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Amso D, Lynn A. Distinctive Mechanisms of Adversity and Socioeconomic Inequality in Child Development: A Review and Recommendations for Evidence-Based Policy. POLICY INSIGHTS FROM THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES 2017; 4:139-146. [PMID: 30345346 PMCID: PMC6192058 DOI: 10.1177/2372732217721933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review proposes separate and distinct biological mechanisms for the effects of adversity, more commonly experienced in poverty, and socioeconomic status (SES) on child development. Adversity affects brain and cognitive development through the biological stress response, which confers risk for pathology. Critically, we argue that a different mechanism, enrichment, shapes differences in brain and cognitive development across the SES spectrum. Distinguishing between adversity and SES allows for precise, evidence-based policy recommendations. We offer recommendations designed to ensure equity in children's experiences to help narrow the achievement gap and promote intergenerational mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima Amso
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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152
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Neural substrates of trait impulsivity, anhedonia, and irritability: Mechanisms of heterotypic comorbidity between externalizing disorders and unipolar depression. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 28:1177-1208. [PMID: 27739396 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Trait impulsivity, which is often defined as a strong preference for immediate over delayed rewards and results in behaviors that are socially inappropriate, maladaptive, and short-sighted, is a predisposing vulnerability to all externalizing spectrum disorders. In contrast, anhedonia is characterized by chronically low motivation and reduced capacity to experience pleasure, and is common to depressive disorders. Although externalizing and depressive disorders have virtually nonoverlapping diagnostic criteria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, heterotypic comorbidity between them is common. Here, we review common neural substrates of trait impulsivity, anhedonia, and irritability, which include both low tonic mesolimbic dopamine activity and low phasic mesolimbic dopamine responding to incentives during reward anticipation and associative learning. We also consider how other neural networks, including bottom-up emotion generation systems and top-down emotion regulation systems, interact with mesolimbic dysfunction to result in alternative manifestations of psychiatric illness. Finally, we present a model that emphasizes a translational, transdiagnostic approach to understanding externalizing/depression comorbidity. This model should refine ways in which internalizing and externalizing disorders are studied, classified, and treated.
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153
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Shapiro KA, Kim H, Mandelli ML, Rogers EE, Gano D, Ferriero DM, Barkovich AJ, Gorno-Tempini ML, Glass HC, Xu D. Early changes in brain structure correlate with language outcomes in children with neonatal encephalopathy. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 15:572-580. [PMID: 28924555 PMCID: PMC5593272 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Global patterns of brain injury correlate with motor, cognitive, and language outcomes in survivors of neonatal encephalopathy (NE). However, it is still unclear whether local changes in brain structure predict specific deficits. We therefore examined whether differences in brain structure at 6 months of age are associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in this population. We enrolled 32 children with NE, performed structural brain MR imaging at 6 months, and assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes at 30 months. All subjects underwent T1-weighted imaging at 3 T using a 3D IR-SPGR sequence. Images were normalized in intensity and nonlinearly registered to a template constructed specifically for this population, creating a deformation field map. We then used deformation based morphometry (DBM) to correlate variation in the local volume of gray and white matter with composite scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III) at 30 months. Our general linear model included gestational age, sex, birth weight, and treatment with hypothermia as covariates. Regional brain volume was significantly associated with language scores, particularly in perisylvian cortical regions including the left supramarginal gyrus, posterior superior and middle temporal gyri, and right insula, as well as inferior frontoparietal subcortical white matter. We did not find significant correlations between regional brain volume and motor or cognitive scale scores. We conclude that, in children with a history of NE, local changes in the volume of perisylvian gray and white matter at 6 months are correlated with language outcome at 30 months. Quantitative measures of brain volume on early MRI may help identify infants at risk for poor language outcomes. Global volume loss after neonatal brain injury results in poorer language outcome. Variability in language correlates specifically with left perisylvian brain volume. Changes in regional brain volume are not correlated with motor or cognitive outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Shapiro
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Hosung Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Dawn Gano
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - A James Barkovich
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Hannah C Glass
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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154
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Kayrouz N, Milne SL, McDonald JL. Social disadvantage and developmental diagnosis in pre-schoolers. J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53:563-568. [PMID: 28398695 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the association between social disadvantage and developmental diagnoses in pre-school children. METHODS Between 2012 and 2015, 845 pre-school children were assessed by the Child Assessment Team at Campbelltown Hospital. A social worker interviewed 469 families and these children were eligible for inclusion in the study. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was confirmed in 290 children. Of those without ASD, 72 did not have global developmental delay (GDD) and were excluded from the study. The remaining 107 children with GDD were used as the comparison group. Social risk factors in the two groups were compared using χ 2 tests. Variables with statistical significance were then entered into a logistic regression. RESULTS After logistic regression, children with ASD were more likely to be male (odds ratio (OR) 3.1, 95% CI 0.195-0.529; P < 0.001) and their parents were more likely to have a clinically significant stress score (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.334-0.992; P = 0.047). Children with GDD were more likely to live in a disadvantaged suburb (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.042-2.940; P = 0.034), more likely to have a sole parent (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.062-3.082; P = 0.029) and much more likely to have had involvement with child protection services (OR 3.9, 95% CI 2.044-7.416; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Children with GDD without autism were more likely to be disadvantaged and to have had contact with child protection services than children with ASD. This has implications for the assessment, early intervention and support services for children with disabilities and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Kayrouz
- The Child Assessment Team, Department of Community Paediatrics, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan L Milne
- The Child Assessment Team, Department of Community Paediatrics, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny L McDonald
- The Child Assessment Team, Department of Community Paediatrics, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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155
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Tomalski P, Marczuk K, Pisula E, Malinowska A, Kawa R, Niedźwiecka A. Chaotic home environment is associated with reduced infant processing speed under high task demands. Infant Behav Dev 2017; 48:124-133. [PMID: 28558876 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Early adversity has profound long-term consequences for child development across domains. The effects of early adversity on structural and functional brain development were shown for infants under 12 months of life. However, the causal mechanisms of these effects remain relatively unexplored. Using a visual habituation task we investigated whether chaotic home environment may affect processing speed in 5.5 month-old infants (n=71). We found detrimental effects of chaos on processing speed for complex but not for simple visual stimuli. No effects of socio-economic status on infant processing speed were found although the sample was predominantly middle class. Our results indicate that chaotic early environment may adversely affect processing speed in early infancy, but only when greater cognitive resources need to be deployed. The study highlights an attractive avenue for research on the mechanisms linking home environment with the development of attention control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Tomalski
- Neurocognitive Development Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karolina Marczuk
- Neurocognitive Development Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Pisula
- Rehabilitation Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Malinowska
- Neurocognitive Development Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Kawa
- Rehabilitation Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Niedźwiecka
- Neurocognitive Development Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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156
