151
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Witte S, López López M, Baldwin H, Biehal N, Kindler H. Child maltreatment investigations: Comparing children, families, and reasons for referral in three European countries. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 132:105805. [PMID: 35964367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost all countries have developed measures to ensure that children do not suffer from violence in their families. However, the legal framework, definitions of maltreatment, and institutional structures differ. Whereas in other areas of social policy comparative research is very common, child protection research falls behind. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The article examines the differences between cases referred to local child and youth welfare authorities due to concerns about abuse or neglect in Germany, England and the Netherlands, comparing the characteristics of the child, the family, the person reporting the suspected maltreatment, and the type of maltreatment. METHOD 1207 case files on children investigated due to suspected child maltreatment from the Netherlands, England, and Germany were analyzed using a standardized coding scheme. RESULTS The family backgrounds of the children reported differed substantially, with more lone parents in England and more children living in two households in the Netherlands. The persons and institutions reporting their concerns to the local child and youth welfare authorities also differed, with more reports from children and family members in Germany and more from health services in England. In England, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and sexual exploitation were more frequently the reason for referral than in the Netherlands and Germany. DISCUSSION Differences between countries can partially be explained based on differences in policies and relations of other systems to the child protection system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helen Baldwin
- Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, England, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Biehal
- Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, England, United Kingdom
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152
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Cao R, Li H, Zhang H. Intergenerational Transmission of Violence Among Substance-Abusing Chinese Parents: Roles of Detachment and Social Support. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP18713-NP18737. [PMID: 34372729 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211037419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite a large population of registered people with drug addiction, child protection in substance-abusing families is a neglected issue in China. The present study aims to investigate the association between parents' childhood abuse history and the risk of abusing their own children in substance-abusing Chinese families and also to examine the mediating role of detachment and moderating role of social support during the intergenerational transmission of abuse. A total of 173 men and 116 women were selected using cluster sampling from two compulsory drug rehabilitation centers in Jiangsu Province. Results indicated that one's childhood abuse history was positively associated with the current perpetration of child abuse for both fathers and mothers. Detachment mediated the linkage between a history of childhood maltreatment and perpetration of child abuse in all types of abuse for both men and women except for women's sexual abuse. Social support from family members buffered the intergenerational transmission of child abuse for fathers but not for mothers. Child maltreatment in substance-abusing families is an urgent issue that needs measures to prevent the intergenerational transmission of violence in China. Intervention programs could involve helping parents cope with their childhood abuse history through rebuilding secure attachment and facilitating social support for their parenting practices, especially for fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Cao
- Renmin University of China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hechun Li
- Renmin University of China, Beijing, P.R. China
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153
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Attrash Najjar A, Tener D, Katz C. "The most shocking thing was that I didn't respond to the abuse": The peritraumatic responses and transitions as conveyed by survivors of continuous child sexual abuse. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 132:105818. [PMID: 35926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a worldwide phenomenon with ongoing and far-reaching consequences for millions of children worldwide. It is a consensus among researchers that continuous CSA represents a unique challenge. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to explore the peritraumatic responses of survivors of continuous CSA as described in their written narratives of abuse. The transitions between the peritraumatic responses will also be examined, highlighting the unique context of continuous CSA. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Written narratives of CSA were recruited via an advertisement in the media inviting CSA survivors to share their stories of abuse on an anonymous online platform. The data collection was carried out under the Israeli Independent Public Inquiry on CSA. METHODS A qualitative thematic analysis was applied to 32 richly written accounts of abuse. RESULTS Three peritraumatic responses were identified: the adaptive response, hinting, and attempts to fight and flight. Transitions between these responses were described by the survivors and addressed the heavy load of the abuse, realization of the abuse, fear of consequences and the central role of the survivor's environment. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides a unique platform for the exploration of peritraumatic responses in continuous CSA. Alongside the identification of three peritraumatic responses described by the survivors, the current study provides an initial glance into transitions between peritraumatic responses. This insight strengthens the developing notion that peritraumatic responses in the unique context of CSA are a top-down process, often shaped by various contexts and multidimensional dynamics in the children's lives.
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154
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Matte-Landry A, Paquette G, Lapalme M, Daigneault I, Tourigny M. Addressing the Complexity of Heterogeneity: Profiles of Adolescent Girls Who Have Been Sexually Abused. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2022; 31:855-873. [PMID: 36301150 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2022.2139315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may have devastating effects, yet, there is considerable heterogeneity among adolescent girls who have experienced it. Addressing this heterogeneity could help to tailor practices to their particular needs. The objective was to identify profiles among adolescent girls who have been sexually abused to determine whether they exhibit distinct outcomes. Participants were drawn from a Child Protection sample of adolescent girls who have been sexually abused with contact (n = 185). Abuse and stressful events were measured using a rating scale completed by a research assistant, and a self-reported questionnaire. Coping strategies, cognitive appraisals, and psychological symptoms were measured using self-reported questionnaires. Latent class analysis was conducted using abuse and stressful events as indicators, and multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to compare classes on outcomes. Five graded classes were identified: 1) few source of stress (22%); 2) services as stressors (27%); 3) CSA as stressor (19%); 4) CSA and family as stressors (6%); and 5) multiple sources of stress (25%). These classes were associated with distinct profiles on coping strategies, cognitive appraisals, and psychological symptoms. In conclusion, we recommend that clinicians move beyond the "one size fits all" approach and tailor practices to each adolescent's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geneviève Paquette
- Department of Psychoeducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lapalme
- Department of Psychoeducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marc Tourigny
- Department of Psychoeducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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155
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Collin-Vézina D, Carnevale FA. Questioning the Value of Compliance-Oriented Programs With Traumatized Children and Youth: A Childhood Ethics Perspective. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176:961-962. [PMID: 35913716 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This Viewpoint aims to question the value of compliance-oriented programs’ principles as they apply to traumatized children and youth.
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156
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Linn N, Kallawicha K, Chuemchit M. The use of corporal punishment against children in Myanmar: An analysis of data from the 2015-2016 Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 131:105692. [PMID: 35689991 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The corporal punishment of children is a significant public health concern; corporal punishment also violates children's rights and may have negative impacts on children's long-term health. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the prevalence of corporal punishment of children in Myanmar and associated factors. PARTICIPANT AND SETTING This study is a secondary data analysis of the 2015-2016 Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS). The study targeted 13,235 (weighted) children between 2 and 14 years old. METHODS Corporal punishment of children by caregivers was assessed using six questions that utilized UNICEF's child disciplinary module. Multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify associated factors. RESULTS Nearly half of the children in the study (44.5 %; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 42.60, 46.50) were found to have been subjected to corporal punishment, and the most common form of corporal punishment was "spanking, hitting, or slapping the child on the bottom with a bare hand" (29.1 %; 95 % CI: 27.53, 30.80). Multivariable analyses revealed that a child's sex, age, education level, location of residence, and number of family members; the primary caregiver's sex and attitude toward corporal punishment; and the family's socio-economic status were all factors significantly associated with corporal punishment. The prevalence of corporal punishment of children in Myanmar was high, and many significant predictors were identified. CONCLUSION The implementation of child protection policies and the promotion of nonviolent parenting methods should be conducted immediately to community members. Community education should particularly focus on uneducated caregivers and families with low socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyan Linn
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kraiwuth Kallawicha
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Montakarn Chuemchit
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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157
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Qu X, Shen X, Xia R, Wu J, Lao Y, Chen M, Gan Y, Jiang C. The prevalence of sexual violence against female children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 131:105764. [PMID: 35779289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence against female children is considered an important public health problem. However, there are currently no clear prevalence rates across the globe on which to base measures to protect these children. The objective of this study is to systematically summarize the prevalence of sexual violence against female children. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases from their inception through April 2021 for pertinent studies reporting the prevalence of sexual violence against female children. The prevalence rate was estimated using a random-effects meta-analysis. The heterogeneity was evaluated using I2 statistic. Differences by study-level characteristics were estimated through subgroup analysis and meta-regression. RESULTS A total of 28 cross-sectional studies were included (a total of 30,524 participants). The pooled sexual violence rate against female children was 0.24 (95 % CI = 0.20-0.27). Groups comparisons revealed that sexual violence rates obtained from 1981 to 2000 (0.28, 95 % CI = 0.21-0.36) were higher than those obtained from 2001 to 2020 (0.21, 95 % CI = 0.16-0.25), that rates were higher for female children from developed countries (0.25, 95 % CI = 0.20-0.29) than for those from developing countries (0.21, 95 % CI = 0.14-0.27), the rates for surveyed adults (0.22, 95 % CI = 0.17-0.28) than for surveyed female children (0.18, 95 % CI = 0.10-0.26), and that rates for those ≤15 years of age (0.10, 95 % CI = 0.01-0.20) were much lower than those for older children. CONCLUSIONS Nearly a quarter (24 %) of female children have been victims of sexual violence. Prevention strategies should be developed urgently to protect female children from aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguo Qu
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruihong Xia
- The Fourth Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji Wu
- The Fourth Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilei Lao
- The Fourth Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, China.
