151
|
Al-Khawaga S, Memon B, Butler AE, Taheri S, Abou-Samra AB, Abdelalim EM. Pathways governing development of stem cell-derived pancreatic β cells: lessons from embryogenesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Al-Khawaga
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
| | - Bushra Memon
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
| | - Alexandra E. Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles CA 90095 U.S.A
| | - Shahrad Taheri
- Department of Medicine; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO BOX 24144; Doha Qatar
- Department of Medicine; Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
| | - Abdul B. Abou-Samra
- Department of Medicine; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO BOX 24144; Doha Qatar
- Department of Medicine; Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation; Doha Qatar
| | - Essam M. Abdelalim
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute; Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Balaji S, Zhou Y, Opara EC, Soker S. Combinations of Activin A or Nicotinamide with the Pancreatic Transcription Factor PDX1 Support Differentiation of Human Amnion Epithelial Cells Toward a Pancreatic Lineage. Cell Reprogram 2017. [PMID: 28632450 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of multipotent stem cells toward a pancreatic lineage provides us with an alternative cell-based therapeutic approach to type 1 diabetes and enables us to study pancreas development. The current study aims to study the effect of growth factors such as activin A or nicotinamide, alone and in combinations with the transcription factor, PDX1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1), on human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) toward a pancreatic lineage. Ectopic expression of Pdx1 followed by treatment of hAECs with nicotinamide for 4 days resulted in strong induction of pancreatic endoderm and pancreatic progenitor genes, including NKX6.1 and NEUROD1. Pancreatic lineage cells expressing PDX1, SOX17, and RFX6 are derived from Pdx1-transduced hAECs treated with activin A or nicotinamide, but not cells treated with activin A or nicotinamide alone. Our study provides a novel culture protocol for generating pancreas-committed cells from hAECs and reveals an interplay between Pdx1 and activin A/nicotinamide signaling in early pancreatic fate determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Balaji
- 1 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,2 Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science , Goa, India
| | - Yu Zhou
- 1 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Emmanuel C Opara
- 1 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,3 Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences , Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Shay Soker
- 1 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,3 Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences , Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Afelik S, Rovira M. Pancreatic β-cell regeneration: Facultative or dedicated progenitors? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:85-94. [PMID: 27838399 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The adult pancreas is only capable of limited regeneration. Unlike highly regenerative tissues such as the skin, intestinal crypts and hematopoietic system, no dedicated adult stem cells or stem cell niche have so far been identified within the adult pancreas. New β cells have been shown to form in the adult pancreas, in response to high physiological demand or experimental β-cell ablation, mostly by replication of existing β cells. The possibility that new β cells are formed from other sources is currently a point of major controversy. Under particular injury conditions, fully differentiated pancreatic duct and acinar cells have been shown to dedifferentiate into a progenitor-like state, however the extent, to which ductal, acinar or other endocrine cells contribute to restoring pancreatic β-cell mass remains to be resolved. In this review we focus on regenerative events in the pancreas with emphasis on the restoration of β-cell mass. We present an overview of regenerative responses noted within the different pancreatic lineages, following injury. We also highlight the intrinsic plasticity of the adult pancreas that allows for inter-conversion of fully differentiated pancreatic lineages through manipulation of few genes or growth factors. Taken together, evidence from a number of studies suggest that differentiated pancreatic lineages could act as facultative progenitor cells, but the extent to which these contribute to β-cell regeneration in vivo is still a matter of contention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Afelik
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, CSB 920 (Rm 502), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Meritxell Rovira
- Genomic Programming of Beta-Cells Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Genome Editing in hPSCs Reveals GATA6 Haploinsufficiency and a Genetic Interaction with GATA4 in Human Pancreatic Development. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 20:675-688.e6. [PMID: 28196600 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human disease phenotypes associated with haploinsufficient gene requirements are often not recapitulated well in animal models. Here, we have investigated the association between human GATA6 haploinsufficiency and a wide range of clinical phenotypes that include neonatal and adult-onset diabetes using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas9-mediated genome editing coupled with human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) directed differentiation. We found that loss of one GATA6 allele specifically affects the differentiation of human pancreatic progenitors from the early PDX1+ stage to the more mature PDX1+NKX6.1+ stage, leading to impaired formation of glucose-responsive β-like cells. In addition to this GATA6 haploinsufficiency, we also identified dosage-sensitive requirements for GATA6 and GATA4 in the formation of both definitive endoderm and pancreatic progenitor cells. Our work expands the application of hPSCs from studying the impact of individual gene loci to investigation of multigenic human traits, and it establishes an approach for identifying genetic modifiers of human disease.
Collapse
|
155
|
Churchill AJ, Gutiérrez GD, Singer RA, Lorberbaum DS, Fischer KA, Sussel L. Genetic evidence that Nkx2.2 acts primarily downstream of Neurog3 in pancreatic endocrine lineage development. eLife 2017; 6:e20010. [PMID: 28071588 PMCID: PMC5224921 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pancreatic transcription factors that are essential for islet cell differentiation have been well characterized; however, because they are often expressed in several different cell populations, their functional hierarchy remains unclear. To parse out the spatiotemporal regulation of islet cell differentiation, we used a Neurog3-Cre allele to ablate Nkx2.2, one of the earliest and most broadly expressed islet transcription factors, specifically in the Neurog3+ endocrine progenitor lineage (Nkx2.2△endo). Remarkably, many essential components of the β cell transcriptional network that were down-regulated in the Nkx2.2KO mice, were maintained in the Nkx2.2△endo mice - yet the Nkx2.2△endo mice displayed defective β cell differentiation and recapitulated the Nkx2.2KO phenotype. This suggests that Nkx2.2 is not only required in the early pancreatic progenitors, but has additional essential activities within the endocrine progenitor population. Consistently, we demonstrate Nkx2.2 functions as an integral component of a modular regulatory program to correctly specify pancreatic islet cell fates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Churchill
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Institute, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Genetics and Development Doctoral Program, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
| | - Giselle Dominguez Gutiérrez
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Institute, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Nutritional and Metabolic Biology Doctoral Program, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
| | - Ruth A Singer
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Institute, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- The Integrated Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
| | | | - Kevin A Fischer
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado, Denver, United States
| | - Lori Sussel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Institute, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Genetics and Development Doctoral Program, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Nutritional and Metabolic Biology Doctoral Program, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- The Integrated Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Medical School, New York, Columbia
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado, Denver, United States
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Moin ASM, Butler PC, Butler AE. Increased Proliferation of the Pancreatic Duct Gland Compartment in Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:200-209. [PMID: 27813705 PMCID: PMC5413103 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pancreatic duct glands (PDGs) have been proposed as a source of regeneration in response to exocrine pancreas injury, and thus may serve as an organ stem cell niche. There is evidence to suggest ongoing β-cell formation in longstanding type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the source is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the PDG compartment of the pancreas in humans with T1D for evidence of an active regenerative signature (presence of progenitor cells and increased proliferation) and, in particular, as a potential source of β-cells. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Pancreases from 46 brain dead organ donors (22 with T1D, 24 nondiabetic controls) were investigated for activation (increased proliferation) and markers of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine progenitors. RESULTS PDG cell replication was increased in T1D (6.3% ± 1.6% vs 0.6% ± 0.1%, P < 0.001, T1D vs nondiabetic), most prominently in association with pancreatic inflammation. There were increased progenitor-like cells in PDGs of T1D, but predominantly with an exocrine fate. CONCLUSION The PDG compartment is activated in T1D consistent with a response to ongoing inflammation, and via resulting ductal hyperplasia may contribute to local obstructive pancreatitis and eventual pancreatic atrophy characteristic of T1D. However, there is no evidence of effective endocrine cell formation from PDGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Peter C Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Developmental programming of the pancreatic islet by in utero overnutrition. TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 10:79-95. [PMID: 29657386 PMCID: PMC5894880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) Hypothesis postulates that the in utero environment influences postnatal health and plays a role in disease etiology. Studies in both humans and animal models have shown that exposure to either under- or overnutrition in utero results in an increased risk of metabolic disease later in life. In addition, offspring born to overweight or obese mothers are more likely to be obese as children and into early adulthood and to have impaired glucose tolerance as adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that over 70% of adults over the age of 20 are either overweight or obese and that nearly half of women are either overweight or obese at the time they become pregnant. Thus, the consequences of maternal overnutrition on the developing fetus are likely to be realized in greater numbers in the coming decades. This review will focus specifically on the effects of in utero overnutrition on pancreatic islet development and function and how the resulting morphological and functional changes influence the offspring's risk of developing metabolic disease. We will discuss the advantages and challenges of different animal models, the effects of exposure to overnutrition during distinct periods of development, the similarities and differences between and within model systems, and potential mechanisms and future directions in understanding how developmental alterations due to maternal diet exposure influence islet health and function later in life.