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Minh A, Muhajarine N, Janus M, Brownell M, Guhn M. A review of neighborhood effects and early child development: How, where, and for whom, do neighborhoods matter? Health Place 2017; 46:155-174. [PMID: 28528276 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a scoping review of 42 studies of neighborhood effects on developmental health for children ages 0-6, published between 2009 and 2014. It focuses on three themes: (1) theoretical mechanisms that drive early childhood development, i.e. how neighborhoods matter for early childhood development; (2) dependence of such mechanisms on place-based characteristics i.e. where neighborhood effects occur; (3) dependence of such mechanisms on child characteristics, i.e. for whom is development most affected. Given that ecological systems theories postulate diverse mechanisms via which neighborhood characteristics affect early child development, we specifically examine evidence on mediation and/or moderation effects. We conclude by discussing future challenges, and proposing recommendations for analyses that utilize ecological longitudinal population-based databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Minh
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
| | - Nazeem Muhajarine
- Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit, University of Saskatchewan, 3333 E-Wing, Health Sciences Building, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 2Z4
| | - Magdalena Janus
- The Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Marni Brownell
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 408-727 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3P5
| | - Martin Guhn
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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157
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Mlambo T, Jelsma J, Rusakaniko S, Dale N, Chingono A. Predictors of Zimbabwean children’s neuro-cognitive performance on the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude fourth edition (DTLA-4): Implications for policy, practice and research. WORLD FEDERATION OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS BULLETIN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14473828.2017.1315500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tecla Mlambo
- University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Simba Rusakaniko
- University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Naomi Dale
- University College of London, London, UK
| | - Alfred Chingono
- University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
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158
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Brito NH, Piccolo LR, Noble KG. Associations between cortical thickness and neurocognitive skills during childhood vary by family socioeconomic factors. Brain Cogn 2017; 116:54-62. [PMID: 28377043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported associations between cortical thickness (CT) and socioeconomic status (SES), as well as between CT and cognitive outcomes. However, findings have been mixed as to whether CT explains links between SES and cognitive performance. In the current study, we hypothesized that this inconsistency may have arisen from the fact that socioeconomic factors (family income and parental education) may moderate the relation between CT and neurocognitive skills. Results indicated that associations between CT and cognitive performance did vary by SES for both language and executive function (EF) abilities. Across all ages, there was a negative correlation between CT and cognitive skills, with thinner cortices associated with higher language and EF scores. Similarly, across all cognitive skills, children from higher-SES homes outperformed their age-matched peers from lower-SES homes. Moderation analyses indicated that the impact of SES was not constant across CT, with SES more strongly predictive of EF skills among children with thicker cortices and more strongly predictive of language skills among children with thinner cortices. This suggests that socioeconomic advantage may in some cases buffer against a neurobiological risk factor for poor performance. These findings suggest that links between brain structure and cognitive processes vary by family socioeconomic circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie H Brito
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Luciane R Piccolo
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Kimberly G Noble
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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159
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Chung WW, Hudziak JJ. The Transitional Age Brain: "The Best of Times and the Worst of Times". Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2017; 26:157-175. [PMID: 28314448 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there have been substantial developments in the understanding of brain development and the importance of environmental inputs and context. This paper focuses on the neurodevelopmental mismatch that occurs during the epoch we term the 'transitional age brain' (ages 13-25) and the collateral behavioral correlates. We summarize research findings supporting the argument that, because of this neurodevelopmental mismatch, transitional age youth are at high risk for engaging in behaviors that lead to negative outcomes, morbidity, and mortality. We highlight the need to develop new, neuroscience-inspired health promotion and illness prevention approaches for transitional age youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston W Chung
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Family, University of Vermont Medical Center, 1 South Prospect Street, Arnold 3, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA
| | - James J Hudziak
- University of Vermont College of Medicine and Medical Center, 1 South Prospect Street, Arnold 3, Burlington, Vermont 05401, USA.
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160
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Abstract
The future of medicine is discussed in the context of epigenetic influences during the entire life course and the lived experiences of each person, avoiding as much as possible the "medicalization" of the individual and taking a more humanistic view. The reciprocal communication between brain and body via the neuroendocrine, autonomic, metabolic and immune systems and the plasticity of brain architecture provide the basis for devising better "top down" interventions that engage the whole person in working towards his or her welfare. The life course perspective emphasizes the importance of intervening early in life to prevent adverse early life experiences, including the effects of poverty, that can have lifelong consequences, referred to as "biological embedding". In the spirit of integrative, humanistic medicine, treatments that "open windows of plasticity" allow targeted behavioral interventions to redirect brain and body functions and behavior in healthier directions. Policies of government and the private sector, particularly at the local, community level, can create a supporting environment for such interventions. See "Common Ground for Health: Personalized, Precision and Social Medicine McEwen & Getz - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRy_uUWyrEw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065.
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161
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Abstract
This article reviews evidence that trait impulsivity-expressed early in life as the hyperactive-impulsive and combined presentations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-is a bottom-up, subcortically mediated vulnerability to all externalizing disorders. This vulnerability arises from deficient mesolimbic dopamine responding, which imbues psychological states (irritability, discontentment) that motivate excessive approach behavior (hyperactivity, impulsivity). Through complex interactions with (a) aversive motivational states that arise from largely independent subcortical systems, (b) emotion regulatory mechanisms that arise from top-down, cortical modulation of subcortical neural function, and (c) environmental risk factors that shape and maintain emotion dysregulation, trait impulsivity confers vulnerability to increasingly severe externalizing behaviors across development. This perspective highlights the importance of identifying transdiagnostic neural vulnerabilities to psychopathology; dovetails with the hierarchical, latent structure of psychopathology; and suggests that progression along the externalizing spectrum is an ontogenic process whereby a common, multifactorially inherited trait interacts with endogenous and exogenous influences to yield increasingly intractable externalizing behaviors across development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aimee R Zisner
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; ,
| | - Colin L Sauder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229;
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162
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On the relationship between head circumference, brain size, prenatal long-chain PUFA/5-methyltetrahydrofolate supplementation and cognitive abilities during childhood. Br J Nutr 2017; 122:S40-S48. [PMID: 28351446 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Head circumference in infants has been reported to predict brain size, total grey matter volume (GMV) and neurocognitive development. However, it is unknown whether it has predictive value on regional and subcortical brain volumes. We aimed to explore the relationship between several head circumference measurements since birth and distributions of GMV and subcortical volumes at later childhood. We examined seventy-four, Caucasian, singleton, term-born infants born to mothers randomised to receive fish oil and/or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate or placebo prenatal supplementation. We assessed head circumference at birth and at 4 and 10 years of age and cognitive abilities at 7 years of age. We obtained brain MRI at 10 years of age, on which we performed voxel-based morphometry, cortical surface extraction and subcortical segmentation. Analyses were controlled for sex, age, height, weight, family status, laterality and total intracranial volume. Prenatal supplementation did not affect head circumference at any age, cognitive abilities or total brain volumes. Head circumference at 4 years presented the highest correlation with total GMV, white matter volume and brain surface area, and was also strongly associated with GMV of frontal, temporal and occipital areas, as well as with caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen and thalamus volumes. As relationships between brain volumes in childhood and several outcomes extend into adulthood, we have found that ages between 0 and 4 years as the optimal time for brain growth; postnatal factors might have the most relevant impact on structural maturation of certain cortical areas and subcortical nuclei, independent of prenatal supplementation.
