151
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Xu L, Liang Y, Xu X, Xia J, Wen C, Zhang P, Duan L. Blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles: diagnostic biomarkers and smart delivery systems. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7929-7940. [PMID: 34622717 PMCID: PMC8806567 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1982320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by most of the cells or tissues and act as nanocarriers to transfer nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. The blood system is the most abundant source of extracellular vesicles for purification, and it has attracted considerable attention as a source of diagnostic biomarkers. Blood-derived extracellular vesicles, especially vesicles released from erythrocytes and platelets, are highly important in nanoplatform-based therapeutic interventions as potentially ideal drug delivery vehicles. We reviewed the latest research progress on the paracrine effects and biological functions of extracellular vesicles derived from erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma. From a clinical perspective, we summarize selected useful diagnostic biomarkers for therapeutic intervention and diagnosis. Especially, we describe and discuss the potential application of erythrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles as a new nano-delivery platform for the desired therapeutics. We suggest that blood-derived extracellular vesicles are an ideal nanoplatform for disease diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, and Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Caining Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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152
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Cappariello A, Rucci N. Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Tumors: How to Seed in the Surroundings Molecular Information for Malignant Transformation and Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:722922. [PMID: 34616676 PMCID: PMC8488258 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.722922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a very dynamic tissue hosting different cell types whose functions are regulated by a plethora of membrane-bound and soluble molecules. Intercellular communication was recently demonstrated to be also sustained by the exchange of extracellular vesicles (EVs). These are cell-derived nanosized structures shuttling biologically active molecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins. The bone microenvironment is a preferential site of primary and metastatic tumors, in which cancer cells find a fertile soil to “seed and blossom”. Nowadays, many oncogenic processes are recognized to be sustained by EVs. For example, EVs can directly fuel the vicious cycle in the bone/bone marrow microenvironment. EVs create a favourable environment for tumor growth by affecting osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, adipocytes, leukocytes, and endothelial cells. At the same time other crucial tumor-mediated events, such as the premetastatic niche formation, tumor cell dormancy, as well as drug resistance, have been described to be fostered by tumor-derived EVs. In this review, we will discuss the main body of literature describing how the cancer cells use the EVs for their growth into the bone and for educating the bone microenvironment to host metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cappariello
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nadia Rucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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153
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Kim MW, Park S, Lee H, Gwak H, Hyun KA, Kim JY, Jung HI, Il Kim S. Multi-miRNA panel of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles as promising diagnostic biomarkers of early-stage breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:5078-5087. [PMID: 34626053 PMCID: PMC8645748 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) have been emerging as potential biomarkers for disease monitoring. In particular, tumor‐derived EV (TDE) are known to carry oncogenic miRNA, so they can be used for diagnosis of early cancer by analyzing the expression levels of EV‐miRNA circulating in the blood. Here, using our novel microfluidic device, we rapidly and selectively isolate cancerous EV expressing breast cancer‐derived surface markers CD49f and EpCAM within 2 minutes. Based on seven candidates of miRNA nominated from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, the expression levels of miRNA in TDE were validated in a total of 82 individuals, including 62 breast cancer patients and 20 healthy controls. Among seven candidates, four miRNAs (miR‐9, miR‐16, miR‐21, and miR‐429) from the EV were highly elevated in early‐stage breast cancer patients compared with healthy donors. The combination of significant miRNAs from specific EV has high sensitivities of 0.90, 0.86, 0.88, and 0.84 of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in each subtype (luminal A, luminal B, HER‐2, and triple‐negative) of early‐stage breast cancer. Our results suggest that the combination of four miRNA signatures of specific EV could serve as a sensitive and specific biomarker and enable early diagnosis of breast cancer using liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Lee
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyeong Gwak
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hyun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Ye Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Il Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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154
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Wang Y, Zhao R, Jiao X, Wu L, Wei Y, Shi F, Zhong J, Xiong L. Small Extracellular Vesicles: Functions and Potential Clinical Applications as Cancer Biomarkers. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101044. [PMID: 34685415 PMCID: PMC8541078 DOI: 10.3390/life11101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, as the second leading cause of death worldwide, is a major public health concern that imposes a heavy social and economic burden. Effective approaches for either diagnosis or therapy of most cancers are still lacking. Dynamic monitoring and personalized therapy are the main directions for cancer research. Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential disease biomarkers. Cancer EVs, including small EVs (sEVs), contain unique biomolecules (protein, nucleic acid, and lipids) at various stages of carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis of sEVs, and their functions in cancer, revealing the potential applications of sEVs as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ruichen Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xueqiao Jiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Longyuan Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuxuan Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Fuxiu Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Junpei Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lixia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.W.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (F.S.); (J.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-791-8636-0556
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155
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Padda J, Khalid K, Khedr A, Patel V, Al-Ewaidat OA, Tasnim F, Padda S, Cooper AC, Jean-Charles G. Exosome-Derived microRNA: Efficacy in Cancer. Cureus 2021; 13:e17441. [PMID: 34589347 PMCID: PMC8460558 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome-derived microRNA (miRNA) has been the focus of attention in recent years. Mainly, their role in the pathogenesis of different types of cancer has been extensively studied. The different types of exosomal miRNAs (exomiRs) act as either oncogenes or oncosupressors. They have potential prognostic and diagnostic efficacy in different types of cancer due to their high stability and easy detection in bodily fluids. This is especially true in lung cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. However, their efficacy as potential therapies has not been widely investigated. This review will discuss the structure and functions of exosomes and miRNA, as well as the role of exomiRs in the pathogenesis of different types of cancer through boosting growth, promoting progression, chemotherapy resistance, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune system evasion. We will also discuss the application of exomiRs in diagnosing different types of cancer and their role in prognosis. Furthermore, we shed light on the challenges of developing therapeutic agents using miRNAs and how the carriage of therapeutic miRNA by exosomes can help solve these challenges. Finally, we examine recent studies exploring the potential of exomiRs in treating cancers such as neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anwar Khedr
- Internal Medicine, JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | - Vinay Patel
- Internal Medicine, JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Gutteridge Jean-Charles
- Internal Medicine, JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA.,Internal Medicine, Advent Health & Orlando Health Hospital, Orlando, USA
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156
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Isca C, Piacentini F, Mastrolia I, Masciale V, Caggia F, Toss A, Piombino C, Moscetti L, Barbolini M, Maur M, Dominici M, Omarini C. Circulating and Intracellular miRNAs as Prognostic and Predictive Factors in HER2-Positive Early Breast Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A Review of the Literature. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194894. [PMID: 34638377 PMCID: PMC8508299 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs that can act as both oncogene and tumor suppressors. Deregulated miRNA expression has been detected in human cancers, including breast cancer (BC). Considering their important roles in tumorigenesis, miRNAs have been investigated as potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Neoadjuvant setting is an optimal model to investigate in vivo the mechanism of treatment resistance. In the management of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive early BC, the anti-HER2-targeted therapies have drastically changed the survival outcomes. Despite this, growing drug resistance due to the pressure of therapy is relatively frequent. In the present review, we focused on the main miRNAs involved in HER2-positive BC tumorigenesis and discussed the recent evidence on their predictive and prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystel Isca
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.I.); (F.P.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Federico Piacentini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.I.); (F.P.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Ilenia Mastrolia
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (I.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Valentina Masciale
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (I.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Federica Caggia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.I.); (F.P.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Angela Toss
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.I.); (F.P.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Claudia Piombino
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.I.); (F.P.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Luca Moscetti
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology-Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (L.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Monica Barbolini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.I.); (F.P.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Michela Maur
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology-Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (L.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.I.); (F.P.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (M.D.)