| | - Yong Gan
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Chunming Jiang
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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158
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Lipinsky AS, Goldner L. "God, why?": The Experience of Mothers from the Israeli Ultra-Orthodox Sector after their Child's Disclosure of Sexual Abuse. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP16799-NP16828. [PMID: 34130546 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211021982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies dealing with the experiences of non-offending mothers from the general population and minority groups after their child's disclosure of sexual abuse are scarce, and studies on mothers from the Jewish ultra-Orthodox community are non-existent. This study takes an initial step in filling this gap by exploring how the normalization of sexual abuse shapes these mothers' experiences. A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted on a sample of 21 mothers from the ultra-Orthodox sector whose children had been sexually abused. It consisted of in-depth, semi-structured interviews of the mothers followed by a drawing task on their experience. The analysis of the interviews yielded four central themes: the role of social stigmatization and religion on the mother's ability to share her child's abuse; the effect of the disclosure on the mothers' mental state and maternal competency; the mothers' ongoing experience in the shadow of this unprocessed/unresolved trauma; and the mothers' coping strategies, including acceptance, faith, and meaning making. The findings highlight the influence of the tension between the need to adhere to religious norms and preserve the social fabric and the need to enhance mothers' and children's well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiala Szyfer Lipinsky
- School of Creative Arts Therapies, Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa
| | - Limor Goldner
- School of Creative Arts Therapies, Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa
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159
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Tsur N, Najjar AA, Katz C. "Explode into small pieces": Suicidal ideation among child sexual abuse survivors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 131:105780. [PMID: 35803028 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child sexual abuse (CSA) has been acknowledged as predisposing survivors to an increased risk of suicidal ideation and attempts. Despite this risk being widely recognized, the study of suicidality has mainly focused on psychopathology, while less attention has been given to survivors' experiences and perceptions. OBJECTIVE This study aims to uncover the experiences and perceptions of suicidality among adult CSA survivors. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS The sample consisted of 41 adult CSA survivors' written narratives of abuse that included references to suicide. METHODS Written narratives of CSA experiences were collected from 41 adult participants as part of the Israeli Independent Public Inquiry on CSA to change public policy. An inductive thematic analysis guided the exploration of the stories. RESULTS The findings portrayed several main themes regarding the survivors' experiences before, during and after suicidal thoughts and behaviors. These themes elucidated their motivations leading to suicidal attempts, including the wish to end one's self and suffering, self-blame, communicate the abuse and the request for recognition. Additionally, the survivors' stories illuminated their experiences following the suicidal attempts, depicting inadequate treatment and difficulties with the psychiatric labeling of a mental health disorder. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study uncover new insights regarding the link between trauma, posttraumatic suffering, and suicidality within a social interaction context. Furthermore, these findings call medical and psychosocial health practitioners to view post-CSA suffering as trauma-related rather than personal psychopathology and to adjust practices to adapt to survivors' experiences and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Tsur
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | | | - Carmit Katz
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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160
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Witt A, Öz Y, Sachser C, Brähler E, Glaesmer H, Fegert JM. Validation and standardization of the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS) in the general population. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2022; 16:73. [PMID: 36050773 PMCID: PMC9438230 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A valid, quick and widely applicable retrospective screening tool for child maltreatment is of great importance to better adapt interventions and treatments. The Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS), derived from the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), is one such instrument that aims to increase the likelihood of detecting mental and physical disorders that have manifested in adulthood as a result of traumatic experiences and maltreatment in childhood and adolescence. The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the CTS and generate normative data. METHODS Data from two representative surveys were combined. Both surveys used identical methods. The CTS, consisting of five items, other self-report instruments, and demographic characteristics were used. Construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A subsample was used to examine convergent validity with the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE). Normative data are reported for age groups and gender. RESULTS A total of 5039 study participants provided valid responses to the 5-items questionnaire (54.3% female, response rate = 78.9%). CFA showed good fit indices for a 2-factor solution. Convergent validity was generally supported by moderate intercorrelations with the ACE. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm the solid psychometric properties of the CTS as an easy-to-use, ultra-short retrospective measure of child maltreatment. The data can be used to compare sample or individual results with reference data provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Witt
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Steinhövelstr.1, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yusuf Öz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Steinhövelstr.1, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Cedric Sachser
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Steinhövelstr.1, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.410607.4Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heide Glaesmer
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg M. Fegert
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Steinhövelstr.1, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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161
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Dion J, Boisvert S, Paquette G, Bergeron M, Hébert M, Daigneault I. Sexual Violence at University: Are Indigenous Students More at Risk? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP16534-NP16555. [PMID: 34112000 PMCID: PMC9465539 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211021990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
University-based sexual violence prevalence is worryingly high and leads to many serious consequences for health and academic achievement. Although previous work has documented greater risk for sexual violence among Indigenous Peoples, little is known about university-based sexual violence experienced by Indigenous students. Using a large-scale study of university-based sexual violence in Canada, the current study aims to (1) examine the risk of sexual violence against Indigenous students compared to non-Indigenous students, and (2) to document sexual violence experiences of Indigenous students. Undergraduate students from six universities (N = 5,627) completed online questionnaires regarding their experience and consequences of university-based sexual violence (e.g., forms of sexual violence experiences, gender, and status of the perpetrator, context of the violence, PTSD, disclosure). Findings indicated that compared with their non-Indigenous peers, Indigenous students experienced significantly higher levels of sexual harassment. However, no difference was found for unwanted sexual behaviors, nor for sexual violence contexts. Among Indigenous students, those having experienced sexual violence after age 18 (outside university) were more likely to report university-based sexual violence. Overall, findings highlight that Indigenous students, as well as non-Indigenous students, experience university-based sexual violence. Given their history, Indigenous students may have different needs, so sustainable policies that foster cultural safety on all campuses are clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinthe Dion
- Centre intersectoriel en santé durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Boisvert
- Centre intersectoriel en santé durable, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Paquette
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Quebec, Canada
- Unversité de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Martine Hébert
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Quebec, Canada
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Daigneault
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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162
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Greco AM, González-Pío C, Bartolomé M, Pereda N. How can school help victims of violence? Evaluation of online training for European schools’ staff from a multidisciplinary approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272872. [PMID: 35969618 PMCID: PMC9377607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interventions used to prevent or treat violence against children, particularly sexual abuse, tend to only consider the target audience as their main source of data. We tested the effect of an online training for school staff members in Europe through three studies. In Study I, we interviewed 5 adult women (Mage = 49.2, SD = 5.81) who were victims of sexual abuse during childhood to assess what school could have done during that time to protect them. Through Study II, we collected data on 66 school staff members to assess feasibility (based on quantitative indicators) and to explore the changes they would make to their everyday practice due to the training course (using qualitative analysis). In Study III, we used network analysis to assess to what extent the actions described by school staff in Study II met the needs expressed by the victims in Study I. Findings of Study I revealed new proposals from the victims’ perspective, such as working with the perpetrators. Study II showed the feasibility of training and identified five types of action that school staff members will include in their everyday working dynamics due to the training: detection (e.g., Greater attention to relationships with peers), reporting (e.g., Now I know that suspecting a case of child abuse is enough to report), everyday practices (e.g., Introducing a calming space), changes at school level (e.g., Propose the training course to the school management team) or practices that could belong to more than one category (e.g., Greater awareness of the activities undertaken by the school). Study III provided evidence that some of these changes (e.g., reporting without looking for proof) were in line with some of the victims’ expectations (e.g., listen to the children). We also identified gaps that need to be further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Greco
- Grup de Recerca en Victimització Infantil i Adolescent (GReViA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Estudis de Dret i Ciència Política, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Carla González-Pío
- Grup de Recerca en Victimització Infantil i Adolescent (GReViA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Bartolomé
- Grup de Recerca en Victimització Infantil i Adolescent (GReViA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament dse Formació, Fundació Vicki Bernadet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pereda
- Grup de Recerca en Victimització Infantil i Adolescent (GReViA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Psicologia Clínca i Psicobiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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163
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Rantanen H, Nieminen I, Kaunonen M, Jouet E, Zabłocka-Żytka L, Viganò G, Crocamo C, Schecke H, Zlatkute G, Paavilainen E. Family Needs Checklist: Development of a Mobile Application for Parents with Children to Assess the Risk for Child Maltreatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19169810. [PMID: 36011439 PMCID: PMC9408053 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment (CM) has been enormously studied. However, a preventive practice still requires comprehensive and effective instruments to assess the risks for CM in a family context. The aim of this study is to describe the development process of an evidence-based CM risk assessment instrument (Family Needs Checklist, FNC) for primary prevention online utilization. This article reports the development process of the checklist and its mobile application, consisting of a systematic literature review, identification of known risk factors using the content analysis method, and generation of the checklist, including a multidisciplinary group in the design and feedback. As a result, a comprehensive and compact checklist was developed to be used by parents or caregivers as a self-referral instrument with an option to be used with professionals as a basis for joint conversations. The FNC consists of parental, family-, and child-related risk factors. Based on the international evidence, the online application consists of knowledge about different CM types, information about risk factors and protective factors as well as recommendations and guidance to support services. The FNC is based on robust evidence on known risk factors causing CM in families. It can be used for primary prevention utilization in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Rantanen
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio 2, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Irja Nieminen
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Kuntokatu 3, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Marja Kaunonen
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere University Hospital, Elämänaukio 2, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Emmanuelle Jouet
- Mental Health and Social Sciences Research Laboratory, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire, Psychiatrie & Neurosciences (GHU-PARIS), 258 Rue Marcaret, Bât N, 2ème étage, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Lidia Zabłocka-Żytka
- Institute of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Szczęśliwicka 40, 02-353 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Giovanni Viganò
- Synergia s.r.l., Via Molino delle Armi 19, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Crocamo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Biocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Henrike Schecke
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addictive Medicine, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchocstrasse 174, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Giedre Zlatkute
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, N Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Eija Paavilainen
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Etelä-Pohjanmaa Hospital District, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
- Correspondence: (H.R.); (E.P.)