Collapse
|
158
|
Gutiérrez GD, Bender AS, Cirulli V, Mastracci TL, Kelly SM, Tsirigos A, Kaestner KH, Sussel L. Pancreatic β cell identity requires continual repression of non-β cell programs. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:244-259. [PMID: 27941248 DOI: 10.1172/jci88017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of β cell identity, the presence of polyhormonal cells, and reprogramming are emerging as important features of β cell dysfunction in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we have demonstrated that the transcription factor NKX2.2 is essential for the active maintenance of adult β cell identity as well as function. Deletion of Nkx2.2 in β cells caused rapid onset of a diabetic phenotype in mice that was attributed to loss of insulin and downregulation of many β cell functional genes. Concomitantly, NKX2.2-deficient murine β cells acquired non-β cell endocrine features, resulting in populations of completely reprogrammed cells and bihormonal cells that displayed hybrid endocrine cell morphological characteristics. Molecular analysis in mouse and human islets revealed that NKX2.2 is a conserved master regulatory protein that controls the acquisition and maintenance of a functional, monohormonal β cell identity by directly activating critical β cell genes and actively repressing genes that specify the alternative islet endocrine cell lineages. This study demonstrates the highly volatile nature of the β cell, indicating that acquiring and sustaining β cell identity and function requires not only active maintaining of the expression of genes involved in β cell function, but also continual repression of closely related endocrine gene programs.
Collapse
|
159
|
Krivova Y, Proshchina A, Barabanov V, Leonova O, Saveliev S. Structure of neuro-endocrine and neuro-epithelial interactions in human foetal pancreas. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:567-576. [PMID: 27823763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the pancreas of many mammals including humans, endocrine islet cells can be integrated with the nervous system components into neuro-insular complexes. The mechanism of the formation of such complexes is not clearly understood. The present study evaluated the interactions between the nervous system components, epithelial cells and endocrine cells in the human pancreas. Foetal pancreas, gestational age 19-23 weeks (13 cases) and 30-34 weeks (7 cases), were studied using double immunohistochemical labeling with neural markers (S100 protein and beta III tubulin), epithelial marker (cytokeratin 19 (CK19)) and antibodies to insulin and glucagon. We first analyse the structure of neuro-insular complexes using confocal microscopy and provide immunohistochemical evidences of the presence of endocrine cells within the ganglia or inside the nerve bundles. We showed that the nervous system components contact with the epithelial cells located in ducts or in clusters outside the ductal epithelium and form complexes with separate epithelial cells. We observed CK19-positive cells inside the ganglia and nerve bundles which were located separately or were integrated with the islets. Therefore, we conclude that neuro-insular complexes may forms as a result of integration between epithelial cells and nervous system components at the initial stages of islets formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Krivova
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexandra Proshchina
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Valeriy Barabanov
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Olga Leonova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Vavilova St. 32, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey Saveliev
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
El-Khairi R, Vallier L. The role of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β in disease and development. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:23-32. [PMID: 27615128 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the gene that encodes the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β (HNF1B) result in a multi-system disorder. HNF1B was initially discovered as a monogenic diabetes gene; however, renal cysts are the most frequently detected feature. Other clinical features include pancreatic hypoplasia and exocrine insufficiency, genital tract malformations, abnormal liver function, cholestasis and early-onset gout. Heterozygous mutations and complete gene deletions in HNF1B each account for approximately 50% of all cases of HNF1B-associated disease and may show autosomal dominant inheritance or arise spontaneously. There is no clear genotype-phenotype correlation indicating that haploinsufficiency is the main disease mechanism. Data from animal models suggest that HNF1B is essential for several stages of pancreas and liver development. However, mice with heterozygous mutations in HNF1B show no phenotype in contrast to the phenotype seen in humans. This suggests that mouse models do not fully replicate the features of human disease and complementary studies in human systems are necessary to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying HNF1B-associated disease. This review discusses the role of HNF1B in human and murine pancreas and liver development, summarizes the disease phenotypes and identifies areas for future investigations in HNF1B-associated diabetes and liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R El-Khairi
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Vallier
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Honoré C, Rescan C, Hald J, McGrath PS, Petersen MBK, Hansson M, Klein T, Østergaard S, Wells JM, Madsen OD. Revisiting the immunocytochemical detection of Neurogenin 3 expression in mouse and man. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:10-22. [PMID: 27615127 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, endocrine cells of the pancreas are specified from multipotent progenitors. The transcription factor Neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3) is critical for this development and it has been shown that all endocrine cells of the pancreas arise from endocrine progenitors expressing NEUROG3. A thorough understanding of the role of NEUROG3 during development, directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and in models of cellular reprogramming, will guide future efforts directed at finding novel sources of β-cells for cell replacement therapies. In this article, we review the expression and function of NEUROG3 in both mouse and human and present the further characterization of a monoclonal antibody directed against NEUROG3. This antibody has been previously been used for detection of both mouse and human NEUROG3. However, our results suggest that the epitope recognized by this antibody is specific to mouse NEUROG3. Thus, we have also generated a monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing human NEUROG3 and present the characterization of this antibody here. Together, these antibodies will provide useful tools for future studies of NEUROG3 expression, and the data presented in this article suggest that recently described expression patterns of NEUROG3 in human foetal and adult pancreas should be re-examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Honoré
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.
