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von Lühmann A, Li X, Müller KR, Boas DA, Yücel MA. Improved physiological noise regression in fNIRS: A multimodal extension of the General Linear Model using temporally embedded Canonical Correlation Analysis. Neuroimage 2019; 208:116472. [PMID: 31870944 PMCID: PMC7703677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For the robust estimation of evoked brain activity from functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals, it is crucial to reduce nuisance signals from systemic physiology and motion. The current best practice incorporates short-separation (SS) fNIRS measurements as regressors in a General Linear Model (GLM). However, several challenging signal characteristics such as non-instantaneous and non-constant coupling are not yet addressed by this approach and additional auxiliary signals are not optimally exploited. We have recently introduced a new methodological framework for the unsupervised multivariate analysis of fNIRS signals using Blind Source Separation (BSS) methods. Building onto the framework, in this manuscript we show how to incorporate the advantages of regularized temporally embedded Canonical Correlation Analysis (tCCA) into the supervised GLM. This approach allows flexible integration of any number of auxiliary modalities and signals. We provide guidance for the selection of optimal parameters and auxiliary signals for the proposed GLM extension. Its performance in the recovery of evoked HRFs is then evaluated using both simulated ground truth data and real experimental data and compared with the GLM with short-separation regression. Our results show that the GLM with tCCA significantly improves upon the current best practice, yielding significantly better results across all applied metrics: Correlation (HbO max. +45%), Root Mean Squared Error (HbO max. −55%), F-Score (HbO up to 3.25-fold) and p-value as well as power spectral density of the noise floor. The proposed method can be incorporated into the GLM in an easily applicable way that flexibly combines any available auxiliary signals into optimal nuisance regressors. This work has potential significance both for conventional neuroscientific fNIRS experiments as well as for emerging applications of fNIRS in everyday environments, medicine and BCI, where high Contrast to Noise Ratio is of importance for single trial analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Lühmann
- Neurophotonics Center, Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA; Machine Learning Department, Berlin Institute of Technology, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xinge Li
- Neurophotonics Center, Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Klaus-Robert Müller
- Machine Learning Department, Berlin Institute of Technology, 10587, Berlin, Germany; Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea; Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - David A Boas
- Neurophotonics Center, Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Meryem A Yücel
- Neurophotonics Center, Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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152
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Karran AJ, Demazure T, Leger PM, Labonte-LeMoyne E, Senecal S, Fredette M, Babin G. Toward a Hybrid Passive BCI for the Modulation of Sustained Attention Using EEG and fNIRS. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:393. [PMID: 31780914 PMCID: PMC6851201 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report results of a study that utilizes a BCI to drive an interactive interface countermeasure that allows users to self-regulate sustained attention while performing an ecologically valid, long-duration business logistics task. An engagement index derived from EEG signals was used to drive the BCI while fNIRS measured hemodynamic activity for the duration of the task. Participants (n = 30) were split into three groups (1) no countermeasures (NOCM), (2) continuous countermeasures (CCM), and (3) event synchronized, level-dependent countermeasures (ECM). We hypothesized that the ability to self-regulate sustained attention through a neurofeedback mechanism would result in greater task engagement, decreased error rate and improved task performance. Data were analyzed by wavelet coherence analysis, statistical analysis, performance metrics and self-assessed cognitive workload via RAW-TLX. We found that when the BCI was used to deliver continuous interface countermeasures (CCM), task performance was moderately enhanced in terms of total 14,785 (σ = 423) and estimated missed sales 7.46% (σ = 1.76) when compared to the NOCM 14,529 (σ = 510), 9.79% (σ = 2.75), and the ECM 14,180 (σ = 875), 9.62% (σ = 4.91) groups. An "actions per minute" (APM) metric was used to determine interface interaction activity which showed that overall the CCM and ECM groups had a higher APM of 3.460 (SE = 0.140) and 3.317 (SE = 0.139) respectively when compared with the NOCM group 2.65 (SE = 0.097). Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between ECM - NOCM and CCM - NOCM (p < 0.001) groups, but no significant difference between the ECM - CCM groups. Analysis of the RAW-TLX scores showed that the CCM group had lowest total score 7.27 (σ = 3.1) when compared with the ECM 9.7 (σ = 3.3) and NOCM 9.2 (σ = 3.4) groups. No statistical difference was found between the RAW-TLX or the subscales, except for self-perceived performance (p < 0.028) comparing the CCM and ECM groups. The results suggest that providing a means to self-regulate sustained attention has the potential to keep operators engaged over long periods, and moderately increase on-task performance while decreasing on-task error.
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153
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Manelis A, Huppert TJ, Rodgers E, Swartz HA, Phillips ML. The role of the right prefrontal cortex in recognition of facial emotional expressions in depressed individuals: fNIRS study. J Affect Disord 2019; 258:151-158. [PMID: 31404763 PMCID: PMC6710146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressed individuals often perceive neutral facial expressions as emotional. Neurobiological underpinnings of this effect remain unclear. We investigated the differences in prefrontal cortical (PFC) activation in depressed individuals vs. healthy controls (HC) during recognition of emotional and neutral facial expressions using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). METHOD In Experiment 1, 33 depressed individuals and 20 HC performed the Emotion Intensity Rating task in which they rated intensity of facial emotional expressions. In Experiment 2, a different set of participants (18 depressed individuals and 16 HC) performed the same task while their PFC activation was measured using fNIRS. RESULTS Both experiments showed that depressed individuals were slower and less accurate in recognizing neutral, but not happy or fearful, facial emotional expressions. Experiment 2 revealed that lower accuracy for neutral facial emotional expressions was associated with lower right PFC activation in depressed individuals, but not HC. In addition, depressed individuals, compared to HC, had lower right PFC activation during recognition of happy facial expressions. LIMITATIONS Relatively small sample size CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of neutral facial expressions is impaired in depressed individuals. Greater impairment corresponds to lower right PFC activation during neutral face processing. Recognition of happy facial expressions is comparable for depressed individuals and HC, but the former have significantly lower right PFC activation. Taken together, these findings suggest that the ability of depressed individuals to discriminate neutral and emotional signals in the environment may be affected by aberrant functioning of right PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Manelis
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Theodore J Huppert
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Clinical Science Translational Institute, Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erin Rodgers
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Holly A Swartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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154
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Grabell AS, Huppert TJ, Fishburn FA, Li Y, Hlutkowsky CO, Jones HM, Wakschlag LS, Perlman SB. Neural correlates of early deliberate emotion regulation: Young children's responses to interpersonal scaffolding. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 40:100708. [PMID: 31577981 PMCID: PMC6974895 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deliberate emotion regulation, the ability to willfully modulate emotional experiences, is shaped through interpersonal scaffolding and forecasts later functioning in multiple domains. However, nascent deliberate emotion regulation in early childhood is poorly understood due to a paucity of studies that simulate interpersonal scaffolding of this skill and measure its occurrence in multiple modalities. Our goal was to identify neural and behavioral components of early deliberate emotion regulation to identify patterns of competent and deficient responses. A novel probe was developed to assess deliberate emotion regulation in young children. Sixty children (age 4-6 years) were randomly assigned to deliberate emotion regulation or control conditions. Children completed a frustration task while lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) activation was recorded via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Facial expressions were video recorded and children self-rated their emotions. Parents rated their child's temperamental emotion regulation. Deliberate emotion regulation interpersonal scaffolding predicted a significant increase in frustration-related LPFC activation not seen in controls. Better temperamental emotion regulation predicted larger LPFC activation increases post- scaffolding among children who engaged in deliberate emotion regulation interpersonal scaffolding. A capacity to increase LPFC activation in response to interpersonal scaffolding may be a crucial neural correlate of early deliberate emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Grabell
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, United States.
