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Zhang X, Lin JS, Spruyt K. Sleep problems in Rett syndrome animal models: A systematic review. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:529-544. [PMID: 32985711 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to the discovery of Rett Syndrome (RTT) genetic mutations, animal models have been developed. Sleep research in RTT animal models may unravel novel neural mechanisms for this severe neurodevelopmental heritable rare disease. In this systematic literature review we summarize the findings on sleep research of 13 studies in animal models of RTT. We found disturbed efficacy and continuity of sleep in all genetically mutated models of mice, cynomolgus monkeys, and Drosophila. Models presented highly fragmented sleep with distinct differences in 24-hr sleep/wake cyclicity and circadian arrhythmicity. Overall, animal models mimic sleep complaints reported in individuals with RTT. However, contrary to human studies, in mutant mice, attenuated sleep delta waves, and sleep apneas in non-rapid eye movement sleep were reported. Future studies may focus on sleep structure and EEG alterations, potential central mechanisms involved in sleep fragmentation and the occurrence of sleep apnea across different sleep stages. Given that locomotor dysfunction is characteristic of individuals with RTT, studies may consider to integrate its potential impact on the behavioral analysis of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- INSERM - School of Medicine, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- INSERM - School of Medicine, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Karen Spruyt
- INSERM - School of Medicine, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
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152
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Peter EL, Nagendrappa PB, Kaligirwa A, Ogwang PE, Sesaazi CD. The safety and efficacy of Momordica charantia L. in animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2020; 35:637-656. [PMID: 32929814 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic hyperglycemic condition due to progressively impaired glucose regulation. Momordica charantia L. could potentially improve hyperglycemia because its fruit extracts can alleviate insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and increase serum insulin level. We evaluated the effect of M. charantia L. in comparison with a vehicle on glycemic control in animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched without language restriction through April 2019. About 66 studies involving 1861 animals that examined the effect of M. charantia L. on type 2 diabetes mellitus were included. Fruits and seed extracts reduced fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c in comparison to vehicle control: (42 studies, 815 animals; SMD, -6.86 [95% CI; -7.95, -5.77], 3 studies, 59 animals; SMD; -7.76 [95% CI; -12.50, -3.01]) respectively. Also, the extracts have hepato-renal protective effects at varying doses and duration of administration. Despite the observed significant glycemic control effect, poor methodological quality calls for future researches to focus on standardizing extract based on chemical markers and adopt measures to improve the quality of preclinical studies such as sample size calculation, randomization, and blinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel L Peter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Department of Innovation, Technology Transfer & Commercialization, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Prakash B Nagendrappa
- Centre for Local Health Traditions & Policy, Trans-Disciplinary University (TDU), Bengaluru, India
| | - Anita Kaligirwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Patrick Engeu Ogwang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Crispin Duncan Sesaazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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153
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Are the Lives of Animals Well-spent in Laboratory Science Research? A Study of Orthopaedic Animal Studies in Turkey. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2020; 478:1965-1970. [PMID: 32467410 PMCID: PMC7431276 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As in all fields of medicine, animal studies are widely performed in orthopaedics and have increased in number over time. However, it is not clear to what extent these studies provide a basis for future research or advancements in clinical science. Concerns about the reliability and translational ability of animal studies have been reported, and major orthopaedic journals and organizations are encouraging the reduction of unnecessary experiments on animals. QUESTION/PURPOSES: (1) What proportion of animal studies conducted for orthopaedic research in Turkey were never published? And of those that were published, how long did it take to publish? (2) What proportion of those studies were published in journals with an Impact Factor of 2 or more? (3) What proportion of those published papers were never cited or cited only once? (4) What was the contribution to science of an animal euthanized for orthopaedic research in Turkey? METHODS We reviewed all oral and poster presentations at the Turkish National Congress of Orthopaedics and Traumatology from 2009 to 2017 (retrieved from the archives of Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica), as well as all postgraduate theses in orthopaedics from 1991 to 2017 (retrieved from the archives of the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education) to identify all orthopaedic studies that involved animals. We searched the keywords "animal studies," "experimental studies," and "orthopaedics" in these archives. We defined animal research as orthopaedic studies based on animal models. From this search and using that definition, 252 studies were identified. Of those, 4% (9) were excluded as they were thesis studies with no abstract in the archives. Thus, a total of 243 animal studies performed in Turkey were included for analysis in this retrospective study. The abstracts of these studies were examined to determine the study model (such as bone fracture models, tendon healing models, cartilage models) and number of euthanized animals. Between 1991 and 2017, 9412 vertebrate animals were euthanized for these studies. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and ORCID to determine whether these papers were subsequently published, in which journal, and how long after the initial presentation publication occurred. The Web of Science 2019 database was used to determine the Impact Factor of the journals, the total citation count of each study, and the mean annual citation for each study (citations per year). For purposes of this analysis, we divided journals into those with an Impact Factor of 2 or more, 4 or more, and those with an Impact Factor below 2. The mean annual citation per euthanized animal (citations per animal per year) was calculated to determine the contribution of a euthanized animal to science. RESULTS A total of 42% (101 of 243) of the animal studies in Turkey were never published. For all published studies, the mean time to publication was 2.2 ± 2.6 years (95% CI 1.7 to 2.6). The proportion of studies published in orthopaedic journals with an Impact Factor of 2 or more was 14% (34 of 243). Among the 142 published papers, 38% (54) were either never cited or were cited only once, and the mean citations per year was 1.1 ± 1.7 (95% CI 0.7 to 1.3). The mean citations per animal/year among the 142 published studies was 0.03 ± 0.04 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.04). CONCLUSION In the 243 theses and national congress presentations, 9412 animals were euthanized. Based on the low percentage of papers using animals that were euthanized and the very low proportion of studies published in higher-Impact Factor journals or garnering more than a single citation, in aggregate, little seems to have been gained from the loss of animal life. Future studies should try to replicate or refute our results in other countries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Orthopaedic researchers should try to reduce their use of unnecessary animal studies, for example, by reporting on the use of the "3Rs" (replacement, reduction, and refinement) in the development of an animal study design, as well as through following universal guidelines so that a study might have a clinical impact. Researchers should not conduct an animal study until they are convinced that the expected results are quite likely to deliver substantial benefit to people or to advance science in a meaningful way; although this seems intuitive, our results suggest that this may not be taking place. Ethics committees in Turkey should consider more detailed questioning before approving animal studies. If our results are replicated elsewhere, then a broader look at how these approvals are conducted should be performed.
