151
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Geidenstam N, Al-Majdoub M, Ekman M, Spégel P, Ridderstråle M. Metabolite profiling of obese individuals before and after a one year weight loss program. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1369-1378. [PMID: 28529327 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We and others have previously characterized changes in circulating metabolite levels following diet-induced weight loss. Our aim was to investigate whether baseline metabolite levels and weight-loss-induced changes in these are predictive of or associated with changes in body mass index (BMI) and metabolic risk traits. METHODS Serum metabolites were analyzed with gas and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in 91 obese individuals at baseline and after participating in a 1 year non-surgical weight loss program.ResultsA total of 137 metabolites were identified and semi-quantified at baseline (BMI 42.7±5.8, mean±s.d.) and at follow-up (BMI 36.3±6.6). Weight-loss-induced modification was observed for levels of 57 metabolites in individuals with ⩾10% weight loss. Lower baseline levels of xylitol was predictive of a greater decrease in BMI (β=0.06, P<0.01) and ⩾10% weight loss (odds ratio (OR)=0.2, confidence interval (CI)=0.07-0.7, P=0.01). Decreases in levels of isoleucine, leucine, valine and tyrosine were associated with decrease in BMI (β>0.1, P<0.05) and ⩾10% weight loss (isoleucine: OR=0.08, CI=0.01-0.3, leucine: OR=0.1, CI=0.01-0.6, valine: OR=0.1, CI=0.02-0.5, tyrosine: OR=0.1, CI=0.03-0.6, P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS Diet-induced weight loss leads to mainly reduced levels of metabolites that are elevated in obese insulin resistant individuals. We identified multiple new associations with metabolic risk factors and validated several previous findings related to weight loss-mediated metabolite changes. Levels of specific metabolites, such as xylitol, may be predictive of the response to non-surgical weight loss already at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Geidenstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Obesity, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Al-Majdoub
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Ekman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Obesity, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - P Spégel
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Ridderstråle
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Obesity, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
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152
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Budhathoki S, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Yamamoto H, Kato Y, Tsugane S. Association of plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids with risk of colorectal adenoma in a large Japanese population. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:818-823. [PMID: 28011449 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Available evidence from animal studies suggests that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) may have a protective effect against colorectal carcinogenesis. However, a possible effect of BCAAs against colorectal neoplasia has not been evaluated in humans. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether plasma concentrations of BCAA are associated with the risk of colorectal adenoma (CRA), a precursor lesion of colorectal cancer. Patients and methods CRA cases and controls were identified from examinees who underwent total colonoscopy as part of a cancer screening program between 2004 and 2005 and responded to self-administered dietary and lifestyle questionnaires. We measured plasma concentrations of leucine, isoleucine and valine in 629 patients with adenoma and 584 controls. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between BCAA and CRA risk after adjustment for potential confounders. Results High plasma concentrations of leucine, valine and total BCAA were inversely associated with CRA risk after adjustment of potential confounders. The multivariate-adjusted ORs for the highest versus lowest quartiles were 0.60 (95% CI 0.42-0.87, Ptrend = 0.006) for leucine, 0.68 (95% CI 0.48-0.97, Ptrend = 0.09) for valine and 0.68 (95% CI 0.48-0.98, Ptrend = 0.10) for total BCAA. Further analysis by gender revealed that this inverse association was clearly evident in men, but not in women: the corresponding OR for leucine, valine and total BCAA was 0.50 (95% CI 0.32-0.80, Ptrend = 0.003), 0.60 (95% CI 0.38-0.95, Ptrend = 0.01) and 0.58 (95% CI 0.37-0.93, Ptrend = 0.04), respectively, in men and 0.78 (95% CI 0.42-1.45, Ptrend = 0.44), 0.77 (95% CI 0.41-1.43, Ptrend = 0.85) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.45-1.57, Ptrend = 0.81), respectively, in women. Conclusion Our finding suggests that BCAAs may have a beneficial influence against the process of colorectal carcinogenesis, at least in the early stage. The mechanisms underlying this potential association between BCAA and colorectal carcinogenesis warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Budhathoki
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Iwasaki
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Yamaji
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Yamamoto
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co, Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Y Kato
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co, Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - S Tsugane
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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153