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164
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Kaltiala R. Aspects of Gender and Sexuality in Relation to Experiences of Subjection to Sexual Harassment among Adolescents in General Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9811. [PMID: 36011437 PMCID: PMC9408105 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Subjection to sexual harassment (SH) has been reported more commonly by girls than by boys, by sexual and gender minority youth more than by mainstream youth, and by sexually active youth more than by those not yet experienced in romantic and erotic encounters. However, the research so far has not addressed these correlates simultaneously. This study aimed to explore independent associations between experiencing SH and these aspects of sex, gender and sexuality-considering all of them concurrently. A cross sectional survey with data from Finland was used, with an analyzable sample of 71,964 adolescents aged 14 to 16-years- of age, collected in 2017. The data were analysed using cross-tabulations with chi-square statistics and logistic regression analyses. The types of SH studied were gender harassment, unwelcome sexual attention, and sexual coercion. Girls, sexual and gender minority youth, and youth engaging in romantic and erotic encounters had experienced all three types of SH more commonly than boys, mainstream youth and those not sexually active. Associations between minority status and experiences of sexual harassment were stronger among boys, and being sexually active had stronger associations with subjection to sexual harassment in girls. The findings appear to support the assumption that sexual harassment serves both as a means of perpetuating heteronormativity and the sexual double standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riittakerttu Kaltiala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland;
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Vanha Vaasa Hospital, 65380 Vaasa, Finland
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165
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Najman JM, Scott JG, Williams GM, Clavarino AM, Kisely S, McGee TR. Predicting Child Maltreatment over the Early Life Course: A Prospective Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:701-714. [PMID: 33788054 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A large number of early life exposures predict child maltreatment. Using data from a 30-year birth cohort study we examine 12 early life course risk factors of four types of self-reported childhood maltreatment recalled at the 30-year follow-up. Of the 7223 children in the sample at birth, 2425 responded to the Child Trauma Questionnaire at the 30-year follow-up. On adjusted analysis being a teenage mother predicts childhood physical and sexual abuse, as well as child neglect. More numerous maternal marital partner changes in the 5 years after the birth predict offspring experiences of emotional abuse, sexual abuse and childhood neglect. Policy responses should focus on the broad social context in which children are reared as the most effective approach to reducing the high level of childhood abuse and neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Najman
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Public Health Building, Herston Campus, 288 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | - James G Scott
- Mental Health Research Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.,Metro North Mental Health Service, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Public Health Building, Herston Campus, 288 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Alexandra M Clavarino
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Public Health Building, Herston Campus, 288 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Steve Kisely
- School of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Tara R McGee
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia
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166
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Lockitch J, Rayment-McHugh S, McKillop N. Why Didn't They Intervene? Examining the Role of Guardianship in Preventing Institutional Child Sexual Abuse. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2022; 31:649-671. [PMID: 36225125 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2022.2133042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the failings of institutions to safeguard children from sexual abuse have been brought to light through investigations and commissions of inquiries such as Australia's Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. The role of adults as guardians, to protect children within these institutions, has been afforded particular scrutiny, highlighting past ineffective and harmful intervention and responses to abuse, and even inaction. Despite this attention, limited research to date has explored the barriers underpinning guardianship behavior in this setting. Enhanced understanding of the potential barriers to guardianship is key for informing improved guardianship behavior in the future. Using data from Australia's Royal Commission, this study applies Reynald's (2010) model of capable guardianship to investigate dimensions of guardianship in youth-serving institutional settings. Three discrete settings were examined: outside school hours care, schools, and sporting institutions. Results support the utility of Reynald's (2010) model for advancing knowledge about guardianship behavior in youth-serving institutions, providing valuable lessons for future policy directions, to enhance safeguarding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lockitch
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Nadine McKillop
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
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167
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Korbman MD, Pirutinsky S, Feindler EL, Rosmarin DH. Childhood Sexual Abuse, Spirituality/Religion, Anxiety and Depression in a Jewish Community Sample: the Mediating Role of Religious Coping. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP12838-NP12856. [PMID: 33729039 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a pervasive problem impacting a broad range of mental health outcomes. Previous research has shown that spiritual and religious (S/R) factors both positively and negatively relate to mental health issues among survivors of CSA, but mediating mechanisms of effect are unclear. The present study examined CSA, anxiety, depression, and positive/negative religious coping among 372 Jewish community members with and without CSA histories. Individuals who experienced CSA endorsed significantly higher anxiety and depression as well as negative religious coping than those without CSA. Negative religious coping mediated the relationship between CSA and anxiety and depression. We discuss clinical and social implications of these findings, including the need to address S/R factors in treatment of CSA, especially within religious communities. Further research examining abuser identity, survivors' disclosure experience, and other S/R mediators of effect is warranted.
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168
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Rolovic JS, Bokonjic D, Masic S, Stevanovic N. Pediatricians' Attitudes Toward Child Sexual Abuse in the Republic of Srpska. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2022; 31:707-725. [PMID: 36004396 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2022.2112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) affects all cultures and sociodemographic sections. As health professionals, pediatricians are often the first line of defense when it comes to CSA identification and reporting. Our previous study examined encounters, competence, beliefs, and reporting regarding CSA among pediatricians in countries of the former Yugoslavia, Serbia, and Montenegro. Following up on this work, we expanded our research to another neighboring country, the Republic of Srpska (RS). Sixty pediatricians were surveyed in 2020, comprising 30% of all practicing pediatricians in the Republic of Srpska. Compared to their colleagues from Serbia and Montenegro, RS pediatricians revealed an increased perception that children are often abused by someone they do know well, were more confident in their abilities to detect CSA, reported a higher number of CSA cases, and were more interested in further trainings on the subject of CSA. Despite this, the level of underreporting remained high (40%). To our knowledge, this is the first study to both assess and compare CSA-related attitudes in this part of the world. Key differences between RS, other two neighboring countries as well as from other countries worldwide are likely to stem from the level of pediatricians' training and education, as well as from the socio-cultural and legislation context. Although encouraging, our data indicate a need for further research in the countries of the former Yugoslavia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dejan Bokonjic
- University of East Sarajevo, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Srdjan Masic
- University of East Sarajevo, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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169
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Codina M, Pereda N. Characteristics and Prevalence of Lifetime Sexual Victimization Among a Sample of Men and Women with Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP14117-NP14139. [PMID: 33866835 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211006373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the prevalence and characteristics of sexual victimization experiences suffered by people with intellectual disabilities (ID). The sample consisted of 260 adults with an ID diagnosis (154 men and 106 women), ranging in age from 20 to 71 years (M = 41.69, SD = 12.05). The results showed that 35% of the sample had been sexually victimized at some point in their life. Being a woman, being declared legally incapable, and having comorbid mental health diagnoses were the most relevant characteristics of sexual victims with ID. Fondling was the most reported victimization, and rape showed the greatest gender differences, with a higher risk for women with ID of being raped compared to their male counterparts (odds ratio = 4.28, p < .05). The offender was generally a known male adult, and the percentage of incidents reported to the authorities was very low (7.4%). The psychological consequences of abuse were general distress, anxiety, and depressive symptomatology. Intervention and prevention programs targeting this population, as well as the training of professionals and caregivers, are essential to deal with sexual victimization and to protect and ensure the quality of life of people with ID.
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170
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Prevalence and Correlates of Sexual Aversion: A Canadian Community-Based Study. J Sex Med 2022; 19:1269-1280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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171
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Determinants of Sexual Abuse Prevention Knowledge among Children’s Schools in West Java Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11080337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a severe problem in Indonesia. Adequate knowledge in children about CSA prevention is essential so that children do not become victims. Lack of adequate children’s knowledge of the prevention of CSA may put them at risk for experiencing CSA. This cross-sectional study explores the association factors between knowledge and characteristics regarding the prevention of CSA. The study was conducted in Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia. Students from grades two to nine at two elementary schools were eligible for the study. Results showed that as sources of information associated with better knowledge of CSA prevention (p = 0.00), teachers and parents significantly contributed to CSA information. Multivariate analysis showed that teachers (OR: 33.479, 95% (CI: 4.467–250.912)) and parents (OR: 45.336, 95% (CI: 10.886–188.807)) significantly contributed as a source of CSA information among students. The findings are essential important implications for interventions intended at preventing CSA. Sexual education programs should be officially applied at schools for children with the support of their parents and teachers.