| | - C Rescan
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - J Hald
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - P S McGrath
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - M B K Petersen
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - M Hansson
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - T Klein
- Gubra Aps, Agern Alle 1, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - S Østergaard
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - J M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - O D Madsen
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Gerrard DT, Berry AA, Jennings RE, Piper Hanley K, Bobola N, Hanley NA. An integrative transcriptomic atlas of organogenesis in human embryos. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27557446 PMCID: PMC4996651 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human organogenesis is when severe developmental abnormalities commonly originate. However, understanding this critical embryonic phase has relied upon inference from patient phenotypes and assumptions from in vitro stem cell models and non-human vertebrates. We report an integrated transcriptomic atlas of human organogenesis. By lineage-guided principal components analysis, we uncover novel relatedness of particular developmental genes across different organs and tissues and identified unique transcriptional codes which correctly predicted the cause of many congenital disorders. By inference, our model pinpoints co-enriched genes as new causes of developmental disorders such as cleft palate and congenital heart disease. The data revealed more than 6000 novel transcripts, over 90% of which fulfil criteria as long non-coding RNAs correlated with the protein-coding genome over megabase distances. Taken together, we have uncovered cryptic transcriptional programs used by the human embryo and established a new resource for the molecular understanding of human organogenesis and its associated disorders. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15657.001 Individual organs and tissues form in human embryos during the first two months of pregnancy. Any errors during this crucial stage of human development can result in miscarriage or serious birth defects. Yet remarkably little is known about how this process works. What is known has been inferred from studies of how other animals develop, human stem cells grown in a laboratory, and babies born with genetic conditions that cause developmental problems. Genes control the way that organs and tissues form, and are switched on or off in complex patterns during development to ensure that particular cells develop into one type of organ and not another. When genes are switched on, their DNA is copied into molecules called RNA. Many RNA molecules are used as templates to make proteins, which then perform critical roles in cell processes. One way to find out which genes are activated during development is to identify which RNAs are made by cells in the embryo. Here, Gerrard, Berry et al. used a technique called RNA-sequencing to identify the RNAs that human embryos make while their organs and tissues form. The RNA came from many different tissues including the heart, limbs and the roof of the mouth. Gerrard, Berry et al. developed a new computational model that used the identity of the RNAs to decode the precise patterns of gene activity in the tissues. The model correctly identified many genes that were already known to cause developmental problems when faulty, and identified numerous others that are now predicted to cause developmental defects in humans. Gerrard, Berry et al. also discovered over 6,000 RNAs in the human embryos that are unlikely to code for proteins. These “non-coding” RNAs may have other roles in cells, such as switching off genes, and many of them appear to be specific to human embryos. Together, these findings have uncovered new patterns of gene activity that drive development in human embryos and provide a resource for studying how organs and tissues form. Future challenges are to understand what controls these patterns of gene activity, and how the patterns change over time. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15657.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dave T Gerrard
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Berry
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E Jennings
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Endocrinology Department, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Piper Hanley
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicoletta Bobola
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Hanley
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Endocrinology Department, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Borisov MA, Petrakova OS, Gvazava IG, Kalistratova EN, Vasiliev AV. Stem Cells in the Treatment of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Acta Naturae 2016; 8:31-43. [PMID: 27795842 PMCID: PMC5081704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes affects over 350 million people worldwide, with the figure projected to rise to nearly 500 million over the next 20 years, according to the World Health Organization. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes) is an endocrine disorder caused by an autoimmune reaction that destroys insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas, which leads to insulin deficiency. Administration of exogenous insulin remains at the moment the treatment mainstay. This approach helps to regulate blood glucose levels and significantly increases the life expectancy of patients. However, type 1 diabetes is accompanied by long-term complications associated with the systemic nature of the disease and metabolic abnormalities having a profound impact on health. Of greater impact would be a therapeutic approach which would overcome these limitations by better control of blood glucose levels and prevention of acute and chronic complications. The current efforts in the field of regenerative medicine are aimed at finding such an approach. In this review, we discuss the time-honored technique of donor islets of Langerhans transplantation. We also focus on the use of pluripotent stem and committed cells and cellular reprogramming. The molecular mechanisms of pancreatic differentiation are highlighted. Much attention is devoted to the methods of grafts delivery and to the materials used during its creation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Borisov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - O. S. Petrakova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 12, Moscow, 119991 , Russia
| | - I. G. Gvazava
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - E. N. Kalistratova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 12, Moscow, 119991 , Russia
| | - A. V. Vasiliev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory 1, bld. 12, Moscow, 119991 , Russia
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Hindley CJ, Cordero-Espinoza L, Huch M. Organoids from adult liver and pancreas: Stem cell biology and biomedical utility. Dev Biol 2016; 420:251-261. [PMID: 27364469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The liver and pancreas are critical organs maintaining whole body metabolism. Historically, the expansion of adult-derived cells from these organs in vitro has proven challenging and this in turn has hampered studies of liver and pancreas stem cell biology, as well as being a roadblock to disease modelling and cell replacement therapies for pathologies in these organs. Recently, defined culture conditions have been described which allow the in vitro culture and manipulation of adult-derived liver and pancreatic material. Here we review these systems and assess their physiological relevance, as well as their potential utility in biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hindley
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Lucía Cordero-Espinoza
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Generation of polyhormonal and multipotent pancreatic progenitor lineages from human pluripotent stem cells. Methods 2016; 101:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
166
|
Kawser Hossain M, Abdal Dayem A, Han J, Kumar Saha S, Yang GM, Choi HY, Cho SG. Recent Advances in Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery for Diabetes Mellitus Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:256. [PMID: 26907255 PMCID: PMC4783985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a widespread metabolic disease with a progressive incidence of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite extensive research, treatment options for diabetic patients remains limited. Although significant challenges remain, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into any cell type, including insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells, highlighting its potential as a treatment option for DM. Several iPSC lines have recently been derived from both diabetic and healthy donors. Using different reprogramming techniques, iPSCs were differentiated into insulin-secreting pancreatic βcells. Furthermore, diabetes patient-derived iPSCs (DiPSCs) are increasingly being used as a platform to perform cell-based drug screening in order to develop DiPSC-based cell therapies against DM. Toxicity and teratogenicity assays based on iPSC-derived cells can also provide additional information on safety before advancing drugs to clinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the development of techniques for differentiation of iPSCs or DiPSCs into insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells, their applications in drug screening, and their role in complementing and replacing animal testing in clinical use. Advances in iPSC technologies will provide new knowledge needed to develop patient-specific iPSC-based diabetic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kawser Hossain
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jihae Han
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Masjkur J, Poser SW, Nikolakopoulou P, Chrousos G, McKay RD, Bornstein SR, Jones PM, Androutsellis-Theotokis A. Endocrine Pancreas Development and Regeneration: Noncanonical Ideas From Neural Stem Cell Biology. Diabetes 2016; 65:314-30. [PMID: 26798118 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Loss of insulin-producing pancreatic islet β-cells is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes. Several experimental paradigms demonstrate that these cells can, in principle, be regenerated from multiple endogenous sources using signaling pathways that are also used during pancreas development. A thorough understanding of these pathways will provide improved opportunities for therapeutic intervention. It is now appreciated that signaling pathways should not be seen as "on" or "off" but that the degree of activity may result in wildly different cellular outcomes. In addition to the degree of operation of a signaling pathway, noncanonical branches also play important roles. Thus, a pathway, once considered as "off" or "low" may actually be highly operational but may be using noncanonical branches. Such branches are only now revealing themselves as new tools to assay them are being generated. A formidable source of noncanonical signal transduction concepts is neural stem cells because these cells appear to have acquired unusual signaling interpretations to allow them to maintain their unique dual properties (self-renewal and multipotency). We discuss how such findings from the neural field can provide a blueprint for the identification of new molecular mechanisms regulating pancreatic biology, with a focus on Notch, Hes/Hey, and hedgehog pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Masjkur
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steven W Poser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - George Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter M Jones
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Abstract