| | - Theodore J Huppert
- University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, United States
| | - Frank A Fishburn
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Yanwei Li
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States; College of Preschool Education, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Hannah M Jones
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Northwestern University, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, United States
| | - Susan B Perlman
- Washington University, School of Medicine in St. Louis, Department of Psychiatry
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155
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Quiñones-Camacho LE, Fishburn FA, Camacho MC, Wakschlag LS, Perlman SB. Cognitive flexibility-related prefrontal activation in preschoolers: A biological approach to temperamental effortful control. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 38:100651. [PMID: 31154272 PMCID: PMC6969345 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in temperament have been theorized to be supported by differential recruitment of key neural regions, resulting in the distinct patterns of behavior observed throughout life. Although a compelling model, its rigorous and systematic testing is lacking, particularly within the heightened neuroplasticity of early childhood. The current study tested a model of the link between temperament, the brain, and behavior for cognitive flexibility in a sample of 4-5-year-old children (N = 123) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to assess prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to explore the link between survey reports of temperamental effortful control, and both performance-based and neuroimaging measures of cognitive flexibility. Results indicated that greater parent-reported temperamental effortful control was associated with better performance on a cognitive flexibility task, and less activation of the DLPFC in preschoolers. These findings support the theorized model of the interrelatedness between temperamental tendencies, behavior, and brain activation and suggest that better temperamentally regulated children use the DLPFC more efficiently for cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank A Fishburn
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | | | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Northwestern University, Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine and the Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, United States
| | - Susan B Perlman
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States; University of Pittsburgh, Center for Neuroscience, United States
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156
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Arredondo MM, Hu XS, Satterfield T, Tsutsumi Riobóo A, Gelman SA, Kovelman I. Bilingual effects on lexical selection: A neurodevelopmental perspective. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2019; 195:104640. [PMID: 31252177 PMCID: PMC6716384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When a listener hears a word, multiple lexical items may come to mind; for instance, /kæn/ may activate concepts with similar phonological onsets such as candy and candle. Acquisition of two lexicons may increase such linguistic competition. Using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy neuroimaging, we investigate whether bilingualism impacts word processing in the child's brain. Bilingual and monolingual children (N = 52; ages 7-10) completed a lexical selection task in English, where participants adjudicated phonological competitors (e.g., car/cat vs. car/pen). Children were less accurate and responded more slowly during competing than non-competing items. In doing so, children engaged top-down fronto-parietal regions associated with cognitive control. In comparison to bilinguals, monolinguals showed greater activity in left frontal regions, a difference possibly due to bilinguals' adaptation for dual-lexicons. These differences provide insight to theories aiming to explain the role of experience on children's emerging neural networks for lexical selection and language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Arredondo
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T-1Z4, Canada; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
| | - Xiao-Su Hu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | | | | | - Susan A Gelman
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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157
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Hinderaker M, Sylcott B, Williams K, Lin CC. Aging Affects the Ability to Process the Optic Flow Stimulations: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectrometry Study. J Mot Behav 2019; 52:466-473. [PMID: 31361196 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2019.1645639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Optic flow (OF) has been utilized to investigate the sensory integration of visual stimuli during postural control. It is little known how the OF speed affects the aging brain during the sensory integration process of postural control. This study was to examine the effect of OF speeds on the brain activation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and postural sway between younger and older adults. Eleven healthy younger adults (5M/6F, age 22 ± 1-year-old) and ten healthy older adults (4M/6F, age 71 ± 5-year-old) participated in this study. A virtual reality headset was used to provide the OF stimulus at different speeds. A forceplate was used to record the center-of-pressure to compute the amplitude of postural sway (peak-to-peak). Compared with younger adults, older adults showed significantly increased activation in the OF speed of 10 m/s and decreased activation in the OF speed of 20 m/s in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Older adults also showed decreased activation in the left temporoparietal region (VEST) in the OF speed of 20 m/s. A significant difference in peak-to-peak was found between groups. Our results indicated that age might be associated with the ability to process fast OF stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hinderaker
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Brian Sylcott
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Keith Williams
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Chia-Cheng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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158
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Di Rosa E, Brigadoi S, Cutini S, Tarantino V, Dell'Acqua R, Mapelli D, Braver TS, Vallesi A. Reward motivation and neurostimulation interact to improve working memory performance in healthy older adults: A simultaneous tDCS-fNIRS study. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116062. [PMID: 31369810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have evaluated the effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the prefrontal cortex (PFC) for the enhancement of working memory (WM) performance in healthy older adults. However, the mixed results obtained so far suggest the need for concurrent brain imaging, in order to more directly examine tDCS effects. The present study adopted a continuous multimodal approach utilizing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine the interactive effects of tDCS combined with manipulations of reward motivation. Twenty-one older adults (mean age = 69.7 years; SD = 5.05) performed an experimental visuo-spatial WM task before, during and after the delivery of 1.5 mA anodal tDCS/sham over the left prefrontal cortex (PFC). During stimulation, participants received performance-contingent reward for every fast and correct response during the WM task. In both sessions, hemodynamic activity of the bilateral frontal, motor and parietal areas was recorded across the entire duration of the WM task. Cognitive functions and reward sensitivity were also assessed with standard measures. Results demonstrated a significant impact of tDCS on both WM performance and hemodynamic activity. Specifically, faster responses in the WM task were observed both during and after anodal tDCS, while no differences were found under sham control conditions. However, these effects emerged only when taking into account individual visuo-spatial WM capacity. Additionally, during and after the anodal tDCS, increased hemodynamic activity relative to sham was observed in the bilateral PFC, while no effects of tDCS were detected in the motor and parietal areas. These results provide the first evidence of tDCS-dependent functional changes in PFC activity in healthy older adults during the execution of a WM task. Moreover, they highlight the utility of combining reward motivation with prefrontal anodal tDCS, as a potential strategy to improve WM efficiency in low performing healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Di Rosa
- Department of Neuroscience & Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA.
| | - Sabrina Brigadoi
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Cutini
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenza Tarantino
- Department of Neuroscience & Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Dell'Acqua
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Mapelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Todd S Braver
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Antonino Vallesi
- Department of Neuroscience & Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
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159
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The potential of MR-Encephalography for BCI/Neurofeedback applications with high temporal resolution. Neuroimage 2019; 194:228-243. [PMID: 30910728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) enables the update of various brain-activity measures during an ongoing experiment as soon as a new brain volume is acquired. However, the recorded Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal also contains physiological artifacts such as breathing and heartbeat, which potentially cause misleading false positive effects especially problematic in brain-computer interface (BCI) and neurofeedback (NF) setups. The low temporal resolution of echo planar imaging (EPI) sequences (which is in the range of seconds) prevents a proper separation of these artifacts from the BOLD signal. MR-Encephalography (MREG) has been shown to provide the high temporal resolution required to unalias and correct for physiological fluctuations and leads to increased specificity and sensitivity for mapping task-based activation and functional connectivity as well as for detecting dynamic changes in connectivity over time. By comparing a simultaneous multislice echo planar imaging (SMS-EPI) sequence and an MREG sequence using the same nominal spatial resolution in an offline analysis for three different experimental fMRI paradigms (perception of house and face stimuli, motor imagery, Stroop task), the potential of this novel technique for future BCI and NF applications was investigated. First, adapted general linear model pre-whitening which accounts for the high temporal resolution in MREG was implemented to calculate proper statistical results and be able to compare these with the SMS-EPI sequence. Furthermore, the respiration- and cardiac pulsation-related signals were successfully separated from the MREG signal using independent component analysis which were then included as regressors for a GLM analysis. Only the MREG sequence allowed to clearly separate cardiac pulsation and respiration components from the signal time course. It could be shown that these components highly correlate with the recorded respiration and cardiac pulsation signals using a respiratory belt and fingertip pulse plethysmograph. Temporal signal-to-noise ratios of SMS-EPI and MREG were comparable. Functional connectivity analysis using partial correlation showed a reduced standard error in MREG compared to SMS-EPI. Also, direct time course comparisons by down-sampling the MREG signal to the SMS-EPI temporal resolution showed lower variance in MREG. In general, we show that the higher temporal resolution is beneficial for fMRI time course modeling and this aspect can be exploited in offline application but also, is especially attractive, for real-time BCI and NF applications.
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160
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Santosa H, Fishburn F, Zhai X, Huppert TJ. Investigation of the sensitivity-specificity of canonical- and deconvolution-based linear models in evoked functional near-infrared spectroscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:025009. [PMID: 31172019 PMCID: PMC6541797 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.2.025009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive brain imaging technique to measure evoked changes in cerebral blood oxygenation. In many evoked-task studies, the analysis of fNIRS experiments is based on a temporal linear regression model, which includes block-averaging, deconvolution, and canonical analysis models. The statistical parameters of this model are then spatially mapped across fNIRS measurement channels to infer brain activity. The trade-offs in sensitivity and specificity of using variations of canonical or deconvolution/block-average models are unclear. We quantitatively investigate how the choice of basis set for the regression linear model affects the sensitivity and specificity of fNIRS analysis in the presence of variability or systematic bias in underlying evoked response. For statistical parametric mapping of amplitude-based hypotheses, we conclude that these models are fairly insensitive to the parameters of the regression basis for task durations > 10 s and we report the highest sensitivity-specificity results using a low degree-of-freedom canonical model under these conditions. For shorter duration task ( < 10 s ), the signal-to-noise ratio of the data is also important in this decision and we find that deconvolution or block-averaging models outperform the canonical models at high signal-to-noise ratio but not at lower levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Santosa
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Frank Fishburn
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Xuetong Zhai
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Theodore J. Huppert
- University of Pittsburgh, Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Clinical Science Translational Institute, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Address all correspondence to Theodore J. Huppert, E-mail:
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161
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Vanzella P, Balardin JB, Furucho RA, Zimeo Morais GA, Braun Janzen T, Sammler D, Sato JR. fNIRS Responses in Professional Violinists While Playing Duets: Evidence for Distinct Leader and Follower Roles at the Brain Level. Front Psychol 2019; 10:164. [PMID: 30804846 PMCID: PMC6370678 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Music played in ensembles is a naturalistic model to study joint action and leader-follower relationships. Recently, the investigation of the brain underpinnings of joint musical actions has gained attention; however, the cerebral correlates underlying the roles of leader and follower in music performance remain elusive. The present study addressed this question by simultaneously measuring the hemodynamic correlates of functional neural activity elicited during naturalistic violin duet performance using fNIRS. Findings revealed distinct patterns of functional brain activation when musicians played the Violin 2 (follower) than the Violin 1 part (leader) in duets, both compared to solo performance. More specifically, results indicated that musicians playing the Violin 2 part had greater oxy-Hb activation in temporo-parietal (p = 0.02) and somatomotor (p = 0.04) regions during the duo condition in relation to the solo. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the activation of these areas between duo/solo conditions during the execution of the Violin 1 part (p's > 0.05). These findings suggest that ensemble cohesion during a musical performance may impose particular demands when musicians play the follower position, especially in brain areas associated with the processing of dynamic social information and motor simulation. This study is the first to use fNIRS hyperscanning technology to simultaneously measure the brain activity of two musicians during naturalistic music ensemble performance, opening new avenues for the investigation of brain correlates underlying joint musical actions with multiple subjects in a naturalistic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vanzella
- Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Neurociência Aplicada, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Joana B. Balardin
- Hospital Albert Einstein, Instituto do Cérebro – Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogério A. Furucho
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniela Sammler
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - João R. Sato
- Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Neurociência Aplicada, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
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162
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Zhang D, Chen Y, Hou X, Wu YJ. Near-infrared spectroscopy reveals neural perception of vocal emotions in human neonates. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:2434-2448. [PMID: 30697881 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing affective prosody, that is the emotional tone of a speaker, is fundamental to human communication and adaptive behaviors. Previous studies have mainly focused on adults and infants; thus the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of affective prosody in newborns remain unclear. Here, we used near-infrared spectroscopy to examine the ability of 0-to-4-day-old neonates to discriminate emotions conveyed by speech prosody in their maternal language and a foreign language. Happy, fearful, and angry prosodies enhanced neural activation in the right superior temporal gyrus relative to neutral prosody in the maternal but not the foreign language. Happy prosody elicited greater activation than negative prosody in the left superior frontal gyrus and the left angular gyrus, regions that have not been associated with affective prosody processing in infants or adults. These findings suggest that sensitivity to affective prosody is formed through prenatal exposure to vocal stimuli of the maternal language. Furthermore, the sensitive neural correlates appeared more distributed in neonates than infants, indicating a high-level of neural specialization between the neonatal stage and early infancy. Finally, neonates showed preferential neural responses to positive over negative prosody, which is contrary to the "negativity bias" phenomenon established in adult and infant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinlin Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jing Wu
- Faculty of Foreign Languages, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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163
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Fishburn FA, Hlutkowsky CO, Bemis LM, Huppert TJ, Wakschlag LS, Perlman SB. Irritability uniquely predicts prefrontal cortex activation during preschool inhibitory control among all temperament domains: A LASSO approach. Neuroimage 2019; 184:68-77. [PMID: 30213776 PMCID: PMC6230482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperament, defined as individual variation in the reactivity and regulation of emotional, motor, and attentional processes, has been shown to influence emotional and cognitive development during the preschool period (ages 4-5). While relationships between temperament and neural activity have been investigated previously, these have typically investigated individual temperament dimensions selected ad hoc. Since significant correlations exist between various temperament dimensions, it remains unclear whether these findings would replicate while analyzing all temperament dimensions simultaneously. Using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), 4-5-year-old children (N = 118) were administered a Go/No-Go task to assess prefrontal cortex activation during inhibitory control. The relationship between PFC activation and all 15 temperament domains defined by the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) was assessed using automatic feature selection via LASSO regression. Results indicate that only the Anger/Frustration dimension was predictive of activation during the inhibitory control task. These findings support previous work showing relationships between irritability and prefrontal activation during executive function and extend those findings by demonstrating the specificity of the activation-irritability relationship among temperament dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Fishburn
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States.
