly alter its composition. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Serife Ayaz-Guner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Life and Natural Science, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nicola Alessio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy
| | - Mustafa B Acar
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences; Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Domenico Aprile
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy
| | - Servet Özcan
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences; Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Giovanni Di Bernardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Galderisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli Campania University, Naples, Italy. .,Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey. .,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19107-6799, USA.
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196
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Peng H, Ji W, Zhao R, Yang J, Lu Z, Li Y, Zhang X. Exosome: a significant nano-scale drug delivery carrier. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7591-7608. [PMID: 32697267 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, due to the limitations of the nature of therapeutic agents, many synthetic nano-delivery systems have emerged to enhance the efficacy of drugs. Extracellular vesicles are currently a class of natural nano-scale drug carriers released by cells. As a tiny vesicle with a lipid bilayer membrane that can be secreted by most cells in the body, exosomes carry and transmit important signal molecules, Therefore, they have been a research hotspot in biomedicine and biomaterials due to their size advantages and huge potential in drug therapy. Many people are optimistic about the clinical application prospects of exosomes and are actively exploring the broad functions of exosomes and developing exosome therapeutic agents to make positive contributions to human health. In this review, we provide basic knowledge and focus on summarizing the advantages of exosomes as drug carriers, methods of loading drugs, targeting strategies, in vivo and in vitro tracing methods, and some of the latest developments in exosomes as drug carriers. In particular, the review provides an outlook for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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197
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Costa LA, Eiro N, Fraile M, Gonzalez LO, Saá J, Garcia-Portabella P, Vega B, Schneider J, Vizoso FJ. Functional heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells from natural niches to culture conditions: implications for further clinical uses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:447-467. [PMID: 32699947 PMCID: PMC7375036 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are present in all organs and tissues. Several studies have shown the therapeutic potential effect of MSC or their derived products. However, the functional heterogeneity of MSC constitutes an important barrier for transferring these capabilities to the clinic. MSC heterogeneity depends on their origin (biological niche) or the conditions of potential donors (age, diseases or unknown factors). It is accepted that many culture conditions of the artificial niche to which they are subjected, such as O2 tension, substrate and extracellular matrix cues, inflammatory stimuli or genetic manipulations can influence their resulting phenotype. Therefore, to attain a more personalized and precise medicine, a correct selection of MSC is mandatory, based on their functional potential, as well as the need to integrate all the existing information to achieve an optimal improvement of MSC features in the artificial niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Costa
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Noemi Eiro
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - María Fraile
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Luis O Gonzalez
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
| | - Jorge Saá
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pablo Garcia-Portabella
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Belén Vega
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - José Schneider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
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198
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Eiro N, Cabrera JR, Fraile M, Costa L, Vizoso FJ. The Coronavirus Pandemic (SARS-CoV-2): New Problems Demand New Solutions, the Alternative of Mesenchymal (Stem) Stromal Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:645. [PMID: 32766251 PMCID: PMC7378818 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal (stem) stromal cells (MSC) can be a therapeutic alternative for COVID-19 considering their anti-inflammatory, regenerative, angiogenic, and even antimicrobial capacity. Preliminary data point to therapeutic interest of MSC for patients with COVID-19, and their effect seems based on the MSC's ability to curb the cytokine storm caused by COVID-19. In fact, promising clinical studies using MSC to treat COVID-19, are currently underway. For this reason, now is the time to firmly consider new approaches to MSC research that addresses key issues, like selecting the most optimal type of MSC for each indication, assuming the heterogeneity of the donor-dependent MSC and the biological niche where MSC are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Eiro
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Foundation for Research With Uterine Stem Cells - FICEMU, Gijón, Spain
| | - Jorge Ruben Cabrera
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Foundation for Research With Uterine Stem Cells - FICEMU, Gijón, Spain
| | - Maria Fraile
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Foundation for Research With Uterine Stem Cells - FICEMU, Gijón, Spain
| | - Luis Costa
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Foundation for Research With Uterine Stem Cells - FICEMU, Gijón, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Vizoso
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
- Foundation for Research With Uterine Stem Cells - FICEMU, Gijón, Spain
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199
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Li C, Donninger H, Eaton J, Yaddanapudi K. Regulatory Role of Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: The Message Is in the Envelope. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1525. [PMID: 32765528 PMCID: PMC7378739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous group of membrane-surrounded structures. Besides serving as a harbor for the unwanted material exocytosed by cells, EVs play a critical role in conveying intact protein, genetic, and lipid contents that are important for intercellular communication. EVs, broadly comprised of microvesicles and exosomes, are released to the extracellular environment from nearly all cells either via shedding from the plasma membrane or by originating from the endosomal system. Exosomes are 40–150 nm, endosome-derived small EVs (sEVs) that are released by cells into the extracellular environment. This review focuses on the biological properties of immune cell-derived sEVs, including composition and cellular targeting and mechanisms by which these immune cell-derived sEVs influence tumor immunity either by suppressing or promoting tumor growth, are discussed. The final section of this review discusses how the biological properties of immune cell-derived sEVs can be manipulated to improve their immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Howard Donninger
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - John Eaton
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Immuno-Oncology Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- Immuno-Oncology Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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200
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Zhang X, Borg EGF, Liaci AM, Vos HR, Stoorvogel W. A novel three step protocol to isolate extracellular vesicles from plasma or cell culture medium with both high yield and purity. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1791450. [PMID: 32944179 PMCID: PMC7480457 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1791450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are membrane encapsulated nanoparticles that can function in intercellular communication, and their presence in biofluids can be indicative for (patho)physiological conditions. Studies aiming to resolve functionalities of EV or to discover EV-associated biomarkers for disease in liquid biopsies are hampered by limitations of current protocols to isolate EV from biofluids or cell culture medium. EV isolation is complicated by the >105-fold numerical excess of other types of particles, including lipoproteins and protein complexes. In addition to persisting contaminants, currently available EV isolation methods may suffer from inefficient EV recovery, bias for EV subtypes, interference with the integrity of EV membranes, and loss of EV functionality. In this study, we established a novel three-step non-selective method to isolate EV from blood or cell culture media with both high yield and purity, resulting in 71% recovery and near to complete elimination of unrelated (lipo)proteins. This EV isolation procedure is independent of ill-defined commercial kits, and apart from an ultracentrifuge, does not require specialised expensive equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Zhang
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen G. F. Borg
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Manuel Liaci
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harmjan R. Vos
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Stoorvogel
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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