A wealth of data and comprehensive reviews exist on pancreas development in mammals, primarily mice, and other vertebrates. By contrast, human pancreatic development has been less comprehensively reviewed. Here, we draw together those studies conducted directly in human embryonic and fetal tissue to provide an overview of what is known about human pancreatic development. We discuss the relevance of this work to manufacturing insulin-secreting β-cells from pluripotent stem cells and to different aspects of diabetes, especially permanent neonatal diabetes, and its underlying causes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Jennings
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK Endocrinology Department, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Grafton St, Manchester M13 9WU, UK
| | - Andrew A Berry
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - James P Strutt
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - David T Gerrard
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK Bioinformatics Unit, Faculty of Life Science, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Neil A Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK Endocrinology Department, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Grafton St, Manchester M13 9WU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Lu S, Chow CC, Zhou J, Leung PS, Tsui SK, Lui KO. Genetic Modification of Human Pancreatic Progenitor Cells Through Modified mRNA. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1428:307-17. [PMID: 27236809 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3625-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe a highly efficient genetic modification strategy for human pancreatic progenitor cells using modified mRNA-encoding GFP and Neurogenin-3. The properties of modified mRNA offer an invaluable platform to drive protein expression, which has broad applicability in pathway regulation, directed differentiation, and lineage specification. This approach can also be used to regulate expression of other pivotal transcription factors during pancreas development and might have potential therapeutic values in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Lu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Princes of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Princes of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Christie C Chow
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Princes of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Junwei Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Stephen K Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Princes of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Princes of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Abstract
Although similar, mouse and human pancreatic development and beta cell physiology have significant differences. For this reason, mouse models present shortcomings that can obscure the understanding of human diabetes pathology. Progress in the field of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation now makes it possible to derive unlimited numbers of human beta cells in vitro. This constitutes an invaluable approach to gain insight into human beta cell development and physiology and to generate improved disease models. Here we summarize the main differences in terms of development and physiology of the pancreatic endocrine cells between mouse and human, and describe the recent progress in modeling diabetes using hPSC. We highlight the need of developing more physiological hPSC-derived beta cell models and anticipate the future prospects of these approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Balboa
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Huang L, Holtzinger A, Jagan I, BeGora M, Lohse I, Ngai N, Nostro C, Wang R, Muthuswamy LB, Crawford HC, Arrowsmith C, Kalloger SE, Renouf DJ, Connor AA, Cleary S, Schaeffer DF, Roehrl M, Tsao MS, Gallinger S, Keller G, Muthuswamy SK. Ductal pancreatic cancer modeling and drug screening using human pluripotent stem cell- and patient-derived tumor organoids. Nat Med 2015; 21:1364-71. [PMID: 26501191 PMCID: PMC4753163 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are few in vitro models of exocrine pancreas development and primary human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We establish three-dimensional culture conditions to induce the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into exocrine progenitor organoids that form ductal and acinar structures in culture and in vivo. Expression of mutant KRAS or TP53 in progenitor organoids induces mutation-specific phenotypes in culture and in vivo. Expression of TP53(R175H) induces cytosolic SOX9 localization. In patient tumors bearing TP53 mutations, SOX9 was cytoplasmic and associated with mortality. We also define culture conditions for clonal generation of tumor organoids from freshly resected PDAC. Tumor organoids maintain the differentiation status, histoarchitecture and phenotypic heterogeneity of the primary tumor and retain patient-specific physiological changes, including hypoxia, oxygen consumption, epigenetic marks and differences in sensitivity to inhibition of the histone methyltransferase EZH2. Thus, pancreatic progenitor organoids and tumor organoids can be used to model PDAC and for drug screening to identify precision therapy strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Audrey Holtzinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McEwen Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ishaan Jagan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael BeGora
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ines Lohse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Ngai
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cristina Nostro
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McEwen Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rennian Wang
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lakshmi B. Muthuswamy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard C. Crawford
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Cheryl Arrowsmith
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve E. Kalloger
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Renouf
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ashton A Connor
- Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Cleary
- Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David F. Schaeffer
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Roehrl
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Keller
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McEwen Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Senthil K. Muthuswamy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Abstract
Controversy has long surrounded research on pancreatic beta cell regeneration. Some groups have used nonphysiological experimental methodologies to build support for the existence of pancreatic progenitor cells within the adult pancreas that constantly replenish the beta cell pool; others argue strongly against this mode of regeneration. Recent research has reinvigorated enthusiasm for the harnessing of pancreatic plasticity for therapeutic application--for example, the transdifferentiation of human pancreatic exocrine cells into insulin-secreting beta-like cells in vitro; the conversion of mouse pancreatic acinar cells to beta-like cells in vivo via cytokine treatment; and the potential redifferentiation of dedifferentiated mouse beta cells in vivo. Here, we highlight key findings in this provocative field and provide a perspective on possible exploitation of human pancreatic plasticity for therapeutic beta cell regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Valdez
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adrian K K Teo
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Present address: Discovery Research Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore. Present affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore. Present affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore.
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Salisbury RJ, Han B, Jennings RE, Berry AA, Stevens A, Mohamed Z, Sugden SA, De Krijger R, Cross SE, Johnson PPV, Newbould M, Cosgrove KE, Hanley KP, Banerjee I, Dunne MJ, Hanley NA. Altered Phenotype of β-Cells and Other Pancreatic Cell Lineages in Patients With Diffuse Congenital Hyperinsulinism in Infancy Caused by Mutations in the ATP-Sensitive K-Channel. Diabetes 2015; 64:3182-8. [PMID: 25931474 PMCID: PMC4542438 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse congenital hyperinsulinism in infancy (CHI-D) arises from mutations inactivating the KATP channel; however, the phenotype is difficult to explain from electrophysiology alone. Here we studied wider abnormalities in the β-cell and other pancreatic lineages. Islets were disorganized in CHI-D compared with controls. PAX4 and ARX expression was decreased. A tendency toward increased NKX2.2 expression was consistent with its detection in two-thirds of CHI-D δ-cell nuclei, similar to the fetal pancreas, and implied immature δ-cell function. CHI-D δ-cells also comprised 10% of cells displaying nucleomegaly. In CHI-D, increased proliferation was most elevated in duct (5- to 11-fold) and acinar (7- to 47-fold) lineages. Increased β-cell proliferation observed in some cases was offset by an increase in apoptosis; this is in keeping with no difference in INSULIN expression or surface area stained for insulin between CHI-D and control pancreas. However, nuclear localization of CDK6 and P27 was markedly enhanced in CHI-D β-cells compared with cytoplasmic localization in control cells. These combined data support normal β-cell mass in CHI-D, but with G1/S molecules positioned in favor of cell cycle progression. New molecular abnormalities in δ-cells and marked proliferative increases in other pancreatic lineages indicate CHI-D is not solely a β-cell disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Salisbury
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Bing Han
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Rachel E Jennings
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Andrew A Berry
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Adam Stevens
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Zainab Mohamed
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Sarah A Sugden
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Ronald De Krijger
- Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Pathology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Cross
- Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation Human Islet Isolation Facility, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Paul P V Johnson
- Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation Human Islet Isolation Facility, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Melanie Newbould
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Karen E Cosgrove
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Karen Piper Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Indraneel Banerjee
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Mark J Dunne
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
| | - Neil A Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Gomez DL, O’Driscoll M, Sheets TP, Hruban RH, Oberholzer J, McGarrigle JJ, Shamblott MJ. Neurogenin 3 Expressing Cells in the Human Exocrine Pancreas Have the Capacity for Endocrine Cell Fate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133862. [PMID: 26288179 PMCID: PMC4545947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenin 3 (NGN3) is necessary and sufficient for endocrine differentiation during pancreatic development and is expressed by a population of progenitor cells that give rise exclusively to hormone-secreting cells within islets. NGN3 protein can be detected in the adult rodent pancreas only following certain types of injury, when it is transiently expressed by exocrine cells undergoing reprogramming to an endocrine cell fate. Here, NGN3 protein can be detected in 2% of acinar and duct cells in living biopsies of histologically normal adult human pancreata and 10% in cadaveric biopsies of organ donor pancreata. The percentage and total number of NGN3+ cells increase during culture without evidence of proliferation or selective cell death. Isolation of highly purified and viable NGN3+ cell populations can be achieved based on coexpression of the cell surface glycoprotein CD133. Transcriptome and targeted expression analyses of isolated CD133+ / NGN3+ cells indicate that they are distinct from surrounding exocrine tissue with respect to expression phenotype and Notch signaling activity, but retain high level mRNA expression of genes indicative of acinar and duct cell function. NGN3+ cells have an mRNA expression profile that resembles that of mouse early endocrine progenitor cells. During in vitro differentiation, NGN3+ cells express genes in a pattern characteristic of endocrine development and result in cells that resemble beta cells on the basis of coexpression of insulin C-peptide, chromogranin A and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1. NGN3 expression in the adult human exocrine pancreas marks a dedifferentiating cell population with the capacity to take on an endocrine cell fate. These cells represent a potential source for the treatment of diabetes either through ex vivo manipulation, or in vivo by targeting mechanisms controlling their population size and endocrine cell fate commitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Gomez
- Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Marci O’Driscoll
- Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Sheets
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - James J. McGarrigle
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Shamblott
- Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will discuss recent advances in understanding mouse and human pancreatic islet cell development, novel concepts related to β cell dysfunction and improved approaches for replenishing β cells to treat diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Considerable knowledge about pancreatic islet development and function has been gained using model systems with subsequent validation in human tissues. Recently, several rodent studies have revealed that differentiated adult islet cells retain remarkable plasticity and can be converted to other islet cell types by perturbing their transcription factor profiles. Furthermore, significant advances have been made in the generation of β-like cells from stem cell populations. Therefore, the generation of functionally mature β cells by the in-situ conversion of non-β cell populations or by the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells could represent novel mechanisms for replenishing β cells in diabetic patients. SUMMARY The overall conservation between mouse and human pancreatic development, islet physiology and etiology of diabetes encourages the translation of novel β cell replacement therapies to humans. Further deciphering the molecular mechanisms that direct islet cell regeneration, plasticity and function could improve and expand the β cell replacement strategies for treating diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony I Romer
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Bonfanti P, Nobecourt E, Oshima M, Albagli-Curiel O, Laurysens V, Stangé G, Sojoodi M, Heremans Y, Heimberg H, Scharfmann R. Ex Vivo Expansion and Differentiation of Human and Mouse Fetal Pancreatic Progenitors Are Modulated by Epidermal Growth Factor. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1766-78. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bonfanti
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Estelle Nobecourt
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Masaya Oshima
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Albagli-Curiel
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Veerle Laurysens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
McGrath PS, Watson CL, Ingram C, Helmrath MA, Wells JM. The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor NEUROG3 Is Required for Development of the Human Endocrine Pancreas. Diabetes 2015; 64:2497-505. [PMID: 25650326 PMCID: PMC4477351 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenin3 (NEUROG3) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor required for development of the endocrine pancreas in mice. In contrast, humans with NEUROG3 mutations are born with endocrine pancreas function, calling into question whether NEUROG3 is required for human endocrine pancreas development. To test this directly, we generated human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines where both alleles of NEUROG3 were disrupted using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene targeting. NEUROG3(-/-) hESC lines efficiently formed pancreatic progenitors but lacked detectible NEUROG3 protein and did not form endocrine cells in vitro. Moreover, NEUROG3(-/-) hESC lines were unable to form mature pancreatic endocrine cells after engraftment of PDX1(+)/NKX6.1(+) pancreatic progenitors into mice. In contrast, a 75-90% knockdown of NEUROG3 caused a reduction, but not a loss, of pancreatic endocrine cell development. We conclude that NEUROG3 is essential for endocrine pancreas development in humans and that as little as 10% NEUROG3 is sufficient for formation of pancreatic endocrine cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S McGrath
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Carey L Watson
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH Department of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Cameron Ingram
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH Department of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Talavera-Adame D, Dafoe DC. Endothelium-derived essential signals involved in pancreas organogenesis. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:40-49. [PMID: 25992319 PMCID: PMC4436939 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are essential for pancreas differentiation, endocrine specification, and endocrine function. They are also involved in the physiopathology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. During embryogenesis, aortic ECs provide specific factors that maintain the expression of key genes for pancreas development such as pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1. Other unknown factors are also important for pancreatic endocrine specification and formation of insulin-producing beta cells. Endocrine precursors proliferate interspersed with ductal cells and exocrine precursors and, at some point of development, these endocrine precursors migrate to pancreatic mesenchyme and start forming the islets of Langerhans. By the end of the gestation and close to birth, these islets contain immature beta cells with the capacity to express vascular endothelial growth factor and therefore to recruit ECs from the surrounding microenvironment. ECs in turn produce factors that are essential to maintain insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. Once assembled, a cross talk between endocrine cells and ECs maintain the integrity of islets toward an adequate function during the whole life of the adult individual. This review will focus in the EC role in the differentiation and maturation of pancreatic beta cells during embryogenesis as well as the current knowledge about the involvement of endothelium to derive pancreatic beta cells in vitro from mouse or human pluripotent stem cells.
Collapse
|
179
|
Cebola I, Rodríguez-Seguí SA, Cho CHH, Bessa J, Rovira M, Luengo M, Chhatriwala M, Berry A, Ponsa-Cobas J, Maestro MA, Jennings RE, Pasquali L, Morán I, Castro N, Hanley NA, Gomez-Skarmeta JL, Vallier L, Ferrer J. TEAD and YAP regulate the enhancer network of human embryonic pancreatic progenitors. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:615-626. [PMID: 25915126 PMCID: PMC4434585 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The genomic regulatory programmes that underlie human organogenesis are poorly understood. Pancreas development, in particular, has pivotal implications for pancreatic regeneration, cancer and diabetes. We have now characterized the regulatory landscape of embryonic multipotent progenitor cells that give rise to all pancreatic epithelial lineages. Using human embryonic pancreas and embryonic-stem-cell-derived progenitors we identify stage-specific transcripts and associated enhancers, many of which are co-occupied by transcription factors that are essential for pancreas development. We further show that TEAD1, a Hippo signalling effector, is an integral component of the transcription factor combinatorial code of pancreatic progenitor enhancers. TEAD and its coactivator YAP activate key pancreatic signalling mediators and transcription factors, and regulate the expansion of pancreatic progenitors. This work therefore uncovers a central role for TEAD and YAP as signal-responsive regulators of multipotent pancreatic progenitors, and provides a resource for the study of embryonic development of the human pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cebola
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago A. Rodríguez-Seguí
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Candy H.-H. Cho
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Stem Cells Centre, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery and Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - José Bessa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Meritxell Rovira
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Luengo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mariya Chhatriwala
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Berry
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Ponsa-Cobas
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Angel Maestro
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel E. Jennings
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Pasquali
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Morán
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Castro
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Endocrinology Department, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Stem Cells Centre, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery and Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Russ HA, Parent AV, Ringler JJ, Hennings TG, Nair GG, Shveygert M, Guo T, Puri S, Haataja L, Cirulli V, Blelloch R, Szot GL, Arvan P, Hebrok M. Controlled induction of human pancreatic progenitors produces functional beta-like cells in vitro. EMBO J 2015; 34:1759-72. [PMID: 25908839 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into functional insulin-producing beta-like cells holds great promise for cell replacement therapy for patients suffering from diabetes. This approach also offers the unique opportunity to study otherwise inaccessible aspects of human beta cell development and function in vitro. Here, we show that current pancreatic progenitor differentiation protocols promote precocious endocrine commitment, ultimately resulting in the generation of non-functional polyhormonal cells. Omission of commonly used BMP inhibitors during pancreatic specification prevents precocious endocrine formation while treatment with retinoic acid followed by combined EGF/KGF efficiently generates both PDX1(+) and subsequent PDX1(+)/NKX6.1(+) pancreatic progenitor populations, respectively. Precise temporal activation of endocrine differentiation in PDX1(+)/NKX6.1(+) progenitors produces glucose-responsive beta-like cells in vitro that exhibit key features of bona fide human beta cells, remain functional after short-term transplantation, and reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. Thus, our simplified and scalable system accurately recapitulates key steps of human pancreas development and provides a fast and reproducible supply of functional human beta-like cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Audrey V Parent
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Ringler
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Hennings
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gopika G Nair
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mayya Shveygert
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tingxia Guo
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Brehm Tower Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cirulli
- Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Greg L Szot