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Labonte CC, Farsijani S, Marliss EB, Gougeon R, Morais JA, Pereira S, Bassil M, Winter A, Murphy J, Combs TP, Chevalier S. Plasma Amino Acids vs Conventional Predictors of Insulin Resistance Measured by the Hyperinsulinemic Clamp. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:861-873. [PMID: 29264537 PMCID: PMC5686697 DOI: 10.1210/js.2016-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Specific plasma amino acid (AA) profiles including elevated postabsorptive branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been associated with insulin resistance (IR), mostly estimated by homeostatic model assessment. This study assessed the associations of postabsorptive AAs with IR directly measured by insulin-mediated glucose disposal and determined the quantitative value of AAs and conventional IR predictors. Design: Fifty-one healthy, 31 overweight or obese (Ow/Ob), and 52 men and women with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were studied retrospectively. The main outcome measures were the glucose disposal (M/I) index (using 3-[3H]-glucose) during a hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp and whole-body protein turnover (using 1-[13C]-leucine). Results: Compared with healthy participants, M/I was lower in Ow/Ob participants and lowest in those with T2D. BCAAs, glutamate, and lysine were higher in the Ow/Ob and T2D groups than in healthy participants; glycine and threonine were lower. Most AAs were higher in men. Principal component analysis identified component 1 (C1: BCAAs, methionine) and C3 (glycine, threonine, serine). Glutamate, C1, ornithine, lysine, methionine, and tyrosine correlated negatively with M/I; C3 and glycine correlated positively. Waist circumference and sex strongly influenced AA–IR relationships; only glutamate correlated after these factors were controlled for. From regression analysis, waist circumference, fasting glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids (FFAs) negatively predicted 64% of the M/I variance; glutamate added 2% more. In nondiabetic participants, IR was predicted by waist circumference, insulin, and FFAs, without contribution from AAs. Conclusion: Several postabsorptive AAs correlated with IR but added limited predictive value to conventional markers because levels were determined largely by abdominal adiposity. Data suggest a sex-specific regulation of AA metabolism by excess adiposity, particularly the BCAAs, warranting investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherise C Labonte
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Samaneh Farsijani
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Errol B Marliss
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Réjeanne Gougeon
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - José A Morais
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Sandra Pereira
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Maya Bassil
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Aaron Winter
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Jessica Murphy
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Terry P Combs
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Chevalier
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
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154
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Central adiposity-induced plasma-free amino acid alterations are associated with increased insulin resistance in healthy Singaporean adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1080-1087. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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155
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De Jong KA, Lopaschuk GD. Complex Energy Metabolic Changes in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:860-871. [PMID: 28579160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism contribute to the severity of heart failure. However, the energy metabolic changes that occur in heart failure are complex, and are dependent not only on the severity and type of heart failure present, but also on the coexistence of common comorbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this article we review the cardiac energy metabolic changes that occur in heart failure. An emphasis is made on distinguishing the differences in cardiac energy metabolism between heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and in clarifying the common misconceptions surrounding the fate of fatty acids and glucose in the failing heart. The major key points from this article are: (1) mitochondrial oxidative capacity is reduced in HFpEF and HFrEF; (2) fatty acid oxidation is increased in HFpEF and reduced in HFrEF (however, oxidative metabolism of fatty acids in HFrEF still exceeds that of glucose); (3) glucose oxidation is decreased in HFpEF and HFrEF; (4) there is an uncoupling between glucose uptake and oxidation in HFpEF and HFrEF, resulting in an increased rate of glycolysis; (5) ketone body oxidation is increased in HFrEF, which might further reduce fatty acid and glucose oxidation; and finally, (6) branched chain amino acid oxidation is impaired in HFrEF. The understanding of these changes in cardiac energy metabolism in heart failure are essential to allow the development of metabolic modulators in the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie A De Jong
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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156
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Plasma-free amino acid profiles are predictors of cancer and diabetes development. Nutr Diabetes 2017; 7:e249. [PMID: 28287627 PMCID: PMC5380892 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cancers are two major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nowadays, there is convincing evidence of positive associations between T2D and the incidence or prognosis of a wide spectrum of cancers, for example, breast, colon, liver and pancreas. Many observational studies suggest that certain medications used to treat hyperglycemia (or T2D) may affect cancer cells directly or indirectly. The potential mechanisms of the direct T2D cancer links have been hypothesized to be hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation; however, the metabolic pathways that lead to T2D and cancers still remain elusive. Plasma-free amino acid (PFAA) profiles have been highlighted in their associations with the risks of developing T2D and cancers in individuals with different ethnic groups and degree of obesity. The alterations of PFAAs might be predominately caused by the metabolic shift resulted from insulin resistance. The underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, in particular whether the amino acids are contributing to these diseases development in a causal manner. This review addresses the molecular and clinical associations between PFAA alterations and both T2D and cancers, and interprets possible mechanisms involved. Revealing these interactions and mechanisms may improve our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of diabetes and cancers and improve their treatment strategies.