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163
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Goldfeld S, Price A, Bryson H, Bruce T, Mensah F, Orsini F, Gold L, Hiscock H, Smith C, Bishop L, Jackson D, Kemp L. 'right@home': a randomised controlled trial of sustained nurse home visiting from pregnancy to child age 2 years, versus usual care, to improve parent care, parent responsivity and the home learning environment at 2 years. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013307. [PMID: 28320789 PMCID: PMC5372045 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION By the time children start school, inequities in learning, development and health outcomes are already evident. Sustained nurse home visiting (SNHV) offers a potential platform for families experiencing adversity, who often have limited access to services. While SNHV programmes have been growing in popularity in Australia and internationally, it is not known whether they can improve children's learning and development when offered via the Australian service system. The right@home trial aims to investigate the effectiveness of an SNHV programme, offered to women from pregnancy to child age 2 years, in improving parent care of and responsivity to the child, and the home learning environment. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Pregnant Australian women (n=722) are identified after completing a screening survey of 10 factors known to predict children's learning and development (eg, young pregnancy, poor mental or physical health, lack of support). Consenting women-surveyed while attending clinics at 10 hospitals in Victoria and Tasmania-are enrolled if they report having 2 or more risk factors. The intervention comprises 25 home visits from pregnancy to 2 years, focusing on parent care of the child, responsivity to the child and providing a good quality home learning environment. The standard, universal, Australian child and family health service provides the comparator (control). Primary outcome measures include a combination of parent-reported and objective assessments of children's sleep, safety, nutrition, parenting styles and the home learning environment, including the Home Observation of the Environment Inventory and items adapted from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by the Royal Children's Hospital Human Research Ethics Committees (HREC 32296) and site-specific HRECs. The investigators and sponsor will communicate the trial results to stakeholders, participants, healthcare professionals, the public and other relevant groups via presentations and publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN89962120, pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Goldfeld
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Population Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Price
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Population Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah Bryson
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Population Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey Bruce
- Ingham Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona Mensah
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Clinical Sciences and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesca Orsini
- Clinical Sciences and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Gold
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harriet Hiscock
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Population Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charlene Smith
- Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth, Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Lara Bishop
- Population Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dianne Jackson
- Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth, Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Lynn Kemp
- Ingham Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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164
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Exercise and Sports Medicine Issues in Underserved Populations. Prim Care 2017; 44:141-154. [PMID: 28164813 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary care providers can make a strong argument for exercise promotion in underserved communities. The benefits are vitally important in adolescent physical, cognitive, and psychological development as well as in adult disease prevention and treatment. In counseling such patients, we should take into account a patient's readiness for change and the barriers to exercise.
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165
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Duval ER, Garfinkel SN, Swain JE, Evans GW, Blackburn EK, Angstadt M, Sripada CS, Liberzon I. Childhood poverty is associated with altered hippocampal function and visuospatial memory in adulthood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 23:39-44. [PMID: 28011437 PMCID: PMC5253253 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood poverty is a risk factor for poorer cognitive performance during childhood and adulthood. While evidence linking childhood poverty and memory deficits in adulthood has been accumulating, underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. To investigate neurobiological links between childhood poverty and adult memory performance, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a visuospatial memory task in healthy young adults with varying income levels during childhood. Participants were assessed at age 9 and followed through young adulthood to assess income and related factors. During adulthood, participants completed a visuospatial memory task while undergoing MRI scanning. Patterns of neural activation, as well as memory recognition for items, were assessed to examine links between brain function and memory performance as it relates to childhood income. Our findings revealed associations between item recognition, childhood income level, and hippocampal activation. Specifically, the association between hippocampal activation and recognition accuracy varied as a function of childhood poverty, with positive associations at higher income levels, and negative associations at lower income levels. These prospective findings confirm previous retrospective results detailing deleterious effects of childhood poverty on adult memory performance. In addition, for the first time, we identify novel neurophysiological correlates of these deficits localized to hippocampus activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Duval
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Gary W Evans
- College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Mike Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chandra S Sripada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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166
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Lipina SJ, Evers K. Neuroscience of Childhood Poverty: Evidence of Impacts and Mechanisms as Vehicles of Dialog With Ethics. Front Psychol 2017; 8:61. [PMID: 28184204 PMCID: PMC5266697 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have identified associations between poverty and development of self-regulation during childhood, which is broadly defined as those skills involved in cognitive, emotional, and stress self-regulation. These skills are influenced by different individual and contextual factors at multiple levels of analysis (i.e., individual, family, social, and cultural). Available evidence suggests that the influences of those biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors on emotional and cognitive development can vary according to the type, number, accumulation of risks, and co-occurrence of adverse circumstances that are related to poverty, the time in which these factors exert their influences, and the individual susceptibility to them. Complementary, during the past three decades, several experimental interventions that were aimed at optimizing development of self-regulation of children who live in poverty have been designed, implemented, and evaluated. Their results suggest that it is possible to optimize different aspects of cognitive performance and that it would be possible to transfer some aspects of these gains to other cognitive domains and academic achievement. We suggest that it is an important task for ethics, notably but not exclusively neuroethics, to engage in this interdisciplinary research domain to contribute analyses of key concepts, arguments, and interpretations. The specific evidence that neuroscience brings to the analyses of poverty and its implications needs to be spelled out in detail and clarified conceptually, notably in terms of causes of and attitudes toward poverty, implications of poverty for brain development, and for the possibilities to reduce and reverse these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián J Lipina
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno"-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kathinka Evers
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics (CRB), Uppsala Universitet Uppsala, Sweden
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167
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Abstract
Early stress exposure is proposed to have significant lasting effects on cognitive development. The glucocorticoid hormone cortisol, a product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is a particular focus of research, however, the majority of past research has been based on studies of older children and adults. Evidence linking cortisol levels in infancy with cognitive development is lacking. In a large cohort sample of infants (N = 1091) oversampled for psychosocial risk, we tested whether basal cortisol levels and cortisol reactivity to emotional stressors administered at 7 and 15 months of age were associated with cognitive development measured at 15 months. Cognitive development was measured using the Mental Development Index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Multiple regression analyses indicated that basal cortisol levels at 15 months, and to a lesser extent at seven months, were inversely associated with infant cognitive development after adjusting for psychosocial and obstetric risk. The findings provide some of the first evidence that HPA axis activity in infancy is associated with early cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Finegood
- a Department of Applied Psychology , New York University , NY , USA
| | - Claire Wyman
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of Rochester Medical Center , NY , USA
| | - Thomas G O'Connor
