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Qiryaqoz Z, Timilsina S, Czarnowski D, Krebsbach PH, Villa‐Diaz LG. Identification of biomarkers indicative of functional skeletal stem cells. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 22 Suppl 1:192-198. [DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeena Qiryaqoz
- Department of Biological SciencesOakland University Rochester Michigan
| | - Suraj Timilsina
- Department of Biological SciencesOakland University Rochester Michigan
| | - Daniel Czarnowski
- Department of Biological SciencesOakland University Rochester Michigan
| | - Paul H. Krebsbach
- School of DentistryUniversity of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
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152
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Ramaraju H, Kohn DH. Cell and Material-Specific Phage Display Peptides Increase iPS-MSC Mediated Bone and Vasculature Formation In Vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801356. [PMID: 30835955 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetically designed materials matching the chemical and mechanical properties of tissue support higher mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion. However, directing cell-specific attachment and ensuring uniform cell distribution within the interior of 3D biomaterials remain key challenges in healing critical sized defects. Previously, a phage display derived MSC-specific peptide (DPIYALSWSGMA, DPI) was combined with a mineral binding sequence (VTKHLNQISQSY, VTK) to increase the magnitude and specificity of MSC attachment to calcium-phosphate biomaterials in 2D. This study investigates how DPI-VTK influences quantity and uniformity of iPS-MSC mediated bone and vasculature formation in vivo. There is greater bone formation in vivo when iPS-MSCs are transplanted on bone-like mineral (BLM) constructs coated with DPI-VTK compared to VTK (p < 0.002), uncoated BLM (p < 0.037), acellular BLM/DPI-VTK (p < 0.003), and acellular BLM controls (p < 0.01). This study demonstrates, for the first time, the ability of non-native phage-display designed peptides to spatially control uniform cell distribution on 3D scaffolds and increase the magnitude and uniformity of bone and vasculature formation in vivo. Taken together, the study validates phage display as a novel technology platform to engineer non-native peptides with the ability to drive cell specific attachment on biomaterials, direct bone regeneration, and engineer uniform vasculature in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Ramaraju
- Department of Biologic and Material SciencesDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan 1011 N. University Ave, Room 2213 Ann Arbor MI 48109‐1078 USA
| | - David H. Kohn
- Department of Biologic and Material SciencesDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan 1011 N. University Ave, Room 2213 Ann Arbor MI 48109‐1078 USA
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153
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Tam WL, Luyten FP, Roberts SJ. From skeletal development to the creation of pluripotent stem cell-derived bone-forming progenitors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0218. [PMID: 29786553 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone has many functions. It is responsible for protecting the underlying soft organs, it allows locomotion, houses the bone marrow and stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate. Upon damage, bone tissue can efficiently repair itself. However, healing is hampered if the defect exceeds a critical size and/or is in compromised conditions. The isolation or generation of bone-forming progenitors has applicability to skeletal repair and may be used in tissue engineering approaches. Traditionally, bone engineering uses osteochondrogenic stem cells, which are combined with scaffold materials and growth factors. Despite promising preclinical data, limited translation towards the clinic has been observed to date. There may be several reasons for this including the lack of robust cell populations with favourable proliferative and differentiation capacities. However, perhaps the most pertinent reason is the failure to produce an implant that can replicate the developmental programme that is observed during skeletal repair. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can potentially offer a solution for bone tissue engineering by providing unlimited cell sources at various stages of differentiation. In this review, we summarize key embryonic signalling pathways in bone formation coupled with PSC differentiation strategies for the derivation of bone-forming progenitors.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Long Tam
- Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (DSB), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1 Herestraat 49 bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (DSB), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1 Herestraat 49 bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (DSB), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium .,Bone Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, UK
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154
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155
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Kuwahara ST, Serowoky MA, Vakhshori V, Tripuraneni N, Hegde NV, Lieberman JR, Crump JG, Mariani FV. Sox9+ messenger cells orchestrate large-scale skeletal regeneration in the mammalian rib. eLife 2019; 8:40715. [PMID: 30983567 PMCID: PMC6464605 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bones in mammals display a limited capacity for natural large-scale repair. The ribs are a notable exception, yet the source of their remarkable regenerative ability remains unknown. Here, we identify a Sox9-expressing periosteal subpopulation that orchestrates large-scale regeneration of murine rib bones. Deletion of the obligate Hedgehog co-receptor, Smoothened, in Sox9-expressing cells prior to injury results in a near-complete loss of callus formation and rib bone regeneration. In contrast to its role in development, Hedgehog signaling is dispensable for the proliferative expansion of callus cells in response to injury. Instead, Sox9-positive lineage cells require Hh signaling to stimulate neighboring cells to differentiate via an unknown signal into a skeletal cell type with dual chondrocyte/osteoblast properties. This type of callus cell may be critical for bridging large bone injuries. Thus despite contributing to only a subset of callus cells, Sox9-positive progenitors play a major role in orchestrating large-scale bone regeneration. Editorial note This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Kuwahara
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Maxwell A Serowoky
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Venus Vakhshori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Nikita Tripuraneni
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Neel V Hegde
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jay R Lieberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Francesca V Mariani
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
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156
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Yu Y, Newman H, Shen L, Sharma D, Hu G, Mirando AJ, Zhang H, Knudsen E, Zhang GF, Hilton MJ, Karner CM. Glutamine Metabolism Regulates Proliferation and Lineage Allocation in Skeletal Stem Cells. Cell Metab 2019; 29:966-978.e4. [PMID: 30773468 PMCID: PMC7062112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) are postulated to provide a continuous supply of osteoblasts throughout life. However, under certain conditions, the SSC population can become incorrectly specified or is not maintained, resulting in reduced osteoblast formation, decreased bone mass, and in severe cases, osteoporosis. Glutamine metabolism has emerged as a critical regulator of many cellular processes in diverse pathologies. The enzyme glutaminase (GLS) deaminates glutamine to form glutamate-the rate-limiting first step in glutamine metabolism. Using genetic and metabolic approaches, we demonstrate GLS and glutamine metabolism are required in SSCs to regulate osteoblast and adipocyte specification and bone formation. Mechanistically, transaminase-dependent α-ketoglutarate production is critical for the proliferation, specification, and differentiation of SSCs. Collectively, these data suggest stimulating GLS activity may provide a therapeutic approach to expand SSCs in aged individuals and enhance osteoblast differentiation and activity to increase bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hunter Newman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Leyao Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guoli Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anthony J Mirando
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Everett Knudsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Matthew J Hilton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Courtney M Karner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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157
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Pignolo RJ, Samsonraj RM, Law SF, Wang H, Chandra A. Targeting Cell Senescence for the Treatment of Age-Related Bone Loss. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2019; 17:70-85. [PMID: 30806947 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review cell senescence in the context of age-related bone loss by broadly discussing aging mechanisms in bone, currently known inducers and markers of senescence, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and the emerging roles of senescence in bone homeostasis and pathology. RECENT FINDINGS Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest induced by insults or stressors including telomere attrition, oxidative stress, DNA damage, oncogene activation, and other intrinsic or extrinsic triggers and there is mounting evidence for the role of senescence in aging bone. Cellular aging also instigates a SASP that exerts detrimental paracrine and likely systemic effects. With aging, multiple cell types in the bone microenvironment become senescent, with osteocytes and myeloid cells as primary contributors to the SASP. Targeting undesired senescent cells may be a favorable strategy to promote bone anabolic and anti-resorptive functions in aging bone, with the possibility of improving bone quality and function with normal aging and/or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | | | - Susan F Law
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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158
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Xiang Y, Bunpetch V, Zhou W, Ouyang H. Optimization strategies for ACI: A step-chronicle review. J Orthop Translat 2019; 17:3-14. [PMID: 31194027 PMCID: PMC6551365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bearing compression from adjacent joints, the articular cartilage is cumulatively pressured in daily life, thus making it prone to injuries; however, once damaged, the self-healing capacity of articular cartilage is limited owing to its low metabolic property. Autologous chondrocyte implantation, a three-step repairing technique for articular lesions, has received satisfactory short-term clinical outcomes, whereas its long-term effect remains controversial. Currently, improved stem-cell therapies and novel biomaterials have shed new lights on autologous chondrocyte implantation. We would, therefore, synthesize these optimization strategies in order of their presences in the three-step protocol, seeking to find and amplify synergic effects between these strategies. THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THIS ARTICLE Autologous chondrocytes implantation serves as an alternative for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions to avoid potentially detrimental effects of applying microfracture. The optimized ACI should improve the cost-effectiveness of repairing articular cartilage while circumventing latent complications like osteophyte. This article synthesized optimization strategies for ACI and provided appropriate applying approaches to maximize their synergic effects. It will be a pioneering trial for combinedly using stem cells and nanotechnology to regenerate cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xiang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- 2nd Affiliated Hospital & ZJU-UOE Institute Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Varitsara Bunpetch