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154
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Alshnbari AS, Millar SA, O'Sullivan SE, Idris I. Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies. Diabetes Ther 2020; 11:1947-1963. [PMID: 32715425 PMCID: PMC7434811 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While the beneficial effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors on cardiovascular and renal outcomes are recognized, their direct effects on endothelial function remain unclear. We, therefore, undertook a systematic review to evaluate the current literature in this area. METHODS Electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Medline) were systematically searched using PRISMA guidelines for studies involving the in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo administration of SGLT-2 inhibitors to animals, vascular tissue, or vascular endothelial cells. RESULTS Of 144 retrieved publications, 24 experimental studies met the inclusion criteria. Reporting of possible sources of bias were poor, making the overall risk of bias difficult to assess. Within the 24 studies, the SGLT-2 inhibitors canagliflozin, ipragliflozin, empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, tofogliflozin, and luseogliflozin were assessed as interventions. Animal model studies (n = 17) demonstrated that all SGLT-2 inhibitors prevented endothelial dysfunction and enhanced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in diabetic and non-diabetic models. In vitro studies (n = 9) using human endothelial cells indicated a direct anti-inflammatory effect of dapagliflozin (1-100 nM) and canagliflozin, (10 µM), while empagliflozin (1 and 10 µM) improved viability of hyperglycemic cells. Potential mechanisms of action of the SGLT-2 inhibitors include a reduction in oxidative stress, modulation of adhesion molecules and reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Preclinical studies indicate that SGLT-2 inhibitors attenuate vascular dysfunction in preclinical models via a combination of mechanisms that appear to act independently of glucose-lowering benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan S Alshnbari
- Vascular Research Group, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sophie A Millar
- Vascular Research Group, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Vascular Research Group, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Iskandar Idris
- Vascular Research Group, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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155
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Yates JWT, Byrne H, Chapman SC, Chen T, Cucurull-Sanchez L, Delgado-SanMartin J, Di Veroli G, Dovedi SJ, Dunlop C, Jena R, Jodrell D, Martin E, Mercier F, Ramos-Montoya A, Struemper H, Vicini P. Opportunities for Quantitative Translational Modeling in Oncology. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:447-457. [PMID: 32569424 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A 2-day meeting was held by members of the UK Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Network () in November 2018 on the topic of Translational Challenges in Oncology. Participants from a wide range of backgrounds were invited to discuss current and emerging modeling applications in nonclinical and clinical drug development, and to identify areas for improvement. This resulting perspective explores opportunities for impactful quantitative pharmacology approaches. Four key themes arose from the presentations and discussions that were held, leading to the following recommendations: Evaluate the predictivity and reproducibility of animal cancer models through precompetitive collaboration. Apply mechanism of action (MoA) based mechanistic models derived from nonclinical data to clinical trial data. Apply MoA reflective models across trial data sets to more robustly quantify the natural history of disease and response to differing interventions. Quantify more robustly the dose and concentration dependence of adverse events through mathematical modelling techniques and modified trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tao Chen
- University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
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156
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Importance of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Animal Studies: Challenges for Animal-to-Human Translation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59:469-477. [PMID: 32727637 PMCID: PMC7479780 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Results of animal experiments are used for understanding the pathophysiology of diseases, assessing safety and efficacy of newly developed drugs, and monitoring environmental health hazards among others. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal data are important tools to condense animal evidence and translate the data into practical clinical applications. Such studies are conducted to explore heterogeneity, to generate new hypotheses about pathophysiology and treatment, to design new clinical trial modalities, and to test the efficacy and the safety of the various interventions. Here, we provide an overview regarding the importance of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal data and discuss common challenges and their potential solutions. Current evidence highlights various problems and challenges that surround these issues, including lack of generalizability of data obtained from animal models, failure in translating data obtained from animals to humans, poor experimental design and the reporting of the animal studies, heterogeneity of the data collected, and methodologic weaknesses of animal systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal studies can catalyze translational processes more effectively if they focus on a well-defined hypothesis along with addressing clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, publication bias, heterogeneity of the data, and a coherent and well-balanced assessment of studies' quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Human Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;,
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157
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Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. J Physiol 2020; 598:3793-3801. [PMID: 32666574 PMCID: PMC7610696 DOI: 10.1113/jp280389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the 'ARRIVE Essential 10,' which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the 'Recommended Set,' which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viki Hurst
- Science Manager – Experimental Design and Reporting, NC3Rs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- Professor of Vascular Pharmacology, Co-Director, The William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Director of the Barts Cardiovascular CTU, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Alam
- Director of Publishing Ethics and Integrity, Taylor & Francis Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc T. Avey
- Lead Health Scientist, Health Science Practice, ICF, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monya Baker
- Senior Editor, Opinion, Nature, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - William J. Browne
- Professor of Statistics, School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Clark
- Senior Editor, Team Manager – Life Sciences, PLOS ONE, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Innes C. Cuthill
- Professor of Behavioural Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Director, QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health & Department of Experimental Neurology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Emerson
- Reader in Platelet Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garner
- Professor, and Director of the Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health, Clinical Sciences Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicin Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- MRC Clinical Professor, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Howells
- Professor of Neuroscience and Brain Plasticity, Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Natasha A. Karp
- Principal Scientist– Statistician & UK Team Lead, Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Unite Kingdom
| | | | - Katie Lidster
- Programme Manager – Animal Welfare, NC3Rs, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm Macleod
- Professor of Neurology and Translational Neuroscience, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Academic Lead for Research Improvement and Research Integrity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Esther J. Pearl
- Programme Manager – Experimental Design, NC3Rs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ole H. Petersen
- Director of the Academia Europaea Knowledge Hub, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Rawle
- Director of Policy, Ethics and Governance, Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Reynolds
- Biostatistician, Statistics in Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Core & Research Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology College of Medicin University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kieron Rooney
- Associate Professor, Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily S. Sena
- Stroke Association Kirby Laing Foundation Senior Non-Clinical Lecturer, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburg United Kingdom
| | - Shai D. Silberberg
- Director of Research Quality, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Associate Director, BRQC Animal Welfare Strategy Lead, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hanno Würbel
- Professor for Animal Welfare, Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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158
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Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1769-1777. [PMID: 32663096 PMCID: PMC7430098 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20943823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viki Hurst
- Science Manager – Experimental Design and Reporting, NC3Rs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- Professor of Vascular Pharmacology, Co-Director, The William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Director of the Barts Cardiovascular CTU, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Alam
- Director of Publishing Ethics and Integrity, Taylor & Francis Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc T. Avey
- Lead Health Scientist, Health Science Practice, ICF, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monya Baker
- Senior Editor, Opinion, Nature, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - William J. Browne
- Professor of Statistics, School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Clark
- Senior Editor, Team Manager – Life Sciences, PLOS ONE, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Innes C. Cuthill
- Professor of Behavioural Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Director, QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health & Department of Experimental Neurology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Emerson
- Reader in Platelet Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garner
- Professor, and Director of the Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health, Clinical Sciences Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- MRC Clinical Professor, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Howells
- Professor of Neuroscience and Brain Plasticity, Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Natasha A. Karp
- Principal Scientist – Statistician & UK Team Lead, Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katie Lidster
- Programme Manager – Animal Welfare, NC3Rs, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm Macleod
- Professor of Neurology and Translational Neuroscience, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Academic Lead for Research Improvement and Research Integrity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Esther J. Pearl
- Programme Manager – Experimental Design, NC3Rs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ole H. Petersen
- Director of the Academia Europaea Knowledge Hub, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Rawle
- Director of Policy, Ethics and Governance, Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Reynolds
- Biostatistician, Statistics in Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Core & Research Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kieron Rooney
- Associate Professor, Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily S. Sena
- Stroke Association Kirby Laing Foundation Senior Non-Clinical Lecturer, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shai D. Silberberg
- Director of Research Quality, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Associate Director, BRQC Animal Welfare Strategy Lead, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hanno Würbel
- Professor for Animal Welfare, Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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159
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Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1459-1466. [PMID: 32666546 PMCID: PMC7610926 DOI: 10.1113/ep088870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viki Hurst
- Science Manager – Experimental Design and Reporting, NC3Rs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- Professor of Vascular Pharmacology, Co-Director, The William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Director of the Barts Cardiovascular CTU, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Alam
- Director of Publishing Ethics and Integrity, Taylor & Francis Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc T. Avey
- Lead Health Scientist, Health Science Practice, ICF, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monya Baker
- Senior Editor, Opinion, Nature, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - William J. Browne
- Professor of Statistics, School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Clark
- Senior Editor, Team Manager – Life Sciences, PLOS ONE, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Innes C. Cuthill
- Professor of Behavioural Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Director, QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health & Department of Experimental Neurology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Emerson
- Reader in Platelet Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garner
- Professor, and Director of the Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health, Clinical Sciences Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- MRC Clinical Professor, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Howells
- Professor of Neuroscience and Brain Plasticity, Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Natasha A. Karp
- Principal Scientist – Statistician & UK Team Lead, Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katie Lidster
- Programme Manager – Animal Welfare, NC3Rs, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm Macleod
- Professor of Neurology and Translational Neuroscience, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Academic Lead for Research Improvement and Research Integrity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Esther J. Pearl
- Programme Manager – Experimental Design, NC3Rs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ole H. Petersen