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of Rochester Medical Center , NY , USA
| | - Clancy B Blair
- a Department of Applied Psychology , New York University , NY , USA
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168
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Conejero Á, Guerra S, Abundis-Gutiérrez A, Rueda MR. Frontal theta activation associated with error detection in toddlers: influence of familial socioeconomic status. Dev Sci 2016; 21. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Conejero
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Center for Research on Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CIMCYC); University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Sonia Guerra
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Center for Research on Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CIMCYC); University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Alicia Abundis-Gutiérrez
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Center for Research on Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CIMCYC); University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - M. Rosario Rueda
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Center for Research on Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CIMCYC); University of Granada; Granada Spain
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169
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Milne S, McDonald J, Kayrouz N. Determinants of developmental progress in pre-schoolers referred for neuro-developmental diagnosis. J Paediatr Child Health 2016; 52:1004-1011. [PMID: 27599109 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine factors associated with change in developmental progress in pre-schoolers referred to a developmental clinic. METHODS Of 360 pre-schoolers referred to a Child Assessment clinic for neuro-developmental diagnosis before 3.6 years, 190 (53%) were reassessed prior to school entry and recruited to this study. They were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (3rd edn) before 3.5 years and the Griffiths Mental Development Scales before school entry. The influence of medical and environmental variables on improvement or deterioration in scores (±0.5 SD) was examined using logistic regression. RESULTS Consistent scores were present in 51.6% of children, and associated with environmental variables. Children with stable scores were more likely to live in a suburb of social advantage (OR = 3.2; 95%CI = 1.37-7.64, P = 0.008) or to come from families dependent on welfare or public housing (OR=4.8; 95%CI = 2.19-10.49, P < 0.001). Improvement was seen in 18.1% of children; they were more likely to have commenced therapy after the first assessment (OR = 2.4; 95%CI = 1.05-5.58, P = 0.038). Deterioration of scores was seen in 30% of children. Children with a mild delay on initial assessment were less likely to deteriorate (OR = 2.9; 95%CI = 1.16-7.04, P = 0.022), while lower scores were more likely in children with neuro-motor disabilities (OR = 10.8; 95%CI = 2.64-44.58, P < 0.001), and chromosomal variations of both known and unknown significance (OR = 4.4; 95%CI = 1.54-12.76, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Socio-economic advantage and disadvantage are associated with stable scores, but introducing intervention is associated with improved scores. Deterioration is most likely in children with chromosomal variations or neuro-motor disabilities, and regular reassessment of these children is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Milne
- Paediatric Allied Health, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny McDonald
- Paediatric Allied Health, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Norma Kayrouz
- Paediatric Allied Health, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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170
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Ellwood-Lowe ME, Sacchet MD, Gotlib IH. The application of neuroimaging to social inequity and language disparity: A cautionary examination. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 22:1-8. [PMID: 27744097 PMCID: PMC5135574 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nascent field of the cognitive neuroscience of socioeconomic status (SES), researchers are using neuroimaging to examine how growing up in poverty affects children's neurocognitive development, particularly their language abilities. In this review we highlight difficulties inherent in the frequent use of reverse inference to interpret SES-related abnormalities in brain regions that support language. While there is growing evidence suggesting that SES moderates children's developing brain structure and function, no studies to date have elucidated explicitly how these neural findings are related to variations in children's language abilities, or precisely what it is about SES that underlies or contributes to these differences. This issue is complicated by the fact that SES is confounded with such linguistic factors as cultural language use, first language, and bilingualism. Thus, SES-associated differences in brain regions that support language may not necessarily indicate differences in neurocognitive abilities. In this review we consider the multidimensionality of SES, discuss studies that have found SES-related differences in structure and function in brain regions that support language, and suggest future directions for studies in the area of cognitive neuroscience of SES that are less reliant on reverse inference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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171
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Powers SJ, Wang Y, Beach SD, Sideridis GD, Gaab N. Examining the relationship between home literacy environment and neural correlates of phonological processing in beginning readers with and without a familial risk for dyslexia: an fMRI study. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2016; 66:337-360. [PMID: 27550556 PMCID: PMC5061614 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-016-0134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a language-based learning disability characterized by persistent difficulty in learning to read. While an understanding of genetic contributions is emerging, the ways the environment affects brain functioning in children with developmental dyslexia are poorly understood. A relationship between the home literacy environment (HLE) and neural correlates of reading has been identified in typically developing children, yet it remains unclear whether similar effects are observable in children with a genetic predisposition for dyslexia. Understanding environmental contributions is important given that we do not understand why some genetically at-risk children do not develop dyslexia. Here, we investigate for the first time the relationship between HLE and the neural correlates of phonological processing in beginning readers with (FHD+, n = 29) and without (FHD-, n = 21) a family history of developmental dyslexia. We further controlled for socioeconomic status to isolate the neurobiological mechanism by which HLE affects reading development. Group differences revealed stronger correlation of HLE with brain activation in the left inferior/middle frontal and right fusiform gyri in FHD- compared to FHD+ children, suggesting greater impact of HLE on manipulation of phonological codes and recruitment of orthographic representations in typically developing children. In contrast, activation in the right precentral gyrus showed a significantly stronger correlation with HLE in FHD+ compared to FHD- children, suggesting emerging compensatory networks in genetically at-risk children. Overall, our results suggest that genetic predisposition for dyslexia alters contributions of HLE to early reading skills before formal reading instruction, which has important implications for educational practice and intervention models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Powers
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingying Wang
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara D Beach
- Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgios D Sideridis
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Developmental Medicine, Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Boston, 1 Autumn Street, Mailbox # 713, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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172
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Ursache A, Noble KG. Socioeconomic status, white matter, and executive function in children. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00531. [PMID: 27781144 PMCID: PMC5064342 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence links socioeconomic status (SES) to children's brain structure. Few studies, however, have specifically investigated relations of SES to white matter structure. Further, although several studies have demonstrated that family SES is related to development of brain areas that support executive functions (EF), less is known about the role that white matter structure plays in the relation of SES to EF. One possibility is that white matter differences may partially explain SES disparities in EF (i.e., a mediating relationship). Alternatively, SES may differentially shape brain-behavior relations such that the relation of white matter structure to EF may differ as a function of SES (i.e., a moderating relationship). METHOD In a diverse sample of 1082 children and adolescents aged 3-21 years, we examined socioeconomic disparities in white matter macrostructure and microstructure. We further investigated relations between family SES, children's white matter volume and integrity in tracts supporting EF, and performance on EF tasks. RESULTS Socioeconomic status was associated with fractional anisotropy (FA) and volume in multiple white matter tracts. Additionally, family income moderated the relation between white matter structure and cognitive flexibility. Specifically, across multiple tracts of interest, lower FA or lower volume was associated with reduced cognitive flexibility among children from lower income families. In contrast, children from higher income families showed preserved cognitive flexibility in the face of low white matter FA or volume. SES factors did not mediate or moderate links between white matter and either working memory or inhibitory control. CONCLUSIONS This work adds to a growing body of literature suggesting that the socioeconomic contexts in which children develop not only shape cognitive functioning and its underlying neurobiology, but may also shape the relations between brain and behavior.