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- 2nd Affiliated Hospital & ZJU-UOE Institute Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- 2nd Affiliated Hospital & ZJU-UOE Institute Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
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159
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Spitzhorn LS, Megges M, Wruck W, Rahman MS, Otte J, Degistirici Ö, Meisel R, Sorg RV, Oreffo ROC, Adjaye J. Human iPSC-derived MSCs (iMSCs) from aged individuals acquire a rejuvenation signature. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:100. [PMID: 30885246 PMCID: PMC6423778 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are fraught with aging-related shortfalls. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MSCs (iMSCs) have been shown to be a useful clinically relevant source of MSCs that circumvent these aging-associated drawbacks. To date, the extent of the retention of aging-hallmarks in iMSCs differentiated from iPSCs derived from elderly donors remains unclear. METHODS Fetal femur-derived MSCs (fMSCs) and adult bone marrow MSCs (aMSCs) were isolated, corresponding iPSCs were generated, and iMSCs were differentiated from fMSC-iPSCs, from aMSC-iPSCs, and from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) H1. In addition, typical MSC characterization such as cell surface marker expression, differentiation capacity, secretome profile, and trancriptome analysis were conducted for the three distinct iMSC preparations-fMSC-iMSCs, aMSC-iMSCs, and ESC-iMSCs. To verify these results, previously published data sets were used, and also, additional aMSCs and iMSCs were analyzed. RESULTS fMSCs and aMSCs both express the typical MSC cell surface markers and can be differentiated into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages in vitro. However, the transcriptome analysis revealed overlapping and distinct gene expression patterns and showed that fMSCs express more genes in common with ESCs than with aMSCs. fMSC-iMSCs, aMSC-iMSCs, and ESC-iMSCs met the criteria set out for MSCs. Dendrogram analyses confirmed that the transcriptomes of all iMSCs clustered together with the parental MSCs and separated from the MSC-iPSCs and ESCs. iMSCs irrespective of donor age and cell type acquired a rejuvenation-associated gene signature, specifically, the expression of INHBE, DNMT3B, POU5F1P1, CDKN1C, and GCNT2 which are also expressed in pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs and ESC) but not in the parental aMSCs. iMSCs expressed more genes in common with fMSCs than with aMSCs. Independent real-time PCR comparing aMSCs, fMSCs, and iMSCs confirmed the differential expression of the rejuvenation (COX7A, EZA2, and TMEM119) and aging (CXADR and IGSF3) signatures. Importantly, in terms of regenerative medicine, iMSCs acquired a secretome (e.g., angiogenin, DKK-1, IL-8, PDGF-AA, osteopontin, SERPINE1, and VEGF) similar to that of fMSCs and aMSCs, thus highlighting their ability to act via paracrine signaling. CONCLUSIONS iMSCs irrespective of donor age and cell source acquire a rejuvenation gene signature. The iMSC concept could allow circumventing the drawbacks associated with the use of adult MSCs und thus provide a promising tool for use in various clinical settings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas-Sebastian Spitzhorn
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Megges
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Md Shaifur Rahman
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Otte
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Özer Degistirici
- Division of Paediatric Stem Cell Therapy, Clinic for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland Meisel
- Division of Paediatric Stem Cell Therapy, Clinic for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Volker Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Moorenstr, 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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160
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Abstract
Bone and marrow are the two facets of the same organ, in which bone and hematopoietic cells coexist and interact. Marrow and skeletal tissue influence each-other and a variety of genetic disorders directly targets both of them, which may result in combined hematopoietic failure and skeletal malformations. Other conditions primarily affect one organ with secondary influences on the other. For instance, various forms of congenital anemias reduce bone mass and induce osteoporosis, while osteoclast failure in osteopetrosis prevents marrow development reducing medullary cavities and causing anemia and pancytopenia. Understanding the pathophysiology of these conditions may facilitate diagnosis and management, although many disorders are presently incurable. This article describes several congenital bone diseases and their relationship to hematopoietic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Steven L Teitelbaum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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161
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Abdallah BM, Alzahrani AM, Abdel-Moneim AM, Ditzel N, Kassem M. A simple and reliable protocol for long-term culture of murine bone marrow stromal (mesenchymal) stem cells that retained their in vitro and in vivo stemness in long-term culture. Biol Proced Online 2019; 21:3. [PMID: 30733647 PMCID: PMC6357407 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-019-0091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow derived stromal stem cells (BMSCs) are a clonogenic cell population that is characterized by self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential into osteoblasts, and other mesenchymal cell types. Mouse BMSCs (mBMSCs) are difficult to be cultured and propagated in vitro due to their replicative senescent phenotype, heterogeneity and high contamination with plastic adherent hematopoietic progenitors (HPCs). In this study, we described long-term culture of homogenous population of mBMSCs using simple and highly reproducible approach based on frequent subculturing (FS) at fixed split ratio in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). RESULTS Cultured mBMSCs using this protocol (mBMSCs-FS) showed long-term survival in culture > 70 population doubling (PD) and retained their characteristic surface markers and differentiation capacity into osteoblast and adipocyte lineages. When compared to the clonal bone marrow-derived cell line ST2, mBMSCs-FS displayed more enhanced osteoblast differentiation potential and responsiveness to osteogenic factors including BMPs, IGF-1, PDGF, TGFβ1,3, FGF, cAMP, Wnt3a and VEGF. In addition, unlike ST2 cells, mBMSCs-FS maintained capacity to form ectopic bone and bone marrow stroma upon in vivo transplantation in immune-compromising mice, even at high PD levels. Interestingly, by applying the same FS + bFGF protocol, we succeeded to obtain long-term cultures of primary neonatal calvarial osteoprogenitor cells (OBs) that were cultured for more than 70 PD and maintained in vitro and in vivo osteoblast differentiation capacities. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide a simple and reliable protocol for generating long-term cultures of mBMSCs and OBs with retained high in vitro and in vivo osteoblast differentiation capacities for use in pre-clinical and molecular mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem M. Abdallah
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
- Endocrine Research (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Abdullah M. Alzahrani
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf M. Abdel-Moneim
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nicholas Ditzel
- Endocrine Research (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Endocrine Research (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, DanStem (Danish Stem Cell Center), Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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162
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Xavier M, Holm SH, Beech JP, Spencer D, Tegenfeldt JO, Oreffo ROC, Morgan H. Label-free enrichment of primary human skeletal progenitor cells using deterministic lateral displacement. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:513-523. [PMID: 30632599 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) are present in bone marrow (BM) and offer great potential for bone regenerative therapies. However, in the absence of a unique marker, current sorting approaches remain challenging in the quest for simple strategies to deliver SSCs with consistent regeneration and differentiation capacities. Microfluidics offers the possibility to sort cells marker-free, based on intrinsic biophysical properties. Recent studies indicate that SSCs are stiffer than leukocytes and are contained within the larger cell fraction in BM. This paper describes the use of deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) to sort SSCs based on cell size and stiffness. DLD is a technology that uses arrays of micropillars to sort cells based on their diameter. Cell deformation within the device can change the cell size and affect sorting - here evidenced using human cell lines and by fractionation of expanded SSCs. Following sorting, SSCs remained viable and retained their capacity to form clonogenic cultures (CFU-F), indicative of stem cell potential. Additionally, larger BM cells showed enhanced capacity to form CFU-F. These findings support the theory that SSCs are more abundant within the larger BM cell fraction and that DLD, or other size-based approaches, could be used to provide enriched SSC populations with significant implications for stem cell research and translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Xavier
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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163
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Houschyar KS, Tapking C, Borrelli MR, Popp D, Duscher D, Maan ZN, Chelliah MP, Li J, Harati K, Wallner C, Rein S, Pförringer D, Reumuth G, Grieb G, Mouraret S, Dadras M, Wagner JM, Cha JY, Siemers F, Lehnhardt M, Behr B. Wnt Pathway in Bone Repair and Regeneration - What Do We Know So Far. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 6:170. [PMID: 30666305 PMCID: PMC6330281 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a central regulatory role across a remarkably diverse range of functions during embryonic development, including those involved in the formation of bone and cartilage. Wnt signaling continues to play a critical role in adult osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Disruptions in this highly-conserved and complex system leads to various pathological conditions, including impaired bone healing, autoimmune diseases and malignant degeneration. For reconstructive surgeons, critically sized skeletal defects represent a major challenge. These are frequently associated with significant morbidity in both the recipient and donor sites. The Wnt pathway is an attractive therapeutic target with the potential to directly modulate stem cells responsible for skeletal tissue regeneration and promote bone growth, suggesting that Wnt factors could be used to promote bone healing after trauma. This review summarizes our current understanding of the essential role of the Wnt pathway in bone regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow S Houschyar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Tapking
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mimi R Borrelli
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Popp
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Division of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Malcolm P Chelliah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jingtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kamran Harati
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Rein