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (I.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Claudia Omarini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology-Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (L.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-4222845
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157
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Tommasi C, Pellegrino B, Boggiani D, Sikokis A, Michiara M, Uliana V, Bortesi B, Bonatti F, Mozzoni P, Pinelli S, Squadrilli A, Viani MV, Cassi D, Maglietta G, Meleti M, Musolino A. Biological Role and Clinical Implications of microRNAs in BRCA Mutation Carriers. Front Oncol 2021; 11:700853. [PMID: 34552867 PMCID: PMC8450578 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.700853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with pathogenic germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have an increased risk to develop breast and ovarian cancer. There is, however, a high interpersonal variability in the modality and timing of tumor onset in those subjects, thus suggesting a potential role of other individual’s genetic, epigenetic, and environmental risk factors in modulating the penetrance of BRCA mutations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that can modulate the expression of several genes involved in cancer initiation and progression. MiRNAs are dysregulated at all stages of breast cancer and although they are accessible and evaluable, a standardized method for miRNA assessment is needed to ensure comparable data analysis and accuracy of results. The aim of this review was to highlight the role of miRNAs as potential biological markers for BRCA mutation carriers. In particular, biological and clinical implications of a link between lifestyle and nutritional modifiable factors, miRNA expression and germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are discussed with the knowledge of the best available scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tommasi
- Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,GOIRC (Gruppo Oncologico Italiano di Ricerca Clinica), Parma, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pellegrino
- Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,GOIRC (Gruppo Oncologico Italiano di Ricerca Clinica), Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Boggiani
- Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.,GOIRC (Gruppo Oncologico Italiano di Ricerca Clinica), Parma, Italy
| | - Angelica Sikokis
- Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.,GOIRC (Gruppo Oncologico Italiano di Ricerca Clinica), Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Michiara
- Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Vera Uliana
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bortesi
- Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.,GOIRC (Gruppo Oncologico Italiano di Ricerca Clinica), Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonatti
- Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Mozzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvana Pinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Squadrilli
- Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Viani
- Dental School, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Diana Cassi
- Unit of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maglietta
- GOIRC (Gruppo Oncologico Italiano di Ricerca Clinica), Parma, Italy.,Research and Innovation Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Meleti
- Dental School, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonino Musolino
- Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,GOIRC (Gruppo Oncologico Italiano di Ricerca Clinica), Parma, Italy
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158
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Guo Y, Zhang X, Wang L, Li M, Shen M, Zhou Z, Zhu S, Li K, Fang Z, Yan B, Zhao S, Su J, Chen X, Peng C. The plasma exosomal miR-1180-3p serves as a novel potential diagnostic marker for cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:487. [PMID: 34544412 PMCID: PMC8454000 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are a promising tool in disease detection because they are noninvasive, cost-effective, sensitive and stable in body fluids. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the main exosomal component and participate in tumor development. However, the exosomal miRNA profile among Asian melanoma patients remains unclear. Methods Exosomal miRNAs from the plasma of melanoma patients (n = 20) and healthy individuals (n = 20) were isolated and subjected to small RNA sequencing. Real-time PCR was performed to identify the differential miRNAs and to determine the diagnostic efficiency. Proliferation, scratch and Transwell assays were performed to detect the biological behavior of melanoma cells. Results Exosomal miRNA profiling revealed decreased miR-1180-3p expression as a potential diagnostic marker of melanoma. The validation group of melanoma patients (n = 28) and controls (n = 28) confirmed the diagnostic efficiency of miR-1180-3p. The level of miR-1180-3p in melanoma cells was lower than that in melanocytes. Accordingly, the level of miR-1180-3p was negatively associated with the proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma cells. Functional analysis and target gene prediction found that ST3GAL4 was a potential target and highly expressed in melanoma tissues and was negatively regulated by miR-1180-3p. Knockdown of ST3GAL4 hindered the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells. Conclusions This study indicates that reduced exosomal miR-1180-3p in melanoma patient plasma is a promising diagnostic marker and provides novel insight into melanoma development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02164-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeye Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Linconghua Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Min Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Minxue Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Susi Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Keke Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhiqin Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bei Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road #87, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Bondhopadhyay B, Sisodiya S, Alzahrani FA, Bakhrebah MA, Chikara A, Kasherwal V, Khan A, Rani J, Dar SA, Akhter N, Tanwar P, Agrawal U, Hussain S. Exosomes: A Forthcoming Era of Breast Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4672. [PMID: 34572899 PMCID: PMC8464658 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent advancements in therapeutics and personalized medicine, breast cancer remains one of the most lethal cancers among women. The prognostic and diagnostic aids mainly include assessment of tumor tissues with conventional methods towards better therapeutic strategies. However, current era of gene-based research may influence the treatment outcome particularly as an adjunct to diagnostics by exploring the role of non-invasive liquid biopsies or circulating markers. The characterization of tumor milieu for physiological fluids has been central to identifying the role of exosomes or small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). These exosomes provide necessary communication between tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The manipulation of exosomes in TME may provide promising diagnostic/therapeutic strategies, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer patients. This review has described and highlighted the role of exosomes in breast carcinogenesis and how they could be used or targeted by recent immunotherapeutics to achieve promising intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banashree Bondhopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Sandeep Sisodiya
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 411004, India
| | - Faisal Abdulrahman Alzahrani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Embryonic Stem Cells Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammed A. Bakhrebah
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Atul Chikara
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 411004, India
| | - Vishakha Kasherwal
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida 201313, India
| | - Asiya Khan
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India;
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. Bheem Rao Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital (Dr. BRA-IRCH), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110023, India;
| | - Jyoti Rani
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Sajad Ahmad Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha 65411, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. Bheem Rao Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital (Dr. BRA-IRCH), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110023, India;
| | - Usha Agrawal
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Showket Hussain
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
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miR-522 regulates cell proliferation, migration, invasion capacities and acts as a potential biomarker to predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Exp Med 2021; 22:385-392. [PMID: 34518949 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the cell functions and prognostic significance of miR-522 in triple-negative breast cancer. The expression levels of miR-522 in triple-negative breast cancer tissues and cell lines were detected by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression analysis were used to investigate the relationship between miR-522 expression and prognosis of patients, and to evaluate the possibility of miR-522 as a potential indicator for predicting the prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer. The CCK-8 and transwell assays were used to assess cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities. The expression of miR-522 in triple-negative breast cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues and its high expression was closely associated with the high incidence of lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage, and BRCA1/2 mutation status. High expression of miR-522 is correlated with poor overall survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Besides, functional studies in two triple-negative breast cancer cell lines showed that overexpression of miR-522 significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. BRCA1 was a potential direct target of miR-522. Our findings indicated that miR-522 was highly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer and was associated with poor prognosis of patients. The upregulation of miR-522 accelerated the progression of triple-negative breast cancer by targeting BRCA1. Therefore, miR-522 provides valuable information for the development of prevention and treatment strategies.
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161
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Li B, Cao Y, Sun M, Feng H. Expression, regulation, and function of exosome-derived miRNAs in cancer progression and therapy. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21916. [PMID: 34510546 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100294rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a novel class of intercellular signal modulators that contain a wide range of molecules and deliver information between cells and tissues. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a type of regulatory non-coding RNA, are often incorporated into exosomes as signaling molecules. In this review, we discuss the expression of exosomal miRNAs from diverse origins such as tumor cells, solid tumor tissue, and biological fluids in various cancers (lung, breast, colorectal, liver, stomach, and pancreatic). We address the biological functions of exosome-derived miRNAs in processes such as tumor-cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance in the tumor microenvironment. In particular, we discuss three oncogenic miRNAs, miR-21, miR-141, and miR-451, which occur within exosomes, in terms of gene regulation and intercellular communication. We consider therapeutic miRNA-based nanoparticles, which are widely expressed in tumors and show promise in drug therapy. The review assesses the wide-ranging evidence for using exosomal miRNAs as tumor markers in molecular diagnosis. Further, we consider the use of nanoparticle platforms to transport miRNAs, in the targeted treatment of disease and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingjun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Yu P, Zhu L, Cui K, Du Y, Zhang C, Ma W, Guo J. B4GALNT2 Gene Promotes Proliferation, and Invasiveness and Migration Abilities of Model Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Cells by Interacting With HLA-B Protein. Front Oncol 2021; 11:722828. [PMID: 34589428 PMCID: PMC8473878 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.722828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
B4GALNT2 gene encodes the enzyme β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 that biosynthesizes the histo-blood group antigen Sda, which is expressed on the surface of erythrocytes and in body secretions. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed that this gene was highly expressed in breast cancer tissues in comparison with adjacent healthy ones. In-vitro lentivirus-assisted B4GALNT2 gene knockdown experiments in model triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines (HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231) showed inhibition in cell proliferation, decrease in cell viability, promotion of cell apoptosis and inhibitions in cell migration and invasiveness abilities in comparison with empty lentivirus transfectant controls. Also, in cell cycle tests, the number of cells in the G1 phase increased, in the S phase decreased and did not change in the G2/M phase (indicative of the presence of a block in the G1 phase). In-vivo tumor formation experiments in mice revealed that knockdown of the B4GALNT2 gene in MDA-MB-231 cells inhibited their proliferation. Using co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) mass spectroscopy-assisted analysis, it was found that HLA-B protein [a product of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I gene] interacts with B4GALNT2 protein. In-vitro overexpression of HLA-B in B4GALNT2-knocked down MDA-MB-231 cell lines significantly recovered the cell proliferation, viability and migration ability of B4GALNT2 gene. These indicate that HLA-B is one of the interaction proteins in the downstream pathway of the B4GALNT2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kang Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yabing Du
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaojie Zhang
- Nephrology Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wang Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Nephrology Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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miR-370-3p as a Novel Biomarker Promotes Breast Cancer Progression by Targeting FBLN5. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:4649890. [PMID: 34475958 PMCID: PMC8407987 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4649890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs play a crucial part in multiple biological processes of cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and chemoresistance. In cancer, miRNAs can be divided into oncogenes or tumor suppressors on the basis of their functions in the carcinogenic process. The purpose of this study was to explore the roles and clinical diagnostic value of miR-370-3p in breast cancer. Our results demonstrated that miR-370-3p significantly promoted proliferation, metastasis, and stemness of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. In particular, clinical data revealed that high expression of serum miR-370-3p and exosomal miR-370-3p from breast cancer patients was remarkably correlated with lymphatic metastasis and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stages. Mechanistically, miR-370-3p inhibited FBLN5 expression and activated the NF-κB signaling pathway to promote breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and stemness. FBLN5 expression was significantly decreased in breast cancer cells and tumor tissues of breast cancer patients. Our research identified that miR-370-3p promoted breast cancer progression by inhibiting FBLN5 expression and activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Serum exosomal miR-370-3p would provide a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of breast cancer.