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173
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Piccolo LR, Merz EC, He X, Sowell ER, Noble KG. Age-Related Differences in Cortical Thickness Vary by Socioeconomic Status. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162511. [PMID: 27644039 PMCID: PMC5028041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate robust associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and brain structure in children, raising questions about the ways in which SES may modify structural brain development. In general, cortical thickness and surface area develop in nonlinear patterns across childhood and adolescence, with developmental patterns varying to some degree by cortical region. Here, we examined whether age-related nonlinear changes in cortical thickness and surface area varied by SES, as indexed by family income and parental education. We hypothesized that SES disparities in age-related change may be particularly evident for language- and literacy-supporting cortical regions. Participants were 1148 typically-developing individuals between 3 and 20 years of age. Results indicated that SES factors moderate patterns of age-associated change in cortical thickness but not surface area. Specifically, at lower levels of SES, associations between age and cortical thickness were curvilinear, with relatively steep age-related decreases in cortical thickness earlier in childhood, and subsequent leveling off during adolescence. In contrast, at high levels of SES, associations between age and cortical thickness were linear, with consistent reductions across the age range studied. Notably, this interaction was prominent in the left fusiform gyrus, a region that is critical for reading development. In a similar pattern, SES factors significantly moderated linear age-related change in left superior temporal gyrus, such that higher SES was linked with steeper age-related decreases in cortical thickness in this region. These findings suggest that SES may moderate patterns of age-related cortical thinning, especially in language- and literacy-supporting cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane R. Piccolo
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Emily C. Merz
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaofu He
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly G. Noble
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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174
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Duncan GJ, Magnuson K, Votruba-Drzal E. Moving Beyond Correlations in Assessing the Consequences of Poverty. Annu Rev Psychol 2016; 68:413-434. [PMID: 27648987 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, does growing up in a poor household cause negative developmental outcomes for children? Hundreds of studies have documented statistical associations between family income in childhood and a host of outcomes in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Many of these studies have used correlational evidence to draw policy conclusions regarding the benefits of added family income for children, in particular children in families with incomes below the poverty line. Are these conclusions warranted? After a review of possible mechanisms linking poverty to negative childhood outcomes, we summarize the evidence for income's effects on children, paying particular attention to the strength of the evidence and the timing of economic deprivation. We demonstrate that, in contrast to the nearly universal associations between poverty and children's outcomes in the correlational literature, impacts estimated from social experiments and quasi-experiments are more selective. In particular, these stronger studies have linked increases in family income to increased school achievement in middle childhood and to greater educational attainment in adolescence and early adulthood. There is no experimental or quasi-experimental evidence in the United States that links child outcomes to economic deprivation in the first several years of life. Understanding the nature of socioeconomic influences, as well as their potential use in evidence-based policy recommendations, requires greater attention to identifying causal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Duncan
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, California 92697;
| | - Katherine Magnuson
- School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
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175
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Capistrano CG, Bianco H, Kim P. Poverty and Internalizing Symptoms: The Indirect Effect of Middle Childhood Poverty on Internalizing Symptoms via an Emotional Response Inhibition Pathway. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1242. [PMID: 27582725 PMCID: PMC4987327 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood poverty is a pervasive problem that can alter mental health outcomes. Children from impoverished circumstances are more likely than their middle-income counterparts to develop internalizing problems such as depression and anxiety. To date, however, the emotional-cognitive control processes that link childhood poverty and internalizing symptoms remain largely unexplored. Using the Emotion Go/NoGo paradigm, we examined the association between poverty and emotional response inhibition in middle childhood. We further examined the role of emotional response inhibition in the link between middle childhood poverty and internalizing symptoms. Lower income was associated with emotional response inhibition difficulties (indexed by greater false alarm rates in the context of task irrelevant angry and sad faces). Furthermore, emotional response inhibition deficits in the context of angry and sad distracters were further associated with child-report internalizing problems. The results of the current study demonstrate the significance of understanding the emotional-cognitive control vulnerabilities of children raised in poverty and their association with mental health outcomes.
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176
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Mansur RB, Cunha GR, Asevedo E, Zugman A, Zeni-Graiff M, Rios AC, Sethi S, Maurya PK, Levandowski ML, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Stertz L, Belangero SI, Kauer-Sant' Anna M, Teixeira AL, Mari JJ, Rohde LA, Miguel EC, McIntyre RS, Grassi-Oliveira R, Bressan RA, Brietzke E. Socioeconomic Disadvantage Moderates the Association between Peripheral Biomarkers and Childhood Psychopathology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160455. [PMID: 27489945 PMCID: PMC4973983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) has been consistently associated with early life mental health problems. SED has been shown to impact multiple biological systems, including the regulation of neurotrophic proteins, immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, which, conversely, have been reported to be relevant to physiological and pathological neurodevelopment This study investigated the relationship between SED, different domains of psychopathology, serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL6), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We hypothesized that a composite of socioeconomic risk would be associated with psychopathology and altered levels of peripheral biomarkers. In addition, we hypothesized that SED would moderate the associations between mental health problems, IL6, TBARS and BDNF. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using a cross-sectional design, we measured the serum levels of IL6, TBARS and BDNF in 495 children aged 6 to 12. We also investigated socio-demographic characteristics and mental health problems using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) DSM-oriented scales. SED was evaluated using a cumulative risk model. Generalized linear models were used to assess associations between SED, biomarkers levels and psychopathology. SED was significantly associated with serum levels of IL6 (RR = 1.026, 95% CI 1.004; 1.049, p = 0.020) and TBARS (RR = 1.077, 95% CI 1.028; 1.127, p = 0.002). The association between SED and BDNF was not statistically significant (RR = 1.031, 95% CI 0.997; 1.066, p = 0.077). SED was also significantly associated with all CBCL DSM-oriented scales (all p < 0.05), whereas serum biomarkers (i.e. IL6, TBARS, BDNF) were associated with specific subscales. Moreover, the associations between serum biomarkers and domains of psychopathology were moderated by SED, with stronger correlations between mental health problems, IL6, TBARS, and BDNF being observed in children with high SED. CONCLUSIONS In children, SED is highly associated with mental health problems. Our findings suggest that this association may be moderated via effects on multiple interacting neurobiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B. Mansur
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Graccielle R. Cunha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elson Asevedo
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Zugman
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Zeni-Graiff
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adiel C. Rios
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sumit Sethi
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pawan K. Maurya
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus L. Levandowski
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Stertz
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, United States of America
| | - Síntia I. Belangero
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia Kauer-Sant' Anna
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Antônio L. Teixeira
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jair J. Mari
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis A. Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Euripedes C. Miguel
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger S. McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. Bressan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Orasanu E, Melbourne A, Cardoso MJ, Lomabert H, Kendall GS, Robertson NJ, Marlow N, Ourselin S. Cortical folding of the preterm brain: a longitudinal analysis of extremely preterm born neonates using spectral matching. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00488. [PMID: 27257515 PMCID: PMC4873564 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infants born extremely preterm (<28 weeks of gestation) are at risk of significant neurodevelopmental sequelae. In these infants birth coincides with a period of rapid brain growth and development, when the brain is also vulnerable to a range of insults. Mapping these changes is crucial for identifying potential biomarkers to predict early impairment. METHODS In this study we use surface-based spectral matching techniques to find an intrasubject longitudinal surface correspondence between the white-grey matter boundary at 30 and 40 weeks equivalent gestational age in nine extremely preterm born infants. RESULTS Using the resulting surface correspondence, we identified regions that undergo more cortical folding of the white-grey matter boundary during the preterm period by looking at changes in well-known curvature measures. We performed Hotelling T(2) statistics to evaluate the significance of our findings. DISCUSSION The prefrontal and temporal lobes exhibit most development during the preterm period, especially in the left hemisphere. Such correspondences are a promising result as longitudinal measurements of change in cortical folding could provide insightful information about the mechanical properties of the underlying tissue and may be useful in inferring changes during growth and development in this vulnerable period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Orasanu
- Translational Imaging Group Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC) University College London London UK
| | - Andrew Melbourne
- Translational Imaging Group Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC) University College London London UK
| | - Manuel Jorge Cardoso
- Translational Imaging Group Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC) University College London London UK
| | - Herve Lomabert
- INRIA - Microsoft Research Joint Centre Palaiseau France
| | - Giles S Kendall
- Academic Neonatology EGA UCL Institute for Women's Health London UK
| | | | - Neil Marlow
- Academic Neonatology EGA UCL Institute for Women's Health London UK
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- Translational Imaging Group Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC) University College London London UK
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178
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Abstract
Executive function, a term encompassing domain general cognitive processes associated with working memory, inhibitory control, and the flexible shifting of attention is widely studied in research in neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience. Only within the last two decades have researchers examined the development of these cognitive abilities in typical child populations. A growing body of research indicates that executive function abilities develop rapidly in early childhood, are important contributors to school readiness and early school success, and are highly relevant to early educational programs for children in poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, United States
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179
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McEwen BS, McEwen CA. Response to Jerome Kagan’s Essay on Stress (2016). PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016; 11:451-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691616646635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To be useful, the concept of stress needs to be defined in biological terms linked to a broader framework of allostasis and its role in the adaptation of brain and body to positive and negative life experiences. A clear biological framework helps connect and organize animal and human research on stress. In particular, the concepts of “toxic stress” and “allostatic load and overload” highlight those experiences and situations that, as Kagan says, “compromise an organism’s health and capacity to cope with daily challenges” (p. 442). A deeper understanding is needed of the epigenetic influences throughout the life course that contribute both to these negative outcomes and to positive ones.