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157
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Zhenyukh O, Civantos E, Ruiz-Ortega M, Sánchez MS, Vázquez C, Peiró C, Egido J, Mas S. High concentration of branched-chain amino acids promotes oxidative stress, inflammation and migration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via mTORC1 activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 104:165-177. [PMID: 28089725 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leucine, isoleucine and valine are essential aminoacids termed branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) due to its aliphatic side-chain. In several pathological and physiological conditions increased BCAA plasma concentrations have been described. Elevated BCAA levels predict insulin resistance development. Moreover, BCAA levels higher than 2mmol/L are neurotoxic by inducing microglial activation in maple syrup urine disease. However, there are no studies about the direct effects of BCAA in circulating cells. We have explored whether BCAA could promote oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy donors. In cultured PBMCs, 10mmol/L BCAA increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via both NADPH oxidase and the mitochondria, and activated Akt-mTOR signalling. By using several inhibitors and activators of these molecular pathways we have described that mTOR activation by BCAA is linked to ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction. BCAA stimulated the activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB, which resulted in the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 or CD40L, and the migration of PBMCs. In conclusion, elevated BCAA blood levels can promote the activation of circulating PBMCs, by a mechanism that involving ROS production and NF-κB pathway activation. These data suggest that high concentrations of BCAA could exert deleterious effects on circulating blood cells and therefore contribute to the pro-inflammatory and oxidative status observed in several pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Zhenyukh
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | - Esther Civantos
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | | | - Clotilde Vázquez
- Division of Endocrinology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | - Sebastián Mas
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain.
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158
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Abstract
Metabolomics based on direct mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, either by direct infusion or flow injection of crude sample extracts, shows a great potential for metabolic fingerprinting because of its high-throughput screening capability, wide metabolite coverage and reduced time of analysis. Considering that numerous metabolic pathways are significantly perturbed during the initiation and progression of diseases, these metabolomic tools can be used to get a deeper understanding about disease pathogenesis and discover potential biomarkers for early diagnosis. In this work, we describe the most common metabolomic platforms used in biomedical research, with special focus on strategies based on direct MS analysis. Then, a comprehensive review on the application of direct MS fingerprinting in clinical issues is provided.
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159
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Abstract
Metabolomics, or the comprehensive profiling of small molecule metabolites in cells, tissues, or whole organisms, has undergone a rapid technological evolution in the past two decades. These advances have led to the application of metabolomics to defining predictive biomarkers for incident cardiometabolic diseases and, increasingly, as a blueprint for understanding those diseases' pathophysiologic mechanisms. Progress in this area and challenges for the future are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
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160
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Geidenstam N, Magnusson M, Danielsson APH, Gerszten RE, Wang TJ, Reinius LE, Mulder H, Melander O, Ridderstråle M. Amino Acid Signatures to Evaluate the Beneficial Effects of Weight Loss. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:6490473. [PMID: 28484491 PMCID: PMC5412138 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6490473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims. We investigated the relationship between circulating amino acid levels and obesity; to what extent weight loss followed by weight maintenance can correct amino acid abnormalities; and whether amino acids are related to weight loss. Methods. Amino acids associated with waist circumference (WC) and BMI were studied in 804 participants from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cardiovascular Cohort (MDC-CC). Changes in amino acid levels were analyzed after weight loss and weight maintenance in 12 obese subjects and evaluated in a replication cohort (n = 83). Results. Out of the eight identified BMI-associated amino acids from the MDC-CC, alanine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and glutamate decreased after weight loss, while asparagine increased after weight maintenance. These changes were validated in the replication cohort. Scores that were constructed based on obesity-associated amino acids and known risk factors decreased in the ≥10% weight loss group with an associated change in BMI (R2 = 0.16-0.22, p < 0.002), whereas the scores increased in the <10% weight loss group (p < 0.0004). Conclusions. Weight loss followed by weight maintenance leads to differential changes in amino acid levels associated with obesity. Treatment modifiable scores based on epidemiological and interventional data may be used to evaluate the potential metabolic benefit of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Geidenstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Obesity, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- *Nina Geidenstam:
| | - Martin Magnusson
- Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders P. H. Danielsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Obesity, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lovisa E. Reinius
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Obesity, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hindrik Mulder
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Center of Emergency Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Ridderstråle
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Obesity, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
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161
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Dorcely B, Katz K, Jagannathan R, Chiang SS, Oluwadare B, Goldberg IJ, Bergman M. Novel biomarkers for prediabetes, diabetes, and associated complications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2017; 10:345-361. [PMID: 28860833 PMCID: PMC5565252 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of individuals with prediabetes is expected to grow substantially and estimated to globally affect 482 million people by 2040. Therefore, effective methods for diagnosing prediabetes will be required to reduce the risk of progressing to diabetes and its complications. The current biomarkers, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fructosamine, and glycated albumin have limitations including moderate sensitivity and specificity and are inaccurate in certain clinical conditions. Therefore, identification of additional biomarkers is being explored recognizing that any single biomarker will also likely have inherent limitations. Therefore, combining several biomarkers may more precisely identify those at high risk for developing prediabetes and subsequent progression to diabetes. This review describes recently identified biomarkers and their potential utility for addressing the burgeoning epidemic of dysglycemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Dorcely
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Karin Katz
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ram Jagannathan
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie S Chiang
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Babajide Oluwadare
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael Bergman
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
- Correspondence: Michael Bergman, New York University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 1st Avenue, Suite 5E, New York, NY 10016, USA, Tel +1 212 481 1350, Fax +1 212 481 1355, Email
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162
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Kim M, Lee SH, Lee JH. Global Metabolic Profiling of Plasma Shows that Three-Year Mild-Caloric Restriction Lessens an Age-Related Increase in Sphingomyelin and Reduces L-leucine and L-phenylalanine in Overweight and Obese Subjects. Aging Dis 2016; 7:721-733. [PMID: 28053823 PMCID: PMC5198864 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of weight loss from long-term, mild-calorie diets (MCD) on plasma metabolites is unknown. This study was to examine whether MCD-induced weight reduction caused changes in the extended plasma metabolites. Overweight and obese subjects aged 40-59 years consumed a MCD (approximately 100 kcal/day deficit, n=47) or a weight-maintenance diet (control, n=47) in a randomized, controlled design with a three-year clinical intervention period and plasma samples were analyzed by using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The three-year MCD intervention resulted in weight loss (-8.87%) and significant decreases in HOMA-IR and TG. The three-year follow-up of the MCD group showed reductions in the following 13 metabolites: L-leucine; L-phenylalanine; 9 lysoPCs; PC (18:0/20:4); and SM (d18:0/16:1). The three-year MCD group follow-up identified increases in palmitic amide, oleamide, and PC (18:2/18:2). Considering the age-related alterations in the identified metabolites, the MCD group showed a greater decrease in L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, and SM (d18:0/16:1) compared with those of the control group. Overall, the change (Δ) in BMI positively correlated with the ΔTG, ΔHOMA-IR, ΔL-leucine, and ΔSM (d18:0/16:1). The ΔHOMA-IR positively correlated with ΔTG, ΔL-leucine, ΔL-phenylalanine, and ΔSM (d18:0/16:1). The weight loss resulting from three-year mild-caloric restriction lessens the age-related increase in SM and reduces L-leucine and L-phenylalanine in overweight and obese subjects. These changes were coupled with improved insulin resistance (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02081898).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjoo Kim
- 1National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea; 2Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- 3Department of Family Practice, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, 10444, Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- 1National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea; 2Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea; 4Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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Tulipani S, Palau-Rodriguez M, Miñarro Alonso A, Cardona F, Marco-Ramell A, Zonja B, Lopez de Alda M, Muñoz-Garach A, Sanchez-Pla A, Tinahones FJ, Andres-Lacueva C. Biomarkers of Morbid Obesity and Prediabetes by Metabolomic Profiling of Human Discordant Phenotypes. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 463:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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164