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164
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Li M, Xin Y, Liu M, Yu K. Platelet-derived exosomes promote the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in MCF7 cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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165
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Xiong H, Huang Z, Yang Z, Lin Q, Yang B, Fang X, Liu B, Chen H, Kong J. Recent Progress in Detection and Profiling of Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007971. [PMID: 34075696 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, known as nanometer-sized vesicles (30-200 nm), are secreted by many types of cells. Cancer-derived exosomes have great potential to be biomarkers for early clinical diagnosis and evaluation of cancer therapeutic efficacy. Conventional detection methods are limited to low sensitivity and reproducibility. There are hundreds of papers published with different detection methods in recent years to address these challenges. Therefore, in this review, pioneering researches about various detection strategies are comprehensively summarized and the analytical performance of these tests is evaluated. Furthermore, the exosome molecular composition (protein and nucleic acid) profiling, a single exosome profiling, and their application in clinical cancer diagnosis are reviewed. Finally, the principles and applications of machine learning method in exosomes researches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhejun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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166
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Diagnostic and Prognostic Performance of Liquid Biopsy-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs in Thyroid Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174295. [PMID: 34503104 PMCID: PMC8428356 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulatory tumor-derived exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in cancer development/progression. We aimed to assess the diagnostic/prognostic value of circulating exosomal miRNA in thyroid cancer (TC). A search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct up to 22 May 2021 was performed. The true/false positive (TP/FP) and true/false negative (TN/FN) rates were extracted from each eligible study to obtain the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative likelihood ratios (PLR/NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). The meta-analysis included 12 articles consisting of 1164 Asian patients and 540 controls. All miRNAs were quantified using qRT-PCR assays. The pooled sensitivity was 82% (95%CI = 77-86%), pooled specificity was 76% (95%CI = 71-80%), and pooled DOR was 13.6 (95%CI = 8.8-21.8). The best biomarkers with high sensitivity were miR-16-2-3p (94%), miR-223-5p (91%), miR-130a-3p (90%), and miR182-5p (94%). Similarly, they showed high specificity, in addition to miR-34c-5p. Six panels of two to four exosomal miRNAs showed higher diagnostic values with an area under the curve (AUC) ranging from 0.906 to 0.981. The best discriminative ability to differentiate between cancer and non-cancer individuals was observed for miR-146b-5p + miR-223-5p + miR-182-5p (AUC = 0.981, sensitivity = 93.8% (84.9-98.3), specificity = 92.9% (76.5-99.1)). In conclusion, the expression levels of exosomal miRNAs could predict TC.
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167
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Shirejini SZ, Inci F. The Yin and Yang of exosome isolation methods: conventional practice, microfluidics, and commercial kits. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107814. [PMID: 34389465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles released from various cells, and they can be found in different bodily fluids. Exosomes are used as biomarkers to diagnose many diseases and to monitor therapy efficiency as they represent the status and origin of the cell, which they are released from. Considering that they co-exist in bodily fluids with other types of particles, their isolation still remains challenging since conventional separation methods are time-consuming, user-dependent, and result in low isolation yield. This review summarizes the conventional strategies and microfluidic-based methods for exosome isolation along with their strengths and limitations. Microfluidic devices emerge as a promising approach to overcome the limitations of the conventional methods due to their inherent characteristics, such as the need for minute sample volume and rapid operation, in order to isolate exosomes with a high yield and a high purity in a short amount of time, which make them unprecedented tools for molecular biology and clinical applications. This review elaborates on the existing microfluidic-based exosome isolation methods and denotes their benefits and drawbacks. Herein, we also introduce various commercially available platforms and kits for exosome isolation along with their working principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Zeibi Shirejini
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Inci
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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168
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Extracellular Vesicles: New Tools for Early Diagnosis of Breast and Genitourinary Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168430. [PMID: 34445131 PMCID: PMC8395117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers and cancers of the genitourinary tract are the most common malignancies among men and women and are still characterized by high mortality rates. In order to improve the outcomes, early diagnosis is crucial, ideally by applying non-invasive and specific biomarkers. A key role in this field is played by extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer-delimited structures shed from the surface of almost all cell types, including cancer cells. Subcellular structures contained in EVs such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids can be isolated and exploited as biomarkers, since they directly stem from parental cells. Furthermore, it is becoming even more evident that different body fluids can also serve as sources of EVs for diagnostic purposes. In this review, EV isolation and characterization methods are described. Moreover, the potential contribution of EV cargo for diagnostic discovery purposes is described for each tumor.
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169
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Evaluation of Colon-Specific Plasma Nanovesicles as New Markers of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153905. [PMID: 34359806 PMCID: PMC8345452 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Developing new and efficient approaches for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important issue. Circulating extracellular nanovesicles (ENVs) present a promising class of cancer markers. Cells of well-differentiated adenocarcinomas retain the molecular characteristics of colon epithelial cells, and the ENVs secreted by these cells may have colon-specific surface markers. We hypothesize that an increase in the number of ENVs carrying colon-specific markers could serve as a diagnostic criterion for colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Potential colon-specific markers were selected based on tissue-specific expression profile and cell surface membrane localization data. Plasma was collected from CRC patients (n = 48) and healthy donors (n = 50). The total population of ENVs was isolated with a two-phase polymer system. ENVs derived from colon epithelium cells were isolated using immune-beads with antibodies to colon-specific markers prior to labelling with antibodies against exosomal tetraspanins (CD63 and CD9) and quantification by flow cytometry. RESULTS The number of ENVs positive for single colon cancer markers was found to be significantly higher in the plasma of CRC patients compared with healthy donors. The efficacy of detection depends on the method of ENV labelling. The diagnostic efficacy was estimated by ROC analysis (the AUC varied between 0.71 and 0.79). The multiplexed isolation of colon-derived ENVs using immune-beads decorated with antibodies against five markers allowed for a further increase in the diagnostic potency of the method (AUC = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS ENVs derived from colon epithelium may serve as markers of differentiated CRC (adenocarcinomas). The composition of ligands used for capturing colon-derived ENVs and their method of labelling are critical for the efficacy of this proposed diagnostic approach.
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170
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Špilak A, Brachner A, Kegler U, Neuhaus W, Noehammer C. Implications and pitfalls for cancer diagnostics exploiting extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113819. [PMID: 34087328 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of cancer in order to facilitate timely therapeutic interventions is an unsolved problem in today's clinical diagnostics. Tumors are detected so far mostly after pathological symptoms have emerged (usually already in progressed disease states), within preventive screenings, or occasionally as incidental finding. The emergence of extracellular vesicle (EV) analytics in combination with liquid biopsy sampling opened a plethora of new possibilities for the detection of tumors (and other diseases). This review gives an overview of the diversity of currently known EV species and the relevant cargo molecules representing potential biomarkers to detect, identify and characterize tumor cells. A number of molecules reported in recent years to be valuable targets for different aspects of cancer diagnostics, are presented. Furthermore, we discuss (technical) challenges and pitfalls related to the various potential applications (screening, diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring) of liquid biopsy based EV analytics, and give an outlook to possible future directions of this emerging field in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Špilak
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Brachner
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Kegler
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christa Noehammer
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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171
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Exosomal miR-1260b derived from non-small cell lung cancer promotes tumor metastasis through the inhibition of HIPK2. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:747. [PMID: 34321461 PMCID: PMC8319168 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) contain enriched miRNAs, and exosomal miRNAs can affect tumor growth, including cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance through cell-to-cell communication. We investigated the role of exosomal miR-1260b derived from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in tumor progression. Exosomal miR-1260b induced angiogenesis by targeting homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, exosomal miR-1260b or suppression of HIPK2 led to enhanced cellular mobility and cisplatin resistance in NSCLC cells. In patients with NSCLC, the level of HIPK2 was significantly lower in tumor tissues than in normal lung tissues, while that of miR-1260b was higher in tumor tissues. HIPK2 and miR-1260b expression showed an inverse correlation, and this correlation was strong in distant metastasis. Finally, the expression level of exosomal miR-1260b in plasma was higher in patients with NSCLC than in healthy individuals, and higher levels of exosomal miR-1260b were associated with high-grade disease, metastasis, and poor survival. In conclusion, exosomal miR-1260b can promote angiogenesis in HUVECs and metastasis of NSCLC by regulating HIPK2 and may serve as a prognostic marker for lung cancers.