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180
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Finn AS, Minas JE, Leonard JA, Mackey AP, Salvatore J, Goetz C, West MR, Gabrieli CFO, Gabrieli JDE. Functional brain organization of working memory in adolescents varies in relation to family income and academic achievement. Dev Sci 2016; 20. [PMID: 27434857 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) capacity reflects executive functions associated with performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks and education outcomes, including mathematics achievement, and is associated with dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices. Here we asked if family income is associated with variation in the functional brain organization of WM capacity among adolescents, and whether that variation is associated with performance on a statewide test of academic achievement in mathematics. Participants were classified into higher-income and lower-income groups based on family income, and performed a WM task with a parametric manipulation of WM load (N-back task) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Behaviorally, the higher-income group had greater WM capacity and higher mathematics achievement scores. Neurally, the higher-income group showed greater activation as a function of WM load in bilateral prefrontal, parietal, and other regions, although the lower-income group exhibited greater activation at the lowest load. Both groups exhibited positive correlations between parietal activations and mathematics achievement scores, but only the higher-income group exhibited a positive correlation between prefrontal activations and mathematics scores. Most of these findings were maintained when higher- and lower-income groups were matched on WM task performance or nonverbal IQ. Findings indicate that the functional neural architecture of WM varies with family income and is associated with education measures of mathematics achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Finn
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Minas
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Julia A Leonard
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Allyson P Mackey
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
| | - John Salvatore
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Calvin Goetz
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Martin R West
- Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, USA
| | - Christopher F O Gabrieli
- Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, USA.,Transforming Education/National Center on Time & Learning, Boston, USA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.,Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, USA
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181
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Nusslock R, Miller GE. Early-Life Adversity and Physical and Emotional Health Across the Lifespan: A Neuroimmune Network Hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:23-32. [PMID: 26166230 PMCID: PMC4670279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Children who experience chronic stressors are vulnerable to emotional and physical health problems across the lifespan. This phenomenon raises questions for scientists and clinicians alike. How does adversity get under the skin of the developing child? Through what mechanisms does it confer vulnerability to a heterogeneous set of mental and physical illnesses? And how does it instantiate risk across different life stages, engendering vulnerability to conditions that develop shortly after stressor exposure-like depression-and conditions that manifest decades later, like heart disease? Although answers to these questions have started to emerge, research has typically focused on single diseases or organ systems. To understand the plethora of health problems associated with childhood adversity, we argue that the field needs a second generation of research that recognizes multidirectional transactions among biological systems. To help facilitate this process, we propose a neuroimmune network hypothesis as a heuristic framework for organizing knowledge from disparate literatures and as a springboard for generating integrative research. Drawing on existing data, we argue that early-life adversity amplifies crosstalk between peripheral inflammation and neural circuitries subserving threat-related, reward-related, and executive control-related processes. This crosstalk results in chronic low-grade inflammation, thereby contributing to adiposity, insulin resistance, and other predisease states. In the brain, inflammatory mediators act on cortico-amygdala threat and cortico-basal ganglia reward, circuitries in a manner that predisposes individuals to self-medicating behaviors like smoking, drug use, and consumption of high-fat diets. Acting in concert with inflammation, these behaviors accelerate the pathogenesis of emotional and physical health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory E. Miller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
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182
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Multilevel developmental approaches to understanding the effects of child maltreatment: Recent advances and future challenges. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:1387-97. [PMID: 26535932 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent research in the field of child maltreatment has begun to shed new light on the emergence of health problems in children by emphasizing the responsiveness of developmental processes to children's environmental and biological contexts. Here, I highlight recent trends in the field with an emphasis on the effects of early life stress across multiple levels of developmental domains.
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183
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184
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Sheridan MA, McLaughlin KA. Neurobiological Models of the Impact of Adversity on Education. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 10:108-113. [PMID: 29046891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poverty and exposure to adversity have been linked with decreased educational success. Various environmental and neurobiological pathways have been proposed for these associations, however, existing models have several clear drawbacks. Here we outline existing models, and propose an alternate model linking exposure to adverse experiences in childhood to education success. Specifically, we propose that measured dimensions of experience (e.g., decreased cognitive enrichment or increased exposure to violence), instead of named exposures (e.g., poverty) impact neurobiology through neurodevelopmental processes of neuroplasticity. Our model results in testable hypotheses and clear intervention strategies. We predict that exposure to trauma will have a distinct neurobiological impact from exposure to a lack of cognitive stimulation and that these distinct exposures will benefit from different interventions. Specificity in this arena is thus likely to better support educational achievement for disadvantaged children.
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185
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Duarte DGG, Neves MDCL, Albuquerque MR, de Souza-Duran FL, Busatto G, Corrêa H. Gray matter brain volumes in childhood-maltreated patients with bipolar disorder type I: A voxel-based morphometric study. J Affect Disord 2016; 197:74-80. [PMID: 26970268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment (CM) may be related to clinical expression and outcome of bipolar disorder (BD). Several neuroimaging studies have detected brain morphological changes in specific neural networks of adults who suffered maltreatment in their childhood. We investigated alterations in gray matter volume (GMV) to determine a possible neuroanatomical basis of vulnerability in patients with CM having type I BD (BD-I). METHODS We assessed 39 euthymic DSM-IV BD-I patients with (n=20) and without (n=19) a history of CM and 20 healthy controls without maltreatment as defined by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to compare GMV differences between patients and controls and perform linear correlations in overall BD group between GMV and CTQ scores. RESULTS BD-I patients had significant negative correlations between CTQ total score and GMV in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the right thalamus; between physical abuse and GMV in the right dorsolateral PFC; between physical neglect and GMV in the thalamus bilaterally; and between emotional neglect and GMV in the right thalamus. LIMITATIONS Pharmacological treatment could have altered GMV findings. Results emerged only when using SVC approach. CTQ, a retrospective self-report, has the risk of potential recall bias. The cross-sectional design limits longitudinal and neurodevelopmental inferences. CONCLUSIONS The severity of self-reported CM in BD-I patients is associated with morphological changes in GMV of specific neural networks relevant to responses to stress and to modulate emotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante G G Duarte
- Mental Health Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Fábio L de Souza-Duran
- Laboratory of Neuroimage in Psychiatry, Research in Applied Neuroscience, Support Care of the University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Busatto
- Laboratory of Neuroimage in Psychiatry, Research in Applied Neuroscience, Support Care of the University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Humberto Corrêa
- Mental Health Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
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186
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Chen P, Rea C, Shaw R, Bottino CJ. Associations between Public Library Use and Reading Aloud among Families with Young Children. J Pediatr 2016; 173:221-227.e1. [PMID: 27056451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure public library use in a sample of families with young children and examine associations with reading aloud. STUDY DESIGN We interviewed 200 parents of 6- to 18-month-old children visiting a hospital-based pediatric clinic. We assessed public library card ownership, public library visitation, and awareness of public library programming. We assessed reading aloud using the StimQ READ questionnaire. We used multivariable logistic and linear regression to examine associations while adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS In multivariable analysis, parents who owned a public library card had greater odds of reading aloud daily to their 6- to 18-month-old child (aOR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0-3.8) and higher StimQ READ scores (β = 0.9; 95% CI, 0.2-1.6). Parents who visited a public library once a month or more often had greater odds of reading aloud daily (aOR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.8-6.7) and higher StimQ READ scores (β = 1.3; 95% CI, 0.6-2.0). Parents whose 6- to 18-month-old child had ever visited a public library did not have greater odds of reading aloud daily (aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.7-2.9), but did have higher StimQ read scores (β = 1.2; 95% CI, 0.4-2.0). Parents who felt informed about available public library programs for children had greater odds of reading aloud daily (aOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-5.1) and higher StimQ READ scores (β = 1.1; 95% CI, 0.4-1.9). CONCLUSION In this sample of families with young children, we found positive associations between public library use and reading aloud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Chen
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard College, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Corinna Rea
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rebecca Shaw
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Clement J Bottino