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery-Burn Center-Clinic St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Pförringer
- Clinic and Policlinic of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Reumuth
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvain Mouraret
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Periodontology, Service of Odontology, Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 7 - Denis, Diderot University, U.F.R. of Odontology, Paris, France
| | - Mehran Dadras
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes M Wagner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jungul Y Cha
- Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Frank Siemers
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Behr
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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164
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Balani DH, Kronenberg HM. Withdrawal of parathyroid hormone after prolonged administration leads to adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal precursors in vivo. Bone 2019; 118:16-19. [PMID: 29800694 PMCID: PMC6250592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent PTH-like drugs are the only approved so-called anabolic agent that increases bone mass in both mice and humans. It is well documented that PTH targets mature cells of the osteoblast lineage, with only indirect evidence of its actions on early cells of the osteoblast lineage. Using a triple transgenic mouse model that allowed labeling of very early cells of the osteoblast lineage, we traced the progeny of these into osteoblast lineage in adult mice. These early cells expressed PTH1R and multiplied when PTH (1-34) was administered daily. We also showed that the early mesenchymal cells showed accelerated differentiation into mature osteocalcin-positive osteoblasts and osteocytes. Rather surprisingly, when teriparatide administration was stopped, these early mesenchymal precursors differentiated into adipocytes. We showed that the adipogenic differentiation is accompanied by a decrease in wnt signaling in osteoblast precursors. In this review, we discuss the possible clinical relevance of this finding and the possible molecular mechanisms that contribute to this phenotype in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak H Balani
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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165
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Artsi H, Gurt I, El-Haj M, Müller R, Kuhn GA, Ben Shalom G, Cohen-Kfir E, Abramowitz E, Kandel L, Safran O, Dresner-Pollak R. Sirt1 Promotes a Thermogenic Gene Program in Bone Marrow Adipocytes: From Mice to (Wo)Men. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:126. [PMID: 30873124 PMCID: PMC6403178 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is influenced by nutritional cues, and participates in whole body energy metabolism. To investigate the role of Sirtuin1 (Sirt1), a key player in metabolism, in MAT, marrow adiposity was evaluated in inbred 5-month-old 129/Sv Sirt1 haplo-insufficient (Sirt1 Δ/+) and wild type (WT) mice. Decreased expression of the thermogenic genes: Prdm16, Pgc1α, Foxc2, Dio2, and β3AR was detected in whole tibiae derived from Sirt1 Δ/+ compared to WT female mice. Similarly, decreased expression of Prdm16 and Pgc1α was observed in primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) cultures obtained from Sirt1 Δ/+ compared to WT female mice, suggesting a cell autonomous effect of Sirt1 in BM-MSCs. In vitro, Sirt1 over-expression in the mesenchymal embryonic fibroblast stem cell line C3HT101/2 increased Pgc1α and Prdm16 protein level. Similarly, pharmacologic activation of Sirt1 by SRT3025 increased Foxc2, Pgc1α, Dio2, Tfam, and Cyc1 expression while inhibition of Sirt1 by EX527 down-regulated UCP1 in C3HT101/2 cells. Importantly, in human femoral BM-MSCs obtained from female patients undergoing hip operations for fracture or osteoarthritis, Sirt1 activation by SRT3025 increased PGC1α mRNA and protein level. Blocking sclerostin, an inhibitor of the WNT pathway and a Sirt1 target, by the monoclonal humanized antibody (Sc-AbII), stimulated β3AR, PRDM16, and UCP1 gene expression, and increased PGC1α protein level. These results show that Sirt1 stimulates a thermogenic gene program in marrow adipocytes in mice and humans via PGC1α activation and sclerostin inhibition. The implications of these findings to bone health, hematopoiesis and whole body energy metabolism remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Artsi
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Irina Gurt
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Madi El-Haj
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ralph Müller
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gisela A. Kuhn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gal Ben Shalom
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einav Cohen-Kfir
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eva Abramowitz
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leonid Kandel
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ori Safran
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rivka Dresner-Pollak
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Rivka Dresner-Pollak
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166
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Merryweather-Clarke AT, Cook D, Lara BJ, Hua P, Repapi E, Ashley N, Lim SY, Watt SM. Does osteogenic potential of clonal human bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells correlate with their vascular supportive ability? Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:351. [PMID: 30567594 PMCID: PMC6300038 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hBM MSCs) have multiple functions, critical for skeletal formation and function. Their functional heterogeneity, however, represents a major challenge for their isolation and in developing potency and release assays to predict their functionality prior to transplantation. Additionally, potency, biomarker profiles and defining mechanisms of action in a particular clinical setting are increasing requirements of Regulatory Agencies for release of hBM MSCs as Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products for cellular therapies. Since the healing of bone fractures depends on the coupling of new blood vessel formation with osteogenesis, we hypothesised that a correlation between the osteogenic and vascular supportive potential of individual hBM MSC-derived CFU-F (colony forming unit-fibroblastoid) clones might exist. METHODS We tested this by assessing the lineage (i.e. adipogenic (A), osteogenic (O) and/or chondrogenic (C)) potential of individual hBM MSC-derived CFU-F clones and determining if their osteogenic (O) potential correlated with their vascular supportive profile in vitro using lineage differentiation assays, endothelial-hBM MSC vascular co-culture assays and transcriptomic (RNAseq) analyses. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that the majority of CFU-F (95%) possessed tri-lineage, bi-lineage or uni-lineage osteogenic capacity, with 64% of the CFU-F exhibiting tri-lineage AOC potential. We found a correlation between the osteogenic and vascular tubule supportive activity of CFU-F clones, with the strength of this association being donor dependent. RNAseq of individual clones defined gene fingerprints relevant to this correlation. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a donor-dependent correlation between osteogenic and vascular supportive potential of hBM MSCs and important gene signatures that support these functions that are relevant to their bone regenerative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison T. Merryweather-Clarke
- Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
- Stem Cell Research, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
| | - David Cook
- Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
- Stem Cell Research, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
| | - Barbara Joo Lara
- Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
- Stem Cell Research, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
| | - Peng Hua
- Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
- Stem Cell Research, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
| | - Neil Ashley
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
| | - Shiang Y. Lim
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia
- O’Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia
| | - Suzanne M. Watt
- Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
- Stem Cell Research, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9BQ UK
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167
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Atrophic nonunion stromal cells form bone and recreate the bone marrow environment in vivo. OTA Int 2018; 1:e008. [PMID: 33937646 PMCID: PMC7953495 DOI: 10.1097/oi9.0000000000000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nonunion is a challenging condition in orthopaedics as its etiology is not fully understood. Clinical interventions currently aim to stimulate both the biological and mechanical aspects of the bone healing process by using bone autografts and surgical fixation. However, recent observations showed that atrophic nonunion tissues contain putative osteoprogenitors, raising the hypothesis that its reactivation could be explored to achieve bone repair. Methods: Here we characterized atrophic nonunion stromal cells (NUSC) in vitro, using bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and osteoblasts as controls cells of the osteoblastic lineage, and evaluated its ability to form bone in vivo. Results: NUSC had proliferative and senescence rates comparable to BMSC and osteoblasts, and homogeneously expressed the osteolineage markers CD90 and CD73. Regarding CD105 and CD146 expression, NUSC were closely related to osteoblasts, both with an inferior percentage of CD105+/CD146+ cells as compared to BMSC. Despite this, NUSC differentiated along the osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in vitro; and when transplanted subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice, new bone formation and hematopoietic marrow were established. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that NUSC are osteogenically competent, supporting the hypothesis that their endogenous reactivation could be a strategy to stimulate the bone formation while reducing the amount of bone autograft requirements.
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168
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Individual response variations in scaffold-guided bone regeneration are determined by independent strain- and injury-induced mechanisms. Biomaterials 2018; 194:183-194. [PMID: 30611115 PMCID: PMC6345626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the regenerative osteogenic response in the distal femur of sheep using scaffolds having stiffness values within, and above and below, the range of trabecular bone apparent modulus. Scaffolds 3D-printed from stiff titanium and compliant polyamide were implanted into a cylindrical metaphyseal defect 15 × 15 mm. After six weeks, bone ingrowth varied between 7 and 21% of the scaffold pore volume and this was generally inversely proportional to scaffold stiffness. The individual reparative response considerably varied among the animals, which could be divided into weak and strong responders. Notably, bone regeneration specifically within the interior of the scaffold was inversely proportional to scaffold stiffness and was strain-driven in strongly-responding animals. Conversely, bone regeneration at the periphery of the defect was injury-driven and equal in all scaffolds and in all strongly- and weakly-responding animals. The observation of the strain-driven response in some, but not all, animals highlights that scaffold compliance is desirable for triggering host bone regeneration, but scaffold permanence is important for the load-bearing, structural role of the bone-replacing device. Indeed, scaffolds may benefit from being nonresorbable and mechanically reliable for those unforeseeable cases of weakly responding recipients.