| | | | - Lisa M Bemis
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | | | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Northwestern University, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, United States; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medical Social Sciences, United States
| | - Susan B Perlman
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States
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164
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Nguyen HD, Yoo SH, Bhutta MR, Hong KS. Adaptive filtering of physiological noises in fNIRS data. Biomed Eng Online 2018; 17:180. [PMID: 30514303 PMCID: PMC6278088 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The study presents a recursive least-squares estimation method with an exponential forgetting factor for noise removal in functional near-infrared spectroscopy data and extraction of hemodynamic responses (HRs) from the measured data. The HR is modeled as a linear regression form in which the expected HR, the first and second derivatives of the expected HR, a short-separation measurement data, three physiological noises, and the baseline drift are included as components in the regression vector. The proposed method is applied to left-motor-cortex experiments on the right thumb and little finger movements in five healthy male participants. The algorithm is evaluated with respect to its performance improvement in terms of contrast-to-noise ratio in comparison with Kalman filter, low-pass filtering, and independent component method. The experimental results show that the proposed model achieves reductions of 77% and 99% in terms of the number of channels exhibiting higher contrast-to-noise ratios in oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin, respectively. The approach is robust in obtaining consistent HR data. The proposed method is applied for both offline and online noise removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang-Dung Nguyen
- Department of Automation Technology, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 900000, Vietnam
| | - So-Hyeon Yoo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - M Raheel Bhutta
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum-Shik Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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165
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Herold F, Wiegel P, Scholkmann F, Müller NG. Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Neuroimaging in Exercise⁻Cognition Science: A Systematic, Methodology-Focused Review. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E466. [PMID: 30469482 PMCID: PMC6306799 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For cognitive processes to function well, it is essential that the brain is optimally supplied with oxygen and blood. In recent years, evidence has emerged suggesting that cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics can be modified with physical activity. To better understand the relationship between cerebral oxygenation/hemodynamics, physical activity, and cognition, the application of state-of-the art neuroimaging tools is essential. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is such a neuroimaging tool especially suitable to investigate the effects of physical activity/exercises on cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics due to its capability to quantify changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb) non-invasively in the human brain. However, currently there is no clear standardized procedure regarding the application, data processing, and data analysis of fNIRS, and there is a large heterogeneity regarding how fNIRS is applied in the field of exercise⁻cognition science. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current methodological knowledge about fNIRS application in studies measuring the cortical hemodynamic responses during cognitive testing (i) prior and after different physical activities interventions, and (ii) in cross-sectional studies accounting for the physical fitness level of their participants. Based on the review of the methodology of 35 as relevant considered publications, we outline recommendations for future fNIRS studies in the field of exercise⁻cognition science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
| | - Patrick Wiegel
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79117, Germany.
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland.
| | - Notger G Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39118, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
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166
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Tabei F, Kumar R, Phan TN, McManus DD, Chong JW. A Novel Personalized Motion and Noise Artifact (MNA) Detection Method for Smartphone Photoplethysmograph (PPG) Signals. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2018; 6:60498-60512. [PMID: 31263653 PMCID: PMC6602087 DOI: 10.1109/access.2018.2875873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a technique to detect blood volume changes in an optical way. Representative PPG applications are the measurements of oxygen saturation, heart rate, and respiratory rate. However, PPG signals are sensitive to motion and noise artifacts (MNAs) especially when they are obtained from smartphone cameras. Moreover, PPG signals are different among users and each individual's PPG signal has a unique characteristic. Hence, an effective MNA detection and reduction method for smartphone PPG signals, which adapts itself to each user in a personalized way, is highly demanded. Here, a concept of the probabilistic neural network (PNN) is introduced to be used with the proposed extracted parameters. The signal amplitude, standard deviation of peak to peak time intervals and amplitudes, along with the mean of moving standard deviation, signal slope changes, and the optimal autoregressive (AR) model order are proposed for effective MNA detection. Accordingly, the performance of the proposed personalized algorithm is compared with conventional MNA detection algorithms. As performance metrics, we considered accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The results show that the overall performance of the personalized MNA detection is enhanced compared to the generalized algorithm. The average values of the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the personalized one are 98.07%, 92.6%, and 99.78%, respectively, while these are 89.92%, 84.21%, and 93.63% for the general one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemehsadat Tabei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3102, USA
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3102, USA
| | - Tra Nguyen Phan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3102, USA
| | - David D. McManus
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Jo Woon Chong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3102, USA
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167
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Blanco B, Molnar M, Caballero-Gaudes C. Effect of prewhitening in resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy data. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:040401. [PMID: 30397629 PMCID: PMC6200149 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.4.040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers the potential to characterize resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in populations that are not easily assessed otherwise, such as young infants. In addition to the advantages of NIRS, one should also consider that the RS-NIRS signal requires specific data preprocessing and analysis. In particular, the RS-NIRS signal shows a colored frequency spectrum, which can be observed as temporal autocorrelation, thereby introducing spurious correlations. To address this issue, prewhitening of the RS-NIRS signal has been recently proposed as a necessary step to remove the signal temporal autocorrelation and therefore reduce false-discovery rates. However, the impact of this step on the analysis of experimental RS-NIRS data has not been thoroughly assessed prior to the present study. Here, the results of a standard preprocessing pipeline in a RS-NIRS dataset acquired in infants are compared with the results after incorporating two different prewhitening algorithms. Our results with a standard preprocessing replicated previous studies. Prewhitening altered RSFC patterns and disrupted the antiphase relationship between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. We conclude that a better understanding of the effect of prewhitening on RS-NIRS data is still needed before directly considering its incorporation to the standard preprocessing pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Blanco
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Address all correspondence to: Borja Blanco, E-mail:
| | - Monika Molnar
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- University of Toronto, Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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168
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Sutoko S, Monden Y, Funane T, Tokuda T, Katura T, Sato H, Nagashima M, Kiguchi M, Maki A, Yamagata T, Dan I. Adaptive algorithm utilizing acceptance rate for eliminating noisy epochs in block-design functional near-infrared spectroscopy data: application to study in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder children. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:045001. [PMID: 30345324 PMCID: PMC6181242 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.4.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals are prone to problems caused by motion artifacts and physiological noises. These noises unfortunately reduce the fNIRS sensitivity in detecting the evoked brain activation while increasing the risk of statistical error. In fNIRS measurements, the repetitive resting-stimulus cycle (so-called block-design analysis) is commonly adapted to increase the sample number. However, these blocks are often affected by noises. Therefore, we developed an adaptive algorithm to identify, reject, and select the noise-free and/or least noisy blocks in accordance with the preset acceptance rate. The main features of this algorithm are personalized evaluation for individual data and controlled rejection to maintain the sample number. Three typical noise criteria (sudden amplitude change, shifted baseline, and minimum intertrial correlation) were adopted. Depending on the quality of the dataset used, the algorithm may require some or all noise criteria with distinct parameters. Aiming for real applications in a pediatric study, we applied this algorithm to fNIRS datasets obtained from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children as had been studied previously. These datasets were divided for training and validation purposes. A validation process was done to examine the feasibility of the algorithm regardless of the types of datasets, including those obtained under sample population (ADHD or typical developing children), intervention (nonmedication and drug/placebo administration), and measurement (task paradigm) conditions. The algorithm was optimized so as to enhance reproducibility of previous inferences. The optimum algorithm design involved all criteria ordered sequentially (0.047 mM mm of amplitude change, 0.029 mM mm / s of baseline slope, and 0.6 × interquartile range of outlier threshold for each criterion, respectively) and presented complete reproducibility in both training and validation datasets. Compared to the visual-based rejection as done in the previous studies, the algorithm achieved 71.8% rejection accuracy. This suggests that the algorithm has robustness and potential to substitute for visual artifact-detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sutoko
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukifumi Monden
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Shimotsuke, Japan
- International University of Health and Welfare, Department of Pediatrics, Shiobara, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Funane
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Saitama, Japan
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tokuda
- Chuo University, Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takusige Katura
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masako Nagashima
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masashi Kiguchi
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Maki
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamagata
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Ippeita Dan
- Chuo University, Research and Development Initiatives, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
- Jichi Medical University, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Shimotsuke, Japan
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169
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Fishburn FA, Ludlum RS, Vaidya CJ, Medvedev AV. Temporal Derivative Distribution Repair (TDDR): A motion correction method for fNIRS. Neuroimage 2018; 184:171-179. [PMID: 30217544 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical neuroimaging technique of growing interest as a tool for investigation of cortical activity. Due to the on-head placement of optodes, artifacts arising from head motion are relatively less severe than for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, it is still necessary to remove motion artifacts. We present a novel motion correction procedure based on robust regression, which effectively removes baseline shift and spike artifacts without the need for any user-supplied parameters. Our simulations show that this method yields better activation detection performance than 5 other current motion correction methods. In our empirical validation on a working memory task in a sample of children 7-15 years, our method produced stronger and more extensive activation than any of the other methods tested. The new motion correction method enhances the viability of fNIRS as a functional neuroimaging modality for use in populations not amenable to fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Fishburn
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Ruth S Ludlum
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chandan J Vaidya
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
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170