- Director of the Academia Europaea Knowledge Hub, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Rawle
- Director of Policy, Ethics and Governance, Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Reynolds
- Biostatistician, Statistics in Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Core & Research Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kieron Rooney
- Associate Professor, Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily S. Sena
- Stroke Association Kirby Laing Foundation Senior Non-Clinical Lecturer, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburg United Kingdom
| | - Shai D. Silberberg
- Director of Research Quality, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Associate Director, BRQC Animal Welfare Strategy Lead, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hanno Würbel
- Professor for Animal Welfare, Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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160
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Semler MW, Bernard GR, Aaron SD, Angus DC, Biros MH, Brower RG, Calfee CS, Colantuoni EA, Ferguson ND, Gong MN, Hopkins RO, Hough CL, Iwashyna TJ, Levy BD, Martin TR, Matthay MA, Mizgerd JP, Moss M, Needham DM, Self WH, Seymour CW, Stapleton RD, Thompson BT, Wunderink RG, Aggarwal NR, Reineck LA. Identifying Clinical Research Priorities in Adult Pulmonary and Critical Care. NHLBI Working Group Report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:511-523. [PMID: 32150460 PMCID: PMC7427373 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201908-1595ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing, treating, and promoting recovery from critical illness due to pulmonary disease are foundational goals of the critical care community and the NHLBI. Decades of clinical research in acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute respiratory failure, pneumonia, and sepsis have yielded improvements in supportive care, which have translated into improved patient outcomes. Novel therapeutics have largely failed to translate from promising preclinical findings into improved patient outcomes in late-phase clinical trials. Recent advances in personalized medicine, "big data," causal inference using observational data, novel clinical trial designs, preclinical disease modeling, and understanding of recovery from acute illness promise to transform the methods of pulmonary and critical care clinical research. To assess the current state of, research priorities for, and future directions in adult pulmonary and critical care research, the NHLBI assembled a multidisciplinary working group of investigators. This working group identified recommendations for future research, including 1) focusing on understanding the clinical, physiological, and biological underpinnings of heterogeneity in syndromes, diseases, and treatment response with the goal of developing targeted, personalized interventions; 2) optimizing preclinical models by incorporating comorbidities, cointerventions, and organ support; 3) developing and applying novel clinical trial designs; and 4) advancing mechanistic understanding of injury and recovery to develop and test interventions targeted at achieving long-term improvements in the lives of patients and families. Specific areas of research are highlighted as especially promising for making advances in pneumonia, acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shawn D. Aaron
- Division of Respirology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michelle H. Biros
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Roy G. Brower
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Carolyn S. Calfee
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Niall D. Ferguson
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Physiology, and
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle N. Gong
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Population Health, and
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Ramona O. Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah
| | - Catherine L. Hough
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Theodore J. Iwashyna
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bruce D. Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas R. Martin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael A. Matthay
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph P. Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc Moss
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Wesley H. Self
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christopher W. Seymour
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Renee D. Stapleton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - B. Taylor Thompson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard G. Wunderink
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
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161
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Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3617-3624. [PMID: 32662519 PMCID: PMC7393194 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration (E&E) document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- The William Harvey Research Institute, London, UK
- Barts Cardiovascular CTU, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Marc T Avey
- Health Science Practice, ICF, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Innes C Cuthill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health & Department of Experimental Neurology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Emerson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Garner
- Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health, Clinical Sciences Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen T Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David W Howells
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ole H Petersen
- Academia Europaea Knowledge Hub, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Penny Reynolds
- Statistics in Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Core & Research Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kieron Rooney
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Shai D Silberberg
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Hanno Würbel
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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162
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Yagisawa Y, Suita K, Ohnuki Y, Ishikawa M, Mototani Y, Ito A, Matsuo I, Hayakawa Y, Nariyama M, Umeki D, Saeki Y, Amitani Y, Nakamura Y, Tomonari H, Okumura S. Effects of occlusal disharmony on cardiac fibrosis, myocyte apoptosis and myocyte oxidative DNA damage in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236547. [PMID: 32716920 PMCID: PMC7384634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Occlusal disharmony leads to morphological changes in the hippocampus and osteopenia of the lumbar vertebra and long bones in mice, and causes stress. Various types of stress are associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, but the relationship between occlusal disharmony and cardiovascular disease remain poorly understood. Therefore, in this work, we examined the effects of occlusal disharmony on cardiac homeostasis in bite-opening (BO) mice, in which a 0.7 mm space was introduced by cementing a suitable applicance onto the mandibular incisior. We first examined the effects of BO on the level of serum corticosterone, a key biomarker for stress, and on heart rate variability at 14 days after BO treatment, compared with baseline. BO treatment increased serum corticosterone levels by approximately 3.6-fold and the low frequency/high frequency ratio, an index of sympathetic nervous activity, was significantly increased by approximately 4-fold by the BO treatment. We then examined the effects of BO treatment on cardiac homeostasis in mice treated or not treated with the non-selective β-blocker propranolol for 2 weeks. Cardiac function was significantly decreased in the BO group compared to the control group, but propranolol ameliorated the dysfunction. Cardiac fibrosis, myocyte apoptosis and myocyte oxidative DNA damage were significantly increased in the BO group, but propranolol blocked these changes. The BO-induced cardiac dysfunction was associated with increased phospholamban phosphorylation at threonine-17 and serine-16, as well as inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling and autophagic flux. These data suggest that occlusal disharmony might affect cardiac homeostasis via alteration of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Yagisawa
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Suita
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ohnuki
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Misao Ishikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Mototani
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aiko Ito
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Matsuo
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Periodontology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayakawa
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Megumi Nariyama
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Umeki
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasutake Saeki
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Amitani
- Department of Mathematics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakamura
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomonari
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okumura
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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163
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Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Wuerbel H. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. BMJ OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 4:e100115. [PMID: 34095516 PMCID: PMC7610906 DOI: 10.1136/bmjos-2020-100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into two sets, the 'ARRIVE Essential 10', which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the 'Recommended Set', which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viki Hurst
- Experimental Design and Reporting, NC3Rs, London, UK
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, London, UK
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Monya Baker
- Opinion, Nature, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Innes C Cuthill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Quest Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Emerson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Garner
- Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health, Clinical Sciences Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen T Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - David W Howells
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca PLC, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Malcolm Macleod
- Academic Lead for Research Improvement and Research Integrity, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Ole H Petersen
- Academia Europaea Knowledge Hub, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, UK
| | - Frances Rawle
- Policy, Ethics and Governance, Medical Research Council, London, UK
| | - Penny Reynolds
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kieron Rooney
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily S Sena
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shai D Silberberg
- Research Quality, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Hanno Wuerbel
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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164
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Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:242. [PMID: 32660541 PMCID: PMC7359286 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viki Hurst
- Experimental Design and Reporting, NC3Rs, London, UK
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- The William Harvey Research Institute, London, UK
- Barts Cardiovascular CTU, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sabina Alam
- Publishing Ethics and Integrity, Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
| | - Marc T Avey
- Health Science Practice, ICF, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Monya Baker
- Opinion, Nature, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Innes C Cuthill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health & Department of Experimental Neurology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Emerson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Garner
- Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health, Clinical Sciences Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen T Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David W Howells
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Malcolm Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Ole H Petersen
- Academia Europaea Knowledge Hub, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Frances Rawle
- Policy, Ethics and Governance, Medical Research Council, London, UK
| | - Penny Reynolds
- Statistics in Anesthesiology Research (STAR), Department of Anesthesiology College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kieron Rooney
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily S Sena
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shai D Silberberg
- Research Quality, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Hanno Würbel
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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165
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European Society for Sexual Medicine Consensus Statement on the Use of the Cavernous Nerve Injury Rodent Model to Study Postradical Prostatectomy Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med 2020; 8:327-337. [PMID: 32674971 PMCID: PMC7471127 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rodent animal models are currently the most used in vivo model in translational studies looking into the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. AIM This European Society for Sexual Medicine (ESSM) statement aims to guide scientists toward utilization of the rodent model in an appropriate, timely, and proficient fashion. METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for basic science studies, using a rodent animal model, looking into the consequence of pelvic nerve injury on erectile function. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The authors present a consensus on how to best perform experiments with this rodent model, the details of the technique, and highlight possible pitfalls. RESULTS Owing to the specific issue-basic science-Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence criteria cannot be applied. However, ESSM statements on this topic will be provided in which we summarize the ESSM position on various aspects of the model such as the use of the Animal Research Reporting In Vivo Experiments guideline and the of common range parameter for nerve stimulation. We also highlighted the translational limits of the model. CONCLUSION The following statements were formulated as a suggestive guidance for scientists using the cavernous nerve injury model. With this, we hope to standardize and further improve the quality of research in this field. It must be noted that this model has its limitations. Weyne E, Ilg MM, Cakir OO, et al. European Society for Sexual Medicine Consensus Statement on the Use of the Cavernous Nerve Injury Rodent Model to Study Postradical Prostatectomy Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med 2020;8:327-337.