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169
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Piuzzi NS, Dominici M, Long M, Pascual-Garrido C, Rodeo S, Huard J, Guicheux J, McFarland R, Goodrich LR, Maddens S, Robey PG, Bauer TW, Barrett J, Barry F, Karli D, Chu CR, Weiss DJ, Martin I, Jorgensen C, Muschler GF. Proceedings of the signature series symposium "cellular therapies for orthopaedics and musculoskeletal disease proven and unproven therapies-promise, facts and fantasy," international society for cellular therapies, montreal, canada, may 2, 2018. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1381-1400. [PMID: 30316562 PMCID: PMC8487641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Signature Series Symposium "Cellular Therapies for Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Disease Proven and Unproven Therapies-Promise, Facts and Fantasy" was held as a pre-meeting of the 26th International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) annual congress in Montreal, Canada, May 2, 2018. This was the first ISCT program that was entirely dedicated to the advancement of cell-based therapies for musculoskeletal diseases. Cellular therapies in musculoskeletal medicine are a source of great promise and opportunity. They are also the source of public controversy, confusion and misinformation. Patients, clinicians, scientists, industry and government share a commitment to clear communication and responsible development of the field. Therefore, this symposium convened thought leaders from around the world in a forum designed to catalyze communication and collaboration to bring the greatest possible innovation and value to patients with musculoskeletal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Piuzzi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marc Long
- MTF Biologics, Edison, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cecilia Pascual-Garrido
- Adult Reconstruction-Adolescent and Young Adult Hip Service, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Scott Rodeo
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UTHealth Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA; Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Jérome Guicheux
- INSERM, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Nantes University School of Dental Medicine, ONIRIS, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, France
| | - Richard McFarland
- Advanced Regenerative Manufacturing Institute, Manchester, New Hampshire, USA, and Standards Coordinating Body, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Laurie R Goodrich
- Orthopaedic Research Center and Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas W Bauer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Barrett
- Stem Cell Allogeneic Transplant Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David Karli
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA; Greyledge Technologies, LLC, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Constance R Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Diseases Therapeutic Unit, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
| | - George F Muschler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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170
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Kouroupis D, Sanjurjo-Rodriguez C, Jones E, Correa D. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Functionalization for Enhanced Therapeutic Applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2018; 25:55-77. [PMID: 30165783 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Culture expansion of MSCs has detrimental effects on various cell characteristics and attributes (e.g., phenotypic changes and senescence), which, in addition to inherent interdonor variability, negatively impact the standardization and reproducibility of their therapeutic potential. The identification of innate distinct functional MSC subpopulations, as well as the description of ex vivo protocols aimed at maintaining phenotypes and enhancing specific functions have the potential to overcome these limitations. The incorporation of those approaches into cell-based therapy would significantly impact the field, as more reproducible clinical outcomes may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouroupis
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,2 Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplant Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Clara Sanjurjo-Rodriguez
- 3 Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, Saint James University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,4 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medicine and Physiotherapy, University of A Coruña, CIBER-BBN-Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Elena Jones
- 3 Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, Saint James University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Correa
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,2 Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplant Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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171
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Human Skeletal Stem Cells: The Markers Provide Some Clues in the Hunt for Hidden Treasure. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:462-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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172
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Weldemariam MM, Han CL, Shekari F, Kitata RB, Chuang CY, Hsu WT, Kuo HC, Choong WK, Sung TY, He FC, Chung MCM, Salekdeh GH, Chen YJ. Subcellular Proteome Landscape of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Revealed Missing Membrane Proteins. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:4138-4151. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehari Muuz Weldemariam
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ching-Yu Chuang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiepei 115, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Fu-Chu He
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Maxey Ching Ming Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, 14 Science Drive 4, singapore, 117543 Singpore
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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173
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Farr JN, Almeida M. The Spectrum of Fundamental Basic Science Discoveries Contributing to Organismal Aging. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1568-1584. [PMID: 30075061 PMCID: PMC6327947 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging research has undergone unprecedented advances at an accelerating rate in recent years, leading to excitement in the field as well as opportunities for imagination and innovation. Novel insights indicate that, rather than resulting from a preprogrammed series of events, the aging process is predominantly driven by fundamental non-adaptive mechanisms that are interconnected, linked, and overlap. To varying degrees, these mechanisms also manifest with aging in bone where they cause skeletal fragility. Because these mechanisms of aging can be manipulated, it might be possible to slow, delay, or alleviate multiple age-related diseases and their complications by targeting conserved genetic signaling pathways, controlled functional networks, and basic biochemical processes. Indeed, findings in various mammalian species suggest that targeting fundamental aging mechanisms (eg, via either loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations or administration of pharmacological therapies) can extend healthspan; ie, the healthy period of life free of chronic diseases. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the role of the spectrum of fundamental basic science discoveries contributing to organismal aging, with emphasis on mammalian studies and in particular aging mechanisms in bone that drive skeletal fragility. These mechanisms or aging hallmarks include: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. Because these mechanisms are linked, interventions that ameliorate one hallmark can in theory ameliorate others. In the field of bone and mineral research, current challenges include defining the relative contributions of each aging hallmark to the natural skeletal aging process, better understanding the complex interconnections among the hallmarks, and identifying the most effective therapeutic strategies to safely target multiple hallmarks. Based on their interconnections, it may be feasible to simultaneously interfere with several fundamental aging mechanisms to alleviate a wide spectrum of age-related chronic diseases, including osteoporosis. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Farr
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria Almeida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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174
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Shares BH, Busch M, White N, Shum L, Eliseev RA. Active mitochondria support osteogenic differentiation by stimulating β-catenin acetylation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16019-16027. [PMID: 30150300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal (a.k.a. mesenchymal stem) cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into osteoblasts (OBs), adipocytes, or chondrocytes. As BMSCs undergo OB differentiation, they up-regulate mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Here, we investigated the mechanism(s) connecting mitochondrial OxPhos to OB differentiation. First, we found that treating BMSC-like C3H10T1/2 cells with an OxPhos inhibitor reduces their osteogenic potential. Interestingly, ATP levels were not reduced, as glycolysis compensated for the decreased OxPhos. Thus, mitochondria support OB differentiation not only by supplying ATP, but also by other mechanisms. To uncover these mechanisms, we stimulated OxPhos in C3H10T1/2 cells by replacing media glucose with galactose and observed that this substitution increases both OxPhos and osteogenesis even in the absence of osteoinducers. β-Catenin, an important signaling pathway in osteogenesis, was found to be responsive to OxPhos stimulation. β-Catenin activity is maintained by acetylation, and mitochondria generate the acetyl donor acetyl-CoA, which upon entering the Krebs cycle is converted to citrate capable of exiting mitochondria. Cytosolic citrate is converted back to acetyl-CoA by ATP citrate lyase (ACLY). We found that inhibiting ACLY with SB204990 (SB) reverses the galactose-induced β-catenin activity and OB differentiation. This suggested that acetylation is involved in β-catenin activation after forced OxPhos stimulation, and using immunoprecipitation, we indeed detected SB-sensitive β-catenin acetylation. Both β-catenin acetylation and activity increased during osteoinduction coincident with OxPhos activation. These findings suggest that active mitochondria support OB differentiation by promoting β-catenin acetylation and thus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna H Shares
- From the Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14624
| | - Melanie Busch
- From the Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14624
| | - Noelle White
- From the Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14624
| | - Laura Shum
- From the Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14624
| | - Roman A Eliseev
- From the Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14624
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175
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Loncaric D, Labat V, Debeissat C, Brunet de la Grange P, Rodriguez L, Vlaski-Lafarge M, Ivanovic Z. The majority of cells in so-called "mesenchymal stem cell" population are neither stem cells nor progenitors. Transfus Clin Biol 2018; 26:316-323. [PMID: 30391125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2018.08.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The first-passage adherent human bone marrow fibroblast-like cell population corresponds, in terms of phenotype and three-lineage differentiation capacity (assayed in bulk culture), to commonly termed "mesenchymal stem cells". Here we determine the proportion of high proliferative capacity multipotent cells present in this population in order to estimate the proportion of cells that can or cannot be considered as stem and progenitor cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS The single-cell cultures were established starting from human bone marrow-derived first-passage fibroblast-like cells and the proliferating clones were either transferred to secondary cultures to evaluate their further clonogenicity, or split into three wells to assess differentiation into each of the three different lineages. RESULTS The analysis of 197 single-cell cultures from three different bone marrow donors shows that only∼40% of so-called "mesenchymal stem cells" exhibit multipotency and are capable of sustained clonogenicity in secondary cultures. CONCLUSION Even in the first ex vivo passage under favorable conditions the majority (∼60%) of so-called "mesenchymal stem cells" are not multipotent and thus do not represent a stem cell entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Loncaric