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172
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Verdi J, Ketabchi N, Noorbakhsh N, Saleh M, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Seyhoun I, Kavianpour M. Development and Clinical Application of Tumor-derived Exosomes in Patients with Cancer. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:91-102. [PMID: 34161212 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666210622123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within a tissue that can lead to death due to late diagnosis, poor prognosis, drug resistance, and finally enhanced metastasis formation. Exosomes are nanovesicles that have been derived from all the different cell types. These vesicles can transfer various molecules, including the distinct form of nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, and circRNA) and proteins. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have exceptionally important roles through multiple molecular and cellular pathways like progression, tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and as well as metastasis. TEXs are detectable in all body fluids, such as serum and urine, a convenient and non-invasive way to access these nano-sized vesicles. TEXs lead to the symptom expression of genetic aberrations in the tumor cell population, making them an accurate and sensitive biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of tumors. On the other hand, TEXs contain major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) and play important dual roles in regulating tumor immune responses; they can mediate both immune activation and suppression through tumor-associated immunity. Despite numerous scientific studies, there are still many technical barriers to distinguish TEXs from non-tumor-derived exosomes. Removing exosomes lead to a wide difference in outcomes inside a patient's body. Hence, controversial pieces of evidence have demonstrated the vital role of TEXs as hopeful biomarkers for the early detection of cancers, evaluation of therapeutic effects, and monitoring of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Ketabchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Negar Noorbakhsh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Saleh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Seyhoun
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Kavianpour
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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173
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Munir MT, Kay MK, Kang MH, Rahman MM, Al-Harrasi A, Choudhury M, Moustaid-Moussa N, Hussain F, Rahman SM. Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Multifaceted Regulators of Breast Tumor Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6526. [PMID: 34207035 PMCID: PMC8233875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women of Western countries and is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The breast tumor microenvironment contains immune cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and extracellular matrix. Among these cells, macrophages or tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major components of the breast cancer microenvironment. TAMs facilitate metastasis of the breast tumor and are responsible for poor clinical outcomes. High TAM density was also found liable for the poor prognosis of breast cancer. These observations make altering TAM function a potential therapeutic target to treat breast cancer. The present review summarizes the origin of TAMs, mechanisms of macrophage recruitment and polarization in the tumor, and the contributions of TAMs in tumor progression. We have also discussed our current knowledge about TAM-targeted therapies and the roles of miRNAs and exosomes in re-educating TAM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Tabassum Munir
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.T.M.); (N.M.-M.)
- Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Matthew K. Kay
- Texas A&M University Health Sciences Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.K.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Min H. Kang
- Cancer Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mouz 616, Oman;
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- Texas A&M University Health Sciences Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.K.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (M.T.M.); (N.M.-M.)
- Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Fazle Hussain
- Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Shaikh Mizanoor Rahman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mouz 616, Oman;
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174
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Bhat EA, Sajjad N, Thokar FM. Current advancement of exosomes as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and forecasting. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 28:100417. [PMID: 34126578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are normal vesicles produced in the late endosomes of a cell. They are secreted by cells and play a role in cell-to-cell contact. They are an invaluable aid in cancer diagnosis as they include miRNA, proteins and lncRNAs. Depending on the function of these constituents in cancer, the expression of exosome constituents can be upregulated or downregulated in cancer. Exosomes provide high concentration and protective environment for their cargo, thereby making them superior targets for cancer diagnosis. It has recently been documented that exosomes modulate cell-cell connectivity by molecules included in the exosomes, leading to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In addition, exosomes released from cancer cells are implicated in the development of cancer. Data on the role of exosomes in cancer will thus enhance the effectiveness of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In particular, exosomes are useful sources for biomarkers due to selective cargo loading and similarity to their parental cells. In this review, we summarize the recent findings to use exosomes as cancer biomarkers for early detection, diagnosis, and therapy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijaz Ahmed Bhat
- Life sciences institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China; Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | - Nasreena Sajjad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Fahd M Thokar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, A.M. University, Aligarh, UP 202002, India
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175
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Ueta E, Tsutsumi K, Kato H, Matsushita H, Shiraha H, Fujii M, Matsumoto K, Horiguchi S, Okada H. Extracellular vesicle-shuttled miRNAs as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and their potential roles in gallbladder cancer patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12298. [PMID: 34112884 PMCID: PMC8192895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in serum extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a promising biomarker in cancer. We aimed to elucidate the serum EVs miRNA biomarkers to identify patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC) and to clarify their potential roles. One hundred nineteen serum EVs from GBC and non-GBC individuals were isolated by pure-EVs-yieldable size-exclusion chromatography, and then were analyzed using a comprehensive miRNAs array and RT-qPCR-based validation. The functional roles of the identified miRNAs were also investigated using GBC cell lines. Serum EVs miR-1246 and miR-451a were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively in GBC patients (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001), in line with their expression levels in cancer tissue according to an in silico analysis. The combination of CEA and CA19-9 with miR-1246 showed the highest diagnostic power (AUC, 0.816; Sensitivity, 72.0%; Specificity, 90.8%), and miR-1246 was an independent prognostic marker of GBC (Hazard ratio, 3.05; P = 0.017) according to a Cox proportional hazards model. In vitro, miR-1246 promoted cell proliferation and invasion, while miR-451a inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis with the targeting of MIF, PSMB8 and CDKN2D. Taken together, miR-1246 in serum EVs has potential application as a diagnostic and prognostic marker and miR-451a may be a novel therapeutic target in GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijiro Ueta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-city, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Hironari Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-city, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsushita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-city, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hidenori Shiraha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-city, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masakuni Fujii
- Department of Internal Medicine, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-city, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shigeru Horiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-city, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-city, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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176
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Exosomal microRNA in Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment: From Bench to Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112777. [PMID: 34204940 PMCID: PMC8199777 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States and over 90% of the patients suffer from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is the most lethal gastrointestinal malignancies and only 10% of the people survive more than 5 years, therefore, novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies are an immediate necessity. Studies have demonstrated microRNAs in bodily fluids that are bound with membranes (exosomes) can act as stable biomarkers both for disease development and metastasis. The diagnostic, prognostic, as well as therapeutic roles of exosomal microRNAs in pancreatic cancer have been discussed in this review. Abstract Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the United States, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for more than 90% of pancreatic cancer cases. PDAC is one of the most lethal gastrointestinal malignancies with an overall five-year survival rate of ~10%. Developing effective therapeutic strategies against pancreatic cancer is a great challenge. Novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies are an immediate necessity to increase the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. So far, studies have demonstrated microRNAs (miRNAs) as sensitive biomarkers because of their significant correlation with disease development and metastasis. The miRNAs have been shown to be more stable inside membrane-bound vesicles in the extracellular environment called exosomes. Varieties of miRNAs are released into the body fluids via exosomes depending on the normal physiological or pathological conditions of the body. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic roles of exosomal miRNAs in pancreatic cancer.