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166
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Hale C, Yonan J, Batarseh R, Chaar R, Jonak CR, Ge S, Binder D, Rodgers VGJ. Implantable Osmotic Transport Device Can Reduce Edema After Severe Contusion Spinal Cord Injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:806. [PMID: 32754586 PMCID: PMC7366393 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings from the ISCoPe study indicate that, after severe contusion to the spinal cord, edema originating in the spinal cord accumulates and compresses the tissue against the surrounding dura mater, despite decompressive laminectomy. It is hypothesized that this compression results in restricted flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space and central canal and ultimately collapses local vasculature, exacerbating ischemia and secondary injury. Here we developed a surgically mounted osmotic transport device (OTD) that rests on the dura and can osmotically remove excess fluid at the injury site. Tests were performed in 4-h studies immediately following severe (250 kD) contusion at T8 in rats using the OTD. A 3-h treatment with the OTD after 1-h post injury significantly reduced spinal cord edema compared to injured controls. A first approximation mathematical interpretation implies that this modest reduction in edema may be significant enough to relieve compression of local vasculature and restore flow of CSF in the region. In addition, we determined the progression of edema up to 28 days after insult in the rat for the same injury model. Results showed peak edema at 72 h. These preliminary results suggest that incorporating the OTD to operate continuously at the site of injury throughout the critical period of edema progression, the device may significantly improve recovery following contusion spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hale
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Yonan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Ramsey Batarseh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Roman Chaar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Carrie R Jonak
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Shaokui Ge
- Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Devin Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Victor G J Rodgers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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167
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Percie du Sert N, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Hurst V, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H. Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000411. [PMID: 32663221 PMCID: PMC7360025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1061] [Impact Index Per Article: 265.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research is a major challenge. Transparent and accurate reporting is vital to this process; it allows readers to assess the reliability of the findings and repeat or build upon the work of other researchers. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) were developed in 2010 to help authors and journals identify the minimum information necessary to report in publications describing in vivo experiments. Despite widespread endorsement by the scientific community, the impact of ARRIVE on the transparency of reporting in animal research publications has been limited. We have revised the ARRIVE guidelines to update them and facilitate their use in practice. The revised guidelines are published alongside this paper. This explanation and elaboration document was developed as part of the revision. It provides further information about each of the 21 items in ARRIVE 2.0, including the rationale and supporting evidence for their inclusion in the guidelines, elaboration of details to report, and examples of good reporting from the published literature. This document also covers advice and best practice in the design and conduct of animal studies to support researchers in improving standards from the start of the experimental design process through to publication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- The William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Barts Cardiovascular CTU, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Alam
- Taylor & Francis Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc T. Avey
- Health Science Practice, ICF, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monya Baker
- Nature, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Innes C. Cuthill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health & Department of Experimental Neurology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Emerson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garner
- Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health, Clinical Sciences Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Howells
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | | | - Natasha A. Karp
- Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Malcolm Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ole H. Petersen
- Academia Europaea Knowledge Hub, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Penny Reynolds
- Statistics in Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Core, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kieron Rooney
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily S. Sena
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shai D. Silberberg
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Hanno Würbel
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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168
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Perinatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure and behavioral outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analyses of animal studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:53-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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169
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Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000410. [PMID: 32663219 PMCID: PMC7360023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2345] [Impact Index Per Article: 586.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducible science requires transparent reporting. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) were originally developed in 2010 to improve the reporting of animal research. They consist of a checklist of information to include in publications describing in vivo experiments to enable others to scrutinise the work adequately, evaluate its methodological rigour, and reproduce the methods and results. Despite considerable levels of endorsement by funders and journals over the years, adherence to the guidelines has been inconsistent, and the anticipated improvements in the quality of reporting in animal research publications have not been achieved. Here, we introduce ARRIVE 2.0. The guidelines have been updated and information reorganised to facilitate their use in practice. We used a Delphi exercise to prioritise and divide the items of the guidelines into 2 sets, the "ARRIVE Essential 10," which constitutes the minimum requirement, and the "Recommended Set," which describes the research context. This division facilitates improved reporting of animal research by supporting a stepwise approach to implementation. This helps journal editors and reviewers verify that the most important items are being reported in manuscripts. We have also developed the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration (E&E) document, which serves (1) to explain the rationale behind each item in the guidelines, (2) to clarify key concepts, and (3) to provide illustrative examples. We aim, through these changes, to help ensure that researchers, reviewers, and journal editors are better equipped to improve the rigour and transparency of the scientific process and thus reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- The William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Barts Cardiovascular CTU, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Alam
- Taylor & Francis Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc T. Avey
- Health Science Practice, ICF, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monya Baker
- Nature, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Innes C. Cuthill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health & Department of Experimental Neurology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Emerson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garner
- Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Global Health, Clinical Sciences Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Howells
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Natasha A. Karp
- Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Malcolm Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ole H. Petersen
- Academia Europaea Knowledge Hub, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Penny Reynolds
- Statistics in Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Core, Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kieron Rooney
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily S. Sena
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shai D. Silberberg
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Hanno Würbel
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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170
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Silote GP, de Oliveira SFS, Ribeiro DE, Machado MS, Andreatini R, Joca SRL, Beijamini V. Ketamine effects on anxiety and fear-related behaviors: Current literature evidence and new findings. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 100:109878. [PMID: 31982463 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, presents a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect in clinical and preclinical studies. Regarding ketamine effects on anxiety, there is a widespread discordance among pre-clinical studies. To address this issue, the present study reviewed the literature (electronic database MEDLINE) to summarize the profile of ketamine effects in animal tests of anxiety/fear. We found that ketamine anxiety/fear-related effects may depend on the anxiety paradigm, schedule of ketamine administration and tested species. Moreover, there was no report of ketamine effects in animal tests of fear related to panic disorder (PD). Based on that finding, we evaluated if treatment with ketamine and another NMDA antagonist, MK-801, would induce acute and sustained (24 hours later) anxiolytic and/or panicolytic-like effects in animals exposed to the elevated T-maze (ETM). The ETM evaluates, in the same animal, conflict-evoked and fear behaviors, which are related, respectively, to generalized anxiety disorder and PD. Male Wistar rats were systemically treated with racemic ketamine (10, 30 and 80 mg/kg) or MK-801 (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) and tested in the ETM in the same day or 24 hours after their administration. Ketamine did not affect the behavioral tasks performed in the ETM acutely or 24 h later. MK-801 impaired inhibitory avoidance in the ETM only at 45 min post-injection, suggesting a rapid but not sustained anxiolytic-like effect. Altogether our results suggest that ketamine might have mixed effects in anxiety tests while it does not affect panic-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela P Silote
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology Graduate Program, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit (TNU), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sabrina F S de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Deidiane E Ribeiro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mayara S Machado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Roberto Andreatini
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sâmia R L Joca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Beijamini
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology Graduate Program, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
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171
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Statistical analysis of longitudinal data on tumour growth in mice experiments. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9143. [PMID: 32499558 PMCID: PMC7272435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We consider mice experiments where tumour cells are injected so that a tumour starts to grow. When the tumour reaches a certain volume, mice are randomized into treatment groups. Tumour volume is measured repeatedly until the mouse dies or is sacrificed. Tumour growth rates are compared between groups. We propose and evaluate linear regression for analysis accounting for the correlation among repeated measurements per mouse. More specifically, we examined five models with three different variance-covariance structures in order to recommend the least complex method for small to moderate sample sizes encountered in animal experiments. We performed a simulation study based on data from three previous experiments to investigate the properties of estimates of the difference between treatment groups. Models were estimated via marginal modelling using generalized least squares and restricted maximum likelihood estimation. A model with an autoregressive (AR-1) covariance structure was efficient and unbiased retaining nominal coverage and type I error when the AR-1 variance-covariance matrix correctly specified the association between repeated measurements. When the variance-covariance was misspecified, that model was still unbiased but the type I error and the coverage rates were affected depending on the degree of misspecification. A linear regression model with an autoregressive (AR-1) covariance structure is an adequate model to analyse experiments that compare tumour growth rates between treatment groups.
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172
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Hiensch AE, Bolam KA, Mijwel S, Jeneson JAL, Huitema ADR, Kranenburg O, Wall E, Rundqvist H, Wengstrom Y, May AM. Doxorubicin-induced skeletal muscle atrophy: Elucidating the underlying molecular pathways. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13400. [PMID: 31600860 PMCID: PMC7317437 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aim Loss of skeletal muscle mass is a common clinical finding in cancer patients. The purpose of this meta‐analysis and systematic review was to quantify the effect of doxorubicin on skeletal muscle and report on the proposed molecular pathways possibly leading to doxorubicin‐induced muscle atrophy in both human and animal models. Methods A systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and CENTRAL databases. The internal validity of included studies was assessed using SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool. Results Twenty eligible articles were identified. No human studies were identified as being eligible for inclusion. Doxorubicin significantly reduced skeletal muscle weight (ie EDL, TA, gastrocnemius and soleus) by 14% (95% CI: 9.9; 19.3) and muscle fibre cross‐sectional area by 17% (95% CI: 9.0; 26.0) when compared to vehicle controls. Parallel to negative changes in muscle mass, muscle strength was even more decreased in response to doxorubicin administration. This review suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in doxorubicin‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy. The increased production of ROS plays a key role within this process. Furthermore, doxorubicin activated all major proteolytic systems (ie calpains, the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway and autophagy) in the skeletal muscle. Although each of these proteolytic pathways contributes to doxorubicin‐induced muscle atrophy, the activation of the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway is hypothesized to play a key role. Finally, a limited number of studies found that doxorubicin decreases protein synthesis by a disruption in the insulin signalling pathway. Conclusion The results of the meta‐analysis show that doxorubicin induces skeletal muscle atrophy in preclinical models. This effect may be explained by various interacting molecular pathways. Results from preclinical studies provide a robust setting to investigate a possible dose‐response, separate the effects of doxorubicin from tumour‐induced atrophy and to examine underlying molecular pathways. More research is needed to confirm the proposed signalling pathways in humans, paving the way for potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk E. Hiensch
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Kate A. Bolam
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sara Mijwel
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jeroen A. L. Jeneson
- Neuroimaging Centre Division of Neuroscience University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology Academic Medical Center Amsterdam University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D. R. Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology The Netherlands Cancer Institute‐Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and MC Slotervaart Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy University Medical Center Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Elsken Wall
- Department of Medical Oncology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Helene Rundqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Yvönne Wengstrom
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Theme Cancer Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anne M. May
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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173