- Établissement français du sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, scientific department, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, CS21010, 33075 Bordeaux cedex, France; Inserm U1035, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - V Labat
- Établissement français du sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, scientific department, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, CS21010, 33075 Bordeaux cedex, France; Inserm U1035, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - C Debeissat
- Établissement français du sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, scientific department, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, CS21010, 33075 Bordeaux cedex, France; Inserm U1035, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - P Brunet de la Grange
- Établissement français du sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, scientific department, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, CS21010, 33075 Bordeaux cedex, France; Inserm U1035, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - L Rodriguez
- Établissement français du sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, scientific department, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, CS21010, 33075 Bordeaux cedex, France; Inserm U1035, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - M Vlaski-Lafarge
- Établissement français du sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, scientific department, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, CS21010, 33075 Bordeaux cedex, France; Inserm U1035, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Z Ivanovic
- Établissement français du sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, scientific department, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, CS21010, 33075 Bordeaux cedex, France; Inserm U1035, université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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176
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Yu B, Huo L, Liu Y, Deng P, Szymanski J, Li J, Luo X, Hong C, Lin J, Wang CY. PGC-1α Controls Skeletal Stem Cell Fate and Bone-Fat Balance in Osteoporosis and Skeletal Aging by Inducing TAZ. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:193-209.e5. [PMID: 30017591 PMCID: PMC6322535 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant lineage specification of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) contributes to reduced bone mass and increased marrow adipose tissue (MAT) in osteoporosis and skeletal aging. Although master regulators of osteoblastic and adipogenic lineages have been identified, little is known about factors that are associated with MAT accumulation and osteoporotic bone loss. Here, we identify peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) as a critical switch of cell fate decisions whose expression decreases with aging in human and mouse SSCs. Loss of PGC-1α promoted adipogenic differentiation of murine SSCs at the expense of osteoblastic differentiation. Deletion of PGC-1α in SSCs impaired bone formation and indirectly promoted bone resorption while enhancing MAT accumulation. Conversely, induction of PGC-1α attenuated osteoporotic bone loss and MAT accumulation. Mechanistically, PGC-1α maintains bone and fat balance by inducing TAZ. Our results suggest that PGC-1α is a potentially important therapeutic target in the treatment of osteoporosis and skeletal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Lihong Huo
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John Szymanski
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiong Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xianghang Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Christine Hong
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiandie Lin
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, Broad Stem Cell Research Center and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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177
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Langrzyk A, Nowak WN, Stępniewski J, Jaźwa A, Florczyk-Soluch U, Józkowicz A, Dulak J. Critical View on Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:169-190. [PMID: 28874054 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The belief in the potency of stem cells has resulted in the medical applications of numerous cell types for organ repair, often with the low adherence to methodological stringency. Such uncritical enthusiasm is mainly presented in the approaches employing so-called mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), for the treatment of numerous, unrelated conditions. However, it should be stressed that such broad clinical applications of MSC are mostly based on the belief that MSC can efficiently differentiate into multiple cell types, not only osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipose cells. Recent Advances: Studies employing lineage tracing established more promising markers to characterize MSC identity and localization in vivo and confirmed the differences between MSC isolated from various organs. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical experiments proved that transdifferentiation of MSC is unlikely to contribute to repair of numerous tissues, including the heart. Therefore, the salvage hypotheses, like MSC fusion with cells in target organs or the paracrine mechanisms, were proposed to justify the widespread application of MSC and to explain transient, if any, effects. CRITICAL ISSUES The lack of standardization concerning the cells markers, their origin and particularly the absence of stringent functional characterization of MSC, leads to propagation of the worrying hype despite the lack of convincing therapeutic efficiency of MSC. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The adherence to rigorous methodological rules is necessary to prevent the application of procedures which can be dangerous for patients and scientific research on the medical application of stem cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Witold N Nowak
- 2 Cardiovascular Division, King's College London , London, United Kingdom .,3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Stępniewski
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jaźwa
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Urszula Florczyk-Soluch
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Alicja Józkowicz
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Józef Dulak
- 1 Kardio-Med Silesia , Zabrze, Poland .,3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
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178
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Ferland-McCollough D, Maselli D, Spinetti G, Sambataro M, Sullivan N, Blom A, Madeddu P. MCP-1 Feedback Loop Between Adipocytes and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Causes Fat Accumulation and Contributes to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Rarefaction in the Bone Marrow of Patients With Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:1380-1394. [PMID: 29703845 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fat accumulates in bone marrow (BM) of patients with diabetes. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms and consequences of this phenomenon. BM mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) constitutively express adipogenic markers and robustly differentiate into adipocytes (ADs) upon in vitro induction as compared with BM-MSCs from subjects without diabetes. Moreover, BM-ADs from subjects with T2D (T2D BM-ADs) paracrinally stimulate a transcriptional adipogenic program in BM-MSCs. Antagonism of MCP-1, a chemokine pivotally expressed in T2D BM-ADs, prevented the T2D BM-AD secretome from converting BM-MSCs into ADs. Mechanistic validation of human data was next performed in an obese T2D mouse model. Systemic antagonism of MCP-1 improved metabolic control, reduced BM fat, and increased osteocyte density. It also indirectly re-established the abundance of long-term versus short-term hematopoietic stem cells. We reveal a diabetic feedback loop in which 1) BM-MSCs are constitutively inclined to make ADs, and 2) mature BM-ADs, via secreted MCP-1, relentlessly fuel BM-MSC determination into new fat. Pharmacological inhibition of MCP-1 signaling can contrast this vicious cycle, restoring, at least in part, the balance between adipogenesis and hematopoiesis in BM from subjects with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ferland-McCollough
- Bristol Heart Institute, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.
| | - Davide Maselli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Spinetti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Sambataro
- Department of Specialized Medicines, Endocrine, Metabolic and Nutrition Diseases Unit, Santa Maria of Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Niall Sullivan
- Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, U.K
| | - Ashley Blom
- Muscloskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.
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179
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Induction of quiescence (G0) in bone marrow stromal stem cells enhances their stem cell characteristics. Stem Cell Res 2018; 30:69-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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180
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Clonal Analysis Delineates Transcriptional Programs of Osteogenic and Adipogenic Lineages of Adult Mouse Skeletal Progenitors. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:212-227. [PMID: 29937146 PMCID: PMC6067065 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone, cartilage, and marrow adipocytes are generated by skeletal progenitors, but the relationships between lineages and mechanisms controlling their differentiation are poorly understood. We established mouse clonal skeletal progenitors with distinct differentiation properties and analyzed their transcriptome. Unipotent osteogenic and adipogenic cells expressed specific transcriptional programs, whereas bipotent clones combined expression of those genes and did not show a unique signature. We tested potential regulators of lineage commitment and found that in the presence of interferon-γ (IFNγ) adipogenic clones can be induced to osteogenesis and that their adipogenic capacity is inhibited. Analysis of IFNγ-regulated genes showed that lineage signatures and fate commitment of skeletal progenitors were controlled by EGR1 and EGR2. Knockdown experiments revealed that EGR1 is a positive regulator of the adipogenic transcriptional program and differentiation capacity, whereas EGR2 inhibits the osteogenic program and potency. Therefore, our work revealed transcriptional signatures of osteogenic and adipogenic lineages and mechanism triggering cell fate. Bone marrow osteo- and adipogenic progenitors have specific transcriptional profiles Bipotent progenitors combine expression of osteogenic and adipogenic programs IFNγ inhibits adipogenesis and induces osteogenesis via downregulation of Egr1/Egr2 Egr1 maintains adipogenic and Egr2 suppresses osteogenic lineage commitment
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181
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Marrow Adipose Tissue: Its Origin, Function, and Regulation in Bone Remodeling and Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7098456. [PMID: 29955232 PMCID: PMC6000863 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7098456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a unique fat depot in the bone marrow and exhibits close relationship with hematopoiesis and bone homeostasis. MAT is distinct from peripheral adipose tissue in respect of its heterogeneous origin, site-specific distribution, and complex and perplexing function. Though MAT is indicated to function in hematopoiesis, skeletal remodeling, and energy metabolism, its explicit characterization still requires further research. In this review, we highlight recent advancement made in MAT regarding the origin and distribution of MAT, the local interaction with bone homeostasis and hematopoietic niche, the systemic endocrine regulation of metabolism, and MAT-based strategies to enhance bone formation.