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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187
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188
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Pascoe JM, Wood DL, Duffee JH, Kuo A. Mediators and Adverse Effects of Child Poverty in the United States. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2016-0340. [PMID: 26962239 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between poverty and children's health is well recognized. Even temporary poverty may have an adverse effect on children's health, and data consistently support the observation that poverty in childhood continues to have a negative effect on health into adulthood. In addition to childhood morbidity being related to child poverty, epidemiologic studies have documented a mortality gradient for children aged 1 to 15 years (and adults), with poor children experiencing a higher mortality rate than children from higher-income families. The global great recession is only now very slowly abating for millions of America's children and their families. At this difficult time in the history of our nation's families and immediately after the 50th anniversary year of President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty, it is particularly germane for the American Academy of Pediatrics, which is "dedicated to the health of all children," to publish a research-supported technical report that examines the mediators associated with the long-recognized adverse effects of child poverty on children and their families. This technical report draws on research from a number of disciplines, including physiology, sociology, psychology, economics, and epidemiology, to describe the present state of knowledge regarding poverty's negative impact on children's health and development. Children inherit not only their parents' genes but also the family ecology and its social milieu. Thus, parenting skills, housing, neighborhood, schools, and other factors (eg, medical care) all have complex relations to each other and influence how each child's genetic canvas is expressed. Accompanying this technical report is a policy statement that describes specific actions that pediatricians and other child advocates can take to attenuate the negative effects of the mediators identified in this technical report and improve the well-being of our nation's children and their families.
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189
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Sherman A, DeBot B, Huang CC. Boosting Low-Income Children's Opportunities to Succeed Through Direct Income Support. Acad Pediatr 2016; 16:S90-7. [PMID: 27044709 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Direct income supports have long been known to substantially reduce the extent and depth of poverty. Evidence suggests that they can also bolster children's opportunities to succeed and enhance long-term mobility. A growing body of research, for example, links income from 2 related tax credits for working families-the Earned Income Tax Credit and the Child Tax Credit-to benefits for children in those families, such as improved birth weight, better school outcomes, and increased rates of employment in adulthood. Similarly, the introduction of food stamps has been found to improve not only the birth weight of infants given access to the program but also their educational achievement, as well as indicators of health, well-being, and self-sufficiency decades later. These are striking research results for income support that is not typically thought of as improving children's health or education. The mechanisms through which these income supports lead to such benefits are likely varied and complex, but emerging research suggests that helping families with children afford basic necessities can reduce the added stress of financial difficulties, preventing downstream neuroendocrine and biochemical changes that affect children's longer-term outcomes. These findings have important implications for policy makers. Research suggests that potential weakening of the safety net would not only substantially increase poverty, but also have damaging long-term effects on children. Policy makers should reject funding cuts and instead strengthen the safety net, which this analysis suggests could reduce poverty further and also enhance children's opportunities to succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arloc Sherman
- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Washington, DC
| | - Brandon DeBot
- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Washington, DC
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190
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Johnson SB, Riis JL, Noble KG. State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-3075. [PMID: 26952506 PMCID: PMC4811314 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, >40% of children are either poor or near-poor. As a group, children in poverty are more likely to experience worse health and more developmental delay, lower achievement, and more behavioral and emotional problems than their more advantaged peers; however, there is broad variability in outcomes among children exposed to similar conditions. Building on a robust literature from animal models showing that environmental deprivation or enrichment shapes the brain, there has been increasing interest in understanding how the experience of poverty may shape the brain in humans. In this review, we summarize research on the relationship between socioeconomic status and brain development, focusing on studies published in the last 5 years. Drawing on a conceptual framework informed by animal models, we highlight neural plasticity, epigenetics, material deprivation (eg, cognitive stimulation, nutrient deficiencies), stress (eg, negative parenting behaviors), and environmental toxins as factors that may shape the developing brain. We then summarize the existing evidence for the relationship between child poverty and brain structure and function, focusing on brain areas that support memory, emotion regulation, and higher-order cognitive functioning (ie, hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex) and regions that support language and literacy (ie, cortical areas of the left hemisphere). We then consider some limitations of the current literature and discuss the implications of neuroscience concepts and methods for interventions in the pediatric medical home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;,Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Jenna L. Riis
- Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Kimberly G. Noble
- Department of Neuroscience and Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
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191
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Dreyer BP. Global Sustainable Development Starts With Investment in the Early Brain Development of Children. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2016-0137. [PMID: 26977080 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benard P Dreyer
- President, American Academy of Pediatrics; and Professor of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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192
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Markant J, Ackerman LK, Nussenbaum K, Amso D. Selective attention neutralizes the adverse effects of low socioeconomic status on memory in 9-month-old infants. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 18:26-33. [PMID: 26597046 PMCID: PMC4834267 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES) has a documented impact on brain and cognitive development. We demonstrate that engaging spatial selective attention mechanisms may counteract this negative influence of impoverished environments on early learning. We previously used a spatial cueing task to compare target object encoding in the context of basic orienting ("facilitation") versus a spatial selective attention orienting mechanism that engages distractor suppression ("IOR"). This work showed that object encoding in the context of IOR boosted 9-month-old infants' recognition memory relative to facilitation (Markant and Amso, 2013). Here we asked whether this attention-memory link further interacted with SES in infancy. Results indicated that SES was related to memory but not attention orienting efficacy. However, the correlation between SES and memory performance was moderated by the attention mechanism engaged during encoding. SES predicted memory performance when objects were encoded with basic orienting processes, with infants from low-SES environments showing poorer memory than those from high-SES environments. However, SES did not predict memory performance among infants who engaged selective attention during encoding. Spatial selective attention engagement mitigated the effects of SES on memory and may offer an effective mechanism for promoting learning among infants at risk for poor cognitive outcomes related to SES.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura K Ackerman
- Cognitive, Linguistic, & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, USA
| | - Kate Nussenbaum
- Cognitive, Linguistic, & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, USA
| | - Dima Amso
- Cognitive, Linguistic, & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, USA
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193
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Blair C, Raver CC. Poverty, Stress, and Brain Development: New Directions for Prevention and Intervention. Acad Pediatr 2016; 16:S30-6. [PMID: 27044699 PMCID: PMC5765853 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We review some of the growing evidence of the costs of poverty to children's neuroendocrine function, early brain development, and cognitive ability. We underscore the importance of addressing the negative consequences of poverty-related adversity early in children's lives, given evidence supporting the plasticity of executive functions and associated physiologic processes in response to early intervention and the importance of higher order cognitive functions for success in school and in life. Finally, we highlight some new directions for prevention and intervention that are rapidly emerging at the intersection of developmental science, pediatrics, child psychology and psychiatry, and public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY.
| | - C Cybele Raver
- Department of Applied Psychology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY
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194
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Tomalski P, Moore DG, Ballieux H, Kushnerenko EV, Johnson MH, Karmiloff-Smith A. Separating the effects of ethnicity and socio-economic status on sleep practices of 6- to 7-month-old infants. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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195
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The Influence of Family Context on Identity Processing. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this project was to investigate the role of perceived parenting styles in the choice of identity processing and commitment among a group of Chinese youth. Examining the identity processing styles of 209 young people using the ISI-4 (Smits et al., 2008) and Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ; Buri, 1991), we hypothesised that parental styles and family socio-economic status would differentially impact the identity commitment of youth in Macao. The findings corroborated Berzonsky's ( 2004 ) model, with minor differences, showing a positive relation between authoritative parenting and informational processing and identity commitment. However, a negative relation between a normative processing style and identity commitment was found in the Chinese sample. Testing for the moderating effect of socioeconomic status showed that authoritative parenting combined with high SES levels lead to the informational processing style.