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Siddiquee MR, Marquez JS, Atri R, Ramon R, Perry Mayrand R, Bai O. Movement artefact removal from NIRS signal using multi-channel IMU data. Biomed Eng Online 2018; 17:120. [PMID: 30200984 PMCID: PMC6131891 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The non-invasive nature of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) makes it a widely accepted method for blood oxygenation measurement in various parts of the human body. One of the main challenges in this method lies in the successful removal of movement artefacts in the detected signal. In this respect, multi-channel inertia measurement unit (IMU) containing accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer can be used for better modelling of movement artefact than using accelerometer only, which as a result, movement artefact can be more accurately removed. Methods A wearable two-channel continuous wave NIRS system, incorporating an IMU sensor which contain accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer in it, was developed to record NIRS signal along with the simultaneous recording of movement artefacts related signal using the IMU. Four healthy subjects volunteered in the recording of the NIRS signals. During the recording from the first two subject, movement artefacts were simulated in one of the NIRS channels by tapping the photodiode sensor nearby. The corresponding IMU data for the simulated movement artefacts were used to estimate the artefacts in the corrupted signal by autoregressive with exogenous input method and subtracted from the corrupted signal to remove the artefacts in the NIRS signal. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement was used to evaluate the performance of the movement artefacts removal process. The performance of the movement artefacts estimation and removal were compared using accelerometer only, accelerometer and gyroscope, and accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer data from IMU sensor to estimate the artefact in NIRS reading. For the remaining two subjects the NIRS signal was recorded by natural movement artefacts impact and the results of artefacts removal was compared using accelerometer only, accelerometer and gyroscope, and accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer data from IMU sensor to estimate the artefact in NIRS reading. Results The quantitative and qualitative results revealed that the SNR improvement increases with the number of IMU channels used in the artefacts estimation, and there were approximately 5–11 dB increase in SNR when nine channel IMU data were used rather than using only three channel accelerometer data only. The artefact removal from natural movements also demonstrated that the combination of gyroscope and magnetometer sensors with accelerometer provided better estimation and removal of the movement artefacts, which was revealed by the minimal change of the HbO2 and Hb level before, during and after movement artefacts occurred in the NIRS signal. Conclusion The movement artefacts in NIRS can be more accurately estimated and removed by using accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetograph signals from an integrated IMU sensor than using accelerometer signal only.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roozbeh Atri
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Rodrigo Ramon
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | | | - Ou Bai
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
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171
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Hoppes CW, Sparto PJ, Whitney SL, Furman JM, Huppert TJ. Changes in cerebral activation in individuals with and without visual vertigo during optic flow: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:655-663. [PMID: 30211002 PMCID: PMC6129736 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and purpose Individuals with visual vertigo (VV) describe symptoms of dizziness, disorientation, and/or impaired balance in environments with conflicting visual and vestibular information or complex visual stimuli. Physical therapists often prescribe habituation exercises using optic flow to treat these symptoms, but it is not known how individuals with VV process the visual stimuli. The primary purpose of this study was to use functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to determine if individuals with VV have different cerebral activation during optic flow compared with control subjects. Methods Fifteen individuals (5 males and 10 females in each group) with VV seeking care for dizziness and 15 healthy controls (CON) stood in a virtual reality environment and viewed anterior-posterior optic flow. The support surface was either fixed or sway-referenced. Changes in cerebral activation were recorded using fNIRS during periods of optic flow relative to a stationary visual environment. Postural sway of the head and center of mass was recorded using an electromagnetic tracker. Results Compared with CON, the VV group displayed decreased activation in the bilateral middle frontal regions when viewing optic flow while standing on a fixed platform. Despite both groups having significantly increased activation in most regions while viewing optic flow on a sway-referenced surface, the VV group did not have as much of an increase in the right middle frontal region when viewing unpredictable optic flow in comparison with the CON group. Discussion and conclusions Individuals with VV produced a pattern of reduced middle frontal cerebral activation when viewing optic flow compared with CON. Decreased activation in the middle frontal regions of the cerebral cortex may represent an alteration in control over the normal reciprocal inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction in visually dependent individuals. Although preliminary, these findings add to a growing body of literature using functional brain imaging to explore changes in cerebral activation in individuals with complaints of dizziness, disorientation, and unsteadiness. Future studies in larger samples should explore if this decreased activation is modified following a rehabilitation regimen consisting of visual habituation exercises. Visual vertigo and healthy controls process optic flow information differently. Visual vertigo had reduced bilateral middle frontal activation on a fixed platform. Visual vertigo had reduced right middle frontal activation on a moving platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie W Hoppes
- Army-Baylor Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States.
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172
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Grabell AS, Huppert TJ, Fishburn FA, Li Y, Jones HM, Wilett AE, Bemis LM, Perlman SB. Using facial muscular movements to understand young children's emotion regulation and concurrent neural activation. Dev Sci 2018; 21:e12628. [PMID: 29226482 PMCID: PMC5995650 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in young children's frustration responses set the stage for myriad developmental outcomes and represent an area of intense empirical interest. Emotion regulation is hypothesized to comprise the interplay of complex behaviors, such as facial expressions, and activation of concurrent underlying neural systems. At present, however, the literature has mostly examined children's observed emotion regulation behaviors and assumed underlying brain activation through separate investigations, resulting in theoretical gaps in our understanding of how children regulate emotion in vivo. Our goal was to elucidate links between young children's emotion regulation-related neural activation, facial muscular movements, and parent-rated temperamental emotion regulation. Sixty-five children (age 3-7) completed a frustration-inducing computer task while lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) activation and concurrent facial expressions were recorded. Negative facial expressions with eye constriction were inversely associated with both parent-rated temperamental emotion regulation and concurrent LPFC activation. Moreover, we found evidence that positive expressions with eye constriction during frustration may be associated with stronger LPFC activation. Results suggest a correspondence between facial expressions and LPFC activation that may explicate how children regulate emotion in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Grabell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theodore J Huppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frank A Fishburn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yanwei Li
- College of Preschool Education Nanjing Xiaozhuang University Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hannah M Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aimee E Wilett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa M Bemis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susan B Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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173
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Ihme K, Unni A, Zhang M, Rieger JW, Jipp M. Recognizing Frustration of Drivers From Face Video Recordings and Brain Activation Measurements With Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:327. [PMID: 30177876 PMCID: PMC6109683 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiencing frustration while driving can harm cognitive processing, result in aggressive behavior and hence negatively influence driving performance and traffic safety. Being able to automatically detect frustration would allow adaptive driver assistance and automation systems to adequately react to a driver's frustration and mitigate potential negative consequences. To identify reliable and valid indicators of driver's frustration, we conducted two driving simulator experiments. In the first experiment, we aimed to reveal facial expressions that indicate frustration in continuous video recordings of the driver's face taken while driving highly realistic simulator scenarios in which frustrated or non-frustrated emotional states were experienced. An automated analysis of facial expressions combined with multivariate logistic regression classification revealed that frustrated time intervals can be discriminated from non-frustrated ones with accuracy of 62.0% (mean over 30 participants). A further analysis of the facial expressions revealed that frustrated drivers tend to activate muscles in the mouth region (chin raiser, lip pucker, lip pressor). In the second experiment, we measured cortical activation with almost whole-head functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) while participants experienced frustrating and non-frustrating driving simulator scenarios. Multivariate logistic regression applied to the fNIRS measurements allowed us to discriminate between frustrated and non-frustrated driving intervals with higher accuracy of 78.1% (mean over 12 participants). Frustrated driving intervals were indicated by increased activation in the inferior frontal, putative premotor and occipito-temporal cortices. Our results show that facial and cortical markers of frustration can be informative for time resolved driver state identification in complex realistic driving situations. The markers derived here can potentially be used as an input for future adaptive driver assistance and automation systems that detect driver frustration and adaptively react to mitigate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Ihme
- Department of Human Factors, Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anirudh Unni
- Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Human Factors, Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochem W. Rieger
- Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Meike Jipp
- Department of Human Factors, Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany
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174
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Relationship between sensorimotor cortical activation as assessed by functional near infrared spectroscopy and lower extremity motor coordination in bilateral cerebral palsy. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:275-285. [PMID: 30101059 PMCID: PMC6083901 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Evaluation of task-evoked cortical responses during movement has been limited in individuals with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP), despite documented alterations in brain structure/function and deficits in motor control. Objective To systematically evaluate cortical activity associated with lower extremity tasks, and relate activation parameters to clinical measures in CP. Methods 28 ambulatory participants (14 with bilateral CP and 14 with typical development) completed five motor tasks (non-dominant ankle dorsiflexion, hip flexion and leg cycling as well as bilateral dorsiflexion and cycling) in a block design while their sensorimotor cortex was monitored using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), in addition to laboratory and clinical measures of performance. Results Main effects for group and task were found for extent of fNIRS activation (number of active channels; p < 0.001 and p = 0.010, respectively), magnitude of activation (sum of beta values; p < 0.001 for both), and number of active muscles (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), but no group by task interactions. Collectively, subgroups with CP and especially those with greater impairments, showed higher extent and magnitude of cortical sensorimotor activation as well as higher amounts of concurrent activity in muscles not required for task performance. Magnitude of fNIRS activation during non-dominant dorsiflexion correlated with validated measures of selective control (r = −0.60, p = 0.03), as well as mobility and daily activity (r = −0.55, p = 0.04 and r = −0.52, p = 0.05, respectively) and self-reported gait function (r = −0.68, p = 0.01) in those with CP. Conclusions The association between higher activity in the sensorimotor cortex and decreased selectivity in cortical organization suggests a potential neural mechanism of motor deficits and target for intervention. First fNIRS comparison of a range of lower extremity tasks in children with and without bilateral CP. FNIRS showed a greater amount and extent of activation of sensorimotor cortices in CP. Greater activation correlated with a greater number of muscles involved in the task. fNIRS results correlated to clinical measures of motor control and function.