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182
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Abdallah BM, Alzahrani AM, Kassem M. Secreted Clusterin protein inhibits osteoblast differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by suppressing ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Bone 2018; 110:221-229. [PMID: 29476977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Secreted Clusterin (sCLU, also known as Apolipoprotein J) is an anti-apoptotic glycoprotein involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, lipid transport, extracellular tissue remodeling and apoptosis. sCLU is expressed and secreted by mouse bone marrow-derived skeletal (stromal or mesenchymal) stem cells (mBMSCs), but its functional role in MSC biology is not known. In this study, we demonstrated that Clusterin mRNA expression and protein secretion in conditioned medium increased during adipocyte differentiation and decreased during osteoblast differentiation of mBMSCs. Treatment of mBMSC cultures with recombinant sCLU protein increased cell proliferation and exerted an inhibitory effect on the osteoblast differentiation while stimulated adipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. siRNA-mediated silencing of Clu expression in mBMSCs reduced adipocyte differentiation and stimulated osteoblast differentiation of mBMSCs. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of sCLU on the osteoblast differentiation of mBMSCs was mediated by the suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. In conclusion, we identified sCLU as a regulator of mBMSCs lineage commitment to osteoblasts versus adipocytes through a mechanism mediated by ERK1/2 signaling. Inhibiting sCLU is a possible therapeutic approach for enhancing osteoblast differentiation and consequently bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem M Abdallah
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia; Endocrine Research (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Abdullah M Alzahrani
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Endocrine Research (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, DanStem (Danish Stem Cell Center), Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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183
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Xavier M, de Andrés MC, Spencer D, Oreffo ROC, Morgan H. Size and dielectric properties of skeletal stem cells change critically after enrichment and expansion from human bone marrow: consequences for microfluidic cell sorting. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0233. [PMID: 28835540 PMCID: PMC5582119 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of bone and cartilage to regenerate can be attributed to skeletal stem cells (SSCs) that reside within the bone marrow (BM). Given SSCs are rare and lack specific surface markers, antibody-based sorting has failed to deliver the cell purity required for clinical translation. Microfluidics offers new methods of isolating cells based on biophysical features including, but not limited to, size, electrical properties and stiffness. Here we report the characterization of the dielectric properties of unexpanded SSCs using single-cell microfluidic impedance cytometry (MIC). Unexpanded SSCs had a mean size of 9.0 µm; larger than the majority of BM cells. During expansion, often used to purify and increase the number of SSCs, cell size and membrane capacitance increased significantly, highlighting the importance of characterizing unaltered SSCs. In addition, MIC was used to track the osteogenic differentiation of SSCs and showed an increased membrane capacitance with differentiation. The electrical properties of primary SSCs were indistinct from other BM cells precluding its use as an isolation method. However, the current studies indicate that cell size in combination with another biophysical parameter, such as stiffness, could be used to design label-free devices for sorting SSCs with significant clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Xavier
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, SO16 6YD Southampton, UK
| | - María C de Andrés
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, SO16 6YD Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel Spencer
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, SO16 6YD Southampton, UK
| | - Hywel Morgan
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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184
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185
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The Differentiation Balance of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is Crucial to Hematopoiesis. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:1540148. [PMID: 29765406 PMCID: PMC5903338 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1540148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), the important component and regulator of bone marrow microenvironment, give rise to hematopoietic-supporting stromal cells and form hematopoietic niches for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, how BMSC differentiation affects hematopoiesis is poorly understood. In this review, we focus on the role of BMSC differentiation in hematopoiesis. We discussed the role of BMSCs and their progeny in hematopoiesis. We also examine the mechanisms that cause differentiation bias of BMSCs in stress conditions including aging, irradiation, and chemotherapy. Moreover, the differentiation balance of BMSCs is crucial to hematopoiesis. We highlight the negative effects of differentiation bias of BMSCs on hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow transplantation. Keeping the differentiation balance of BMSCs is critical for hematopoietic recovery. This review summarises current understanding about how BMSC differentiation affects hematopoiesis and its potential application in improving hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow transplantation.
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186
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Abarrategi A, Mian SA, Passaro D, Rouault-Pierre K, Grey W, Bonnet D. Modeling the human bone marrow niche in mice: From host bone marrow engraftment to bioengineering approaches. J Exp Med 2018; 215:729-743. [PMID: 29453226 PMCID: PMC5839768 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of patient-derived samples in mouse models has been instrumental in depicting the role of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the establishment as well as progression of hematological malignancies. The foundations for this field of research have been based on the development of immunodeficient mouse models, which provide normal and malignant human hematopoietic cells with a supportive microenvironment. Immunosuppressed and genetically modified mice expressing human growth factors were key milestones in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, highlighting the importance of developing humanized microenvironments. The latest major improvement has been the use of human bone marrow (BM) niche-forming cells to generate human-mouse chimeric BM tissues in PDXs, which can shed light on the interactions between human stroma and hematopoietic cells. Here, we summarize the methods used for human hematopoietic cell xenotransplantation and their milestones and review the latest approaches in generating humanized BM tissues in mice to study human normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Abarrategi
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Syed A Mian
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, England, UK
| | - Diana Passaro
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Kevin Rouault-Pierre
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - William Grey
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
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187
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Abstract
Craniofacial surgery, since its inauguration, has been the culmination of collaborative efforts to solve complex congenital, dysplastic, oncological, and traumatic cranial bone defects. Now, 50 years on from the first craniofacial meeting, the collaborative efforts between surgeons, scientists, and bioengineers are further advancing craniofacial surgery with new discoveries in tissue regeneration. Recent advances in regenerative medicine and stem cell biology have transformed the authors' understanding of bone healing, the role of stem cells governing bone healing, and the effects of the niche environment and extracellular matrix on stem cell fate. This review aims at summarizing the advances within each of these fields.
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188
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Amaroli A, Agas D, Laus F, Cuteri V, Hanna R, Sabbieti MG, Benedicenti S. The Effects of Photobiomodulation of 808 nm Diode Laser Therapy at Higher Fluence on the in Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29527174 PMCID: PMC5829029 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature has supported the concept of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in bone regeneration as one of the most important applications in oro-maxillofacial reconstructions. However, the fate of the transplanted cells and their effects on the clinical outcome is still uncertain. Photobiomodulation (PBM) plays an important role in the acceleration of tissue regeneration and potential repair. The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effectiveness of PBM with 808 nm diode laser therapy, using a flat-top hand-piece delivery system at a higher-fluence (64 J/cm2) irradiation (1 W, continuous-wave) on bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The BMSCs of 3 old female Balb-c mice were analyzed. The cells were divided into two groups: irradiated group and control group. In the former the cells were irradiated every 24 h during 0 day (T0), 5 (T1), 10 (T2), and 15 (T3) days, whereas the control group was non-irradiated. The results have shown that the 64 J/cm2 laser irradiation has increased the Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Runx2 is the most important early marker of osteoblast differentiation. The higher-fluence suppressed the synthesis of adipogenic transcription factor (PPARγ), the pivotal transcription factor in adipogenic differentiation. Also, the osteogenic markers such as Osterix (Osx) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were upregulated with an increase in the matrix mineralization. Furthermore, western blotting data demonstrated that the laser therapy has induced a statistically valid increase in the synthesis of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) but had no effects on the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) production. The data has statistically validated the down-regulation of the important pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin IL-6, and IL-17 after 808 nm PBM exposition. An increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1rα and IL-10 was observed. These in vitro studies provide for first time the initial proof that the PBM of the 808 nm diode laser therapy with flat-top hand-piece delivery system at a higher-fluence irradiation of 64 J/cm2 (1 W/cm2) can modulate BMSCs differentiation in enhancing osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Laser Therapy Center, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Reem Hanna
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Laser Therapy Center, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Laser Therapy Center, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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189
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Duchamp de Lageneste O, Julien A, Abou-Khalil R, Frangi G, Carvalho C, Cagnard N, Cordier C, Conway SJ, Colnot C. Periosteum contains skeletal stem cells with high bone regenerative potential controlled by Periostin. Nat Commun 2018; 9:773. [PMID: 29472541 PMCID: PMC5823889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration relies on the activation of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) that still remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that periosteum contains SSCs with high bone regenerative potential compared to bone marrow stromal cells/skeletal stem cells (BMSCs) in mice. Although periosteal cells (PCs) and BMSCs are derived from a common embryonic mesenchymal lineage, postnatally PCs exhibit greater clonogenicity, growth and differentiation capacity than BMSCs. During bone repair, PCs can efficiently contribute to cartilage and bone, and integrate long-term after transplantation. Molecular profiling uncovers genes encoding Periostin and other extracellular matrix molecules associated with the enhanced response to injury of PCs. Periostin gene deletion impairs PC functions and fracture consolidation. Periostin-deficient periosteum cannot reconstitute a pool of PCs after injury demonstrating the presence of SSCs within periosteum and the requirement of Periostin in maintaining this pool. Overall our results highlight the importance of analyzing periosteum and PCs to understand bone phenotypes. The periosteum, a tissue lining the bone surface, and the bone marrow are known to contain bone-forming cells. Here the authors show that skeletal stem cells reside in the mouse periosteum, and that periosteal cells have common embryonic origins with bone marrow stromal/stem cells (BMSCs), but are better at bone repair and long-term integration than BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anaïs Julien
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Rana Abou-Khalil
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Frangi
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Carvalho
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Paris-Descartes Bioinformatics Platform, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Cordier
- INSERM US24 - CNRS UMS3633 Cytometry Platform, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Simon J Conway
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Céline Colnot
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, 75015, Paris, France.