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172
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Zhang R, Liang Y, Cao W, Zeng L, Tang K. Sex and Urban–Rural Differences in the Relationship between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Mental Health among Chinese College Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159225. [PMID: 35954586 PMCID: PMC9368484 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal sex and urban–rural differences in the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and mental health among Chinese college students. The study used data from the “National College Student Survey on Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019”, a cross-sectional study conducted in all 31 provinces of mainland China. Weighted logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the association between CSA (noncontact CSA, contact CSA, and penetrative CSA) and mental health (suicide attempts and mental disorders). Among 49,728 students, 39.42% of the male participants and 43.55% of the female participants had ever experienced CSA. According to the OR results of logistic regression analysis, compared to females, males in the contact CSA group (AOR: 3.49, 95% CI: 1.95–6.23) and the penetrative CSA group (AOR: 8.79, 95% CI: 3.15–24.52) had higher odds of suicide attempts. Participants from rural and suburban areas that were categorized in the penetrative CSA group were more likely to report suicide attempts (rural: AOR: 4.01, 95% CI: 1.51–10.62, suburban AOR: 4.86, 95% CI: 2.52–9.36) and mental disorders (rural: AOR: 4.01, 95% CI: 1.51–10.62, suburban: AOR: 4.86, 95% CI: 2.52–9.36). In conclusion, the findings revealed a high prevalence of CSA in both sexes and reported that males are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of CSA. In addition, we also found that undergraduates growing up in rural and suburban areas are more vulnerable to the adverse psychological effects of CSA. Policymakers should pay more attention to this vulnerable population and implement effective measures to alleviate mental trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudong Zhang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yun Liang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wenzhen Cao
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China;
| | - Leixiao Zeng
- School of Journalism and Communication, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China;
| | - Kun Tang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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173
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Wu Y, Zheng Y, Wang J, Zhang T. Specific type of childhood trauma and borderline personality disorder in Chinese patients. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:936739. [PMID: 35958646 PMCID: PMC9360314 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.936739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood maltreatment (CM) is a known risk factor for the development of mental disorders. An extensive body of literature about CM and mental health has been developed in wealthy countries, but information about this connection is lacking in developing countries including China. Aims To explore the possible relationship between specific types of CM and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in patients with mental disorders in China. Methods A survey was conducted in 2006, involving over 3,402 Chinese individuals aged 18-60 years who were randomly selected from the outpatients in the Shanghai Mental Health Center. The patients were screened with the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire and CM was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The final sample comprised 178 patients with BPD, 178 patients with other personality disorders (PDs), and 178 patients without PDs. Results In Chinese patients, compared to other PDs, patients with BPDs are more likely to have experienced CM. Emotional maltreatment (emotional abuse and neglect) was the strongest predictor of BPD. Female gender and sexual abuse are significant predictors of the self-harm/suicidal risk of BPD patients. Conclusion This is a pioneering study conducted on a large set of Chinese clinical samples with paired controls to establish and compare the associations between specific CM and BPD. Further studies in this field are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of how various types of childhood trauma have influenced PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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174
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Walsh K, Eggins E, Hine L, Mathews B, Kenny MC, Howard S, Ayling N, Dallaston E, Pink E, Vagenas D. Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 7:CD011775. [PMID: 35788913 PMCID: PMC9301923 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011775.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many nations require child-serving professionals to report known or suspected cases of significant child abuse and neglect to statutory child protection or safeguarding authorities. Considered globally, there are millions of professionals who fulfil these roles, and many more who will do so in future. Ensuring they are trained in reporting child abuse and neglect is a key priority for nations and organisations if efforts to address violence against children are to succeed. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of training aimed at improving reporting of child abuse and neglect by professionals and to investigate possible components of effective training interventions. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, 18 other databases, and one trials register up to 4 June 2021. We also handsearched reference lists, selected journals, and websites, and circulated a request for studies to researchers via an email discussion list. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, and controlled before-and-after studies examining the effects of training interventions for qualified professionals (e.g. teachers, childcare professionals, doctors, nurses, and mental health professionals) to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect, compared with no training, waitlist control, or alternative training (not related to child abuse and neglect). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used methodological procedures described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We synthesised training effects in meta-analysis where possible and summarised findings for primary outcomes (number of reported cases of child abuse and neglect, quality of reported cases, adverse events) and secondary outcomes (knowledge, skills, and attitudes towards the reporting duty). We used the GRADE approach to rate the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 11 trials (1484 participants), using data from 9 of the 11 trials in quantitative synthesis. Trials took place in high-income countries, including the USA, Canada, and the Netherlands, with qualified professionals. In 8 of the 11 trials, interventions were delivered in face-to-face workshops or seminars, and in 3 trials interventions were delivered as self-paced e-learning modules. Interventions were developed by experts and delivered by specialist facilitators, content area experts, or interdisciplinary teams. Only 3 of the 11 included studies were conducted in the past 10 years. Primary outcomes Three studies measured the number of cases of child abuse and neglect via participants' self-report of actual cases reported, three months after training. The results of one study (42 participants) favoured the intervention over waitlist, but the evidence is very uncertain (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18 to 1.43; very low-certainty evidence). Three studies measured the number of cases of child abuse and neglect via participants' responses to hypothetical case vignettes immediately after training. A meta-analysis of two studies (87 participants) favoured training over no training or waitlist for training, but the evidence is very uncertain (SMD 1.81, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.32; very low-certainty evidence). We identified no studies that measured the number of cases of child abuse and neglect via official records of reports made to child protection authorities, or adverse effects of training. Secondary outcomes Four studies measured professionals' knowledge of reporting duty, processes, and procedures postintervention. The results of one study (744 participants) may favour the intervention over waitlist for training (SMD 1.06, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.21; low-certainty evidence). Four studies measured professionals' knowledge of core concepts in all forms of child abuse and neglect postintervention. A meta-analysis of two studies (154 participants) favoured training over no training, but the evidence is very uncertain (SMD 0.68, 95% CI 0.35 to 1.01; very low-certainty evidence). Three studies measured professionals' knowledge of core concepts in child sexual abuse postintervention. A meta-analysis of these three studies (238 participants) favoured training over no training or waitlist for training, but the evidence is very uncertain (SMD 1.44, 95% CI 0.43 to 2.45; very low-certainty evidence). One study (25 participants) measured professionals' skill in distinguishing reportable and non-reportable cases postintervention. The results favoured the intervention over no training, but the evidence is very uncertain (SMD 0.94, 95% CI 0.11 to 1.77; very low-certainty evidence). Two studies measured professionals' attitudes towards the duty to report child abuse and neglect postintervention. The results of one study (741 participants) favoured the intervention over waitlist, but the evidence is very uncertain (SMD 0.61, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.76; very low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The studies included in this review suggest there may be evidence of improvements in training outcomes for professionals exposed to training compared with those who are not exposed. However, the evidence is very uncertain. We rated the certainty of evidence as low to very low, downgrading due to study design and reporting limitations. Our findings rest on a small number of largely older studies, confined to single professional groups. Whether similar effects would be seen for a wider range of professionals remains unknown. Considering the many professional groups with reporting duties, we strongly recommend further research to assess the effectiveness of training interventions, with a wider range of child-serving professionals. There is a need for larger trials that use appropriate methods for group allocation, and statistical methods to account for the delivery of training to professionals in workplace groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryann Walsh
- School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Eggins
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lorelei Hine
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ben Mathews
- School of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maureen C Kenny
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Howard
- Library Services Directorate, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natasha Ayling
- School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Pink
- School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dimitrios Vagenas
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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175
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Rueda P, Ferragut M, Cerezo MV, Ortiz-Tallo M. Knowledge and Myths About Child Sexual Abuse in Mexican Women. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP11743-NP11760. [PMID: 33632027 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521993927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a terrible type of maltreatment that occurs in all countries and social statuses, but due to the shame and taboo that it creates, it is still riddled with myths and false beliefs that make it difficult for the population and the authorities to adequately determine its prevalence. The objective of this work was to explore what Mexican women know about CSA. The participants were Mexican women (N = 499) who filled out a questionnaire comprising ten items referring to truths and myths about CSA, indicating their degree of agreement with them on a Likert scale. The results showed that although Mexican women have quite adequate knowledge about CSA, they still hold wrong beliefs about the child's feelings toward the abuser or the child victim becoming an adult abuser. Likewise, differences were found in the myths and truths about CSA held by women under 40 and over 40 years of age.
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176
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van Ham K, Bolt S, van Doesterling M, Brilleslijper-Kater S, Teeuw R, van Rijn R, van Goudoever H, van der Lee H. Reliability of the Sexual Knowledge Picture Instrument: a potential diagnostic instrument for sexual abuse in young children. BMJ Paediatr Open 2022; 6:10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001437. [PMID: 36053625 PMCID: PMC9280880 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the Sexual Knowledge Picture Instrument (SKPI), a potential diagnostic instrument for young suspected victims of sexual abuse containing three scoring forms, that is, verbal responses, non-verbal reactions and red flags. DESIGN Video-recorded SKPI interviews with children with and without suspicion of child sexual abuse were observed and scored by two trained, independent raters. The second rater repeated the assessment 6 weeks after initial rating to evaluate for intra-rater reliability. SUBJECTS 78 children aged 3-9 years old were included in the study. 39 of those included had known suspicion of sexual abuse and the other 39 had no suspicion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the scores per study group and in the total sample were assessed by Cohen's kappa and percentage of agreement (POA). RESULTS The median intra-rater Cohen's kappa exceeded 0.90 and the POA exceeded 95 for all three forms in both study groups, except for the red flag form (median Cohen's kappa 0.54 and POA 87 in the suspected group, and 0.84 and 92, respectively, in the total sample). For the verbal scoring form the median inter-rater Cohen's kappa and POA were 1.00 and 100, respectively, in both groups. For the non-verbal form the median inter-rater kappa and POA were 0.37 and 97, respectively, in the suspected group, and 0.47 and 100, respectively, in the control group. For the red flag form, they were 0.37 and 76, respectively, in the suspected group and 0.42 and 77, respectively, in the control group. CONCLUSION The reliability of the SKPI verbal form was sufficient, but there is room for improvement in the non-verbal and red flag scoring forms. These forms may be improved by adjusting the manual and improving rater training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten van Ham
- Paediatrics, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shanti Bolt
- Social Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rian Teeuw
- Paediatrics, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick van Rijn
- Paediatric Radiology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hanneke van der Lee
- Epidemiology, Kennisinstituut van Medisch Specialisten, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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177
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de Waal MM, Christ C, Messman TL, Dekker JJM. Changes in Risk Perception After Sexual Victimization: Are We Following the Right Track? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP11699-NP11719. [PMID: 31096834 PMCID: PMC9251736 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519848790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexual abuse is a major public health concern with detrimental effects on both mental and physical health. Several studies have reported that victims of sexual abuse have a decreased ability to recognize risk in potentially threatening situations compared with nonvictims, although others were not able to replicate this finding. In addition, although emotion dysregulation has been linked to risk perception and sexual victimization, results have been contradictory. To strengthen the theoretical framework needed for the development of interventions to reduce women's likelihood of sexual assault, it is crucial to further examine the role of emotion dysregulation in relation to sexual victimization history and risk perception. The aim of the current study was to examine cross-sectional associations between sexual victimization, emotion regulation difficulties, and risk perception. In our sample of 276 female college students, 40% reported lifetime sexual victimization, 14% reported recent sexual victimization, and 12% reported childhood sexual abuse. In contrast to our hypothesis, we did not find risk perception to be related to lifetime sexual victimization, childhood sexual victimization, or recent sexual victimization. In addition, we did not find evidence for the expected relationship between sexual victimization, risk perception, and emotion regulation difficulties. The discussion of the current study specifically highlights the need for a clear conceptualization of risk perception and provides recommendations for future studies. More sophisticated measurement methods could lead to a higher applicability of findings to real-life situations. The potential relationships between victimization, risk perception, and emotion dysregulation need further clarification to reach the ultimate goal of contributing to the prevention of victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen M de Waal
- Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien Christ
- Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, GGZ inGeest, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jack J M Dekker
- Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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178
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Rudolph JI, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Walsh K. Recall of sexual abuse prevention education at school and home: Associations with sexual abuse experience, disclosure, protective parenting, and knowledge. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 129:105680. [PMID: 35644104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention is dominated by a focus on child education. However, evidence that this education reduces CSA risk is limited and mixed. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether participants' history of receiving school-based child sexual abuse prevention (CSAPP) was associated with experiencing CSA. Uniquely, we also investigated whether parent-led CSA education (PLSAE) and received protective parenting were associated with CSA. CSA knowledge was also considered. METHODS Australian university students (N = 1265, Mage = 22.8, SD = 7.7, Moage = 18, Mdage = 20, 75% female) reported their history of CSAPP and PLSAE, experience of CSA, disclosure of CSA, parenting, and CSA knowledge. RESULTS CSAPP attendance was reported by 29% of respondents, 72% reported PLSAE, and 24% reported CSA. PLSAE was significantly associated with lower risk of CSA, but was CSAPP attendance was not. PLSAE was significantly associated with higher levels of parental involvement/care and monitoring/supervision. In a multivariate logistic regression model, involvement/care and monitoring/supervision were associated with lower risk of CSA, but PLSAE was not. Neither CSAPP attendance nor PLSAE was associated with CSA disclosure or CSA knowledge. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to the small body of literature using reports of real-life experiences. Results call into question the over-reliance of child-education in CSA prevention and highlight the role of protective parenting. Building parenting capacity to include parenting practices is most likely to be effective for CSA prevention, such as monitoring and involvement, and should be included in CSA prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I Rudolph
- Griffith University, School of Applied Psychology, Australia.