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175
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Gemignani J, Middell E, Barbour RL, Graber HL, Blankertz B. Improving the analysis of near-infrared spectroscopy data with multivariate classification of hemodynamic patterns: a theoretical formulation and validation. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:045001. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aabb7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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176
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Hocke LM, Oni IK, Duszynski CC, Corrigan AV, Frederick BD, Dunn JF. Automated Processing of fNIRS Data-A Visual Guide to the Pitfalls and Consequences. ALGORITHMS 2018; 11. [PMID: 30906511 PMCID: PMC6428450 DOI: 10.3390/a11050067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid increase in new fNIRS users employing commercial software, there is a concern that many studies are biased by suboptimal processing methods. The purpose of this study is to provide a visual reference showing the effects of different processing methods, to help inform researchers in setting up and evaluating a processing pipeline. We show the significant impact of pre- and post-processing choices and stress again how important it is to combine data from both hemoglobin species in order to make accurate inferences about the activation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia M Hocke
- Experimental Imaging Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (I.K.O.); (C.C.D.); (A.V.C.); (J.F.D.)
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ibukunoluwa K Oni
- Experimental Imaging Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (I.K.O.); (C.C.D.); (A.V.C.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Chris C Duszynski
- Experimental Imaging Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (I.K.O.); (C.C.D.); (A.V.C.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Alex V Corrigan
- Experimental Imaging Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (I.K.O.); (C.C.D.); (A.V.C.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Blaise deB Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Experimental Imaging Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (I.K.O.); (C.C.D.); (A.V.C.); (J.F.D.)
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
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177
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Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging technique that uses low-levels of light (650-900 nm) to measure changes in cerebral blood volume and oxygenation. Over the last several decades, this technique has been utilized in a growing number of functional and resting-state brain studies. The lower operation cost, portability, and versatility of this method make it an alternative to methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging for studies in pediatric and special populations and for studies without the confining limitations of a supine and motionless acquisition setup. However, the analysis of fNIRS data poses several challenges stemming from the unique physics of the technique, the unique statistical properties of data, and the growing diversity of non-traditional experimental designs being utilized in studies due to the flexibility of this technology. For these reasons, specific analysis methods for this technology must be developed. In this paper, we introduce the NIRS Brain AnalyzIR toolbox as an open-source Matlab-based analysis package for fNIRS data management, pre-processing, and first- and second-level (i.e., single subject and group-level) statistical analysis. Here, we describe the basic architectural format of this toolbox, which is based on the object-oriented programming paradigm. We also detail the algorithms for several of the major components of the toolbox including statistical analysis, probe registration, image reconstruction, and region-of-interest based statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Santosa
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2536, USA
| | - Xuetong Zhai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2536, USA
| | - Frank Fishburn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2536, USA
| | - Theodore Huppert
- Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Clinical Science Translational Institute, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2536, USA
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178
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Nakamura H, Sato T, Nambu I, Wada Y. Removing Task-Induced Superficial-Tissue Hemodynamics and Head Motion-Induced Artifacts in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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179
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Delgado Reyes LM, Bohache K, Wijeakumar S, Spencer JP. Evaluating motion processing algorithms for use with functional near-infrared spectroscopy data from young children. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:025008. [PMID: 29845087 PMCID: PMC5963607 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.2.025008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Motion artifacts are often a significant component of the measured signal in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiments. A variety of methods have been proposed to address this issue, including principal components analysis (PCA), correlation-based signal improvement (CBSI), wavelet filtering, and spline interpolation. The efficacy of these techniques has been compared using simulated data; however, our understanding of how these techniques fare when dealing with task-based cognitive data is limited. Brigadoi et al. compared motion correction techniques in a sample of adult data measured during a simple cognitive task. Wavelet filtering showed the most promise as an optimal technique for motion correction. Given that fNIRS is often used with infants and young children, it is critical to evaluate the effectiveness of motion correction techniques directly with data from these age groups. This study addresses that problem by evaluating motion correction algorithms implemented in HomER2. The efficacy of each technique was compared quantitatively using objective metrics related to the physiological properties of the hemodynamic response. Results showed that targeted PCA (tPCA), spline, and CBSI retained a higher number of trials. These techniques also performed well in direct head-to-head comparisons with the other approaches using quantitative metrics. The CBSI method corrected many of the artifacts present in our data; however, this approach produced sometimes unstable HRFs. The targeted PCA and spline methods proved to be the most robust, performing well across all comparison metrics. When compared head to head, tPCA consistently outperformed spline. We conclude, therefore, that tPCA is an effective technique for correcting motion artifacts in fNIRS data from young children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John P. Spencer
- University of East Anglia, School of Psychology, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Address all correspondence to: John P. Spencer, E-mail:
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180
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Hoppes CW, Sparto PJ, Whitney SL, Furman JM, Huppert TJ. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy during optic flow with and without fixation. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513720 PMCID: PMC5841770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Individuals with visual vertigo describe symptoms of dizziness, disorientation, and/or impaired balance in environments with conflicting visual and vestibular information or complex visual stimuli. Physical therapists often prescribe habituation exercises using optic flow to treat these symptoms, but there are no evidence-based guidelines for delivering optic flow and it is unclear how the brain processes such stimuli. The purposes of this study were to use functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore cerebral activation during optic flow, and determine if visual fixation had a modulating effect on brain activity. METHODS Fifteen healthy participants (7 males and 8 females; mean age 41 years old) stood in a virtual reality environment and viewed optic flow moving unidirectionally in the yaw plane with and without fixation. Changes in cerebral activation were recorded from the bilateral fronto-temporo-parietal and occipital lobes using fNIRS. RESULTS Cerebral activation was greater with visual motion than while viewing a stationary scene. Greater cerebral activation in the bilateral fronto-temporo-parietal lobes was observed when optic flow was viewed with fixation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Optic flow activates the bilateral fronto-temporo-parietal regions of the cerebral cortex. This activation is greater while viewing optic flow and a fixation target, providing preliminary evidence supporting the use of a fixation target during habituation exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie W. Hoppes
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrick J. Sparto
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Whitney
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Furman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Theodore J. Huppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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181
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Lancia S, Cofini V, Carrieri M, Ferrari M, Quaresima V. Are ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices involved in the computerized Corsi block-tapping test execution? An fNIRS study. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:011019. [PMID: 29376100 PMCID: PMC5774174 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.1.011019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Corsi block-tapping test (CBT) is an old neuropsychological test that, requiring the storage and the reproduction of spatial locations, assesses spatial working memory (WM). Despite its wide use in clinical practice, the specific contribution of prefrontal cortex (PFC) subregions during CBT execution has not been clarified yet. Considering the importance of spatial WM in daily life and the well-known role of ventrolateral-PFC/dorsolateral-PFC (VLPFC/DLPFC) in WM processes, the present study was aimed at investigating, by a 20-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system (including four short-separation channels), the hemodynamic response of the VLPFC/DLPFC during a computerized version of the CBT. Thirty-nine university students were asked to perform CBT standard version (CBTs), block-suppression CBT (CBTb), and control task (CBTc). A VLPFC activation during CBTs and a DLPFC activation during CBTb were hypothesized. The results of the Bayesian analysis have not shown a delineated specific activation of VLPFC/DLPFC during either CBTs or CBTb. These results together with the related ones obtained by others using fMRI are not sufficient to definitively state the role of the PFC subregions during CBT execution. The adoption of high-density diffuse optical tomography would be helpful in further exploration of the PFC involvement in spatial WM tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lancia
- University of L’Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenza Cofini
- University of L’Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marika Carrieri
- University of L’Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Ferrari
- University of L’Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Quaresima
- University of L’Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L’Aquila, Italy
- Address all correspondence to: Valentina Quaresima, E-mail:
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182
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Grabell AS, Li Y, Barker JW, Wakschlag LS, Huppert TJ, Perlman SB. Evidence of Non-Linear Associations between Frustration-Related Prefrontal Cortex Activation and the Normal:Abnormal Spectrum of Irritability in Young Children. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:137-147. [PMID: 28315125 PMCID: PMC5603348 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Burgeoning interest in early childhood irritability has recently turned toward neuroimaging techniques to better understand normal versus abnormal irritability using dimensional methods. Current accounts largely assume a linear relationship between poor frustration management, an expression of irritability, and its underlying neural circuitry. However, the relationship between these constructs may not be linear (i.e., operate differently at varying points across the irritability spectrum), with implications for how early atypical irritability is identified and treated. Our goal was to examine how the association between frustration-related lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) activation and irritability differs across the dimensional spectrum of irritability by testing for non-linear associations. Children (N = 92; ages 3-7) ranging from virtually no irritability to the upper end of the clinical range completed a frustration induction task while we recorded LPFC hemoglobin levels using fNIRS. Children self-rated their emotions during the task and parents rated their child's level of irritability. Whereas a linear model showed no relationship between frustration-related LPFC activation and irritability, a quadratic model revealed frustration-related LPFC activation increased as parent-reported irritability scores increased within the normative range of irritability but decreased with increasing irritability in the severe range, with an apex at the 91st percentile. Complementarily, we found children's self-ratings of emotion during frustration related to concurrent LPFC activation as an inverted U function, such that children who reported mild distress had greater activation than peers reporting no or high distress. Results suggest children with relatively higher irritability who are unimpaired may possess well-developed LPFC support, a mechanism that drops out in the severe end of the irritability dimension. Findings suggest novel avenues for understanding the heterogeneity of early irritability and its clinical sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Grabell