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177
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Liu T, Hooda J, Atkinson JM, Whiteside TL, Oesterreich S, Lee AV. Exosomes in Breast Cancer - Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Potential. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:935-945. [PMID: 33627501 PMCID: PMC8178200 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membrane vesicles comprising apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and small EVs also called as exosomes. Exosomes when initially identified were considered as a waste product but the advancement in research techniques have provided insight into the important roles of exosomes in cell-cell communication, various biological processes and diseases, including cancer. As an important component of EVs, exosomes contain various biomolecules such as miRNAs, lipids, and proteins that largely reflect the characteristics of their parent cells. Notably, cancer cells generate and secrete many more exosomes than normal cells. A growing body of evidence suggests that exosomes, as mediators of intercellular cross-talk, play a role in tumorigenesis, cancer cell invasion, angiogenesis, tumor microenvironment (TME) formation, and cancer metastasis. As we gain more insights into the association between exosomes and cancer, the potential of exosomes for clinical use is becoming more intriguing. This review is focused on the role of exosomes in breast cancer, in terms of breast cancer biology, mechanism of action, potential as biomarkers, and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantong Liu
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jagmohan Hooda
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer M Atkinson
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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178
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Hypoxic tumor-derived exosomal miR-31-5p promotes lung adenocarcinoma metastasis by negatively regulating SATB2-reversed EMT and activating MEK/ERK signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:179. [PMID: 34074322 PMCID: PMC8167983 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes have emerged as critical mediators of intercellular communication. Hypoxia is widely recognized as a key regulator of tumor aggressiveness, and significantly affects exosome release by tumor cells. However, the effects of exosomes derived from hypoxic lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells are poorly understood. METHODS Samples of miRNA isolated from hypoxic LUAD cell-derived exosomes (HExo) and normoxic LUAD cell-derived exosomes (NExo) were sequenced to identify miRNAs that might mediate tumor progression. Exosomal miRNA was co-cultured with LUAD cells to assess its biological effects on cell migration and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. The cellular target of exosomal miRNA was confirmed by dual-luciferase assays. Western blot studies showed that exosomal miRNA regulated the related pathway. The availability of circulating exosomal miRNA derived from plasma was also evaluated. RESULTS We found that HExo could significantly enhance the migration and invasion of normoxic LUAD cells. MiRNA sequencing results suggested that miR-31-5p was largely internalized within HExo and could be taken up by normoxic LUAD cells. Exosomal miR-31-5p was found to directly target Special AT-Rich Sequence-Binding Protein 2 (SATB2)-revered epithelial mesenchymal transition and significantly increase activation of MEK/ERK signaling, thereby contributing to tumor progression both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, higher levels of circulating exosomal miR-31-5p were detected in LUAD patients, especially in patients with metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that exosomal miR-31-5p exerts a crucial role in LUAD progression, and could serve as a diagnostic biomarker for LUAD.
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179
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Chorley BN, Atabakhsh E, Doran G, Gautier JC, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Jackson D, Sharapova T, Yuen PST, Church RJ, Couttet P, Froetschl R, McDuffie J, Martinez V, Pande P, Peel L, Rafferty C, Simutis FJ, Harrill AH. Methodological considerations for measuring biofluid-based microRNA biomarkers. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:264-282. [PMID: 34038674 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1907530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA that regulate the expression of messenger RNA and are implicated in almost all cellular processes. Importantly, miRNAs can be released extracellularly and are stable in these matrices where they may serve as indicators of organ or cell-specific toxicity, disease, and biological status. There has thus been great enthusiasm for developing miRNAs as biomarkers of adverse outcomes for scientific, regulatory, and clinical purposes. Despite advances in measurement capabilities for miRNAs, miRNAs are still not routinely employed as noninvasive biomarkers. This is in part due to the lack of standard approaches for sample preparation and miRNA measurement and uncertainty in their biological interpretation. Members of the microRNA Biomarkers Workgroup within the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute's (HESI) Committee on Emerging Systems Toxicology for the Assessment of Risk (eSTAR) are a consortium of private- and public-sector scientists dedicated to developing miRNAs as applied biomarkers. Here, we explore major impediments to routine acceptance and use of miRNA biomarkers and case examples of successes and deficiencies in development. Finally, we provide insight on miRNA measurement, collection, and analysis tools to provide solid footing for addressing knowledge gaps toward routine biomarker use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian N Chorley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David Jackson
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter S T Yuen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel J Church
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lauren Peel
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Alison H Harrill
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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180
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Tatischeff I. Current Search through Liquid Biopsy of Effective Biomarkers for Early Cancer Diagnosis into the Rich Cargoes of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115674. [PMID: 34073560 PMCID: PMC8199101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There exist many different human cancers, but regardless of the cancer type, an early diagnosis is a necessary condition for further optimal outcomes from the disease. Therefore, efficient specific and sensitive cancer biomarkers are urgently needed. This is especially true for the cancers depicting a silent progression, and those only diagnosed in an already metastatic state with a poor survival prognostic. After a rapid overview of the previous methods for cancer diagnosis, the outstanding characteristics of extracellular vesicles (EVs) will be presented, as new interesting candidates for early cancer diagnosis in human biofluid non-invasive liquid biopsy. The present review aims to give the state-of-the-art of the numerous searches of efficient EV-mediated cancer diagnosis. The corresponding literature quest was performed by means of an original approach, using a powerful Expernova Questel big data platform, which was specifically adapted for a literature search on EVs. The chosen collected scientific papers are presented in two parts, the first one drawing up a picture of the current general status of EV-mediated cancer diagnosis and the second one showing recent applications of such EV-mediated diagnosis for six important human-specific cancers, i.e., lung, breast, prostate, colorectal, ovary and pancreatic cancers. However, the promising perspective of finally succeeding in the worldwide quest for the much-needed early cancer diagnosis has to be moderated by the many remaining challenges left to solve before achieving the efficient clinical translation of the constantly increasing scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Tatischeff
- Honorary CNRS and UPMC Research Director, Founder of RevInterCell, a Scientific Consulting Service, 91400 Orsay, France
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181
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Li S, Xu J, Qian J, Gao X. Engineering extracellular vesicles for cancer therapy: recent advances and challenges in clinical translation. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:6978-6991. [PMID: 33155579 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01385d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are receiving increasing attention in recent years in the field of cancer treatment. EVs contain specific contents closely related to their donor cells, such as miRNAs, proteins and dsDNAs. As endogenous vesicles, EVs naturally have the characteristics of low toxicity and low immunogenicity and can stably pass through the circulatory system to reach the recipient cells, which make them good carriers to deliver therapeutic agents such as nucleic acid sequences and chemotherapeutics. In many preclinical studies and clinical trials, EVs have demonstrated their unlimited advantages in the field of cancer therapy. However, there are still some challenges that restrict their clinical application, such as yield, heterogeneity, safety, and specificity. In this review, we will focus on the latest breakthrough of EVs in the field of cancer treatment and discuss the challenges in the clinical translation of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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182
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Weng J, Xiang X, Ding L, Wong ALA, Zeng Q, Sethi G, Wang L, Lee SC, Goh BC. Extracellular vesicles, the cornerstone of next-generation cancer diagnosis? Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 74:105-120. [PMID: 33989735 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has risen up to be a major cause of mortality worldwide over the past decades. Despite advancements in cancer screening and diagnostics, a significant number of cancers are still diagnosed at a late stage with poor prognosis. Hence, the discovery of reliable and accurate methods to diagnose cancer early would be of great help in reducing cancer mortality. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid vesicles found in many biofluids and are released by almost all types of cells. In recent years, using EVs as cancer biomarkers has garnered attention as a novel technique of cancer diagnosis. Compared with traditional tissue biopsy, there are many advantages that this novel diagnostic tool presents - it is less invasive, detects early-stage asymptomatic cancers, and allows for monitoring of tumour progression. As such, EV biomarkers have great potential in improving the diagnostic accuracy of cancers and guiding subsequent therapeutic decisions. Efficient isolation and accurate characterization of EVs are essential for reliable outcomes of clinical application. However, these are complicated by the size and biomolecular diversity of EVs. In this review, we present an analysis and evaluation of the current techniques of EV isolation and characterization, as well as discuss the potential EV biomarkers for specific types of cancer. Taken together, EV biomarkers have a lot of potential as a novel method in cancer diagnostics and diagnosis. However, more work is still needed to streamline the purification, characterization and biomarker identification process to ensure optimal outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Weng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 20203, China
| | - Lingwen Ding
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Li-Ann Wong
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Qi Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Soo Chin Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore 119228, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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183
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Li X, Liu Y, Zheng S, Zhang T, Wu J, Sun Y, Zhang J, Liu G. Role of exosomes in the immune microenvironment of ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:377. [PMID: 33777201 PMCID: PMC7988709 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are excretory vesicles that can deliver a variety of bioactive cargo molecules to the extracellular environment. Accumulating evidence demonstrates exosome participation in intercellular communication, immune response, inflammatory response and they even play an essential role in affecting the tumor immune microenvironment. The role of exosomes in the immune microenvironment of ovarian cancer is mainly divided into suppression and stimulation. On one hand exosomes can stimulate the innate and adaptive immune systems by activating dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer cells and T cells, allowing these immune cells exert an antitumorigenic effect. On the other hand, ovarian cancer-derived exosomes initiate cross-talk with immunosuppressive effector cells, which subsequently cause immune evasion; one of the hallmarks of cancer. Exosomes induce the polarization of macrophages in M2 phenotype and induce apoptosis of lymphocytes and DCs. Exosomes further activate additional immunosuppressive effector cells (myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells) that induce fibroblasts to differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts. Exosomes also induce the tumorigenicity of mesenchymal stem cells to exert additional immune suppression. Furthermore, besides mediating the intercellular communication, exosomes carry microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins and lipids to the tumor microenvironment, which collectively promotes ovarian cancer cells to proliferate, invade and tumors to metastasize. Studying proteins, lipids and miRNAs carried by exosomes could potentially be used as an early diagnostic marker of ovarian cancer for designing treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jingzi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Development of a microRNA Panel for Classification of Abnormal Mammograms for Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092130. [PMID: 33925125 PMCID: PMC8124944 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer screening by mammography suffers from high rates of false positivity, resulting in unnecessary investigative imaging and biopsies. There is an unmet need for biomarkers that can distinguish between malignant and benign breast lesions. We performed miRNA profiling on 638 patients with abnormal mammograms and 100 healthy controls. A six-miRNA panel was identified and validated in an independent cohort that had an AUC of 0.881 when differentiating between cases versus those with benign lesions or healthy individuals with normal mammograms. In addition, biomarker panel scores increased with tumor size, stage and number of lymph nodes involved. This study demonstrates that circulating miRNAs can potentially be used in conjunction with mammography to differentiate between patients with malignant and benign breast lesions. Abstract Mammography is extensively used for breast cancer screening but has high false-positive rates. Here, prospectively collected blood samples were used to identify circulating microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers to discriminate between malignant and benign breast lesions among women with abnormal mammograms. The Discovery cohort comprised 72 patients with breast cancer and 197 patients with benign breast lesions, while the Validation cohort had 73 and 196 cancer and benign cases, respectively. Absolute expression levels of 324 miRNAs were determined using RT-qPCR. miRNA biomarker panels were identified by: (1) determining differential expression between malignant and benign breast lesions, (2) focusing on top differentially expressed miRNAs, and (3) building panels from an unbiased search among all expressed miRNAs. Two-fold cross-validation incorporating a feature selection algorithm and logistic regression was performed. A six-miRNA biomarker panel identified by the third strategy, had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.785 and 0.774 in the Discovery and Validation cohorts, respectively, and an AUC of 0.881 when differentiating between cases versus those with benign lesions or healthy individuals with normal mammograms. Biomarker panel scores increased with tumor size, stage and number of lymph nodes involved. Our work demonstrates that circulating miRNA signatures can potentially be used with mammography to differentiate between patients with malignant and benign breast lesions.