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Heinsar S, Rozencwajg S, Suen J, Bassi GL, Malfertheiner M, Vercaemst L, Broman LM, Schmidt M, Combes A, Rätsep I, Fraser JF, Millar JE. Heart failure supported by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a systematic review of pre-clinical models. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:16. [PMID: 32451698 PMCID: PMC7248156 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is increasingly being used to treat patients with refractory severe heart failure. Large animal models are developed to help understand physiology and build translational research projects. In order to better understand those experimental models, we conducted a systematic literature review of animal models combining heart failure and VA-ECMO. STUDIES SELECTION A systematic review was performed using Medline via PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, from January 1996 to January 2019. Animal models combining experimental acute heart failure and ECMO were included. Clinical studies, abstracts, and studies not employing VA-ECMO were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION Following variables were extracted, relating to four key features: (1) study design, (2) animals and their peri-experimental care, (3) heart failure models and characteristics, and (4) ECMO characteristics and management. RESULTS Nineteen models of heart failure and VA-ECMO were included in this review. All were performed in large animals, the majority (n = 13) in pigs. Acute myocardial infarction (n = 11) with left anterior descending coronary ligation (n = 9) was the commonest mean of inducing heart failure. Most models employed peripheral VA-ECMO (n = 14) with limited reporting. CONCLUSION Among models that combined severe heart failure and VA-ECMO, there is a large heterogeneity in both design and reporting, as well as methods employed for heart failure. There is a need for standardization of reporting and minimum dataset to ensure translational research achieve high-quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silver Heinsar
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, University of Queensland, Chermside, Brisbane, Australia.,Second Department of Intensive Care, North Estonia Medical Centre, Talinn, Estonia
| | - Sacha Rozencwajg
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, University of Queensland, Chermside, Brisbane, Australia. .,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS-1166, ICAN Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Medical ICU, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 47, bd de l'Hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Jacky Suen
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, University of Queensland, Chermside, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Gianluigi Li Bassi
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, University of Queensland, Chermside, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maximilian Malfertheiner
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, University of Queensland, Chermside, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Leen Vercaemst
- Department of Perfusion, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Louven, Belgium
| | - Lars Mikael Broman
- ECMO Centre Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthieu Schmidt
- Second Department of Intensive Care, North Estonia Medical Centre, Talinn, Estonia
| | - Alain Combes
- Second Department of Intensive Care, North Estonia Medical Centre, Talinn, Estonia
| | - Indrek Rätsep
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS-1166, ICAN Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Medical ICU, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 47, bd de l'Hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - John F Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, University of Queensland, Chermside, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan E Millar
- Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, University of Queensland, Chermside, Brisbane, Australia.,Wellcome-Wolfson Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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174
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Singh VP, Jain A, Gupta S, Vijayakumar M, Pratap K, Maheshwari D, Thoradeniya T. The Quality of Reporting Raises Questions on the Experimental Validity of Animal Studies Conducted in India and Sri Lanka: Preliminary Analysis of a Systematic Survey. Altern Lab Anim 2020; 48:85-91. [PMID: 32429688 DOI: 10.1177/0261192920923105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The quality of animal experiments in terms of appropriate reporting is a concern, particularly with regard to their validity and the recording of the measures taken to reduce various types of bias. A systematic survey of 1371 and 236 publications from India and Sri Lanka, respectively, which were published between 1905 and 2017 and indexed in NCBI-PubMed, Cinhal, MEDLINE and Scopus, was carried out. The level of detail in the descriptions of animals used and the measures taken to reduce bias were analysed in each article. Selected parameters from the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines, such as age, weight, sex, sample size calculation, blinding and randomisation were considered. The findings revealed poor reporting standards in animal experiments carried out in India and Sri Lanka, confirming the limited impact of the ARRIVE guidelines. These findings emphasise the urgent need for improvements in the peer review process, both prior to a study being set up and in the post-study reporting phase, and for more stringent adherence to the ARRIVE guidelines in the reporting of animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Pal Singh
- Laboratory Animal Facility, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Laboratory Animal Facility, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shubhra Gupta
- Laboratory Animal Facility, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Kunal Pratap
- Laboratory Animal Facility, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepanshu Maheshwari
- Laboratory Animal Facility, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Tharanga Thoradeniya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, 58818University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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175
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Ruan Y, Robinson NB, Khan FM, Hameed I, Rahouma M, Naik A, Oakley CT, Rong L, Girardi LN, Gaudino M. The translation of surgical animal models to human clinical research: A cross-sectional study. Int J Surg 2020; 77:25-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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176
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Higgins GA, Silenieks LB, MacMillan C, Thevarkunnel S, Parachikova AI, Mombereau C, Lindgren H, Bastlund JF. Characterization of Amphetamine, Methylphenidate, Nicotine, and Atomoxetine on Measures of Attention, Impulsive Action, and Motivation in the Rat: Implications for Translational Research. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:427. [PMID: 32390829 PMCID: PMC7193984 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMP), methylphenidate (MPH), and atomoxetine (ATX) are approved treatments for ADHD, and together with nicotine (NIC), represent pharmacological agents widely studied on cognitive domains including attention and impulsive action in humans. These agents thus represent opportunities for clinical observation to be reinvestigated in the preclinical setting, i.e., reverse translation. The present study investigated each drug in male, Long Evans rats trained to perform either (1) the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), (2) Go/NoGo task, or (3) a progressive ratio (PR) task, for the purpose of studying each drug on attention, impulsive action and motivation. Specific challenges were adopted in the 5-CSRTT designed to tax attention and impulsivity, i.e., high frequency of stimulus presentation (sITI), variable reduction in stimulus duration (sSD), and extended delay to stimulus presentation (10-s ITI). Initially, performance of a large (> 80) cohort of rats in each task variant was conducted to examine performance stability over repeated challenge sessions, and to identify subgroups of "high" and "low" attentive rats (sITI and sSD schedules), and "high" and "low" impulsives (10-s ITI). Using an adaptive sequential study design, the effects of AMP, MPH, ATX, and NIC were examined and contrasting profiles noted across the tests. Both AMP (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and MPH (1-6 mg/kg) improved attentional performance in the sITI but not sSD or 10-s ITI condition, NIC (0.05-0.2 mg/kg) improved accuracy across all conditions. ATX (0.1-1 mg/kg) detrimentally affected performance in the sITI and sSD condition, notably in "high" performers. In tests of impulsive action, ATX reduced premature responses notably in the 10-s ITI condition, and also reduced false alarms in Go/NoGo. Both AMP and NIC increased premature responses in all task variants, although AMP reduced false alarms highlighting differences between these two measures of impulsive action. The effect of MPH was mixed and appeared baseline dependent. ATX reduced break point for food reinforcement suggesting a detrimental effect on motivation for primary reward. Taken together these studies highlight differences between AMP, MPH, and ATX which may translate to their clinical profiles. NIC had the most reliable effect on attentional accuracy, whereas ATX was reliably effective against all tests of impulsive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- Intervivo Solutions, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hanna Lindgren
- Discovery Research, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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177
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Bie P, Debrabant B. Gonadal sex and animal experimentation: Perfection vs. 3R principle? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 127:111-119. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Birgit Debrabant
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
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178
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Hosseini M, Gordijn B. A review of the literature on ethical issues related to scientific authorship. Account Res 2020; 27:284-324. [PMID: 32243214 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2020.1750957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The article at hand presents the results of a literature review on the ethical issues related to scientific authorship. These issues are understood as questions and/or concerns about obligations, values or virtues in relation to reporting, authorship and publication of research results. For this purpose, the Web of Science core collection was searched for English resources published between 1945 and 2018, and a total of 324 items were analyzed. Based on the review of the documents, ten ethical themes have been identified, some of which entail several ethical issues. Ranked on the basis of their frequency of occurrence these themes are: 1) attribution, 2) violations of the norms of authorship, 3) bias, 4) responsibility and accountability, 5) authorship order, 6) citations and referencing, 7) definition of authorship, 8) publication strategy, 9) originality, and 10) sanctions. In mapping these themes, the current article explores major ethical issue and provides a critical discussion about the application of codes of conduct, various understandings of culture, and contributing factors to unethical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosseini
- Institute of Ethics, School of Theology, Philosophy and Music, Dublin City University , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bert Gordijn
- Institute of Ethics, School of Theology, Philosophy and Music, Dublin City University , Dublin, Ireland
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179
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Vollert J, Schenker E, Macleod M, Bespalov A, Wuerbel H, Michel M, Dirnagl U, Potschka H, Waldron AM, Wever K, Steckler T, van de Casteele T, Altevogt B, Sil A, Rice ASC. Systematic review of guidelines for internal validity in the design, conduct and analysis of preclinical biomedical experiments involving laboratory animals. BMJ OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 4:e100046. [PMID: 35047688 PMCID: PMC8647591 DOI: 10.1136/bmjos-2019-100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, awareness of the negative repercussions of flaws in the planning, conduct and reporting of preclinical research involving experimental animals has been growing. Several initiatives have set out to increase transparency and internal validity of preclinical studies, mostly publishing expert consensus and experience. While many of the points raised in these various guidelines are identical or similar, they differ in detail and rigour. Most of them focus on reporting, only few of them cover the planning and conduct of studies. The aim of this systematic review is to identify existing experimental design, conduct, analysis and reporting guidelines relating to preclinical animal research. A systematic search in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science retrieved 13 863 unique results. After screening these on title and abstract, 613 papers entered the full-text assessment stage, from which 60 papers were retained. From these, we extracted unique 58 recommendations on the planning, conduct and reporting of preclinical animal studies. Sample size calculations, adequate statistical methods, concealed and randomised allocation of animals to treatment, blinded outcome assessment and recording of animal flow through the experiment were recommended in more than half of the publications. While we consider these recommendations to be valuable, there is a striking lack of experimental evidence on their importance and relative effect on experiments and effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vollert
- Pain Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Esther Schenker
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, Île-de-France, France
| | - Malcolm Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Anton Bespalov
- Partnership for Assessment and Accreditation of Scientific Practice, Heidelberg, Germany
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First State Medical University of Saint Petersburg, Sankt Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Hanno Wuerbel
- Division of Animal Welfare, Vetsuisse Faculty, VPH Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Michel
- Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Ann-Marie Waldron
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Kimberley Wever
- Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Annesha Sil
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andrew S C Rice
- Pain Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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180
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Clinton SK, Giovannucci EL, Hursting SD. The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: Impact and Future Directions. J Nutr 2020; 150:663-671. [PMID: 31758189 PMCID: PMC7317613 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: A Global Perspective by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) represents the most comprehensive, detailed, and objective analysis of the accumulated research in the discipline. The report provides a framework for public health efforts around the globe by governments and other organizations with the goal of significantly reducing the burden of cancer, enhancing health, and improving quality of life for cancer survivors. Coupled with the WCRF/AICR Continuous Update Panel reports on specific cancers, these efforts also provide guidance to healthcare practitioners engaged in counseling individuals who may benefit from diet and lifestyle changes. Most critically, this report defines priorities for future research efforts that will improve the evidence base of future recommendations both for population-based public health efforts and increasingly for more personalized strategies targeting individuals who are cancer survivors or at risk due to genetic predisposition or carcinogenic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Address correspondence to SKC (e-mail: )
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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181
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Silva JCS, Bernardes MVADS, Melo FL, Sá MPBO, Carvalho BM. Praziquantel versus praziquantel associated with immunomodulators in mice infected with schistosoma mansoni: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105359. [PMID: 31987779 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Carla Serafim Silva
- Faculty of Medical Sciences - University of Pernambuco (FCM/UPE), Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310, Santo Amaro, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, CEP: 50.100-130
| | | | - Fábio Lopes Melo
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Campus da UFPE - Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, CEP 50.670-420
| | - Michel Pompeu Barros Oliveira Sá
- Faculty of Medical Sciences - University of Pernambuco (FCM/UPE), Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310, Santo Amaro, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, CEP: 50.100-130
| | - Bruno Melo Carvalho
- Faculty of Medical Sciences - University of Pernambuco (FCM/UPE), Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310, Santo Amaro, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, CEP: 50.100-130; Institute of Biological Sciences - University of Pernambuco (ICB/UPE), Rua Arnóbio Marques, 310, Santo Amaro, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. CEP: 50.100-130.