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190
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Menzi N, Osinga R, Todorov A, Schaefer DJ, Martin I, Scherberich A. Wet milling of large quantities of human excision adipose tissue for the isolation of stromal vascular fraction cells. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:807-817. [PMID: 29344745 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from excised human adipose tissue, for clinical or research purposes, implies the tedious and time consuming process of manual mincing prior to enzymatic digestion. Since no efficient alternative technique to this current standard procedure has been proposed so far, the aim of this study was to test a milling procedure, using two simple, inexpensive and commercially available manual meat grinders, to process large amounts of adipose tissue. The procedure was assessed on adipose tissue resections from seven human donors and compared to manual mincing with scalpels. The processed adipose tissues were digested and the resulting SVF cells compared in terms of number, clonogenicity and differentiation capacity. After 10 min of processing, either device tested yielded on average sixfold more processed material for subsequent cell isolation than manual mincing. The isolation yield of SVF cells (isolated cells per ml of adipose tissue), their viability, phenotype, clonogenicity and osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation capacity, tested by production of mineralized matrix and lipid vacuoles, respectively, were comparable. This new method is practical and inexpensive and represents an efficient alternative to the current standard for large scale adipose tissue resection processing. A device based on the milling principle could be embedded within a streamlined system for isolation and clinical use of SVF cells from adipose tissue excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Menzi
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rik Osinga
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Atanas Todorov
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Johannes Schaefer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - Arnaud Scherberich
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
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191
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Comparative analysis of gene expression identifies distinct molecular signatures of bone marrow- and periosteal-skeletal stem/progenitor cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190909. [PMID: 29342188 PMCID: PMC5771600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Periosteum and bone marrow (BM) both contain skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSCs) that participate in fracture repair. However, the functional difference and selective regulatory mechanisms of SSCs in different locations are unknown due to the lack of specific markers. Here, we report a comprehensive gene expression analysis of bone marrow SSCs (BM-SSCs), periosteal SSCs (P-SSCs), and more differentiated osteoprogenitors by using reporter mice expressing Interferon-inducible Mx1 and NestinGFP, previously known SSC markers. We first defined that the BM-SSCs can be enriched by the combination of Mx1 and NestinGFP expression, while endogenous P-SSCs can be isolated by positive selection of Mx1, CD105 and CD140a (known SSC markers) combined with the negative selection of CD45, CD31, and osteocalcinGFP (a mature osteoblast marker). Comparative gene expression analysis with FACS-sorted BM-SSCs, P-SSCs, Osterix+ preosteoblasts, CD51+ stroma cells and CD45+ hematopoietic cells as controls revealed that BM-SSCs and P-SSCs have high similarity with few potential differences without statistical significance. We also found that CD51+ cells are highly heterogeneous and have little overlap with SSCs. This was further supported by the microarray cluster analysis, where the two SSC populations clustered together but are separate from the CD51+ cells. However, when comparing SSC population to controls, we found several genes that are uniquely upregulated in endogenous SSCs. Amongst these genes, we found KDR (aka Flk1 or VEGFR2) to be most interesting and discovered that it is highly and selectively expressed in P-SSCs. This finding suggests that endogenous P-SSCs are functionally very similar to BM-SSCs with undetectable significant differences in gene expression but there are distinct molecular signatures in P-SSCs, which can be useful to specify P-SSC subset in vivo.
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192
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Kalamegam G, Memic A, Budd E, Abbas M, Mobasheri A. A Comprehensive Review of Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration in Osteoarthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1089:23-36. [PMID: 29725971 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age related joint disease associated with degeneration and loss of articular cartilage. Consequently, OA patients suffer from chronic joint pain and disability. Weight bearing joints and joints that undergo repetitive stress and excessive 'wear and tear' are particularly prone to developing OA. Cartilage has a poor regenerative capacity and current pharmacological agents only provide symptomatic pain relief. OA patients that respond poorly to conventional therapies are ultimately treated with surgical procedures to promote cartilage repair by implantation of artificial joint structures (arthroplasty) or total joint replacement (TJR). In the last two decades, stem cells derived from various tissues with varying differentiation and tissue regeneration potential have been used for the treatment of OA either alone or in combination with natural or synthetic scaffolds to aid cartilage repair. Although stem cells can be differentiated into chondrocytes in vitro or aid cartilage regeneration in vivo, their potential for OA management remains limited as cartilage regenerated by stem cells fails to fully recapitulate the structural and biomechanical properties of the native tissue. Efficient tissue regeneration remains elusive despite the simple design of cartilage, which unlike most other tissues is avascular and aneural, consisting of a single cell type. In this article, we have comprehensively reviewed the types of stem cells that have been proposed or tested for the management of OA, their potential efficacy as well as their limitations. We also touch on the role of biomaterials in cartilage tissue engineering and examine the prospects for their use in cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthaman Kalamegam
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis with Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan Memic
- Center of Nanotechnology, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma Budd
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Mohammed Abbas
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis with Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis with Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. .,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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193
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Le BQ, Nurcombe V, Cool SM, van Blitterswijk CA, de Boer J, LaPointe VLS. The Components of Bone and What They Can Teach Us about Regeneration. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 11:E14. [PMID: 29271933 PMCID: PMC5793512 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The problem of bone regeneration has engaged both physicians and scientists since the beginning of medicine. Not only can bone heal itself following most injuries, but when it does, the regenerated tissue is often indistinguishable from healthy bone. Problems arise, however, when bone does not heal properly, or when new tissue is needed, such as when two vertebrae are required to fuse to stabilize adjacent spine segments. Despite centuries of research, such procedures still require improved therapeutic methods to be devised. Autologous bone harvesting and grafting is currently still the accepted benchmark, despite drawbacks for clinicians and patients that include limited amounts, donor site morbidity, and variable quality. The necessity for an alternative to this "gold standard" has given rise to a bone-graft and substitute industry, with its central conundrum: what is the best way to regenerate bone? In this review, we dissect bone anatomy to summarize our current understanding of its constituents. We then look at how various components have been employed to improve bone regeneration. Evolving strategies for bone regeneration are then considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bach Quang Le
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #6-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #6-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Simon McKenzie Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #6-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288, Singapore.
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Vanessa Lydia Simone LaPointe
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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194
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Scott RW, Underhill TM. Methods and Strategies for Lineage Tracing of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1416:171-203. [PMID: 27236672 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3584-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitors (MP) are found to varying extents in most tissues and organs. Their relationship to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remains unclear, however, both populations appear to share a number of properties as defined by functional assays, clonogenic activity, and genetic and cell surface markers. MSCs were originally defined by their in vitro colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) activity and their ability to contribute to various mesenchymal lineages (i.e. cartilage, bone, and fat). MSCs also appear to exhibit some unique properties, in that expanded clones in the absence of bone-inducing factors generate bone spicules/organs in vivo. Subsequent analysis of these elements has demonstrated that the transplanted cells directly contribute to multiple mesenchymal lineages. Our ability to study MP and/or MSC behavior and lineage potential in vivo has been hampered by a lack of suitable Cre lines in which to effectively genetically mark and follow the fate and activity of these cells in development, growth, homeostasis and following injury or in disease. The emergence of several new genetic lines is enabling us to now address critical questions regarding MP/MSC location, behavior, function, and fate. The use of these lines and others in conjunction with suitable reporter lines will be described for MP/MSC cell fate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wilder Scott
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, USA
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences and Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, USA.