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185
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Ahmed SH, Espinoza-Sánchez NA, El-Damen A, Fahim SA, Badawy MA, Greve B, El-Shinawi M, Götte M, Ibrahim SA. Small extracellular vesicle-encapsulated miR-181b-5p, miR-222-3p and let-7a-5p: Next generation plasma biopsy-based diagnostic biomarkers for inflammatory breast cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250642. [PMID: 33901254 PMCID: PMC8075236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare, but aggressive entity of breast carcinoma with rapid dermal lymphatic invasion in young females. It is either poorly or misdiagnosed as mastitis because of the absence of a distinct lump. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) circulating in liquid biopsies are a novel class of minimally invasive diagnostic alternative to invasive tissue biopsies. They modulate cancer progression via shuttling their encapsulated cargo including microRNAs (miRNAs) into recipient cells to either trigger signaling or induce malignant transformation of targeted cells. Plasma sEVs < 200 nm were isolated using a modified cost-effective polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based precipitation method and compared to standard methods, namely ultracentrifugation and a commercial kit, where the successful isolation was verified by different approaches. We evaluated the expression levels of selected sEV-derived miR-181b-5p, miR-222-3p and let-7a-5p using quantitative real PCR (qPCR). Relative to non-IBC, our qPCR data showed that sEV-derived miR-181b-5p and miR-222-3p were significantly upregulated, whereas let-7a-5p was downregulated in IBC patients. Interestingly, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis revealed that diagnostic accuracy of let-7a-5p alone was the highest for IBC with an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.9188, and when combined with miR-222-3p the AUC was improved to 0.973. Further, 38 hub genes were identified using bioinformatics analysis. Together, circulating sEV-derived miR-181b-5p, miR-222-3p and let-7a-5p serve as promising non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hamdy Ahmed
- Biotechnology/Biomolecular Chemistry Program, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nancy A Espinoza-Sánchez
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ahmed El-Damen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sarah Atef Fahim
- Biochemistry Program, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Badawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Galala University, Suez, Egypt.,Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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186
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Dogra S, Hannafon BN. Breast Cancer Microenvironment Cross Talk through Extracellular Vesicle RNAs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1330-1341. [PMID: 33895121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of extracellular communication has been at the forefront of research efforts in recent years. However, the mechanisms of cell-to-cell communication in complex tissues are poorly understood. What is clear is that cells do not exist in isolation, that they are constantly interacting and communicating with cells in the immediate vicinity and with cells at a distance. Intercellular communication by the release of small extracellular vesicles, called exosomes, loaded with RNAs is one mechanism by which cells communicate. In recent years, research has shown that exosomes, a class of extracellular vesicles, can play a major role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Specifically, exosomes have been demonstrated to play a role in promoting primary cancer development, invasion, metastasis, and chemotherapeutic resistance. This review summarizes what is known about the mechanisms of exosome-mediated transfer of RNAs among cells in the breast microenvironment and discusses outstanding questions and the potential for new therapeutic intervention targeted at these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrita Dogra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Bethany N Hannafon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
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187
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Zhang J, Nguyen LTH, Hickey R, Walters N, Wang X, Kwak KJ, Lee LJ, Palmer AF, Reátegui E. Immunomagnetic sequential ultrafiltration (iSUF) platform for enrichment and purification of extracellular vesicles from biofluids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8034. [PMID: 33850163 PMCID: PMC8044115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from tumor cells have the potential to provide a much-needed source of non-invasive molecular biomarkers for liquid biopsies. However, current methods for EV isolation have limited specificity towards tumor-derived EVs that limit their clinical use. Here, we present an approach called immunomagnetic sequential ultrafiltration (iSUF) that consists of sequential stages of purification and enrichment of EVs in approximately 2 h. In iSUF, EVs present in different volumes of biofluids (0.5-100 mL) can be significantly enriched (up to 1000 times), with up to 99% removal of contaminating proteins (e.g., albumin). The EV recovery rate by iSUF for cell culture media (CCM), serum, and urine corresponded to 98.0% ± 3.6%, 96.0% ± 2.0% and 94.0% ± 1.9%, respectively (p > 0.05). The final step of iSUF enables the separation of tumor-specific EVs by incorporating immunomagnetic beads to target EV subpopulations. Serum from a cohort of clinical samples from metastatic breast cancer (BC) patients and healthy donors were processed by the iSUF platform and the isolated EVs from patients showed significantly higher expression levels of BC biomarkers (i.e., HER2, CD24, and miR21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Luong T H Nguyen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Richard Hickey
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nicole Walters
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xinyu Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kwang Joo Kwak
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - L James Lee
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Tang LB, Ma SX, Chen ZH, Huang QY, Wu LY, Wang Y, Zhao RC, Xiong LX. Exosomal microRNAs: Pleiotropic Impacts on Breast Cancer Metastasis and Their Clinical Perspectives. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040307. [PMID: 33917233 PMCID: PMC8067993 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As a major threat factor for female health, breast cancer (BC) has garnered a lot of attention for its malignancy and diverse molecules participating in its carcinogenesis process. Among these complex carcinogenesis processes, cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), and angiogenesis are the major causes for the occurrence of metastasis and chemoresistance which account for cancer malignancy. MicroRNAs packaged and secreted in exosomes are termed "exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs)". Nowadays, more researches have uncovered the roles of exosomal miRNAs played in BC metastasis. In this review, we recapitulated the dual actions of exosomal miRNAs exerted in the aggressiveness of BC by influencing migration, invasion, and distant metastasis. Next, we presented how exosomal miRNAs modify angiogenesis and stemness maintenance. Clinically, several exosomal miRNAs can govern the transformation between drug sensitivity and chemoresistance. Since the balance of the number and type of exosomal miRNAs is disturbed in pathological conditions, they are able to serve as instructive biomarkers for BC diagnosis and prognosis. More efforts are needed to connect the theoretical studies and clinical traits together. This review provides an outline of the pleiotropic impacts of exosomal miRNAs on BC metastasis and their clinical implications, paving the way for future personalized drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (L.-B.T.); (Q.-Y.H.); (L.-Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.-C.Z.)
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Shu-Xin Ma
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Zhuo-Hui Chen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Qi-Yuan Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (L.-B.T.); (Q.-Y.H.); (L.-Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.-C.Z.)
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Long-Yuan Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (L.-B.T.); (Q.-Y.H.); (L.-Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.-C.Z.)