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory for Child Brain Development, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Yanwei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory for Child Brain Development, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Research Center for Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jeff W Barker
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, and the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theodore J Huppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susan B Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory for Child Brain Development, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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183
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Huppert TJ, Karim H, Lin CC, Alqahtani BA, Greenspan SL, Sparto PJ. Functional imaging of cognition in an old-old population: A case for portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184918. [PMID: 29023452 PMCID: PMC5638236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to record brain activation during cognitive testing in older individuals (88±6yo; N = 19) living in residential care communities. This population, which is often associated with loss of personal independence due to physical or cognitive decline associated with aging, is also often under-represented in neuroscience research because of a limited means to participate in studies which often take place in large urban or university centers. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility and initial results using a portable 8-source by 4-detector fNIRS system to measure brain activity from participants within residential care community centers. Using fNIRS, brain signals were recorded during a series of computerized cognitive tests, including a Symbol Digit Coding test (SDC), Stroop Test (ST), and Shifting Attention Test (SAT). The SDC and SAT elicited greater activity in the left middle frontal region of interest. Three components of the ST produced increases in the right middle frontal and superior frontal, and left superior frontal regions. An association between advanced age and increased activation in the right middle frontal region was observed during the incongruent ST. Although none of the participants had clinical dementia based on the short portable mental status questionnaire, the group performance was slightly below age-normed values on these cognitive tests. These results demonstrate the capability for obtaining functional neuroimaging measures in residential settings, which ultimately may aid in prognosis and care related to dementia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J. Huppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Helmet Karim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chia-Cheng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bader A. Alqahtani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Greenspan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Sparto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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184
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Scholkmann F, Hafner T, Metz AJ, Wolf M, Wolf U. Effect of short-term colored-light exposure on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation, and systemic physiological activity. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:045005. [PMID: 29181427 PMCID: PMC5695650 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.4.045005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is not yet a comprehensive view of how the color of light affects the cerebral and systemic physiology in humans. The aim was to address this deficit through basic research. Since cerebral and systemic physiological parameters are likely to interact, it was necessary to establish an approach, which we have termed "systemic-physiology-augmented functional near-infrared spectroscopy (SPA-fNIRS) neuroimaging." This multimodal approach measures the systemic and cerebral physiological response to exposure to light of different colors. In 14 healthy subjects (9 men, 5 women, age: [Formula: see text] years, range: 24 to 57 years) exposed to red, green, and blue light (10-min intermittent wide-field visual color stimulation; [Formula: see text] blocks of visual stimulation), brain hemodynamics and oxygenation were measured by fNIRS on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and visual cortex (VC) simultaneously, in addition with systemic parameters. This study demonstrated that (i) all colors elicited responses in the VC, whereas only blue evoked a response in the PFC; (ii) there was a color-dependent effect on cardiorespiratory activity; (iii) there was significant change in neurosystemic functional connectivity; (iv) cerebral hemodynamic responses in the PFC and changes in the cardiovascular system were gender and age dependent; and (v) electrodermal activity and psychological state showed no stimulus-evoked changes, and there was no dependence on color of light, age, and gender. We showed that short-term light exposure caused color-dependent responses in cerebral hemodynamics/oxygenation as well as cardiorespiratory dynamics. Additionally, we showed that neurosystemic functional connectivity changes even during apparently stress-free tasks-an important consideration when using any of the hemodynamic neuroimaging methods (e.g. functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and fNIRS). Our findings are important for future basic research and clinical applications as well as being relevant for everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Scholkmann
- University of Bern, Institute of Complementary Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timo Hafner
- University of Bern, Institute of Complementary Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Wolf
- University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Wolf
- University of Bern, Institute of Complementary Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
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185
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Herold F, Wiegel P, Scholkmann F, Thiers A, Hamacher D, Schega L. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in movement science: a systematic review on cortical activity in postural and walking tasks. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:041403. [PMID: 28924563 PMCID: PMC5538329 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.4.041403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Safe locomotion is a crucial aspect of human daily living that requires well-functioning motor control processes. The human neuromotor control of daily activities such as walking relies on the complex interaction of subcortical and cortical areas. Technical developments in neuroimaging systems allow the quantification of cortical activation during the execution of motor tasks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) seems to be a promising tool to monitor motor control processes in cortical areas in freely moving subjects. However, so far, there is no established standardized protocol regarding the application and data processing of fNIRS signals that limits the comparability among studies. Hence, this systematic review aimed to summarize the current knowledge about application and data processing in fNIRS studies dealing with walking or postural tasks. Fifty-six articles of an initial yield of 1420 publications were reviewed and information about methodology, data processing, and findings were extracted. Based on our results, we outline the recommendations with respect to the design and data processing of fNIRS studies. Future perspectives of measuring fNIRS signals in movement science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Magdeburg, Germany
- Address all correspondence to: Fabian Herold, E-mail:
| | - Patrick Wiegel
- University of Freiburg, Department of Sport Science, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelina Thiers
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Hamacher
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Magdeburg, Germany
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186
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Lührs M, Goebel R. Turbo-Satori: a neurofeedback and brain-computer interface toolbox for real-time functional near-infrared spectroscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:041504. [PMID: 29021985 PMCID: PMC5629919 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.4.041504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Turbo-Satori is a neurofeedback and brain-computer interface (BCI) toolbox for real-time functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). It incorporates multiple pipelines from real-time preprocessing and analysis to neurofeedback and BCI applications. The toolbox is designed with a focus in usability, enabling a fast setup and execution of real-time experiments. Turbo-Satori uses an incremental recursive least-squares procedure for real-time general linear model calculation and support vector machine classifiers for advanced BCI applications. It communicates directly with common NIRx fNIRS hardware and was tested extensively ensuring that the calculations can be performed in real time without a significant change in calculation times for all sampling intervals during ongoing experiments of up to 6 h of recording. Enabling immediate access to advanced processing features also allows the use of this toolbox for students and nonexperts in the field of fNIRS data acquisition and processing. Flexible network interfaces allow third party stimulus applications to access the processed data and calculated statistics in real time so that this information can be easily incorporated in neurofeedback or BCI presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lührs
- Maastricht University, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Brain Innovation B.V., Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Maastricht University, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Brain Innovation B.V., Maastricht, Netherlands
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187
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Rosso AL, Cenciarini M, Sparto PJ, Loughlin PJ, Furman JM, Huppert TJ. Neuroimaging of an attention demanding dual-task during dynamic postural control. Gait Posture 2017; 57:193-198. [PMID: 28662465 PMCID: PMC5585862 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive tasks impact postural control when performed concurrently as dual-tasks. This is presumed to result from capacity limitations in relevant brain regions. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure brain activation of the left motor, temporal, and dorsal-lateral prefrontal brain regions of younger (n=6) and older (n=10) adults. Brain activation was measured during an auditory choice reaction task (CRT) and standing on a dynamic posturography platform, both as single-tasks and concurrently as dual-task. Body sway was assessed by median absolute deviation (MAD) of anterior-posterior translation of the center of mass (COM). Brain activation was measured as changes in oxy-hemoglobin by fNIRS. During both single- and dual-task conditions, we found that older adults had greater brain activation relative to younger adults. During dual task performance, the total activation was less than expected from the sum of individual conditions for both age groups, indicating a dual-task interference (reduction in younger adults=53% [p=0.02]; in older adults=53%; [p=0.008]). This reduction was greater for the activation attributable to the postural task (reduction younger adults=75% [p=0.03]; older adults=59% [p=0.005]) compared to the CRT task (reduction younger adults=10%, [p=0.6]; older adults=7.3%, [p=0.5]) in both age groups. Activation reduction was not accompanied by any significant changes in body sway in either group (older adults: single-task MAD=0.94cm, dual-task MAD=1.10cm, p=0.20; younger adults: single-task RMS=0.95cm, dual-task MAD=1.08cm, p=0.14). Our results indicate that neural resources devoted to postural control are reduced under dual-task conditions that engage attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Rosso
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 130 N Bellefield Ave, #444, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Massimo Cenciarini
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Patrick J Sparto
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 210, Bridgeside Point 1, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
| | - Patrick J Loughlin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Joseph M Furman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh PA 15213, United States.
| | - Theodore J Huppert
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St. PUH Room B822.1, Pittsburgh PA 15213, United States.