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Brehm Tower Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Nair G, Hebrok M. Islet formation in mice and men: lessons for the generation of functional insulin-producing β-cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:171-80. [PMID: 25909383 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Islets of Langerhans are crucial 'micro-organs' embedded in the glandular exocrine pancreas that regulate nutrient metabolism. They not only synthesize, but also secrete endocrine hormones in a modulated fashion in response to physiologic metabolic demand. These highly sophisticated structures with intricate organization of multiple cell types, namely endocrine, vascular, neuronal and mesenchymal cells, have evolved to perform this task to perfection over time. Not surprisingly, islet architecture and function are dissimilar between humans and typically studied model organisms, such as rodents and zebrafish. Further, recent findings also suggest noteworthy differences in human islet development from that in mouse, including delayed appearance and gradual resolution of key differentiation markers, a single-phase of endocrine differentiation, and prenatal association of developing islets with neurovascular milieu. In light of these findings, it is imperative that a systematic study is undertaken to compare islet development between human and mouse. Illuminating inter-species differences in islet development will likely be critical in furthering our pursuit to generate an unlimited supply of truly functional and fully mature β-cells from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) sources for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Nair
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
PDX1 binds and represses hepatic genes to ensure robust pancreatic commitment in differentiating human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:578-90. [PMID: 25843046 PMCID: PMC4400640 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the Pancreatic and Duodenal Homeobox 1 (PDX1) gene causes pancreatic agenesis, which places PDX1 high atop the regulatory network controlling development of this indispensable organ. However, little is known about the identity of PDX1 transcriptional targets. We simulated pancreatic development by differentiating human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into early pancreatic progenitors and subjected this cell population to PDX1 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq). We identified more than 350 genes bound by PDX1, whose expression was upregulated on day 17 of differentiation. This group included known PDX1 targets and many genes not previously linked to pancreatic development. ChIP-seq also revealed PDX1 occupancy at hepatic genes. We hypothesized that simultaneous PDX1-driven activation of pancreatic and repression of hepatic programs underlie early divergence between pancreas and liver. In HepG2 cells and differentiating hESCs, we found that PDX1 binds and suppresses expression of endogenous liver genes. These findings rebrand PDX1 as a context-dependent transcriptional repressor and activator within the same cell type. Early pancreatic progenitor (ePP) cells are efficiently derived from hESCs High levels of the homeobox transcription factor PDX1 label ePP cells PDX1 binds a battery of foregut/midgut and early pancreatic genes in ePP cells PDX1 binds and represses hepatic genes
Collapse
|
183
|
Nostro MC, Sarangi F, Yang C, Holland A, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG, Greiner DL, Keller G. Efficient generation of NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors from multiple human pluripotent stem cell lines. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:591-604. [PMID: 25843049 PMCID: PMC4400642 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a renewable source of pancreatic beta cells for both basic research and therapeutic applications. Given this outstanding potential, significant efforts have been made to identify the signaling pathways that regulate pancreatic development in hPSC differentiation cultures. In this study, we demonstrate that the combination of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and nicotinamide signaling induces the generation of NKX6-1+ progenitors from all hPSC lines tested. Furthermore, we show that the size of the NKX6-1+ population is regulated by the duration of treatment with retinoic acid, fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), and inhibitors of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and hedgehog signaling pathways. When transplanted into NOD scid gamma (NSG) recipients, these progenitors differentiate to give rise to exocrine and endocrine cells, including monohormonal insulin+ cells. Together, these findings provide an efficient and reproducible strategy for generating highly enriched populations of hPSC-derived beta cell progenitors for studies aimed at further characterizing their developmental potential in vivo and deciphering the pathways that regulate their maturation in vitro. EGF and nicotinamide induce NKX6-1+ progenitors from hPSC-derived endoderm NKX6-1+ progenitor generation can be controlled by the duration of stage 3 treatment The generation of polyhormonal cells is dependent on hedgehog signaling inhibition NKX6-1+ progenitors give rise to ductal, acinar, and endocrine cells in vivo
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Nostro
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Farida Sarangi
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Chaoxing Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andrew Holland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gordon Keller
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Baxter M, Withey S, Harrison S, Segeritz CP, Zhang F, Atkinson-Dell R, Rowe C, Gerrard DT, Sison-Young R, Jenkins R, Henry J, Berry AA, Mohamet L, Best M, Fenwick SW, Malik H, Kitteringham NR, Goldring CE, Piper Hanley K, Vallier L, Hanley NA. Phenotypic and functional analyses show stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells better mimic fetal rather than adult hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2015; 62:581-9. [PMID: 25457200 PMCID: PMC4334496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), differentiated from pluripotent stem cells by the use of soluble factors, can model human liver function and toxicity. However, at present HLC maturity and whether any deficit represents a true fetal state or aberrant differentiation is unclear and compounded by comparison to potentially deteriorated adult hepatocytes. Therefore, we generated HLCs from multiple lineages, using two different protocols, for direct comparison with fresh fetal and adult hepatocytes. METHODS Protocols were developed for robust differentiation. Multiple transcript, protein and functional analyses compared HLCs to fresh human fetal and adult hepatocytes. RESULTS HLCs were comparable to those of other laboratories by multiple parameters. Transcriptional changes during differentiation mimicked human embryogenesis and showed more similarity to pericentral than periportal hepatocytes. Unbiased proteomics demonstrated greater proximity to liver than 30 other human organs or tissues. However, by comparison to fresh material, HLC maturity was proven by transcript, protein and function to be fetal-like and short of the adult phenotype. The expression of 81% phase 1 enzymes in HLCs was significantly upregulated and half were statistically not different from fetal hepatocytes. HLCs secreted albumin and metabolized testosterone (CYP3A) and dextrorphan (CYP2D6) like fetal hepatocytes. In seven bespoke tests, devised by principal components analysis to distinguish fetal from adult hepatocytes, HLCs from two different source laboratories consistently demonstrated fetal characteristics. CONCLUSIONS HLCs from different sources are broadly comparable with unbiased proteomic evidence for faithful differentiation down the liver lineage. This current phenotype mimics human fetal rather than adult hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Baxter
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah Withey
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Sean Harrison
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Charis-Patricia Segeritz
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca Atkinson-Dell
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dave T. Gerrard
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK,Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Roz Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne Henry
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew A. Berry
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Lisa Mohamet
- Stem Cell Research Group, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Marie Best
- Human Genetics Division, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephen W. Fenwick
- North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Hassan Malik
- North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Neil R. Kitteringham
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris E. Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karen Piper Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK,Endocrinology Department, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Grafton St, Manchester, UK,Corresponding author. Address: AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. Tel.: +44 161 275 5180; fax: +44 161 275 5958.
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Toyoda T, Mae SI, Tanaka H, Kondo Y, Funato M, Hosokawa Y, Sudo T, Kawaguchi Y, Osafune K. Cell aggregation optimizes the differentiation of human ESCs and iPSCs into pancreatic bud-like progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:185-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
|
186
|
Farr RJ, Joglekar MV, Hardikar AA. Circulating microRNAs in Diabetes Progression: Discovery, Validation, and Research Translation. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2015; 106:215-244. [PMID: 26608206 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0955-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, in all of its forms, is a disease state that demonstrates wide ranging pathological effects throughout the body. Until now, the only method of diagnosing and monitoring the progression of diabetes was through the measurement of blood glucose. Unfortunately, beta cell dysfunction initiates well before the clinical onset of diabetes, and so the development of an effective biomarker signature is of paramount importance to predict and monitor the progression of this disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are small (18-22 nucleotide) noncoding (nc)RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate endogenous gene expression by targeted inhibition or degradation of messenger (m)RNA. Recently, miRNAs have shown great promise as biomarkers as some exhibit differential expression in multiple disease states, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D/T2D). Furthermore, miRNAs are quite stable in circulation, resistant to freeze-thaw and pH-mediated degradation, and are relatively easy to detect using quantitative (q)PCR. Here, we discuss microRNAs that may form a diabetes biomarker signature. To identify these transcripts we outline miRNAs that play a central role in pancreas development and diabetes, as well as previously identified miRNAs with differential expression in individuals with T1D and T2D. Validation and refinement of a miRNA biomarker signature for diabetes would allow identification and intervention of individuals at risk of this disease, as well as stratification and monitoring of patients with established diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Farr