| | - Melanie J Zimmer-Gembeck
- Griffith University, School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerryann Walsh
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Creative Industries, Education and Social Justice, Australia
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179
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Pace CS, Muzi S, Rogier G, Meinero LL, Marcenaro S. The Adverse Childhood Experiences - International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) in community samples around the world: A systematic review (part I). CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 129:105640. [PMID: 35662684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) collects additional data (e.g., witness community violence/terrorism) than the previous version. Despite ACE-IQ is widely used and validated in several languages, no reviews focus on this measure. OBJECTIVE The main goals are to: 1) synthesize the ACE-IQ prevalence rates and average means among community samples, both for total ACE and single dimensions (e.g., intrafamily abuse, bullying); 2) discuss these data in light of the characteristics of studies and samples; 3) identify main research lines of the field. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The search for studies using the ACE-IQ with community participants was conducted on seven academic databases, including retrieval of grey literature. The screening process led to include 63 documents. METHODS A systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines was performed. RESULTS 1) On average, 75% of community respondents experienced ACEs, with a mean of three, primarily emotional abuse and bullying. 2) Males experienced more ACEs, but they were underrepresented, as well as children and adolescents. Most studies were conducted in Asia or Africa, and different geographical areas showed different pathways of prevalence in subdimensions. 3) Most research focused on prevalence and relationships between ACE-IQ scores and respondents' mental and physical health, suicide and parenting, focusing on intrafamily ACEs more than on those outside the household. CONCLUSIONS Several issues emerged in terms of lack of reporting prevalence or means, lack of studies in Europe, America and Oceania, and no attention to collective/community/peer violence, plus a lack of consensus toward the dimensions of the ACE-IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Serena Pace
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Podestà 2, 16128 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Stefania Muzi
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Podestà 2, 16128 Genoa, Italy
| | - Guyonne Rogier
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Podestà 2, 16128 Genoa, Italy
| | - Lara Lia Meinero
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Podestà 2, 16128 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Marcenaro
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Podestà 2, 16128 Genoa, Italy
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180
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Gewirtz-Meydan A. Treating Sexual Dysfunctions Among Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse: An Overview of Empirical Research. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:840-853. [PMID: 33317434 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020979842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual problems are very prevalent among survivors of child sexual abuse (CSA). Yet, various approaches to therapy do not seem to address this issue when treating these individuals. Traditional sex therapy may also not suit the experiences of CSA survivors, as CSA was not considered when the most well-known and frequently used techniques were developed. The present review sought to identify (1) theory-based therapeutic approaches that address sexual problems among CSA survivors and offer treatment protocols (including an outline of specific therapy stages, sessions, or techniques) to treat these sexual problems and (2) identify therapeutic approaches that include a protocol for treating sexual problems among CSA survivors that was empirically tested and validated. In total, six approaches for treating sexual dysfunctions among CSA survivors that provide detailed guidelines for implementing the approach within sex therapy for CSA survivors were identified in the literature. Only two of the studies conducted a randomized controlled trial to test the intervention. This overview concludes with important issues to address when treating sexual problems among CSA survivors and a call for additional evidence-based practices for treating sexual problems among survivors of CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan
- The Sex and Couple Therapy Unit, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
- The Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- School of Social Work, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
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181
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Ma X, Biaggi A, Sacchi C, Lawrence AJ, Chen PJ, Pollard R, Matter M, Mackes N, Hazelgrove K, Morgan C, Harding S, Simonelli A, Schumann G, Pariante CM, Mehta M, Montana G, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Nosarti C, Dazzan P. Mediators and moderators in the relationship between maternal childhood adversity and children's emotional and behavioural development: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1817-1837. [PMID: 35730541 PMCID: PMC9340854 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Maternal experiences of childhood adversity can increase the risk of emotional and behavioural problems in their children. This systematic review and meta-analysis provide the first narrative and quantitative synthesis of the mediators and moderators involved in the link between maternal childhood adversity and children's emotional and behavioural development. We searched EMBASE, PsycINFO, Medline, Cochrane Library, grey literature and reference lists. Studies published up to February 2021 were included if they explored mediators or moderators between maternal childhood adversity and their children's emotional and behavioural development. Data were synthesised narratively and quantitatively by meta-analytic approaches. The search yielded 781 articles, with 74 full-text articles reviewed, and 41 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Maternal mental health was a significant individual-level mediator, while child traumatic experiences and insecure maternal-child attachment were consistent family-level mediators. However, the evidence for community-level mediators was limited. A meta-analysis of nine single-mediating analyses from five studies indicated three mediating pathways: maternal depression, negative parenting practices and maternal insecure attachment, with pooled indirect standardised effects of 0.10 [95% CI (0.03-0.17)), 0.01 (95% CI (-0.02 to 0.04)] and 0.07 [95% CI (0.01-0.12)], respectively. Research studies on moderators were few and identified some individual-level factors, such as child sex (e.g. the mediating role of parenting practices being only significant in girls), biological factors (e.g. maternal cortisol level) and genetic factors (e.g. child's serotonin-transporter genotype). In conclusion, maternal depression and maternal insecure attachment are two established mediating pathways that can explain the link between maternal childhood adversity and their children's emotional and behavioural development and offer opportunities for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Ma
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Biaggi
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chiara Sacchi
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pei-Jung Chen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Pollard
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maryam Matter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nuria Mackes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie Hazelgrove
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Craig Morgan
- Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Seeromanie Harding
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Simonelli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine M. Pariante
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mitul Mehta
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging & Psychopharmacology, Centre of Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chiara Nosarti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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182
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Wang X, Chen W, Wen L, Yang X, Chen B, Zhang T, Zhang C, Du C, Hua J, Tang Q, Hong X, Liu W, Xie C, Ma H, Yu X, Chen D, Guan L. Adverse childhood experiences in offspring living with parental mental illness: a controlled study from China. J Ment Health 2022; 32:541-550. [PMID: 35775503 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2022.2091765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect children's development, and their harm to health is pervasive throughout the life course. AIMS To identify ACEs and their risk factors in Chinese household with or without parental mental illness. METHODS A controlled study was conducted among 181 young adults with parental mental illness (positive group) and 201 demographically matched individuals without parental mental illness (negative group). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to study the correlation between ACEs and their risk factors. RESULTS The positive group suffered emotional abuse, domestic violence, bullying, and cumulative ACEs more frequently than the negative group. In the positive group, living in rural areas and having a low household economic status during childhood were identified as risk factors for cumulative ACEs, whereas a higher education level of the mother was a protective factor for cumulative ACEs in univariate analyses. Low household economic status remained an independent risk factor for cumulative ACEs in the positive group in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS Children living with parental mental illness are more vulnerable to ACEs, and our findings highlight the importance of socioeconomic factors in increasing the risk of ACEs. To alleviate the deleterious impact of parental mental illness on offspring, multidimensional supports are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.,Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weiran Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liping Wen
- Zigong Fifth People's Hospital, Zigong, PR China
| | - Xianmei Yang
- The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, PR China
| | | | - Tao Zhang
- Taiyuan Psychiatric Hospital, Shanxi Mental Health Center, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Changchun Zhang
- Beijing Fangshan District Psychiatric Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chunyu Du
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, PR China
| | - Juan Hua
- Zigong Yantan District Mental Health Center, Zigong, PR China
| | - Qi Tang
- Psychiatric Hospital of Jiangyou, Jiangyou, PR China
| | - Xu Hong
- Xiamen City Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Taiyuan Psychiatric Hospital, Shanxi Mental Health Center, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Chenmei Xie
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong Ma
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dafang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lili Guan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, PR China
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183
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Sperlich M, Kabilamany P. The Survivor Moms' Companion Trauma-Specific Perinatal Psychoeducation Intervention in a Community Outreach Program: An Open Pilot. J Midwifery Womens Health 2022; 67:569-579. [PMID: 35689499 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) confers significant risk during the childbearing year, including for maternal substance use, inadequate prenatal care, preterm birth, and impaired maternal-infant bonding. Although several treatments are available for PTSD, few are specific to the perinatal period. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate outcomes of a PTSD- and pregnancy-specific psychoeducational intervention, the Survivor Moms' Companion (SMC). METHODS The SMC includes psychoeducation with tutor support to address maternal posttraumatic stress, affect regulation, and interpersonal sensitivity. This open pilot was conducted in a large city in a mid-Atlantic state within an organization that provides perinatal services via community health workers (CHWs). The majority of participants were aged 20 to 25 years and African American and had low levels of income and educational attainment. The SMC learning modules were supplied to participants by specially trained CHWs who provided weekly face-to-face support during 30-to-60-minute tutoring sessions. Pretest-to-posttest analyses using multiple imputation methodology and paired-samples t tests examined PTSD symptom counts and scores related to theorized mechanisms of affect dysregulation and interpersonal sensitivity. Nonparametric statistical tests examined clinically meaningful changes. RESULTS Of 56 women who completed pretests, 38 (67.9%) completed the core dose of a minimum of 4 of 10 learning modules. Examination of intention-to-treat (n = 56) pretest-to-posttest scores revealed statistically significant improvements in PTSD symptoms (P < .001), affect regulation (depression [P < .001] and anger expression [P < .05]), and interpersonal sensitivity (P < .001). Per-protocol analyses (n = 38) revealed significant changes from clinical to nonclinical range scores for PTSD (P < .01) and depression (P < .05). DISCUSSION These findings suggest that a psychoeducational intervention with tutor support can be influential in fostering positive mental health changes in a high-risk perinatal population. CHWs with intervention-specific training can be effective at implementing a trauma-specific intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey Sperlich