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182
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Bahlouli W, Breton J, Lelouard M, L'Huillier C, Tirelle P, Salameh E, Amamou A, Atmani K, Goichon A, Bôle-Feysot C, Ducrotté P, Ribet D, Déchelotte P, Coëffier M. Stress-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction is exacerbated during diet-induced obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 81:108382. [PMID: 32417626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are two major public health issues. Interestingly previous data report a marked increase of IBS prevalence in morbid obese subjects compared with non-obese subjects but underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Obesity and IBS share common intestinal pathophysiological mechanisms such as gut dysbiosis, intestinal hyperpermeability and low-grade inflammatory response. We thus aimed to evaluate the link between obesity and IBS using different animal models. Male C57Bl/6 mice received high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and were then submitted to water avoidance stress (WAS). In response to WAS, HFD mice exhibited higher intestinal permeability and plasma corticosterone concentration than non-obese mice. We were not able to reproduce a similar response both in ob/ob mice and in leptin-treated non-obese mice. In addition, metformin, a hypoglycemic agent, limited fasting glycaemia both in unstressed and WAS diet-induced obese mice but only partially restored colonic permeability in unstressed HFD mice. Metformin failed to improve intestinal permeability in WAS HFD mice. Finally, cecal microbiota transplantation from HFD mice in antibiotics-treated recipient mice did not reproduce the effects observed in stressed HFD mice. In conclusion, stress induced a more marked intestinal barrier dysfunction in diet-induced obese mice compared with non-obese mice that seems to be independent of leptin, glycaemia and gut microbiota. These data should be further confirmed and the role of the dietary composition should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Bahlouli
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Mauranne Lelouard
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Clément L'Huillier
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Pauline Tirelle
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Emmeline Salameh
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Asma Amamou
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Karim Atmani
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Alexis Goichon
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Christine Bôle-Feysot
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Ducrotté
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France; Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - David Ribet
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France; Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073 "Nutrition, inflammation and gut-brain axis", 76183 Rouen, France; Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), UNIROUEN, 76183 Rouen, France; Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France.
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183
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Keehan KH, Gaffney MC, Zucker IH. CORP: Assessing author compliance with data presentation guidelines for manuscript figures. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1051-H1058. [PMID: 32196356 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00071.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to address the concern that author compliance with American Physiological Society (APS) journal instructions to authors for data presentation in manuscript figures is inadequate. Common instances of noncompliance are omitted molecular weight markers for immunoblots and bar graphs lacking individual data points. The American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology (AJP-Heart and Circ) editorial team designed a program to assess figure data presentation in submitted manuscripts. The intended outcome was to improve author compliance with APS data presentation guidelines and to improve overall rigor and reproducibility in articles published in AJP-Heart and Circ. The AJP-Heart and Circ team invited 37 peer reviewers to participate in a figure reviewer project (FRp). Over a period of five months, 32 first-revision manuscripts were enrolled in the FRp. Each manuscript was reviewed by the original peer reviewers and an additional figure reviewer (FR). Post-peer review, corresponding authors and FRs were surveyed for insight into their experiences. Of the 32 corresponding authors invited, 20 (63%) responded to the survey. In response to the survey, 100% of respondents stated that peer review was performed in a timely fashion despite the additional FR. When asked whether the FR experience had any effect on how one would present data in manuscript figures in future submissions, 65% of authors and 83% of FRs said yes. In addition, 63% of authors responding agreed that the overall quality of their figures was improved after revising based on FR comments. This exercise resulted in improved compliance with APS data presentation guidelines and changed attitudes among both authors and reviewers as to the need for consistent and clear data presentation in manuscript figures.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The goal of the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology figure reviewer program was to improve author compliance with existing APS data presentation instructions for manuscript figures. The result was an improvement in compliance with these guidelines. Time from submission to final decision did not significantly increase for papers with the additional figure reviewer, and both figure reviewers and corresponding authors reported positive feedback in post-program surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Hansell Keehan
- American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, American Physiological Society, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michelle C Gaffney
- American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, American Physiological Society, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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184
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Abstract
The recent discussion on the reproducibility of scientific results is
particularly relevant for preclinical research with animal models. Within
certain areas of preclinical research, there exists the tradition of repeating
an experiment at least twice to demonstrate replicability. If the results of the
first two experiments do not agree, then the experiment might be repeated a
third time. Sometimes data of one representative experiment are shown; sometimes
data from different experiments are pooled. However, there are hardly any
guidelines about how to plan for such an experimental design or how to report
the results obtained. This article provides a thorough statistical analysis of
pre-planned experimental replications as they are currently often applied in
practice and gives some recommendations about how to improve on study design and
statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Frommlet
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Medical Statistics, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Heinze
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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185
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Jankovic SM, Masic I. Evaluation of Preclinical and Clinical Studies Published in Medical Journals of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Methodology Issues. Acta Inform Med 2020; 28:4-11. [PMID: 32210508 PMCID: PMC7085328 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2020.28.4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Results of preclinical and clinical studies in medicine could be trusted only if their design and statistical analysis were appropriate. AIM The aim of our study was to investigate whether preclinical and clinical studies published in medical journals of Bosnia and Herzegovina satisfy basic requirements for appropriate design and statistical interpretation of data. METHODS Preclinical and clinical studies published in medical journals of Bosnia and Herzegovina were retrieved from the PubMed database, and the sample for analysis was randomly chosen from the retrieved publications. Implementation rate of basic principles of experimental design (local control, randomization and replication) and rate of the most common errors in design of clinical/observational studies was established by careful reading of the sampled publications and their checking against predefined criteria. RESULTS Our study showed that only a minority of experimental preclinical studies had basic principles of design completely implemented (7%), while implementation rate of single aspects of appropriate experimental design varied from as low as 12% to as high as 77%. Only one of the clinical/observational studies had none of the errors searched for (2%), and specific errors rates varied from 10% to 89%. Average impact factor of the surveyed studies was around one, and average publication date recent, less than 5 years ago. CONCLUSION Prevalence of preclinical studies that did not follow completely basic principles of research design, and that of clinical/observational studies with errors are high, raising suspicion to validity of their results. If incorrect and not protected against bias, results of published studies may adversely influence future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izet Masic
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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186
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Witowski J, Sikorska D, Rudolf A, Miechowicz I, Kamhieh-Milz J, Jörres A, Bręborowicz A. Quality of design and reporting of animal research in peritoneal dialysis: A scoping review. Perit Dial Int 2020; 40:394-404. [PMID: 32063215 DOI: 10.1177/0896860819896148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerns about reproducibility and validity of animal studies are partly related to poor experimental design and reporting. Here, we undertook a scoping review of the literature to determine the extent and quality of reporting of animal studies on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Online databases were searched to identify 567 relevant original articles published between 1979 and 2018. These were analyzed with respect to bibliographic parameters and general aspects of animal experimentation. A subgroup of 120 studies was analyzed in detail in terms of the impact on the reporting quality of the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines for animal studies. The number of animal studies on PD increased continuously over the years with a thematic shift toward long-term preservation of the peritoneum as a dialyzing organ. There were significant deficiencies in research design with the lack of sample size estimation, randomization, and blinding being the commonest shortcomings. The description of animal numbers, housing conditions, use of medication, and statistical analysis was incomplete. The introduction in 2010 of the ARRIVE guidelines produced very little improvement in the completeness of reporting regardless of journal impact factor. The animal studies on PD suffer from deficits in experimental protocols and transparent reporting. These drawbacks need to be corrected to ensure high-quality and much-needed animal research in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Witowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota Sikorska
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - András Rudolf
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Miechowicz
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Julian Kamhieh-Milz
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Jörres
- Department of Medicine I, Nephrology, Transplantation and Medical Intensive Care, University Witten/Herdecke, Medical Center Cologne-Merheim, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrzej Bręborowicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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187