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188
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Scarapicchia V, Brown C, Mayo C, Gawryluk JR. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Insights from Combined Recording Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:419. [PMID: 28867998 PMCID: PMC5563305 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a widely available, non-invasive technique that offers excellent spatial resolution, it remains limited by practical constraints imposed by the scanner environment. More recently, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has emerged as an alternative hemodynamic-based approach that possesses a number of strengths where fMRI is limited, most notably in portability and higher tolerance for motion. To date, fNIRS has shown promise in its ability to shed light on the functioning of the human brain in populations and contexts previously inaccessible to fMRI. Notable contributions include infant neuroimaging studies and studies examining full-body behaviors, such as exercise. However, much like fMRI, fNIRS has technical constraints that have limited its application to clinical settings, including a lower spatial resolution and limited depth of recording. Thus, by combining fMRI and fNIRS in such a way that the two methods complement each other, a multimodal imaging approach may allow for more complex research paradigms than is feasible with either technique alone. In light of these issues, the purpose of the current review is to: (1) provide an overview of fMRI and fNIRS and their associated strengths and limitations; (2) review existing combined fMRI-fNIRS recording studies; and (3) discuss how their combined use in future research practices may aid in advancing modern investigations of human brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cassandra Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chantel Mayo
- Department of Psychology, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jodie R Gawryluk
- Department of Psychology, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
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189
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Does ventrolateral prefrontal cortex help in searching for the lost key? Evidence from an fNIRS study. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 12:785-797. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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190
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Santosa H, Aarabi A, Perlman SB, Huppert TJ. Characterization and correction of the false-discovery rates in resting state connectivity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:55002. [PMID: 28492852 PMCID: PMC5424771 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.5.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging technique that uses low levels of red to near-infrared light to measure changes in cerebral blood oxygenation. Spontaneous (resting state) functional connectivity (sFC) has become a critical tool for cognitive neuroscience for understanding task-independent neural networks, revealing pertinent details differentiating healthy from disordered brain function, and discovering fluctuations in the synchronization of interacting individuals during hyperscanning paradigms. Two of the main challenges to sFC-NIRS analysis are (i) the slow temporal structure of both systemic physiology and the response of blood vessels, which introduces false spurious correlations, and (ii) motion-related artifacts that result from movement of the fNIRS sensors on the participants’ head and can introduce non-normal and heavy-tailed noise structures. In this work, we systematically examine the false-discovery rates of several time- and frequency-domain metrics of functional connectivity for characterizing sFC-NIRS. Specifically, we detail the modifications to the statistical models of these methods needed to avoid high levels of false-discovery related to these two sources of noise in fNIRS. We compare these analysis procedures using both simulated and experimental resting-state fNIRS data. Our proposed robust correlation method has better performance in terms of being more reliable to the noise outliers due to the motion artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Santosa
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ardalan Aarabi
- Universite de Picardie Jules Verne, Department of Medicine, Amiens, France
| | - Susan B. Perlman
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Theodore J. Huppert
- University of Pittsburgh, Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, Clinical Science Translational Institute, and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Theodore J. Huppert, E-mail:
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191
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Aarabi A, Osharina V, Wallois F. Effect of confounding variables on hemodynamic response function estimation using averaging and deconvolution analysis: An event-related NIRS study. Neuroimage 2017; 155:25-49. [PMID: 28450140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow and rapid event-related designs are used in fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiments to temporally characterize the brain hemodynamic response to discrete events. Conventional averaging (CA) and the deconvolution method (DM) are the two techniques commonly used to estimate the Hemodynamic Response Function (HRF) profile in event-related designs. In this study, we conducted a series of simulations using synthetic and real NIRS data to examine the effect of the main confounding factors, including event sequence timing parameters, different types of noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), temporal autocorrelation and temporal filtering on the performance of these techniques in slow and rapid event-related designs. We also compared systematic errors in the estimates of the fitted HRF amplitude, latency and duration for both techniques. We further compared the performance of deconvolution methods based on Finite Impulse Response (FIR) basis functions and gamma basis sets. Our results demonstrate that DM was much less sensitive to confounding factors than CA. Event timing was the main parameter largely affecting the accuracy of CA. In slow event-related designs, deconvolution methods provided similar results to those obtained by CA. In rapid event-related designs, our results showed that DM outperformed CA for all SNR, especially above -5 dB regardless of the event sequence timing and the dynamics of background NIRS activity. Our results also show that periodic low-frequency systemic hemodynamic fluctuations as well as phase-locked noise can markedly obscure hemodynamic evoked responses. Temporal autocorrelation also affected the performance of both techniques by inducing distortions in the time profile of the estimated hemodynamic response with inflated t-statistics, especially at low SNRs. We also found that high-pass temporal filtering could substantially affect the performance of both techniques by removing the low-frequency components of HRF profiles. Our results emphasize the importance of characterization of event timing, background noise and SNR when estimating HRF profiles using CA and DM in event-related designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Aarabi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80036, France; GRAMFC-Inserm U1105, University Research Center (CURS), University Hospital, Amiens, 80054 France.
| | - Victoria Osharina
- GRAMFC-Inserm U1105, University Research Center (CURS), University Hospital, Amiens, 80054 France
| | - Fabrice Wallois
- GRAMFC-Inserm U1105, University Research Center (CURS), University Hospital, Amiens, 80054 France; EFSN Pediatric (Pediatric Nervous System Functional Investigation Unit), CHU AMIENS - SITE SUD, Amiens, France
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192
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Lin CC, Barker JW, Sparto PJ, Furman JM, Huppert TJ. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain imaging of multi-sensory integration during computerized dynamic posturography in middle-aged and older adults. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1247-1256. [PMID: 28197672 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that aging affects the sensory re-weighting process, but the neuroimaging evidence is minimal. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a novel neuroimaging tool that can detect brain activities during dynamic movement condition. In this study, fNIRS was used to investigate the hemodynamic changes in the frontal-lateral, temporal-parietal, and occipital regions of interest (ROIs) during four sensory integration conditions that manipulated visual and somatosensory feedback in 15 middle-aged and 15 older adults. The results showed that the temporal-parietal ROI was activated more when somatosensory and visual information were absent in both groups, which indicated the sole use of vestibular input for maintaining balance. While both older adults and middle-aged adults had greater activity in most brain ROIs during changes in the sensory conditions, the older adults had greater increases in the occipital ROI and frontal-lateral ROIs. These findings suggest a cortical component to sensory re-weighting that is more distributed and requires greater attention in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cheng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Health Sciences Building, 2405D, Mail Stop 668, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Barker
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Sparto
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph M Furman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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193
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Huppert T, Barker J, Schmidt B, Walls S, Ghuman A. Comparison of group-level, source localized activity for simultaneous functional near-infrared spectroscopy-magnetoencephalography and simultaneous fNIRS-fMRI during parametric median nerve stimulation. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:015001. [PMID: 28149919 PMCID: PMC5248968 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.1.015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging technique, which uses light to measure changes in cerebral blood oxygenation through sensors placed on the surface of the scalp. We recorded concurrent fNIRS with magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in order to investigate the group-level correspondence of these measures with source-localized fNIRS estimates. Healthy participants took part in both a concurrent fNIRS-MEG and fNIRS-fMRI neuroimaging session during two somatosensory stimulation tasks, a blocked design median nerve localizer and parametric pulsed-pair median nerve stimulation using interpulse intervals from 100 to 500 ms. We found the spatial correlation for estimated activation patterns from the somatosensory task was [Formula: see text], 0.57, and [Formula: see text] and the amplitude correlation was [Formula: see text], 0.52, and [Formula: see text] for fMRI-MEG, fMRI-fNIRS oxy-hemoglobin, and fMRI-fNIRS deoxy-hemoglobin signals, respectively. Taken together, these results show good correspondence among the fMRI, fNIRS, and MEG with the great majority of the difference across modalities being driven by lower sensitivity for deeper brain sources in MEG and fNIRS. These results provide an important validation of source-localized fNIRS in the context of concurrent multimodal imaging for future studies of the relationship between physiological effects in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Huppert
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, Room B804, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, Room B804, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jeff Barker
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, Room B804, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Benjamin Schmidt
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, Room B804, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Shawn Walls
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neurosurgery, Room B804, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Avniel Ghuman
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neurosurgery, Room B804, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neurobiology, Room B804, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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194
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Li Y, Grabell AS, Wakschlag LS, Huppert TJ, Perlman SB. The neural substrates of cognitive flexibility are related to individual differences in preschool irritability: A fNIRS investigation. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 25:138-144. [PMID: 27527736 PMCID: PMC5292091 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, child-appropriate, Stroop task was used to assess preschoolers’ cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility was linked to increased oxygenated-hemoglobin in the left DLPFC. Oxygenated-hemoglobin in the bilateral DLPFC during cognitive flexibility was positively correlated with irritability.