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 6, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Mugdha V Joglekar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 6, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Anandwardhan A Hardikar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Level 6, Medical Foundation Building, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Alejandro EU, Gregg B, Blandino-Rosano M, Cras-Méneur C, Bernal-Mizrachi E. Natural history of β-cell adaptation and failure in type 2 diabetes. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 42:19-41. [PMID: 25542976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a complex disease characterized by β-cell failure in the setting of insulin resistance. The current evidence suggests that genetic predisposition, and environmental factors can impair the capacity of the β-cells to respond to insulin resistance and ultimately lead to their failure. However, genetic studies have demonstrated that known variants account for less than 10% of the overall estimated T2D risk, suggesting that additional unidentified factors contribute to susceptibility of this disease. In this review, we will discuss the different stages that contribute to the development of β-cell failure in T2D. We divide the natural history of this process in three major stages: susceptibility, β-cell adaptation and β-cell failure, and provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved. Further research into mechanisms will reveal key modulators of β-cell failure and thus identify possible novel therapeutic targets and potential interventions to protect against β-cell failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilyn U Alejandro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Manuel Blandino-Rosano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Corentin Cras-Méneur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Tan G, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. β-cell regeneration and differentiation: how close are we to the 'holy grail'? J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:R119-29. [PMID: 25385843 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes can be managed by careful monitoring of blood glucose and timely delivery of exogenous insulin. However, even with fastidious compliance, people with diabetes can suffer from numerous complications including atherosclerosis, retinopathy, neuropathy, and kidney disease. This is because delivery of exogenous insulin coupled with glucose monitoring cannot provide the fine level of glucose control normally provided by endogenous β-cells in the context of intact islets. Moreover, a subset of people with diabetes lack awareness of hypoglycemic events; a status that can have grave consequences. Therefore, much effort has been focused on replacing lost or dysfunctional β-cells with cells derived from other sources. The advent of stem cell biology and cellular reprogramming strategies have provided impetus to this work and raised hopes that a β-cell replacement therapy is on the horizon. In this review, we look at two components that will be required for successful β-cell replacement therapy: a reliable and safe source of β-cells and a mechanism by which such cells can be delivered and protected from host immune destruction. Particular attention is paid to insulin-producing cells derived from pluripotent stem cells because this platform addresses the issue of scale, one of the more significant hurdles associated with potential cell-based therapies. We also review methods for encapsulating transplanted cells, a technique that allows grafts to evade immune attack and survive for a long term in the absence of ongoing immunosuppression. In surveying the literature, we conclude that there are still several substantial hurdles that need to be cleared before a stem cell-based β-cell replacement therapy for diabetes becomes a reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Tan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, AustraliaMurdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, AustraliaDepartment of PaediatricsThe Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, AustraliaMurdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, AustraliaDepartment of PaediatricsThe Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, AustraliaMurdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, AustraliaDepartment of PaediatricsThe Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, AustraliaMurdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, AustraliaDepartment of PaediatricsThe Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, AustraliaMurdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, AustraliaDepartment of PaediatricsThe Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, AustraliaMurdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, AustraliaDepartment of PaediatricsThe Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, AustraliaMurdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, AustraliaDepartment of PaediatricsThe Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University, Building 73, Clayton, Victoria 3800, AustraliaMurdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, AustraliaDepartment of PaediatricsThe Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Thompson JM, Di Gregorio A. Insulin-like genes in ascidians: findings in Ciona and hypotheses on the evolutionary origins of the pancreas. Genesis 2014; 53:82-104. [PMID: 25378051 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin plays an extensively characterized role in the control of sugar metabolism, growth and homeostasis in a wide range of organisms. In vertebrate chordates, insulin is mainly produced by the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas, while in non-chordate animals insulin-producing cells are mainly found in the nervous system and/or scattered along the digestive tract. However, recent studies have indicated the notochord, the defining feature of the chordate phylum, as an additional site of expression of insulin-like peptides. Here we show that two of the three insulin-like genes identified in Ciona intestinalis, an invertebrate chordate with a dual life cycle, are first expressed in the developing notochord during embryogenesis and transition to distinct areas of the adult digestive tract after metamorphosis. In addition, we present data suggesting that the transcription factor Ciona Brachyury is involved in the control of notochord expression of at least one of these genes, Ciona insulin-like 2. Finally, we review the information currently available on insulin-producing cells in ascidians and on pancreas-related transcription factors that might control their expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Thompson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York
| | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
|
191
|
Roost MS, van Iperen L, de Melo Bernardo A, Mummery CL, Carlotti F, de Koning EJ, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. Lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis during human fetal pancreas development. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:22. [PMID: 25785186 PMCID: PMC4362646 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complex endocrine and exocrine functionality of the human pancreas depends on an efficient fluid transport through the blood and the lymphatic vascular systems. The lymphatic vasculature has key roles in the physiology of the pancreas and in regulating the immune response, both important for developing successful transplantation and cell-replacement therapies to treat diabetes. However, little is known about how the lymphatic and blood systems develop in humans. Here, we investigated the establishment of these two vascular systems in human pancreas organogenesis in order to understand neovascularization in the context of emerging regenerative therapies. Methods We examined angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during human pancreas development between 9 and 22 weeks of gestation (W9-W22) by immunohistochemistry. Results As early as W9, the peri-pancreatic mesenchyme was populated by CD31-expressing blood vessels as well as LYVE1- and PDPN-expressing lymphatic vessels. The appearance of smooth muscle cell-coated blood vessels in the intra-pancreatic mesenchyme occurred only several weeks later and from W14.5 onwards the islets of Langerhans also became heavily irrigated by blood vessels. In contrast to blood vessels, LYVE1- and PDPN-expressing lymphatic vessels were restricted to the peri-pancreatic mesenchyme until later in development (W14.5-W17), and some of these invading lymphatic vessels contained smooth muscle cells at W17. Interestingly, between W11-W22, most large caliber lymphatic vessels were lined with a characteristic, discontinuous, collagen type IV-rich basement membrane. Whilst lymphatic vessels did not directly intrude the islets of Langerhans, three-dimensional reconstruction revealed that they were present in the vicinity of islets of Langerhans between W17-W22. Conclusion Our data suggest that the blood and lymphatic machinery in the human pancreas is in place to support endocrine function from W17-W22 onwards. Our study provides the first systematic assessment of the progression of lymphangiogenesis during human pancreatic development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2045-824X-6-22) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Roost
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth van Iperen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana de Melo Bernardo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Jp de Koning
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands ; Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, University Medical Center, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands ; Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Rubio-Cabezas O, Codner E, Flanagan SE, Gómez JL, Ellard S, Hattersley AT. Neurogenin 3 is important but not essential for pancreatic islet development in humans. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2421-4. [PMID: 25120094 PMCID: PMC4181041 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Rubio-Cabezas
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo 65, 28007 Madrid, Spain,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
193
|
Conrad E, Stein R, Hunter CS. Revealing transcription factors during human pancreatic β cell development. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:407-14. [PMID: 24831984 PMCID: PMC4167784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developing cell-based diabetes therapies requires examining transcriptional mechanisms underlying human β cell development. However, increased knowledge is hampered by low availability of fetal pancreatic tissue and gene targeting strategies. Rodent models have elucidated transcription factor roles during islet organogenesis and maturation, but differences between mouse and human islets have been identified. The past 5 years have seen strides toward generating human β cell lines, the examination of human transcription factor expression, and studies utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and human embryonic stem (hES) cells to generate β-like cells. Nevertheless, much remains to be resolved. We present current knowledge of developing human β cell transcription factor expression, as compared to rodents. We also discuss recent studies employing transcription factor or epigenetic modulation to generate β cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Conrad
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chad S Hunter
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Shaw-Smith C, De Franco E, Lango Allen H, Batlle M, Flanagan SE, Borowiec M, Taplin CE, van Alfen-van der Velden J, Cruz-Rojo J, Perez de Nanclares G, Miedzybrodzka Z, Deja G, Wlodarska I, Mlynarski W, Ferrer J, Hattersley AT, Ellard S. GATA4 mutations are a cause of neonatal and childhood-onset diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:2888-94. [PMID: 24696446 PMCID: PMC6850908 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The GATA family zinc finger transcription factors GATA4 and GATA6 are known to play important roles in the development of the pancreas. In mice, both Gata4 and Gata6 are required for pancreatic development. In humans, GATA6 haploinsufficiency can cause pancreatic agenesis and heart defects. Congenital heart defects also are common in patients with GATA4 mutations and deletions, but the role of GATA4 in the developing human pancreas is unproven. We report five patients with deletions (n = 4) or mutations of the GATA4 gene who have diabetes and a variable exocrine phenotype. In four cases, diabetes presented in the neonatal period (age at diagnosis 1-7 days). A de novo GATA4 missense mutation (p.N273K) was identified in a patient with complete absence of the pancreas confirmed at postmortem. This mutation affects a highly conserved residue located in the second zinc finger domain of the GATA4 protein. In vitro studies showed reduced DNA binding and transactivational activity of the mutant protein. We show that GATA4 mutations/deletions are a cause of neonatal or childhood-onset diabetes with or without exocrine insufficiency. These results confirm a role for GATA4 in normal development of the human pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Shaw-Smith