- First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (L.-B.T.); (Q.-Y.H.); (L.-Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.-C.Z.)
| | - Rui-Chen Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (L.-B.T.); (Q.-Y.H.); (L.-Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.-C.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Li-Xia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (L.-B.T.); (Q.-Y.H.); (L.-Y.W.); (Y.W.); (R.-C.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-791-8636-0556
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189
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Chemotherapy-elicited exosomal miR-378a-3p and miR-378d promote breast cancer stemness and chemoresistance via the activation of EZH2/STAT3 signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:120. [PMID: 33823894 PMCID: PMC8022546 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Not all breast cancer (BC) patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy achieve a pathologic complete response (pCR), but the reasons for this are unknown. Previous studies have shown that exosomes produced in the tumor microenvironment in response to chemotherapy promote a chemotherapy-resistant phenotype in tumors. However, the role of BC chemotherapy-elicited exosomes in regulating chemoresistance is poorly understood. Methods Using commercial kits, serum exosomes were extracted from patients before neoadjuvant chemotherapy, after one cycle of chemotherapy and after four cycles of chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX). Their miRNAs were sequenced, and the correlation between the sequencing results and chemotherapy effects was further verified by RT-qPCR using patient serum exosomes. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect chemosensitivity. Stemness was assessed by CD44+/CD24- population analysis and mammosphere formation assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments were performed to verify the binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to the promoter of miRNAs. Results Here, we provide clinical evidence that chemotherapy-elicited exosomal miR-378a-3p and miR-378d are closely related to the chemotherapy response and that exosomes produced by BC cells after stimulation with DOX or PTX deliver miR-378a-3p and miR-378d to neighboring cells to activate WNT and NOTCH stemness pathways and induce drug resistance by targeting Dickkopf 3 (DKK3) and NUMB. In addition, STAT3, which is enhanced by zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), bound to the promoter regions of miR-378a-3p and miR-378d, thereby increasing their expression in exosomes. More importantly, chemotherapeutic agents combined with the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat reversed chemotherapy-elicited exosome-induced drug resistance in a nude mouse tumor xenograft model. Conclusion This study revealed a novel mechanism of acquired chemoresistance whereby chemotherapy activates the EZH2/STAT3 axis in BC cells, which then secrete chemotherapy-elicited exosomes enriched in miR-378a-3p and miR-378d. These exosomes are absorbed by chemotherapy-surviving BC cells, leading to activation of the WNT and NOTCH stem cell pathways via the targeting of DKK3 and NUMB and subsequently resulting in drug resistance. Therefore, blocking this adaptive mechanism during chemotherapy may reduce the development of chemotherapy resistance and maximize the therapeutic effect. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01901-1.
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190
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Humphries B, Wang Z, Yang C. MicroRNA Regulation of Breast Cancer Stemness. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3756. [PMID: 33916548 PMCID: PMC8038508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of breast cancer have demonstrated that cancer stem-like cells (CSCs, also known as tumor-initiating cell (TICs)) are central for progression and recurrence. CSCs are a small subpopulation of cells present in breast tumors that contribute to growth, metastasis, therapy resistance, and recurrence, leading to poor clinical outcome. Data have shown that cancer cells can gain characteristics of CSCs, or stemness, through alterations in key signaling pathways. The dysregulation of miRNA expression and signaling have been well-documented in cancer, and recent studies have shown that miRNAs are associated with breast cancer initiation, progression, and recurrence through regulating CSC characteristics. More specifically, miRNAs directly target central signaling nodes within pathways that can drive the formation, maintenance, and even inhibition of the CSC population. This review aims to summarize these research findings specifically in the context of breast cancer. This review also discusses miRNAs as biomarkers and promising clinical therapeutics, and presents a comprehensive summary of currently validated targets involved in CSC-specific signaling pathways in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Humphries
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhishan Wang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA;
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA;
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191
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Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Luo S, Yan X, Qiu Y, Zheng L, Li L. Research advances for exosomal miRNAs detection in biosensing: From the massive study to the individual study. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 177:112962. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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192
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Lei LM, Lin X, Xu F, Shan SK, Guo B, Li FXZ, Zheng MH, Wang Y, Xu QS, Yuan LQ. Exosomes and Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651996. [PMID: 33816504 PMCID: PMC8012888 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, delivering signal molecules from donor cells to recipient cells. The cargo of exosomes, including proteins, DNA and RNA, can target the recipient tissues and organs, which have an important role in disease development. Insulin resistance is a kind of pathological state, which is important in the pathogeneses of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), gestational diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, obesity is a kind of inducement of insulin resistance. In this review, we summarized recent research advances on exosomes and insulin resistance, especially focusing on obesity-related insulin resistance. These studies suggest that exosomes have great importance in the development of insulin resistance in obesity and have great potential for use in the diagnosis and therapy of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Lei
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Piombino C, Mastrolia I, Omarini C, Candini O, Dominici M, Piacentini F, Toss A. The Role of Exosomes in Breast Cancer Diagnosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030312. [PMID: 33803776 PMCID: PMC8003248 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of molecular re-characterization of metastatic disease with the purpose of monitoring tumor evolution has been acknowledged in numerous clinical guidelines for the management of advanced malignancies. In this context, an attractive alternative to overcome the limitations of repeated tissue sampling is represented by the analysis of peripheral blood samples as a 'liquid biopsy'. In recent years, liquid biopsies have been studied for the early diagnosis of cancer, the monitoring of tumor burden, tumor heterogeneity and the emergence of molecular resistance, along with the detection of minimal residual disease. Interestingly, liquid biopsy consents the analysis of circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In particular, EVs play a crucial role in cell communication, carrying transmembrane and nonmembrane proteins, as well as metabolites, lipids and nucleic acids. Of all EVs, exosomes mirror the biological fingerprints of the parental cells from which they originate, and therefore, are considered one of the most promising predictors of early cancer diagnosis and treatment response. The present review discusses current knowledge on the possible applications of exosomes in breast cancer (BC) diagnosis, with a focus on patients at higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Piombino
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.P.); (C.O.); (M.D.); (F.P.)
| | - Ilenia Mastrolia
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Claudia Omarini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.P.); (C.O.); (M.D.); (F.P.)
| | | | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.P.); (C.O.); (M.D.); (F.P.)
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Rigenerand srl, Medolla, 41036 Modena, Italy;
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Federico Piacentini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.P.); (C.O.); (M.D.); (F.P.)
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Angela Toss
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.P.); (C.O.); (M.D.); (F.P.)
- Division of Oncology, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.T.)
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Identification of exosomal miR-455-5p and miR-1255a as therapeutic targets for breast cancer. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221318. [PMID: 31763681 PMCID: PMC6970063 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has demonstrated exosomes of cancer cells carry microRNAs (miRNAs) to non-malignant cells to induce metastasis. The present study aimed to identify crucial exosomal miRNAs for breast cancer (BC) using microarray data (GSE83669 and GSE50429) from Gene Expression Omnibus database, including exosomal samples from human BC cells (MCF7, MDA-MB-231) and normal mammary epithelial cell line (MCF10, MCF-10A), as well as original cell samples. Differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified using EdgeR package, and mRNA targets were predicted using miRWalk2 database. The target genes were overlapped with BC genes from Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) to construct BC-related interaction network. Potential functions were analyzed by DAVID. The expression of crucial miRNAs and target genes were confirmed in other microarray datasets or TCGA sequencing data. Their associations with survival and other clinical characteristics were validated by Kaplan-Meier plotter and LinkedOmics database. As a result, 9 and 8 DEMs were identified to be shared in two datasets for exosomal and original cells, respectively. Further comparison showed that miR-455-5p was specifically differentially expressed in exosomes, and miR-1255a was commonly expressed in exosomal and original cells samples. miR-455-5p could interact with CDKN1B to influence cell cycle process and miR-1255a could regulate SMAD4 to participate in TGF-β signaling pathway. High expressed miR-455-5p (basal-like) and miR-1255a (overall) were associated with poor overall survival, while the high expression of their target genes was associated with excellent overall, recurrence-free or distant metastasis-free survival. In conclusion, the present study preliminarily indicates that exosomal miR-455-5p and miR-1255a may be novel therapeutic targets for BC.