- School of Social Work, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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184
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Gonçalves JPDB, Lucchetti G, Latorre MDRD, Laranjeira R, Vallada H. Religiosity as a potential mediator for violence in childhood and adulthood: results from a Brazilian nationally representative survey. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e051225. [PMID: 35672063 PMCID: PMC9174776 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although previous studies have investigated the role of religiosity in violence outcomes, there is a lack of studies including this aspect as a mediator for violence in childhood and adulthood. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between religiosity and violence in childhood, as well as the possible mediating role of religiosity between suffering violence in childhood and suffering and/or perpetrating violence in adulthood. DESIGN Cross-sectional population-based study carried out from November 2011 to March 2012. SETTING Face-to-face surveys (at participants' homes) were performed in a Brazilian nationally representative sample. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3378 adults (aged 19 years and above) were included. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES MEASURES The association between suffering violence in childhood and religiosity, and the mediating role of religiosity between childhood and adulthood violence were analysed using logistic regression models. RESULTS Religiosity was associated with childhood violence, showing that those who suffered less violence in childhood were more religious in adulthood and considered religion more important in their lives. However, while there was a significant association between suffering violence during childhood and suffering and/or perpetrating violence in adulthood, religiosity did not mediate this relationship. CONCLUSIONS Although religious individuals self-reported less violence suffered in childhood, religiosity did not show evidence of being a potential mediator for childhood and adulthood violence (experienced and/or perpetrated). These results could help researchers explore this phenomenon, and aid health professionals and managers when proposing future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giancarlo Lucchetti
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Laranjeira
- Psychiatry Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Homero Vallada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (LIM-23/ProSER), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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185
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Wong RS, Tung KTS, Ho FKW, Lee TMC, Chan KL, Bacon-Shone J, Coghill D, Man KKC, Sham PC, Wong WHS, Tso WWY, Chua GT, Wong ICK, Ip P. Associations between childhood maltreatment and psychiatric disorders: analysis from electronic health records in Hong Kong. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:231. [PMID: 35668084 PMCID: PMC9170694 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a lack of high-quality evidence concerning the association between childhood maltreatment and psychiatric diagnoses particularly for Axis II disorders. This study aimed to examine the association between childhood maltreatment exposure and Axis I and Axis II psychiatry disorders using electronic health records. In this study, the exposed group (n = 7473) comprised patients aged 0 to 19 years with a first-time record of maltreatment episode between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2010, whereas the unexposed group (n = 26,834) comprised individuals of the same gender and age who were admitted into the same hospital in the same calendar year and month but had no records of maltreatment in the Hong Kong Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (CDARS). Data on their psychiatric diagnoses recorded from the date of admission to January 31, 2019 were extracted. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was fitted to estimate the hazard ratio (HR, plus 95% CIs) between childhood maltreatment exposure and psychiatric diagnoses, adjusting for age at index visit, sex, and government welfare recipient status. Results showed that childhood maltreatment exposure was significantly associated with subsequent diagnosis of conduct disorder/ oppositional defiant disorder (adjusted HR, 10.99 [95% CI 6.36, 19.01]), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (7.28 [5.49, 9.65]), and personality disorders (5.36 [3.78, 7.59]). The risk of psychiatric disorders following childhood maltreatment did not vary by history of childhood sexual abuse, age at maltreatment exposure, and gender. Individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment are vulnerable to psychiatric disorders. Findings support the provision of integrated care within the primary health care setting to address the long-term medical and psychosocial needs of individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa S. Wong
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keith T. S. Tung
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Frederick K. W. Ho
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XInstitute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tatia M. C. Lee
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ko Ling Chan
- grid.16890.360000 0004 1764 6123Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - John Bacon-Shone
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Social Sciences Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Coghill
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Kenneth K. C. Man
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Pak C. Sham
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilfred H. S. Wong
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Winnie W. Y. Tso
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gilbert T. Chua
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ian C. K. Wong
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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186
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Miljkovitch R, Danner-Touati C, Gery I, Bernier A, Sirparanta A, Deborde AS. The role of multiple attachments in intergenerational transmission of child sexual abuse among male victims. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 128:104864. [PMID: 33358280 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to Finkelhor (1984), difficulties child sexual abusers have in establishing adaptive adult relationships are a consequence of attachment problems with parents. Research shows that insecure attachment is associated with both the experience of child sexual abuse (CSA) as a victim and perpetration of CSA as an adult. Attachment may thus be a key factor in intergenerational transmission (IT) of CSA. OBJECTIVE The study aims to examine the direct, interactive, and mediated effects linking attachment in different relationships (mother, father, romantic partner) to IT of CSA among male victims. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Thirty-two abusing and 27 non-abusing male CSA survivors were recruited, respectively, in a prison and via networks of former foster children or CSA victims. METHOD All participants completed the Attachment Multiple Model Interview to assess attachment along four dimensions (security, deactivation, hyperactivation, and disorganization) in the relationship with mother, father, and partner. RESULTS Partial least square modeling suggests that the partner carries forward (mediates) the increased risk of committing sexual abuse associated with insecure/disorganized attachment with the father. A significant partner-mother interaction also suggests that the deleterious effects of attachment to the mother in terms of committing CSA are countered by more secure/organized attachment to the partner. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the pivotal role of the romantic partner in IT of CSA. Beyond early intervention, therapy in adulthood aimed at fostering adaptive ways of finding emotional security in the relationship with an adult could thus be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaële Miljkovitch
- Laboratoire Paragraphe EA 349, Paris 8 University, 2 Rue de la Liberté, 93200, Saint-Denis, France.
| | - Camille Danner-Touati
- Laboratoire Paragraphe EA 349, Paris 8 University, 2 Rue de la Liberté, 93200, Saint-Denis, France.
| | - Isabelle Gery
- Penitentiary Center Poitiers-Divonne, Champ des Grolles - RD742, CS 80029, 86370, Vivonne, France.
| | - Annie Bernier
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Qc H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Aino Sirparanta
- Laboratoire Paragraphe EA 349, Paris 8 University, 2 Rue de la Liberté, 93200, Saint-Denis, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Deborde
- Laboratoire Paragraphe EA 349, Paris 8 University, 2 Rue de la Liberté, 93200, Saint-Denis, France.
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187
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Anderson KM, Bergenfeld I, Cheong YF, Minh TH, Yount KM. Childhood maltreatment class and sexually violent behavior among university men in Vietnam. SSM Popul Health 2022; 18:101103. [PMID: 35698483 PMCID: PMC9187524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual violence against women remains a global public health problem, with Southeast Asia having among the highest rates of violence victimization globally. Exposure to violence in adolescence--a highly prevalent experience in Vietnam--is associated with later perpetration of violence against others. However, childhood maltreatment as a latent construct is understudied, with most analyses focusing on theoretical categories, potentially missing key patterns of victimization, particularly poly-victimization. Poor understanding of these experience limits researchers’ ability to predict and intervene upon cyclical perpetration of violence. This study aims to identify latent classes of childhood maltreatment, and to test associations between class membership and sexually violent behavior during the first 12 months of university in a sample of Vietnamese men. Methods and findings Heterosexual and bisexual men aged 18–24 matriculating into two universities in Hanoi were recruited for the randomized controlled trial of GlobalConsent, a six-module online sexual-violence prevention program. Participants (N = 793) completed a baseline survey, were randomized 1:1 to GlobalConsent or attention control, and were invited to complete post-test surveys at six-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline. Validated scales were employed to assess childhood maltreatment and past-six-month sexually violent behavior at each post-test. Latent class analysis identified four classes of childhood maltreatment: Limited-to-no, physical, physical and emotional, and poly-victimization. Associations between childhood maltreatment class and sexually violent behavior demonstrate a threshold effect, wherein poly-victimized men were significantly more likely than men in other classes to have engaged in sexually violent behavior during the 12-month follow-up period. Conclusions There is a vital need for screening and intervention with men who have experienced childhood maltreatment in Vietnam to prevent future violence perpetration. Education is needed to break the cycle of violence intergenerationally and in romantic relationships by changing harmful norms around men's sexual privilege and the normalization of childhood maltreatment. Exposure to childhood maltreatment is associated with later perpetration of violence. Sexual violence against women remains a global health concern. Latent classes identify patterns of maltreatment associated with later sexual violence. Polyvictimization is associated with sexual violence perpetration beyond other latent classes. Understanding these associations allows for intervention upon cyclical perpetration of violence.