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196
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Effect of socioeconomic status disparity on child language and neural outcome: how early is early? Pediatr Res 2016; 79:148-58. [PMID: 26484621 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is not news that poverty adversely affects child outcome. The literature is replete with reports of deleterious effects on developmental outcome, cognitive function, and school performance in children and youth. Causative factors include poor nutrition, exposure to toxins, inadequate parenting, lack of cognitive stimulation, unstable social support, genetics, and toxic environments. Less is known regarding how early in life adverse effects may be detected. This review proposes to elucidate "how early is early" through discussion of seminal articles related to the effect of socioeconomic status on language outcome and a discussion of the emerging literature on effects of socioeconomic status disparity on brain structure in very young children. Given the young ages at which such outcomes are detected, the critical need for early targeted interventions for our youngest is underscored. Further, the fiscal reasonableness of initiating quality interventions supports these initiatives. As early life adversity produces lasting and deleterious effects on developmental outcome and brain structure, increased focus on programs and policies directed to reducing the impact of socioeconomic disparities is essential.
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197
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Hanson JL, Hair N, Shen DG, Shi F, Gilmore JH, Wolfe BL, Pollak SD. Correction: Family Poverty Affects the Rate of Human Infant Brain Growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146434. [PMID: 26717239 PMCID: PMC4696821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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198
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Akazawa K, Chang L, Yamakawa R, Hayama S, Buchthal S, Alicata D, Andres T, Castillo D, Oishi K, Skranes J, Ernst T, Oishi K. Probabilistic maps of the white matter tracts with known associated functions on the neonatal brain atlas: Application to evaluate longitudinal developmental trajectories in term-born and preterm-born infants. Neuroimage 2015; 128:167-179. [PMID: 26712341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been widely used to investigate the development of the neonatal and infant brain, and deviations related to various diseases or medical conditions like preterm birth. In this study, we created a probabilistic map of fiber pathways with known associated functions, on a published neonatal multimodal atlas. The pathways-of-interest include the superficial white matter (SWM) fibers just beneath the specific cytoarchitectonically defined cortical areas, which were difficult to evaluate with existing DTI analysis methods. The Jülich cytoarchitectonic atlas was applied to define cortical areas related to specific brain functions, and the Dynamic Programming (DP) method was applied to delineate the white matter pathways traversing through the SWM. Probabilistic maps were created for pathways related to motor, somatosensory, auditory, visual, and limbic functions, as well as major white matter tracts, such as the corpus callosum, the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and the middle cerebellar peduncle, by delineating these structures in eleven healthy term-born neonates. In order to characterize maturation-related changes in diffusivity measures of these pathways, the probabilistic maps were then applied to DTIs of 49 healthy infants who were longitudinally scanned at three time-points, approximately five weeks apart. First, we investigated the normal developmental pattern based on 19 term-born infants. Next, we analyzed 30 preterm-born infants to identify developmental patterns related to preterm birth. Last, we investigated the difference in diffusion measures between these groups to evaluate the effects of preterm birth on the development of these functional pathways. Term-born and preterm-born infants both demonstrated a time-dependent decrease in diffusivity, indicating postnatal maturation in these pathways, with laterality seen in the corticospinal tract and the optic radiation. The comparison between term- and preterm-born infants indicated higher diffusivity in the preterm-born infants than in the term-born infants in three of these pathways: the body of the corpus callosum; the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus; and the pathway connecting the left primary/secondary visual cortices and the motion-sensitive area in the occipitotemporal visual cortex (V5/MT+). Probabilistic maps provided an opportunity to investigate developmental changes of each white matter pathway. Whether alterations in white matter pathways can predict functional outcomes will be further investigated in a follow-up study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Akazawa
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robyn Yamakawa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sara Hayama
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Steven Buchthal
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Daniel Alicata
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tamara Andres
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Deborrah Castillo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kumiko Oishi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jon Skranes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kenichi Oishi
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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199
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Betancourt LM, Avants B, Farah MJ, Brodsky NL, Wu J, Ashtari M, Hurt H. Effect of socioeconomic status (SES) disparity on neural development in female African-American infants at age 1 month. Dev Sci 2015; 19:947-956. [PMID: 26489876 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in both the cumulative and long-term impact of early life adversity on brain structure and function, especially as the brain is both highly vulnerable and highly adaptive during childhood. Relationships between SES and neural development have been shown in children older than age 2 years. Less is known regarding the impact of SES on neural development in children before age 2. This paper examines the effect of SES, indexed by income-to-needs (ITN) and maternal education, on cortical gray, deep gray, and white matter volumes in term, healthy, appropriate for gestational age, African-American, female infants. At 5 weeks postnatal age, unsedated infants underwent MRI (3.0T Siemens Verio scanner, 32-channel head coil). Images were segmented based on a locally constructed template. Utilizing hierarchical linear regression, SES effects on MRI volumes were examined. In this cohort of healthy African-American female infants of varying SES, lower SES was associated with smaller cortical gray and deep gray matter volumes. These SES effects on neural outcome at such a young age build on similar studies of older children, suggesting that the biological embedding of adversity may occur very early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Betancourt
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Brian Avants
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martha J Farah
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy L Brodsky
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jue Wu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manzar Ashtari
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Hallam Hurt
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, USA
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200
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Stiver ML, Kamino D, Guo T, Thompson A, Duerden EG, Taylor MJ, Tam EWY. Maternal Postsecondary Education Associated With Improved Cerebellar Growth After Preterm Birth. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1633-9. [PMID: 25818328 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815576790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The preterm cerebellum is vulnerable to impaired development impacting long-term outcome. Preterm newborns (<32 weeks) underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The association between parental education and cerebellar volume at each time point was assessed, adjusting for age at scan. In 26 infants, cerebellar volumes at term (P = .001), but not birth (P = .4), were associated with 2-year volumes. For 1 cm(3) smaller cerebellar volume (4% total volume) at term, the cerebellum was 3.18 cm(3) smaller (3% total volume) by 2 years. Maternal postsecondary education was not associated with cerebellar volume at term (P = .16). Maternal postsecondary education was a significant confounder in the relationship between term and 2-year cerebellar volumes (P = .016), with higher education associated with improved volumes by 2 years. Although preterm birth has been found to be associated with smaller cerebellar volumes at term, maternal postsecondary education is associated with improved growth detectable by 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela L Stiver
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daphne Kamino
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ting Guo
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela Thompson
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma G Duerden
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily W Y Tam
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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