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Hyperglycemia-Induced miR-467 Drives Tumor Inflammation and Growth in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061346. [PMID: 33809756 PMCID: PMC8002237 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment contains the parenchyma, blood vessels, and infiltrating immune cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs affect the developing tumor and drive cancer inflammation. We used mouse models of hyperglycemia and cancer and specimens from hyperglycemic breast cancer (BC) patients to demonstrate that miR-467 mediates the effects of high blood glucose on cancer inflammation and growth. Hyperglycemic patients have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. We have identified a novel miRNA-dependent pathway activated by hyperglycemia that promotes BC angiogenesis and inflammation supporting BC growth. miR-467 is upregulated in endothelial cells (EC), macrophages, BC cells, and in BC tumors. A target of miR-467, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), inhibits angiogenesis and promotes resolution of inflammation. Systemic injections of a miR-467 antagonist in mouse models of hyperglycemia resulted in decreased BC growth (p < 0.001). Tumors from hyperglycemic mice had a two-fold increase in macrophage accumulation compared to normoglycemic controls (p < 0.001), and TAM infiltration was prevented by the miR-467 antagonist (p < 0.001). BC specimens from hyperglycemic patients had increased miR-467 levels, increased angiogenesis, decreased levels of TSP-1, and increased TAM infiltration in malignant breast tissue in hyperglycemic vs. normoglycemic patients (2.17-fold, p = 0.002) and even in normal breast tissue from hyperglycemic patients (2.18-fold increase, p = 0.04). In malignant BC tissue, miR-467 levels were upregulated 258-fold in hyperglycemic patients compared to normoglycemic patients (p < 0.001) and increased 56-fold in adjacent normal tissue (p = 0.008). Our results suggest that miR-467 accelerates tumor growth by inducing angiogenesis and promoting the recruitment of TAMs to drive hyperglycemia-induced cancer inflammation.
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196
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Gao Y, Qin Y, Wan C, Sun Y, Meng J, Huang J, Hu Y, Jin H, Yang K. Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Avenue for Cancer Management. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638357. [PMID: 33791224 PMCID: PMC8005721 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small membrane particles derived from various cell types. EVs are broadly classified as ectosomes or small extracellular vesicles, depending on their biogenesis and cargoes. Numerous studies have shown that EVs regulate multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes. The roles of small extracellular vesicles in cancer growth and metastasis remain to be fully elucidated. As endogenous products, small extracellular vesicles are an ideal drug delivery platform for anticancer agents. However, several aspects of small extracellular vesicle biology remain unclear, hindering the clinical implementation of small extracellular vesicles as biomarkers or anticancer agents. In this review, we summarize the utility of cancer-related small extracellular vesicles as biomarkers to detect early-stage cancers and predict treatment outcomes. We also review findings from preclinical and clinical studies of small extracellular vesicle-based cancer therapies and summarize interventional clinical trials registered in the United States Food and Drug Administration and the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry. Finally, we discuss the main challenges limiting the clinical implementation of small extracellular vesicles and recommend possible approaches to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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197
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Melnik BC. Lifetime Impact of Cow's Milk on Overactivation of mTORC1: From Fetal to Childhood Overgrowth, Acne, Diabetes, Cancers, and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:404. [PMID: 33803410 PMCID: PMC8000710 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of cow's milk is a part of the basic nutritional habits of Western industrialized countries. Recent epidemiological studies associate the intake of cow's milk with an increased risk of diseases, which are associated with overactivated mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. This review presents current epidemiological and translational evidence linking milk consumption to the regulation of mTORC1, the master-switch for eukaryotic cell growth. Epidemiological studies confirm a correlation between cow's milk consumption and birthweight, body mass index, onset of menarche, linear growth during childhood, acne vulgaris, type 2 diabetes mellitus, prostate cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, neurodegenerative diseases, and all-cause mortality. Thus, long-term persistent consumption of cow's milk increases the risk of mTORC1-driven diseases of civilization. Milk is a highly conserved, lactation genome-controlled signaling system that functions as a maternal-neonatal relay for optimized species-specific activation of mTORC1, the nexus for regulation of eukaryotic cell growth, and control of autophagy. A deeper understanding of milk´s impact on mTORC1 signaling is of critical importance for the prevention of common diseases of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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198
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Wang C, Wang J, Cui W, Liu Y, Zhou H, Wang Y, Chen X, Chen X, Wang Z. Serum Exosomal miRNA-1226 as Potential Biomarker of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1441-1451. [PMID: 33664577 PMCID: PMC7924134 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s296816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality and it is urgent to find biomarkers for early detection of PDAC. Exosomal miRNAs are useful biomarkers for cancer detection. The aims of this study were to investigate the potential role of serum exosomal miRNA in detection of PDAC and to analyze the correlation between the levels of exosome miRNA and the tumor biological behaviors. Materials and Methods Thirteen serum samples were collected from five patients with PDACs, three healthy individuals (HIs) and five benign pancreatic lesions (BP) for a high throughput profiling analysis to identify an altered miRNA expression patterns in PDAC. Candidate exosomal miRNAs were filtered based on a second independent cohort that included 17 PDACs and 12 benign pancreatic lesions by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Four miRNAs were selected for miRNA validation as PDAC biomarkers in a subsequent set of samples. The association between candidate exosomal miRNA and tumor behavior (tumor invasion or metastases) was evaluated in 17 PDACs. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the role of candidate exosomal miRNA on cell viability, apoptosis and cell migration in two PDAC cell lines. Results The expression of 11 miRNAs showed same trend between PDAC and BP, and between PDAC and HIs. Six of them were upregulated (miR-203b-5p, miR-342-5p, miR-337-5p, miR-149-5p, miR-877-5p, miR-203a-3p), and five were downregulated (miR-1226-3p, miR-3182, miR-625-3p, miR-624-5p, miR-664a-5p). miR-1226-3p was selected as the candidate exosomal biomarker for the PDAC detection. The expression of serum exosomal miRNA-1226-3p was downregulated in PDACs compared to the BPs (p = 0.025). miR-1226-3p had acceptable performance in predicting [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.74] PDAC. Exosomal miRNA-1226-3p level in PDAC with invasion or metastases was lower than that without invasion or metastases (p = 0.028). Transfection of miRNA-1226-3p significantly inhibited the proliferation of PANC-1 and BXP-3 cells, stimulated cell apoptosis and inhibited cell migration. Conclusion Serum exosomal miRNA-1226-3p is a potential biomarker in diagnosing and predicting the tumor invasion or metastases of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
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199
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Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Dahiya R, Dahiya S, Sudhakar K, Kumari U, Sathasivam K, Meenakshi DU, Wu YS, Sekar M, Malviya R, Singh A, Fuloria NK. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Regenerative Potential and Challenges. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:172. [PMID: 33668707 PMCID: PMC7996168 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that stem cells exert regenerative potential via the release of extracellular vesicles. Mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles (MSCEVs) offer therapeutic benefits for various pathophysiological ailments by restoring tissues. Facts suggest that MSCEV action can be potentiated by modifying the mesenchymal stem cells culturing methodology and bioengineering EVs. Limited clinical trials of MSCEVs have questioned their superiority, culturing quality, production scale-up and isolation, and administration format. Translation of preclinically successful MSCEVs into a clinical platform requires paying attention to several critical matters, such as the production technique, quantification/characterization, pharmacokinetics/targeting/transfer to the target site, and the safety profile. Keeping these issues as a priority, the present review was designed to highlight the challenges in translating preclinical MSCEV research into clinical platforms and provide evidence for the regenerative potential of MSCEVs in various conditions of the liver, kidney, heart, nervous system, bone, muscle, cartilage, and other organs/tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur 42610, Malaysia; (V.S.); (Y.S.W.)
| | - Rajiv Dahiya
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago;
| | - Sunita Dahiya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA;
| | - Kalvatala Sudhakar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (LIT-Pharmacy), Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144411, India;
| | - Usha Kumari
- Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Kedah 08100, Malaysia;
| | | | | | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur 42610, Malaysia; (V.S.); (Y.S.W.)
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh 30450, Malaysia;
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, SMAS, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India; (R.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, SMAS, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India; (R.M.); (A.S.)
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200
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He X, Park S, Chen Y, Lee H. Extracellular Vesicle-Associated miRNAs as a Biomarker for Lung Cancer in Liquid Biopsy. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:630718. [PMID: 33718435 PMCID: PMC7943919 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.630718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived membranous vesicles that are secreted into biofluids. Emerging evidence suggests that EVs play an essential role in the pathogenesis of many diseases by transferring proteins, genetic material, and small signaling molecules between cells. Among these molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), a type of small noncoding RNA, are one of the most important signals and are involved in various biological processes. Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Early diagnosis of lung cancer may help to reduce mortality and increase the 5 years survival rate and thereby reduce the associated socioeconomic burden. In the past, EV-miRNAs have been recognized as biomarkers of several cancers to assist in diagnosis or prognosis. In this review, we discuss recent findings and clinical practice for EV-miRNAs of lung cancer in several biofluids, including blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and pleural lavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sujeong Park
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Heedoo Lee
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
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