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195
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Doro DH, Grigoriadis AE, Liu KJ. Calvarial Suture-Derived Stem Cells and Their Contribution to Cranial Bone Repair. Front Physiol 2017; 8:956. [PMID: 29230181 PMCID: PMC5712071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the natural turnover during life, the bones in the skeleton possess the ability to self-repair in response to injury or disease-related bone loss. Based on studies of bone defect models, both processes are largely supported by resident stem cells. In the long bones, the source of skeletal stem cells has been widely investigated over the years, where the major stem cell population is thought to reside in the perivascular niche of the bone marrow. In contrast, we have very limited knowledge about the stem cells contributing to the repair of calvarial bones. In fact, until recently, the presence of specific stem cells in adult craniofacial bones was uncertain. These flat bones are mainly formed via intramembranous rather than endochondral ossification and thus contain minimal bone marrow space. It has been previously proposed that the overlying periosteum and underlying dura mater provide osteoprogenitors for calvarial bone repair. Nonetheless, recent studies have identified a major stem cell population within the suture mesenchyme with multiple differentiation abilities and intrinsic reparative potential. Here we provide an updated review of calvarial stem cells and potential mechanisms of regulation in the context of skull injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Doro
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agamemnon E Grigoriadis
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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196
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Sacchetti B, Funari A, Remoli C, Giannicola G, Kogler G, Liedtke S, Cossu G, Serafini M, Sampaolesi M, Tagliafico E, Tenedini E, Saggio I, Robey PG, Riminucci M, Bianco P. No Identical "Mesenchymal Stem Cells" at Different Times and Sites: Human Committed Progenitors of Distinct Origin and Differentiation Potential Are Incorporated as Adventitial Cells in Microvessels. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 6:897-913. [PMID: 27304917 PMCID: PMC4912436 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A widely shared view reads that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (“MSCs”) are ubiquitous in human connective tissues, can be defined by a common in vitro phenotype, share a skeletogenic potential as assessed by in vitro differentiation assays, and coincide with ubiquitous pericytes. Using stringent in vivo differentiation assays and transcriptome analysis, we show that human cell populations from different anatomical sources, regarded as “MSCs” based on these criteria and assumptions, actually differ widely in their transcriptomic signature and in vivo differentiation potential. In contrast, they share the capacity to guide the assembly of functional microvessels in vivo, regardless of their anatomical source, or in situ identity as perivascular or circulating cells. This analysis reveals that muscle pericytes, which are not spontaneously osteochondrogenic as previously claimed, may indeed coincide with an ectopic perivascular subset of committed myogenic cells similar to satellite cells. Cord blood-derived stromal cells, on the other hand, display the unique capacity to form cartilage in vivo spontaneously, in addition to an assayable osteogenic capacity. These data suggest the need to revise current misconceptions on the origin and function of so-called “MSCs,” with important applicative implications. The data also support the view that rather than a uniform class of “MSCs,” different mesoderm derivatives include distinct classes of tissue-specific committed progenitors, possibly of different developmental origin. CD146+ “MSCs” from different tissues exhibit different transcriptional profiles CD146+ “MSCs” from different tissues have different differentiation capacities CD146+ “MSCs” from different tissues organize blood vessels and become pericytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Sacchetti
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Alessia Funari
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Cristina Remoli
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannicola
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00158, Italy
| | - Gesine Kogler
- Institute for Transplant Diagnostics and Cellular Therapeutics, Medical Center Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Stefanie Liedtke
- Institute for Transplant Diagnostics and Cellular Therapeutics, Medical Center Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Marta Serafini
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Pediatric Department, Tettamanti Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza 20900, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41121, Italy
| | - Elena Tenedini
- Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41121, Italy
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University, IBPM CNR, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bianco
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
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197
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Morsczeck C, Reichert TE. Dental stem cells in tooth regeneration and repair in the future. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 18:187-196. [PMID: 29110535 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1402004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human dental stem cells can be obtained from postnatal teeth, extracted wisdom teeth or exfoliated deciduous teeth. Due to their differentiation potential, these mesenchymal stem cells are promising for tooth repair. Therefore, the development of dental tissue regeneration represents a suitable but challenging, target for dental stem cell therapies. Areas covered: Expert opinion: AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors provide an overview of human dental stem cells and their properties for regeneration medicine. Numerous preclinical studies have shown that dental stem cells improve bone augmentation and healing of periodontal diseases. Clinical trials are ongoing to validate the clinical feasibility of these approaches. Dental stem cells are also important for basic research. EXPERT OPINION Dental stem cells offer numerous advantages for tooth repair and regeneration. Data obtained from different studies are encouraging. In the next few years, investigations on dental stem cells in basic research, pre-clinical research and clinical studies will pave the way to optimizing patient-tailored treatments for repair and regeneration of dental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Morsczeck
- a Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery , Hospital of the University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Torsten E Reichert
- a Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery , Hospital of the University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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198
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Gashmardi N, Hosseini SE, Mehrabani D, Edalatmanesh MA, Khodabandeh Z. Impacts of Bone Marrow Stem Cells on Caspase-3 Levels after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 42:593-598. [PMID: 29184268 PMCID: PMC5684381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a drastic disability that leads to spinal cord impairment. This study sought to determine the effects of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) on caspase-3 levels after acute SCI in mice. Forty-two mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (2 subcategories), subjected to no intervention; sham (3 subcategories), subjected to acute SCI; and experimental (2 subcategories), subjected to SCI and cell transplantation. In the experimental group, 2×105 BMSCs were injected intravenously 1 day after SCI. The mesenchymal property of the cells was assessed. The animals in the 3 groups were sacrificed 1, 21, and 35 days after the induction of injury and caspase-3 levels were evaluated using a caspase-3 assay kit. The obtained values were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests using GraphPad and SPSS. Based on the assessments, the transplanted cells were spindle-shaped and were negative for the hematopoietic markers of CD34 and CD45 and positive for the expression of the mesenchymal marker of CD90 and osteogenic induction. The caspase-3 levels showed a significant increase in the sham and experimental groups in comparison to the control group. One day after SCI, the caspase-3 level was significantly higher in the sham group (1.157±0.117) than in the other groups (P<0.000). Twenty-one days after SCI, the caspase-3 level was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the sham group (0.4±0.095 vs. 0.793±0.076; P˂0.000). Thirty-five days following SCI, the caspase-3 level was lower in the experimental group than in the sham group (0.223±0.027 vs. 0.643±0.058; P˂0.000). We conclude that BMSC transplantation was able to downregulate the caspase-3 level after acute SCI, underscoring the role of caspase-3 as a marker for the assessment of treatment efficacy in acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Gashmardi
- Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran,Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini
- Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence: Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini, PhD; Department of Physiology, College of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran Tel: +98 71 3112201
| | - Davood Mehrabani
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Khodabandeh
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Mouse Genetic Analysis of Bone Marrow Stem Cell Niches: Technological Pitfalls, Challenges, and Translational Considerations. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1343-1358. [PMID: 29056332 PMCID: PMC5829346 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of mouse genetic tools has made a significant contribution to the understanding of skeletal and hematopoietic stem cell niches in bone marrow (BM). However, many experimental designs (e.g., selections of marker genes, target vector constructions, and choices of reporter murine strains) have unavoidable technological limitations and bias, which lead to experimental discrepancies, data reproducibility issues, and frequent data misinterpretation. Consequently, there are a number of conflicting views relating to fundamental biological questions, including origins and locations of skeletal and hematopoietic stem cells in the BM. In this report, we systematically unravel complicated data interpretations via comprehensive analyses of technological benefits, pitfalls, and challenges in frequently used mouse models and discuss their translational relevance to human stem cell biology. Particularly, we emphasize the important roles of using large human genomic data-informatics in facilitating genetic analyses of mouse models and resolving existing controversies in mouse and human BM stem cell biology.
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200
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Moura CC, Tare RS, Oreffo ROC, Mahajan S. Raman spectroscopy and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging: prospective tools for monitoring skeletal cells and skeletal regeneration. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0182. [PMID: 27170652 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) for cell-based therapies is currently one of the most promising areas for skeletal disease treatment and skeletal tissue repair. The ability for controlled modification of SSCs could provide significant therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine, with the prospect to permanently repopulate a host with stem cells and their progeny. Currently, SSC differentiation into the stromal lineages of bone, fat and cartilage is assessed using different approaches that typically require cell fixation or lysis, which are invasive or even destructive. Raman spectroscopy and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy present an exciting alternative for studying biological systems in their natural state, without any perturbation. Here we review the applications of Raman spectroscopy and CARS imaging in stem-cell research, and discuss the potential of these two techniques for evaluating SSCs, skeletal tissues and skeletal regeneration as an exemplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Costa Moura
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Rahul S Tare
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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