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188
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Le T, Dang HM, Weiss B. Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences among Vietnamese high school students. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 128:105628. [PMID: 35413548 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are linked to a range of negative health outcomes. However, the majority of research has been conducted in high-income-countries and little is known about ACE prevalence in low-and-middle-income-countries (LMIC), where the majority of the world's youth reside. OBJECTIVE Assess ACE prevalence and demographic correlates in two provinces of the Southeast Asian LMIC Vietnam. METHODS Prevalence of ACE were assessed among 644 Vietnamese high-school students, using the WHO Adverse Childhood Experiences-International Questionnaire. RESULTS About 74% of participants reported experiencing at least one ACE, with 27% reporting experiencing three or more ACE. Prevalence of sexual abuse was above 10% for both males and females. Sex differences were non-significant, suggesting child protective services should give consideration to both males and females. Factor analysis identified two patterns of ACE: Violence and Aggression in Family and Community, and Family Member Dysfunction. Three ACE (sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect) did not load on either factor. Thus, at least in our sample, sexual abuse was independent of other ACE, which indicates that it can occur in any context, among children in otherwise well-functioning families, an important consideration for child protective services. The lack of significant sex differences in sexual abuse means that Vietnamese boys need equal consideration for protection and support as girls. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that ACE are a prevalent public health problem in Vietnam. Future research evaluating potential ACE risk factors such as authoritarian parenting may be useful to identify possible targets for prevention programs in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Le
- Center of Research, Information and Services in Psychology, VNU University of Education, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang-Minh Dang
- Center of Research, Information and Services in Psychology, VNU University of Education, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Bahr Weiss
- Center of Research, Information and Services in Psychology, VNU University of Education, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Psychology and Human Development, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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189
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Zhang Y, Liao H, Gu J, Wang J. Anxiety and depression related to childhood maltreatment in teenagers: Comparing multiple individual risk model, cumulative risk model and latent profile analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 128:105630. [PMID: 35413546 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have employed person-centered approaches (i.e. latent profile analysis in this study) to investigate the specific patterns of childhood maltreatment in a large sample of Chinese adolescents, and little is known about the predictive validity of latent profile analysis on internalizing problems, compared with multiple individual risk model and cumulative risk model. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether differential patterns of maltreatment existed by employing latent profile analysis with a sample of 9071 Chinese adolescents, and further examined the predictive validity of latent profile analysis on internalizing problems, relative to the cumulative risk and multiple individual risk model. PARTICIPANTS Using a stratified sampling approach, 10,515 participants (Mean age = 14.24; SD = 1.73) were chosen from three different types of middle schools in Chongqing city, China. 9071 valid responses (males = 4775; females = 4296) were obtained for final analysis. METHODS Participants reported their childhood maltreatment experience, anxiety and depression symptoms. Latent profile analysis was used to obtain possible patterns of maltreatment with Mplus version 7. 4. Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars (BCH) method was used to test the association between maltreatment patterns and anxiety and depression symptoms. Relative weight analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test the predictive validity of latent profile analysis, multiple individual risk and cumulative risk model. RESULTS Using latent profile analysis, two patterns of childhood maltreatment were uncovered ("No Maltreatment" and "Multiple Maltreatment"). Further analysis showed that multiple individual risk model accounted for the largest variance in anxiety (R2 = 26.7%) and depression (R2 = 33%), followed by the latent profile analysis (R2 = 14.7% for anxiety and 18.6% for depression) and the cumulative risk model (R2 = 12.9% for anxiety and 15.2% for depression). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that the multiple individual risk model is the optimal model for identifying adolescents at the risk of developing anxiety and depression symptoms, and the results suggested emotional abuse and emotional neglect are risk factors for higher levels of anxiety and depression among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhang
- Center for Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiping Liao
- Center for Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Gu
- Center for Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Center for Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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190
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Meiling L, Hania A, Waqas M. Case Report: A Functional Approach to Deal With Sexual Harassment Within Families. Front Psychol 2022; 13:537599. [PMID: 35712189 PMCID: PMC9197489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.537599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abuse is followed by multiple short- and long-term psychological consequences. Researchers suggest a significant need to design a culturally relevant and competent treatment plan specifically for the Asian context. This research presents an account of therapeutic strategies that were employed to manage the complaints of sexual harassment and associated psychological challenges. This case report dealt with a 16-year-old girl who was self-referred to the psychologist with complaints of getting sexually harassed by her brother-in-law, difficulty in managing academic challenges, communication gap with parents, and difficulty in handling her anger for the past 7 years. The assessment modalities used with the client were Behavioral Observation, Clinical Interview, Baseline Charts, School Children Problem Scale to rule out emotional-behavioral problems, the Adult-Child Interaction Test, and Downward Arrow Technique for cognitive assessment. The management plan was based on trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and constituted of goals, such as having self-protection awareness from harassment, reducing the fear and unexplained emotions of grief, increasing self-esteem, designing a proper schedule for studies, and developing good communication ability. Post-assessment showed that anger reduced to 40%, communication gap with parents reduced to 50%, fear of harassment reduced to 40%, and self-image improved up to 40%. Sessions were based on 9 in-person meetings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meiling
- School of Economics and Statistics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Business Administration, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Pakistan
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191
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Huang B, Ma L, Huang L. My Work Is Meaningless: The Consequences of Perceived Occupational Stigma for Employees in High-Prestige Occupations. Front Psychol 2022; 13:715188. [PMID: 35572310 PMCID: PMC9092528 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.715188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational stigma is pervasive, but there is a lack of understanding about how it impacts the behaviors of employees in relatively high-prestige occupations. We draw on the job characteristics model and social information processing theory to establish hypotheses about the effects of occupational stigma on the withdrawal behavior of employees in a relatively high-prestige occupation (preschool teacher). We suggest that perceptions of skill variety and task significance among high-prestige employees may be negatively influenced due to occupational stigma perception. In addition, occupational stigma conveys information to employees that the work they do is not appreciated by beneficiaries. For those reasons, making it difficult for them to perceive the meaningfulness of their work. This lack of meaningful experience is in turn positively associated with employees’ withdrawal behavior. Furthermore, we propose that these indirect effects are moderated by perceived job embeddedness of employees. Based on data collected at two time points from 466 preschool teachers in China, we find that occupational stigma is positively related to employees’ withdrawal behavior through meaningfulness. In addition, the negative relationship between perceived occupational stigma and experienced meaningfulness is stronger for employees with high job embeddedness than for employees with low job embeddedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- School of Labor and Human Resource, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- School of Education Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Huang
- Business School, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China
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192
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Early Adversity and Changes in Cortisol and Negative Affect in Response to Interpersonal Threats in the Laboratory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105934. [PMID: 35627468 PMCID: PMC9141898 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences, such as abuse and neglect, are associated with poor health outcomes. This association may be partially explained by differences in stress physiology. Though most early adverse experiences occur within the context of interpersonal relationships, stress exposures manipulated in the laboratory rarely involve interpersonal interactions beyond the mere presence of others. This study examines whether adverse childhood experiences are associated with differences in affective and cortisol reactivity to two stressors which may more closely resemble the powerlessness and the lack of control characteristic of many adverse childhood experiences: a dominant (vs. submissive) interaction partner and lower (vs. higher) social status. We also manipulate social-evaluative threat as a test of whether these interpersonal stressors are more germane to stress reactivity associated with early adversity than the performance anxiety evoked by more traditional laboratory stressors, such as the Trier Social Stress Test. The results partially support the hypothesis that participants with greater early adversity may be more reactive to interpersonal stressors reminiscent of early adverse experience. Given the interpersonal nature of most adverse childhood experiences, conceptualizing and measuring associations with stress physiology in an interpersonal context may more closely capture the psychological and biological embedding of these early experiences.
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193
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El Nagar ZM, Barakat DH, Rabie MAEM, Thabeet DM, Mohamed MY. Relation of Non-Suicidal Self-Harm to Emotion Regulation and Alexithymia in Sexually Abused Children and Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2022; 31:431-446. [PMID: 35254212 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2022.2047855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse is a global issue affecting children. It burdens the entire society physically and mentally. It can cause eating disorders and non-suicidal self-injury in abused people (NSSI). Emotion regulation (ER) is an important etiological link between purging, NSSI, and abusive experiences. We interviewed 80 people, ranged in age from 13 to 20, of whom 62.5% had CSA, versus 30 healthy controls. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale, an eating disorders clinical interview, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) to assess emotion dysregulation, the Self-punishment Scale to assess NSSI, the Mini-Kid for children under the age of 18, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) for those aged 18 and older were given to victims. CSA was found in 62.5% of the participants. Emotional dysregulation was strongly linked to CSA. Descriptive and identifying difficulties in feelings and externally oriented thinking (p0.001, p0.03, p0.001) were found to be associated with the development of alexithymia. CSA participants had higher NSSI than controls, with 28% having severe self-punishment symptoms (P0.001). Finally, CSA is common in kids and teens. It has negative effects on future generations' mental and physical health. All of these conditions can lead to alexithymia.
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194
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Wang Z, Li W, Cui N, Sun X, Rong T, Deng Y, Meng M, Shan W, Zhang Y, Ordway M, Jiang F, Wang G. The association between child maltreatment and sleep disturbances among preschoolers. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 127:105525. [PMID: 35168067 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment (CM) can result in lifelong detrimental consequences, but its association with sleep disturbances in young children remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the association of CM with sleep disturbances and short sleep duration among Chinese preschoolers. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data were from a representative sample of 17,023 children (6.17 ± 0.29 years old, 51.96% boys) at their graduation year of preschool in September 2019, as a subset of the Shanghai Children's Health, Education and Lifestyle Evaluation-Preschool (SCHEDULE-P) study. METHODS Parents reported children's CM of different types and the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk of sleep disturbances and short sleep duration linked to CM. RESULTS Of the children, 12,583(73.92%) demonstrated sleep disturbances (CSHQ total score > 41) and 3017(17.72%) demonstrated short sleep duration (<9 h/night). After adjusting covariates, physical abuse (aOR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.05-1.28) and emotional abuse (aOR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.39-1.62) were associated with global sleep disturbances. Physical abuse (aOR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.06-1.28), physical neglect (aOR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.12-1.49), and emotional abuse (aOR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.09-1.30) were associated with short sleep duration. Sexual abuse was not significantly associated with global sleep disturbances or short sleep duration. A cumulative association was noted that more CM types were associated with increased global sleep disturbances and short sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS CM is associated with sleep disturbances and short sleep duration in young children. This highlights the efforts to prevent and reduce CM in favor of optimal sleep and whole health in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Wang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Naixue Cui
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoning Sun
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingyu Rong
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujiao Deng
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Meng
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Shan
- Department of VIP Clinic, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Monica Ordway
- Yale University School of Nursing, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fan Jiang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guanghai Wang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China.