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Hana Lango Allen
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Marta Batlle
- Genomic Programming of Beta-Cells Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Maciej Borowiec
- Department of Paediatrics, Oncology, Haematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Craig E Taplin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Jaime Cruz-Rojo
- Unidad de Endocrinología Pediátrica Hospital, Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, BioAraba, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Grazyna Deja
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Mlynarski
- Department of Paediatrics, Oncology, Haematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Genomic Programming of Beta-Cells Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Sian Ellard
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Mansouri A, Esmaeili F, Nejatpour A, Houshmand F, Shabani L, Ebrahimie E. Differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma stem cells into insulin-producing cells promoted by pancreas-conditioned medium. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 10:600-12. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akram Mansouri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences; Shahrekord University; Iran
| | - Fariba Esmaeili
- Research Institute of Biotechnology; Shahrekord University; Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences; University of Isfahan; Iran
| | | | - Fariba Houshmand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences; Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences; Iran
| | - Leila Shabani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences; Shahrekord University; Iran
- Research Institute of Biotechnology; Shahrekord University; Iran
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Institute of Biotechnology; Shiraz University; Shiraz Iran
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Cano DA, Soria B, Martín F, Rojas A. Transcriptional control of mammalian pancreas organogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2383-402. [PMID: 24221136 PMCID: PMC11113897 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The field of pancreas development has markedly expanded over the last decade, significantly advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control pancreas organogenesis. This growth has been fueled, in part, by the need to generate new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of diabetes. The creation of sophisticated genetic tools in mice has been instrumental in this progress. Genetic manipulation involving activation or inactivation of genes within specific cell types has allowed the identification of many transcription factors (TFs) that play critical roles in the organogenesis of the pancreas. Interestingly, many of these TFs act at multiple stages of pancreatic development, and adult organ function or repair. Interaction with other TFs, extrinsic signals, and epigenetic regulation are among the mechanisms by which TFs may play context-dependent roles during pancreas organogenesis. Many of the pancreatic TFs directly regulate each other and their own expression. These combinatorial interactions generate very specific gene regulatory networks that can define the different cell lineages and types in the developing pancreas. Here, we review recent progress made in understanding the role of pancreatic TFs in mouse pancreas formation. We also summarize our current knowledge of human pancreas development and discuss developmental pancreatic TFs that have been associated with human pancreatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Cano
- Endocrinology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Bernat Soria
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n., Parque Científico Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Martín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n., Parque Científico Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n., Parque Científico Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Abstract
Over the last decade, it has been discovered that the transcription factor Sox9 plays several critical roles in governing the development of the embryonic pancreas and the homeostasis of the mature organ. While analysis of pancreata from patients affected by the Sox9 haploinsufficiency syndrome campomelic dysplasia initially alluded to a functional role of Sox9 in pancreatic morphogenesis, transgenic mouse models have been instrumental in mechanistically dissecting such roles. Although initially defined as a marker and maintenance factor for pancreatic progenitors, Sox9 is now considered to fulfill additional indispensable functions during pancreogenesis and in the postnatal organ through its interactions with other transcription factors and signaling pathways such as Fgf and Notch. In addition to maintaining both multipotent and bipotent pancreatic progenitors, Sox9 is also required for initiating endocrine differentiation and maintaining pancreatic ductal identity, and it has recently been unveiled as a key player in the initiation of pancreatic cancer. These functions of Sox9 are discussed in this article, with special emphasis on the knowledge gained from various loss-of-function and lineage tracing mouse models. Also, current controversies regarding Sox9 function in healthy and injured adult pancreas and unanswered questions and avenues of future study are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Seymour
- The Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We highlight some of the major recent advances in characterizing human pancreas development and endocrine cell differentiation. RECENT FINDINGS Extensive research efforts have helped to define crucial events in the mouse pancreas organogenesis. Information gained from these studies was used to develop human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation protocols with the goal of generating functional glucose-responsive, insulin-producing human β-cells. In spite of remarkable progress in hESC differentiation, current protocols based on mouse developmental biology can produce human β-cells only in vivo. New differentiation markers and recently generated reagents may provide an unprecedented opportunity to develop a high-density expression map of human fetal pancreas and pancreatic islets that could serve as a reference point for in vitro hESC differentiation. SUMMARY Integrating an increased knowledge of human pancreas development into hESC differentiation protocols has the potential to greatly advance our ability to generate functional insulin-producing cells for β-cell replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fong Cheng Pan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Vanderbilt University Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Schiesser JV, Wells JM. Generation of β cells from human pluripotent stem cells: are we there yet? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1311:124-37. [PMID: 24611778 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1998, the landmark paper describing the isolation and culture of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) was published. Since that time, the main goal of many diabetes researchers has been to derive β cells from ESCs as a renewable cell-based therapy for the treatment of patients with diabetes. In working toward this goal, numerous protocols that attempt to recapitulate normal pancreatic development have been published that result in the formation of pancreatic cell types from human pluripotent cells. This review examines stem cell differentiation methods and places them within the context of pancreatic development. We additionally compare strategies that are currently being used to generate pancreatic cell types and contrast them with approaches that have been used to generate functional cell types in different lineages. In doing this, we aim to identify how new approaches might be used to improve yield and functionality of in vitro-derived pancreatic β cells as an eventual cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline V Schiesser
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
Salisbury RJ, Blaylock J, Berry AA, Jennings RE, De Krijger R, Piper Hanley K, Hanley NA. The window period of NEUROGENIN3 during human gestation. Islets 2014; 6:e954436. [PMID: 25322831 PMCID: PMC4376053 DOI: 10.4161/19382014.2014.954436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, NEUROG3, is critical in causing endocrine commitment from a progenitor cell population in the developing pancreas. In human, NEUROG3 has been detected from 8 weeks post-conception (wpc). However, the profile of its production and when it ceases to be detected is unknown. In this study we have defined the profile of NEUROG3 detection in the developing pancreas to give insight into when NEUROG3-dependent endocrine commitment is possible in the human fetus. Immunohistochemistry allowed counting of cells with positively stained nuclei from 7 wpc through to term. mRNA was also isolated from sections of human fetal pancreas and NEUROG3 transcription analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. NEUROG3 was detected as expected at 8 wpc. The number of NEUROG3-positive cells increased to peak levels between 10 wpc and 14 wpc. It declined at and after 18 wpc such that it was not detected in human fetal pancreas at 35-41 wpc. Analysis of NEUROG3 transcription corroborated this profile by demonstrating very low levels of transcript at 35-41 wpc, more than 10-fold lower than levels at 12-16 wpc. These data define the appearance, peak and subsequent disappearance of the critical transcription factor, NEUROG3, in human fetal pancreas for the first time. By inference, the window for pancreatic endocrine differentiation via NEUROG3 action opens at 8 wpc and closes between 21 and 35 wpc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Salisbury
- Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes;
Institute of Human Development; Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences; Manchester
Academic Health Sciences Center; University of
Manchester; Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer Blaylock
- Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes;
Institute of Human Development; Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences; Manchester
Academic Health Sciences Center; University of
Manchester; Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew A Berry
- Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes;
Institute of Human Development; Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences; Manchester
Academic Health Sciences Center; University of
Manchester; Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel E Jennings
- Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes;
Institute of Human Development; Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences; Manchester
Academic Health Sciences Center; University of
Manchester; Manchester, UK
- Endocrinology Department; Central Manchester
University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester,
UK
| | - Ronald De Krijger
- Erasmus MC; University Medical
Center; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology; Reinier de Graaf
Hospital; Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Piper Hanley
- Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes;
Institute of Human Development; Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences; Manchester
Academic Health Sciences Center; University of
Manchester; Manchester, UK
| | - Neil A Hanley
- Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes;
Institute of Human Development; Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences; Manchester
Academic Health Sciences Center; University of
Manchester; Manchester, UK
- Endocrinology Department; Central Manchester
University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester,
UK
- Correspondence to: Neil Hanley;
| |
Collapse
|