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Rauch G, Hafermann L, Mansmann U, Pigeot I. Comprehensive survey among statistical members of medical ethics committees in Germany on their personal impression of completeness and correctness of biostatistical aspects of submitted study protocols. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e032864. [PMID: 32024788 PMCID: PMC7044913 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess biostatistical quality of study protocols submitted to German medical ethics committees according to personal appraisal of their statistical members. DESIGN We conducted a web-based survey among biostatisticians who have been active as members in German medical ethics committees during the past 3 years. SETTING The study population was identified by a comprehensive web search on websites of German medical ethics committees. PARTICIPANTS The final list comprised 86 eligible persons. In total, 57 (66%) completed the survey. QUESTIONNAIRE The first item checked whether the inclusion criterion was met. The last item assessed satisfaction with the survey. Four items aimed to characterise the medical ethics committee in terms of type and location, one item asked for the urgency of biostatistical training addressed to the medical investigators. The main 2×12 items reported an individual assessment of the quality of biostatistical aspects in the submitted study protocols, while distinguishing studies according to the German Medicines Act (AMG)/German Act on Medical Devices (MPG) and studies non-regulated by these laws. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The individual assessment of the quality of biostatistical aspects corresponds to the primary objective. Thus, participants were asked to complete the sentence 'In x% of the submitted study protocols, the following problem occurs', where 12 different statistical problems were formulated. All other items assess secondary endpoints. RESULTS For all biostatistical aspects, 45 of 49 (91.8%) participants judged the quality of AMG/MPG study protocols much better than that of 'non-regulated' studies. The latter are in median affected 20%-60% more often by statistical problems. The highest need for training was reported for sample size calculation, missing values and multiple comparison procedures. CONCLUSIONS Biostatisticians being active in German medical ethics committees classify the biostatistical quality of study protocols as low for 'non-regulated' studies, whereas quality is much better for AMG/MPG studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Rauch
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorena Hafermann
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mansmann
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Iris Pigeot
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute of Statistics, Bremen, Germany
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188
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Enes BN, Moreira LPD, Silva BP, Grancieri M, Lúcio HG, Venâncio VP, Mertens-Talcott SU, Rosa COB, Martino HSD. Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) effects and their molecular mechanisms on unbalanced diet experimental studies: A systematic review. J Food Sci 2020; 85:226-239. [PMID: 31972052 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to compile evidence and understand chia seed effects on unbalanced diet animal studies and the molecular mechanisms on metabolic biomarker modulation. A systematic review was conducted in electronic databases, following PRISMA recommendations. Risk of bias and quality was assessed using SYRCLE toll and ARRIVE guidelines. Seventeen articles were included. Throughout the studies, chia's main effects are associated with AMPK modulation: improvement of glucose and insulin tolerance, lipogenesis, antioxidant activity, and inflammation. Details about randomization and allocation concealment were insufficient, as well as information about blind protocols. Sample size, chia dose, and number of animals evaluated for each parameter were found to be lacking information among the studies. Based on experimental study data, chia has bioactive potential, and its daily consumption may reduce the risk of chronic disease development, mainly due to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects of the seed. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The consumption of chia seeds may improve lipid profile, insulin and glucose tolerance, and reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Whole seed or its oil presents positive effect, but the effects of chia oil can act faster than the seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara N Enes
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Luiza P D Moreira
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara P Silva
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Grancieri
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Haira G Lúcio
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Vinícius P Venâncio
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Carla O B Rosa
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Hércia S D Martino
- Dept. of Nutrition and Health, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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Marshall KM, Kanczler JM, Oreffo ROC. Evolving applications of the egg: chorioallantoic membrane assay and ex vivo organotypic culture of materials for bone tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420942734. [PMID: 33194169 PMCID: PMC7594486 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420942734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The chick chorioallantoic membrane model has been around for over a century, applied in angiogenic, oncology, dental and xenograft research. Despite its often perceived archaic, redolent history, the chorioallantoic membrane assay offers new and exciting opportunities for material and growth factor evaluation in bone tissue engineering. Currently, superior/improved experimental methodology for the chorioallantoic membrane assay are difficult to identify, given an absence of scientific consensus in defining experimental approaches, including timing of inoculation with materials and the analysis of results. In addition, critically, regulatory and welfare issues impact upon experimental designs. Given such disparate points, this review details recent research using the ex vivo chorioallantoic membrane assay and the ex vivo organotypic culture to advance the field of bone tissue engineering, and highlights potential areas of improvement for their application based on recent developments within our group and the tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Marshall
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Janos M Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard OC Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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190
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Ramirez FD, Jung RG, Motazedian P, Perry-Nguyen D, Di Santo P, MacDonald Z, Clancy AA, Labinaz A, Promislow S, Simard T, Provencher S, Bonnet S, Graham ID, Wells GA, Hibbert B. Journal Initiatives to Enhance Preclinical Research: Analyses of Stroke, Nature Medicine, Science Translational Medicine. Stroke 2020; 51:291-299. [PMID: 31718504 PMCID: PMC6924942 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.026564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Preclinical research using animals often informs clinical trials. However, its value is dependent on its scientific validity and reproducibility, which are, in turn, dependent on rigorous study design and reporting. In 2011, Stroke introduced a Basic Science Checklist to enhance the reporting and methodology of its preclinical studies. Except for Nature and Science journals, few others have implemented similar initiatives. We sought to estimate the impact of these journal interventions on the quality of their published reports. Methods- All articles published in Stroke, Nature Medicine, and Science Translational Medicine over 9 to 18 years and in 2 control journals without analogous interventions over a corresponding 11.5 years were reviewed to identify reports of experiments in nonhuman mammals with proposed clinical relevance. The effect of journal interventions on the reporting and use of key study design elements was estimated via interrupted time-series analyses. Results- Of 33 009 articles screened, 4162 studies met inclusion criteria. In the 3.5 to 12 years preceding each journal's intervention, the proportions of studies reporting and using key study design elements were stable except for blinding in Stroke and randomization in Science Translational Medicine, which were both increasing. Post-intervention, abrupt and often marked increases were seen in the reporting of randomization status (level change: +17% to +44%, P≤0.005), blinding (level change: +20% to +40%, P≤0.008), and sample size estimation (level change: 0% to +40%, P≤0.002 in 2 journals). Significant but more modest improvements in the use of these study design elements were also observed. These improvements were not seen in control journals. Conclusions- Journal interventions such as Stroke's author submission checklist can meaningfully improve the quality of published preclinical research and should be considered to enhance study transparency and design. However, such interventions are alone insufficient to fully address widespread shortcomings in preclinical research practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Daniel Ramirez
- From the Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., P.D.S., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., P.D.S., A.L., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R., P.D.S., I.D.G., G.A.W.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Electrophysiology and Ablation Unit, Hôpital cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-Pessac, France (F.D.R.)
- L’Institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque (LIRYC), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-Pessac, France (F.D.R.)
| | - Richard G. Jung
- CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., P.D.S., A.L., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., A.L., T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (R.G.J., T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine (R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., Z.M.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pouya Motazedian
- CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., P.D.S., A.L., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., A.L., T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine (R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., Z.M.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, AB, Canada (P.M.)
| | - Dylan Perry-Nguyen
- CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., P.D.S., A.L., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., A.L., T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine (R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., Z.M.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pietro Di Santo
- From the Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., P.D.S., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., P.D.S., A.L., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R., P.D.S., I.D.G., G.A.W.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary MacDonald
- Faculty of Medicine (R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., Z.M.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine (Z.M.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aisling A. Clancy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.A.C.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (A.A.C.)
| | - Alisha Labinaz
- CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., P.D.S., A.L., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., A.L., T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Science (A.L.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Promislow
- From the Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., P.D.S., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., P.D.S., A.L., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor Simard
- From the Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., P.D.S., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., P.D.S., A.L., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., A.L., T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (R.G.J., T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (S. Provencher, S.B.), Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Department of Medicine (S. Provencher, S.B.), Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (S. Provencher, S.B.), Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Department of Medicine (S. Provencher, S.B.), Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Ian D. Graham
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R., P.D.S., I.D.G., G.A.W.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ON, Canada (I.D.G.)