Preschool (age 3–5) is a phase of rapid development in both cognition and emotion, making this a period in which the neurodevelopment of each domain is particularly sensitive to that of the other. During this period, children rapidly learn how to flexibly shift their attention between competing demands and, at the same time, acquire critical emotion regulation skills to respond to negative affective challenges. The integration of cognitive flexibility and individual differences in irritability may be an important developmental process of early childhood maturation. However, at present it is unclear if they share common neural substrates in early childhood. Our main goal was to examine the neural correlates of cognitive flexibility in preschool children and test for associations with irritability. Forty-six preschool aged children completed a novel, child-appropriate, Stroop task while dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activation was recorded using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Parents rated their child’s irritability. Results indicated that left DLPFC activation was associated with cognitive flexibility and positively correlated with irritability. Right DLPFC activation was also positively correlated with irritability. Results suggest the entwined nature of cognitive and emotional neurodevelopment during a developmental period of rapid and mutual acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Li
- Research Center for Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Adam S Grabell
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, United States
| | | | - Susan B Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, United States.
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195
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Guerrero-Mosquera C, Borragán G, Peigneux P. Automatic detection of noisy channels in fNIRS signal based on correlation analysis. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 271:128-38. [PMID: 27452485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND fNIRS signals can be contaminated by distinct sources of noise. While most of the noise can be corrected using digital filters, optimized experimental paradigms or pre-processing methods, few approaches focus on the automatic detection of noisy channels. METHODS In the present study, we propose a new method that detect automatically noisy fNIRS channels by combining the global correlations of the signal obtained from sliding windows (Cui et al., 2010) with correlation coefficients extracted experimental conditions defined by triggers. RESULTS The validity of the method was evaluated on test data from 17 participants, for a total of 16 NIRS channels per subject, positioned over frontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, parietal and occipital areas. Additionally, the detection of noisy channels was tested in the context of different levels of cognitive requirement in a working memory N-back paradigm. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Bad channels detection accuracy, defined as the proportion of bad NIRS channels correctly detected among the total number of channels examined, was close to 91%. Under different cognitive conditions the area under the Receiver Operating Curve (AUC) increased from 60.5% (global correlations) to 91.2% (local correlations). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that global correlations are insufficient for detecting potentially noisy channels when the whole data signal is included in the analysis. In contrast, adding specific local information inherent to the experimental paradigm (e.g., cognitive conditions in a block or event-related design), improved detection performance for noisy channels. Also, we show that automated fNIRS channel detection can be achieved with high accuracy at low computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guerrero-Mosquera
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Guillermo Borragán
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Bruxelles, Belgium
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196
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Barker JW, Rosso AL, Sparto PJ, Huppert TJ. Correction of motion artifacts and serial correlations for real-time functional near-infrared spectroscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016; 3:031410. [PMID: 27226974 PMCID: PMC4876834 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.3.031410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a relatively low-cost, portable, noninvasive neuroimaging technique for measuring task-evoked hemodynamic changes in the brain. Because fNIRS can be applied to a wide range of populations, such as children or infants, and under a variety of study conditions, including those involving physical movement, gait, or balance, fNIRS data are often confounded by motion artifacts. Furthermore, the high sampling rate of fNIRS leads to high temporal autocorrelation due to systemic physiology. These two factors can reduce the sensitivity and specificity of detecting hemodynamic changes. In a previous work, we showed that these factors could be mitigated by autoregressive-based prewhitening followed by the application of an iterative reweighted least squares algorithm offline. This current work extends these same ideas to real-time analysis of brain signals by modifying the linear Kalman filter, resulting in an algorithm for online estimation that is robust to systemic physiology and motion artifacts. We evaluated the performance of the proposed method via simulations of evoked hemodynamics that were added to experimental resting-state data, which provided realistic fNIRS noise. Last, we applied the method post hoc to data from a standing balance task. Overall, the new method showed good agreement with the analogous offline algorithm, in which both methods outperformed ordinary least squares methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Barker
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Andrea L. Rosso
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Epidemiology, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Patrick J. Sparto
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Physical Therapy, Suite 210 Bridgeside Point, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Theodore J. Huppert
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Theodore J. Huppert, E-mail:
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197
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Kamran MA, Mannan MMN, Jeong MY. Cortical Signal Analysis and Advances in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Signal: A Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:261. [PMID: 27375458 PMCID: PMC4899446 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging modality that measures the concentration changes of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) and de-oxy hemoglobin (HbR) at the same time. It is an emerging cortical imaging modality with a good temporal resolution that is acceptable for brain-computer interface applications. Researchers have developed several methods in last two decades to extract the neuronal activation related waveform from the observed fNIRS time series. But still there is no standard method for analysis of fNIRS data. This article presents a brief review of existing methodologies to model and analyze the activation signal. The purpose of this review article is to give a general overview of variety of existing methodologies to extract useful information from measured fNIRS data including pre-processing steps, effects of differential path length factor (DPF), variations and attributes of hemodynamic response function (HRF), extraction of evoked response, removal of physiological noises, instrumentation, and environmental noises and resting/activation state functional connectivity. Finally, the challenges in the analysis of fNIRS signal are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Kamran
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea
| | - Malik M Naeem Mannan
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea
| | - Myung Yung Jeong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea
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198
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Perlman SB, Huppert TJ, Luna B. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Evidence for Development of Prefrontal Engagement in Working Memory in Early Through Middle Childhood. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:2790-9. [PMID: 26115660 PMCID: PMC4869813 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural underpinnings of working memory are hypothesized to develop incrementally across preschool and early school age, coinciding with the rapid maturation of executive function occurring during this period. This study investigates the development of prefrontal cortex function between the ages of 3 and 7. Children (n = 68) participated in a novel spatial working memory task while their middle and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) was monitored using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We found increased activation of the LPFC when comparing working memory to rest. Greater LPFC increase was noted for longer compared with shorter delay periods. Increase in LPFC activation, accuracy, and response speed were positively correlated with child age, suggesting that developmental changes in prefrontal function might underlie effective development of executive function in this age range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore J. Huppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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199
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Moro SB, Carrieri M, Avola D, Brigadoi S, Lancia S, Petracca A, Spezialetti M, Ferrari M, Placidi G, Quaresima V. A novel semi-immersive virtual reality visuo-motor task activates ventrolateral prefrontal cortex: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:036002. [PMID: 27001948 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/3/036002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the last few years, the interest in applying virtual reality systems for neurorehabilitation is increasing. Their compatibility with neuroimaging techniques, such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), allows for the investigation of brain reorganization with multimodal stimulation and real-time control of the changes occurring in brain activity. The present study was aimed at testing a novel semi-immersive visuo-motor task (VMT), which has the features of being adopted in the field of neurorehabilitation of the upper limb motor function. APPROACH A virtual environment was simulated through a three-dimensional hand-sensing device (the LEAP Motion Controller), and the concomitant VMT-related prefrontal cortex (PFC) response was monitored non-invasively by fNIRS. Upon the VMT, performed at three different levels of difficulty, it was hypothesized that the PFC would be activated with an expected greater level of activation in the ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), given its involvement in the motor action planning and in the allocation of the attentional resources to generate goals from current contexts. Twenty-one subjects were asked to move their right hand/forearm with the purpose of guiding a virtual sphere over a virtual path. A twenty-channel fNIRS system was employed for measuring changes in PFC oxygenated-deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb/HHb, respectively). MAIN RESULTS A VLPFC O2Hb increase and a concomitant HHb decrease were observed during the VMT performance, without any difference in relation to the task difficulty. SIGNIFICANCE The present study has revealed a particular involvement of the VLPFC in the execution of the novel proposed semi-immersive VMT adoptable in the neurorehabilitation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Basso Moro
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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200
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Sutoko S, Sato H, Maki A, Kiguchi M, Hirabayashi Y, Atsumori H, Obata A, Funane T, Katura T. Tutorial on platform for optical topography analysis tools. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016; 3:010801. [PMID: 26788547 PMCID: PMC4707558 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.1.010801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical topography/functional near-infrared spectroscopy (OT/fNIRS) is a functional imaging technique that noninvasively measures cerebral hemoglobin concentration changes caused by neural activities. The fNIRS method has been extensively implemented to understand the brain activity in many applications, such as neurodisorder diagnosis and treatment, cognitive psychology, and psychiatric status evaluation. To assist users in analyzing fNIRS data with various application purposes, we developed a software called platform for optical topography analysis tools (POTATo). We explain how to handle and analyze fNIRS data in the POTATo package and systematically describe domain preparation, temporal preprocessing, functional signal extraction, statistical analysis, and data/result visualization for a practical example of working memory tasks. This example is expected to give clear insight in analyzing data using POTATo. The results specifically show the activated dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is consistent with previous studies. This emphasizes analysis robustness, which is required for validating decent preprocessing and functional signal interpretation. POTATo also provides a self-developed plug-in feature allowing users to create their own functions and incorporate them with established POTATo functions. With this feature, we continuously encourage users to improve fNIRS analysis methods. We also address the complications and resolving opportunities in signal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sutoko
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, 2520 Akanuma, Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, 2520 Akanuma, Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
| | - Atsushi Maki
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, 2520 Akanuma, Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
| | - Masashi Kiguchi
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, 2520 Akanuma, Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hirabayashi
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, 2520 Akanuma, Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Atsumori
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, 2520 Akanuma, Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
| | - Akiko Obata
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, 2520 Akanuma, Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Funane
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, 2520 Akanuma, Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
| | - Takusige Katura
- Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, 2520 Akanuma, Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
- Address all correspondence to: Takusige Katura, E-mail:
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