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195
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Soravia LM, Denier N, Moggi F, Grieder M, Federspiel A, Tschuemperlin RM, Batschelet HM, Vollstädt‐Klein S, Wiest R, Stein M, Bracht T. Reduced structural connectivity of the amygdala is associated with childhood trauma in adult patients with alcohol use disorder. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13164. [PMID: 35470559 PMCID: PMC9286842 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Childhood trauma (CT) is frequent in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and may impact on adult drinking behaviour and treatment outcome. This study aimed to investigate the structural correlates of CT in AUD, focusing on the amygdala, which plays a crucial role in the neurobiology of trauma. We hypothesized reduced amygdala volume and reduced structural connectivity as quantified by fractional anisotropy (FA) and by number of streamlines in those AUD patients with a history of moderate to severe CT (AUD‐CT). T1‐weighted MP2RAGE and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) 3‐Tesla MRI‐scans were acquired in 41 recently abstinent patients with AUD. We compared bilateral amygdala volume and structural connectivity (FA and number of streamlines) of pathways emanating from the amygdala between AUD‐CT (n = 20) and AUD without CT (AUD‐NT, n = 21) using a mixed model multivariate analysis of variance (MANCOVA) controlling for age and gender. AUD‐CT displayed reduced FA and reduced number of streamlines of amygdalar tracts. There were no differences regarding amygdala volume. The severity of physical abuse, a subscale of the childhood trauma questionnaire, was negatively correlated with FA and with number of streamlines. AUD‐CT and AUD‐NT differ regarding structural connectivity of pathways projecting to and from the amygdala, but not regarding amygdala volume. Those alterations of structural connectivity in AUD‐CT may represent a distinguishable neurobiological subtype of AUD, which might be associated with the complex clinical picture and poorer outcome that patients with CT and AUD often present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila M. Soravia
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Clinic Suedhang Kirchlindach Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Denier
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Franz Moggi
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Matthias Grieder
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Andrea Federspiel
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Raphaela M. Tschuemperlin
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Hallie M. Batschelet
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Sabine Vollstädt‐Klein
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
| | - Roland Wiest
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Maria Stein
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Tobias Bracht
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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196
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Rajan G, Wachtler C, Lee S, Wändell P, Philips B, Wahlström L, Svedin CG, Carlsson AC. A One-Session Treatment of PTSD After Single Sexual Assault Trauma. A Pilot Study of the WONSA MLI Project: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP6582-NP6603. [PMID: 33084475 PMCID: PMC9092905 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520965973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sexual abuse is a crime with devastating health consequences. Accessible, acceptable and affordable treatment of PTSD after sexual abuse is important. In this pilot study, a one-session PTSD treatment and a modified perspective to PTSD treatment is introduced. The aim of the study was to test the efficacy of one session of Modified Lifespan Integration (MLI) on reduction of symptoms of PTSD in individuals with PTSD after one sexual assault. This was a single-center, individually randomized waitlist-controlled treatment study with 1:1 allocation, with the intervention of one 90 - 140 minutes session of MLI and with post-treatment follow-up at 3 weeks (time point two). All participants were females, mean age 24, with PTSD symptoms after one sexual assault during the past 5 years. Exclusion criteria were poor understanding of Swedish, multiple traumas, active substance abuse, active psychosis, ADHD, or autism spectrum disorder. Of 135 interested participants, 38 were finally included, 36 completed baseline measures and were included in the intent to treat analyses and 33 were analyzed per protocol. The primary outcome was the difference between the two trial arms in mean PTSD symptoms as measured by the Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) at time point two. In the intervention arm, 72% no longer scored PTSD in per-protocol analysis, compared to 6% in the waiting list arm. IES-R scores were on average halved in the intervention arm (F=21.37, P<0.001), but were essentially unchanged in the waiting list arm. No adverse effects or drop-outs were seen. One session of Modified Lifespan Integration was an effective treatment with a low drop-out rate for females aged 15-65 with PTSD after one sexual assault. Provided that this result can be replicated, MLI should be offered to these patients in clinical settings. Registration number NCT03141047 was given 03/25/2016 at ClinicalTrials.gov (https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Rajan
- Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Academic Primary Healthcare Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sara Lee
- Svenska Kognitiva Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Axel C Carlsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Academic Primary Healthcare Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
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197
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Banford Witting A, Busby DM. The Residuum of Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse: Coming to Terms in Couple Relationships. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP6186-NP6210. [PMID: 33047647 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520965972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Childhood exposure to physical violence and sexual abuse is a public health concern and is empirically connected to poor outcomes in adulthood. The present study was designed to assess dyadic associations between exposure to childhood physical violence and sexual abuse, and resolution, or a sense that one has "come to terms" with events in one's family of origin. The study was also aimed at assessing whether attachment behaviors mediated associations between abuse, violence, and resolution. The study was carried out using data from a community sample of 3,836 heterosexual couples who completed the Relationship Evaluation Questionnaire inventory. Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling was employed within a structural equation model to examine associations. Results suggested inverse, direct actor associations for both men and women between physical violence and sexual abuse, and coming to terms. The results also showed inverse, direct partner associations for both men and women between sexual abuse and coming to terms. Furthermore, findings indicated the presence of inverse, indirect actor and partner effects for men and women between physical violence and coming to terms. Examination of these specific indirect partner and actor effects from physical violence to coming to terms implies partial mediation carried through one's own rating of attachment behaviors. Finally, actor (but not partner) associations were noted between attachment behaviors and coming to terms. In aggregate, the findings support the potential benefit of enhancing investment in attachment behaviors as a resource to aid in the resolution process of exposure to physical violence and sexual abuse in childhood.
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Wolff N, Aizpurua E, Sánchez FC, Peng D. Childhood Abuse Classes for Incarcerated Men and Women: Are There Unique Gender Patterns in Abuse Classes? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP6355-NP6383. [PMID: 33073688 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520965974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is predictive of poorer health and behavioral health outcomes in adulthood. Males and females are known to experience different types of childhood adversity, with females experiencing more sexual and emotional harm in childhood. Latent class analysis (LCA) has been used to identify patterns among types of childhood adversity. These studies have constructed class structures using single gender or blended gender samples. Class structures based on blended gender samples, however, may misrepresent the nuances of gender-specific adversity histories through averaging, potentially distorting the relative need for gender-specific types of intervention. This study investigated whether latent class structures of childhood abuse are equivalent for incarcerated males and females. Our sample included 4,204 residents (3,986 males, 218 females) drawn from a single prison system. Residents completed an hour-long audio computer-assisted self-interview that included questions on 10 types of childhood abuse, depression, and anxiety symptoms, the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified (CSS-M). Overall, female residents were both more likely to experience childhood abuse and have more extensive victimization experiences. Small subgroups of males, however, had even more extensive victimization experiences. Abuse patterns for males and females, while optimally clustering in four classes, are rather unique, especially for higher abuse classes, in terms of distribution of membership and types of abuse. These differences may matter in terms of identifying the relative need for therapeutic intervention among incarcerated males and females and targeting those interventions in ways that reflect the gradient and density of therapeutic need. The next step is to test whether using blended or gendered latent class structures matters in terms of predicting outcomes, such as prison-based behavioral health problems, suicidality, and victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Wolff
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Peng
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
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McQuillan K, Hyland P, Vallières F. Prevalence, correlates, and the mitigation of ICD-11 CPTSD among homeless adults: The role of self-compassion. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 127:105569. [PMID: 35240370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2018, Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) was accepted into the International Classification of Diseases, edition 11 (ICD-11) to capture symptoms associated with exposure to chronic, inescapable trauma. Thereafter, the disorder's links with interpersonal trauma have been established. OBJECTIVE Within a sample of homeless adults in Ireland, the (1) prevalence of ICD-11 disorders specifically associated with stress; Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and CPTSD, (2) nature of interpersonal trauma exposure, self-identified index events, and their association with the diagnostic criteria of CPTSD, and (3) relationship between cumulative interpersonal trauma exposure and CPTSD via self-compassion were examined. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Adults using homeless services (N = 56) completed self-report measures of socio-demographics, trauma-history, PSTD, CPTSD, and self-compassion. METHODS The data were analysed using chi-squared and mediation analyses (via PROCESS). RESULTS CPTSD was highly prevalent (33.9%) among the sample, but PTSD was not (3.6%). Emotional neglect was the most prevalent interpersonal trauma and the most common index event. Only lifetime sexual abuse (from someone other than a parent or guardian) was associated with CPTSD diagnostic status (χ2 = 3.94, (1), p = .047). When adjusted for gender, relationship status, and living situation, self-compassion mediated the relationship between cumulative interpersonal trauma exposure and CPTSD severity (B = 1.30, SE = 0.50, 95% CI = [0.43-2.35]). CONCLUSION Findings support the relevance of CPTSD to understanding psychopathology in homeless adults and the potential role of self-compassion in interventions. Further, they open debate on the nature of events that are considered traumatic - subjectively and in psychiatric canon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie McQuillan
- School of Counselling Psychology, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Spirasi, The National Centre for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture, Phibsborough, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Philip Hyland
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland; Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Frédérique Vallières
- Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland.
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Jouriles EN, Johnson E, Rancher C, Johnson JLC, Cook K, McDonald R. Adolescents Who Have Been Sexually Abused: Trauma Symptoms and Self-Blame while Waiting for Treatment. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35486470 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2051527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescents who have been sexually abused commonly experience trauma symptoms, and many are referred for trauma-based treatment. However, they sometimes spend considerable time on waitlists before beginning treatment. This study examines the course of trauma symptoms among adolescents who have been sexually abused and are waiting for treatment, and the extent to which self-blame for the abuse predicts trauma symptoms at the beginning of treatment. METHOD Participants were 127 adolescents (89.0% female, Mage = 13.61 years; 53.2% identified as Hispanic) at a Children's Advocacy Center in the southern United States. All had reported being sexually abused. Participants reported on their trauma symptoms and self-blame appraisals at a screening assessment (T1), and trauma symptoms were re-assessed at the beginning of treatment (T2). RESULTS The mean level of trauma symptoms declined over time for the total sample. Regression analyses indicated that greater self-blame for the abuse at T1 was associated with higher levels of trauma symptoms at T2, even when controlling for T1 trauma symptoms and other correlates of T2 trauma symptoms. Higher levels of trauma symptoms at T1 and adolescent sex (female) were also associated with higher levels of trauma symptoms at T2. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that assessing for self-blame for sexual abuse may be important in triage and treatment planning for youth with trauma symptoms after experiencing sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Texas, USA
| | - Caitlin Rancher
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Renee McDonald
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Texas, USA
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