| | - George A. Wells
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre (G.A.W.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health (F.D.R., P.D.S., I.D.G., G.A.W.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Hibbert
- From the Division of Cardiology (F.D.R., P.D.S., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- CAPITAL Research Group (F.D.R., R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., P.D.S., A.L., S. Promislow, T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Vascular Biology and Experimental Medicine Laboratory (R.G.J., P.M., D.P.-N., A.L., T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (R.G.J., T.S., B.H.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Zeiss CJ, Shin D, Vander Wyk B, Beck AP, Zatz N, Sneiderman CA, Kilicoglu H. Menagerie: A text-mining tool to support animal-human translation in neurodegeneration research. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226176. [PMID: 31846471 PMCID: PMC6917268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery studies in animals constitute a cornerstone of biomedical research, but suffer from lack of generalizability to human populations. We propose that large-scale interrogation of these data could reveal patterns of animal use that could narrow the translational divide. We describe a text-mining approach that extracts translationally useful data from PubMed abstracts. These comprise six modules: species, model, genes, interventions/disease modifiers, overall outcome and functional outcome measures. Existing National Library of Medicine natural language processing tools (SemRep, GNormPlus and the Chemical annotator) underpin the program and are further augmented by various rules, term lists, and machine learning models. Evaluation of the program using a 98-abstract test set achieved F1 scores ranging from 0.75-0.95 across all modules, and exceeded F1 scores obtained from comparable baseline programs. Next, the program was applied to a larger 14,481 abstract data set (2008-2017). Expected and previously identified patterns of species and model use for the field were obtained. As previously noted, the majority of studies reported promising outcomes. Longitudinal patterns of intervention type or gene mentions were demonstrated, and patterns of animal model use characteristic of the Parkinson's disease field were confirmed. The primary function of the program is to overcome low external validity of animal model systems by aggregating evidence across a diversity of models that capture different aspects of a multifaceted cellular process. Some aspects of the tool are generalizable, whereas others are field-specific. In the initial version presented here, we demonstrate proof of concept within a single disease area, Parkinson's disease. However, the program can be expanded in modular fashion to support a wider range of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J. Zeiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dongwook Shin
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brent Vander Wyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amanda P. Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Natalie Zatz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Sneiderman
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Halil Kilicoglu
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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193
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Hirsch C, Schildknecht S. In Vitro Research Reproducibility: Keeping Up High Standards. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1484. [PMID: 31920667 PMCID: PMC6916005 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Concern regarding the reproducibility of observations in life science research has emerged in recent years, particularly in view of unfavorable experiences with preclinical in vivo research. The use of cell-based systems has increasingly replaced in vivo research and the application of in vitro models enjoys an ever-growing popularity. To avoid repeating past mistakes, high standards of reproducibility and reliability must be established and maintained in the field of in vitro biomedical research. Detailed guidance documenting the appropriate handling of cells has been authored, but was received with quite disparate perception by different branches in biomedical research. In that regard, we intend to raise awareness of the reproducibility issue among scientists in all branches of contemporary life science research and their individual responsibility in this matter. We have herein compiled a selection of the most susceptible steps of everyday in vitro cell culture routines that have the potential to influence cell quality and recommend practices to minimize the likelihood of poor cell quality impairing reproducibility with modest investment of time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Hirsch
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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194
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Zhuang Z, Wang ZH, Deng LH, Zheng Q, Zheng GQ, Wang Y. Astragaloside IV Exerts Cardioprotection in Animal Models of Viral Myocarditis: A Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1388. [PMID: 31849654 PMCID: PMC6892970 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), the essential active component of astragalus, possesses diverse biological activities that have beneficial effects against cardiovascular disease. Here, we conducted a preclinical systematic review of 15 studies including 577 animals to establish the efficacy and potential mechanisms of AS-IV for animal models of viral myocarditis (VM). Six databases were searched from inception to October 2018. Application of the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool 10-item checklist and Rev-Man 5.3 software to analyze risk of bias of studies and data on outcome measures revealed study quality scores ranging from 2 to 5. Compared with the control group, AS-IV induced a marked decrease in mortality (P < 0.05), inflammation of myocardium and pathological score (P< 0.05) and cardiac enzymes expression (P< 0.05), and improved the function of the heart (P< 0.05). The potential mechanisms of AS-IV action were determined as anti-remodeling of myocardium (n = 1), anti-virus (n = 2), antioxidant (n = 2), anti-inflammatory (n = 6), anti-apoptosis (n = 1) and alleviation of myocardial fibrosis (n = 2). The collective results indicate that AS-IV exerts cardioprotective effects in animals with VM via multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zi-Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li-Hui Deng
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qun Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Integrative Medicine of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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195
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Hooijmans CR, Draper D, Ergün M, Scheffer GJ. The effect of analgesics on stimulus evoked pain-like behaviour in animal models for chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy- a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17549. [PMID: 31772391 PMCID: PMC6879539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy induced painful peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common dose-limiting side effect of several chemotherapeutic agents. Despite large amounts of human and animal studies, there is no sufficiently effective pharmacological treatment for CIPN. Although reducing pain is often a focus of CIPN treatment, remarkably few analgesics have been tested for this indication in clinical trials. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses regarding the effects of analgesics on stimulus evoked pain-like behaviour during CIPN in animal models. This will form a scientific basis for the development of prospective human clinical trials. A comprehensive search identified forty-six studies. Risk of bias (RoB) analyses revealed that the design and conduct of the included experiments were poorly reported, and therefore RoB was unclear in most studies. Meta-analyses showed that administration of analgesics significantly increases pain threshold for mechanical (SMD: 1.68 [1.41; 1.82]) and cold (SMD: 1. 41 [0.99; 1.83]) evoked pain. Subgroup analyses revealed that dexmedetomidine, celecoxib, fentanyl, morphine, oxycodone and tramadol increased the pain threshold for mechanically evoked pain, and lidocaine and morphine for cold evoked pain. Altogether, this meta-analysis shows that there is ground to investigate the use of morphine in clinical trials. Lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, celecoxib, fentanyl, oxycodone and tramadol might be good alternatives, but more animal-based research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn R Hooijmans
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department for Health Evidence unit SYRCLE, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Derk Draper
- Department for Health Evidence unit SYRCLE, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Ergün
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Scheffer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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196
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Drummond G. A world beyond P: policies, strategies, tactics and advice. Exp Physiol 2019; 105:13-16. [PMID: 31675153 DOI: 10.1113/ep088040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A short review of the changing approach to statistics' contribution to the conduct of physiological experiments, with suggestions for further changes and better practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Drummond
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
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197
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Keubler LM, Hoppe N, Potschka H, Talbot SR, Vollmar B, Zechner D, Häger C, Bleich A. Where are we heading? Challenges in evidence-based severity assessment. Lab Anim 2019; 54:50-62. [PMID: 31718424 DOI: 10.1177/0023677219877216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based severity assessment in laboratory animals is, apart from the ethical responsibility, imperative to generate reproducible, standardized and valid data. However, the path towards a valid study design determining the degree of pain, distress and suffering experienced by the animal is lined with pitfalls and obstacles as we will elucidate in this review. Furthermore, we will ponder on the genesis of a holistic concept relying on multifactorial composite scales. These have to combine robust and reliable parameters to measure the multidimensional aspects that define the severity of animal experiments, generating a basis for the substantiation of the refinement principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Keubler
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Nils Hoppe
- Centre for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Germany
| | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Häger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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198
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Bauer TW, Bechtold JE, Swiontkowski MF. JBJS Will Require Adherence to ARRIVE Guidelines for Animal Research to Reduce Bias and Improve Quality of Reporting. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2019; 101:1891-1893. [PMID: 31693522 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.19.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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199
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Robinson NB, Krieger K, Khan FM, Huffman W, Chang M, Naik A, Yongle R, Hameed I, Krieger K, Girardi LN, Gaudino M. The current state of animal models in research: A review. Int J Surg 2019; 72:9-13. [PMID: 31627013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Animal models have provided invaluable information in the pursuit of medical knowledge and alleviation of human suffering. The foundations of our basic understanding of disease pathophysiology and human anatomy can largely be attributed to preclinical investigations using various animal models. Recently, however, the scientific community, citing concerns about animal welfare as well as the validity and applicability of outcomes, has called the use of animals in research into question. In this review, we seek to summarize the current state of the use of animal models in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bryce Robinson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Katherine Krieger
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Faiza M Khan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - William Huffman
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Michelle Chang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ajita Naik
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ruan Yongle
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Irbaz Hameed
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Karl Krieger
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Leonard N Girardi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Abstract
Nonclinical studies form the basis for the decision whether to take a therapeutic candidate into the clinic. These studies need to exhibit translational robustness for both ethical and economic reasons. Key findings confirmed in multiple species have a greater chance to also occur in humans. Given the heterogeneity of patient populations, preclinical studies or at least programs comprising multiple studies need to reflect such heterogeneity, e.g., regarding strains, sex, age, and comorbidities of experimental animals. However, introducing such heterogeneity requires larger studies/programs to maintain statistical power in the face of greater variability. In addition to classic sources of bias, e.g., related to lack of randomization and concealment, translational studies face specific sources of potential bias such as that introduced by a model that may not reflect the full spectrum of underlying pathophysiology in patients, that defined by timing of treatment, or that implied in dosing decisions and interspecies differences in pharmacokinetic profiles. The balance of all these factors needs to be considered carefully for each study and program.
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