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Stechemesser L, Eder SK, Wagner A, Patsch W, Feldman A, Strasser M, Auer S, Niederseer D, Huber-Schönauer U, Paulweber B, Zandanell S, Ruhaltinger S, Weghuber D, Haschke-Becher E, Grabmer C, Rohde E, Datz C, Felder TK, Aigner E. Metabolomic profiling identifies potential pathways involved in the interaction of iron homeostasis with glucose metabolism. Mol Metab 2016; 6:38-47. [PMID: 28123936 PMCID: PMC5220278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Elevated serum ferritin has been linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and adverse health outcomes in subjects with the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). As the mechanisms underlying the negative impact of excess iron have so far remained elusive, we aimed to identify potential links between iron homeostasis and metabolic pathways. Methods In a cross-sectional study, data were obtained from 163 patients, allocated to one of three groups: (1) lean, healthy controls (n = 53), (2) MetS without hyperferritinemia (n = 54) and (3) MetS with hyperferritinemia (n = 56). An additional phlebotomy study included 29 patients with biopsy-proven iron overload before and after iron removal. A detailed clinical and biochemical characterization was obtained and metabolomic profiling was performed via a targeted metabolomics approach. Results Subjects with MetS and elevated ferritin had higher fasting glucose (p < 0.001), HbA1c (p = 0.035) and 1 h glucose in oral glucose tolerance test (p = 0.002) compared to MetS subjects without iron overload, whereas other clinical and biochemical features of the MetS were not different. The metabolomic study revealed significant differences between MetS with high and low ferritin in the serum concentrations of sarcosine, citrulline and particularly long-chain phosphatidylcholines. Methionine, glutamate, and long-chain phosphatidylcholines were significantly different before and after phlebotomy (p < 0.05 for all metabolites). Conclusions Our data suggest that high serum ferritin concentrations are linked to impaired glucose homeostasis in subjects with the MetS. Iron excess is associated to distinct changes in the serum concentrations of phosphatidylcholine subsets. A pathway involving sarcosine and citrulline also may be involved in iron-induced impairment of glucose metabolism. This metabolomic study focuses on pathways linking iron status to insulin resistance. Metabolomic differences in Metabolic Syndrome with/without iron overload are shown. Phlebotomy changes methionine, glutamate and long-chain phosphatidylcholines levels. Phosphatidylcholines are involved in the interaction of iron and glucose homeostasis.
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Key Words
- +Fe, with iron overload
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Akt/PKB, Akt/protein kinase B
- BMI, body mass index
- CDP, Cytidinediphosphat
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DIOS, dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome
- FoxO1, forkhead transcription factor O1
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- GLUT1, glucose transporter 1
- GNMT, glycine N-methyltransferase
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- Glucose
- HDL, high density lipoproteins
- HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
- HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance
- Hyperferritinemia
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin resistance
- Iron overload
- LDL, low density lipoproteins
- MRI, magnet resonance imaging
- MetS, metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- Metabolomics
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome
- PC_E, plasmalogens
- PEMT, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
- RBC, red blood count
- T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- VLDL, very low-densitylipoproteins
- WHO, World Health Organization
- WHR, waist hip ratio
- oGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- −Fe, without iron overload
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Stechemesser
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian K Eder
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrej Wagner
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Patsch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Feldman
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Strasser
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Simon Auer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - David Niederseer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Oberndorf, Paracelsusstrasse 37, 5110 Oberndorf, Austria; Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Huber-Schönauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Oberndorf, Paracelsusstrasse 37, 5110 Oberndorf, Austria
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stephan Zandanell
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sandra Ruhaltinger
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Haschke-Becher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Grabmer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Rohde
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Datz
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Oberndorf, Paracelsusstrasse 37, 5110 Oberndorf, Austria
| | - Thomas K Felder
- Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elmar Aigner
- First Department of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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165
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Nutrient Transporter Expression in the Jejunum in Relation to Body Mass Index in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110683. [PMID: 27801863 PMCID: PMC5133071 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient tranters (NT) facilitate nutrient absorption and contribute to the regulation of circulating nutrients. In this cross-sectional study, we determined the associations between the level of obesity; mRNA abundance for NTs; and serum concentrations of amino acids, short-chain fatty acids, and glucose in patients with morbid obesity undergoing a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Proximal jejunal samples were obtained at the time of surgery from 42 patients (90% female, age = 42.6 ± 11.9 years, pre-operative body mass index (BMI) = 55.5 ± 11.3 kg/m²) undergoing a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. RNA was extracted from the jejunal mucosa and quantitative real-time-PCR was performed for the NTs studied. BMI negatively correlated with jejunal mRNA abundance of the amino acid NTs TauT (r = -0.625, p < 0.0001), ASCT2 (r = -0.320, p = 0.039), LAT1 (r = -0.304, p = 0.05). BMI positively correlated with jejunal mRNA abundance of the lactate/short-chain fatty acid NT SMCT1 (r = 0.543, p = 0.0002). Serum concentrations of the short-chain fatty acids, butyric, valeric, and isocaproic acid correlated positively with BMI (n = 30) (r = 0.45, r = 0.44, r = 0.36, p ≤ 0.05; respectively). Lower jejunal mRNA abundance for the amino acid NTs TauT, ASCT2, and LAT1 could protect against further obesity-related elevations in circulating amino acids. The positive correlation between BMI and the jejunal mRNA abundance of the high-affinity short-chain fatty acid/monocarboxylate transporter SMCT1 is intriguing and requires further investigation.
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166
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Consitt LA, Koves TR, Muoio DM, Nakazawa M, Newton CA, Houmard JA. Plasma acylcarnitines during insulin stimulation in humans are reflective of age-related metabolic dysfunction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:868-874. [PMID: 27693789 PMCID: PMC5067238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if plasma acylcarnitine (AC) profiling is altered under hyperinsulinemic conditions as part of the aging process. Fifteen young, lean (19-29 years) and fifteen middle-to older-aged (57-82 years) individuals underwent a 2-hr euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Plasma samples were obtained at baseline, 20 min, 50 min, and 120 min for analysis of AC species and amino acids. Skeletal muscle biopsies were performed after 60 min of insulin-stimulation for analysis of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation. Insulin infusion decreased the majority of plasma short-, medium-, and long-chain (SC, MC, and LC, respectively) AC. However, during the initial 50 min, a number of MC and LC AC species (C10, C10:1, C12:1, C14, C16, C16:1, C18) remained elevated in aged individuals compared to their younger counterparts indicating a lag in responsiveness. Additionally, the insulin-induced decline in skeletal muscle ACC phosphorylation was blunted in the aged compared to young individuals (-24% vs. -56%, P < 0.05). These data suggest that a desensitization to insulin during aging, possibly at the level of skeletal muscle ACC phosphorylation, results in a diminished ability to transition to glucose oxidation indicative of metabolic inflexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Consitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Timothy R Koves
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27704, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27704, USA
| | - Deborah M Muoio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27704, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27704, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27704, USA
| | - Masato Nakazawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | | | - Joseph A Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
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167
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Lerin C, Goldfine AB, Boes T, Liu M, Kasif S, Dreyfuss JM, De Sousa-Coelho AL, Daher G, Manoli I, Sysol JR, Isganaitis E, Jessen N, Goodyear LJ, Beebe K, Gall W, Venditti CP, Patti ME. Defects in muscle branched-chain amino acid oxidation contribute to impaired lipid metabolism. Mol Metab 2016; 5:926-936. [PMID: 27689005 PMCID: PMC5034611 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are consistently elevated in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and can also prospectively predict T2D. However, the role of BCAA in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2D remains unclear. METHODS To identify pathways related to insulin resistance, we performed comprehensive gene expression and metabolomics analyses in skeletal muscle from 41 humans with normal glucose tolerance and 11 with T2D across a range of insulin sensitivity (SI, 0.49 to 14.28). We studied both cultured cells and mice heterozygous for the BCAA enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (Mut) and assessed the effects of altered BCAA flux on lipid and glucose homeostasis. RESULTS Our data demonstrate perturbed BCAA metabolism and fatty acid oxidation in muscle from insulin resistant humans. Experimental alterations in BCAA flux in cultured cells similarly modulate fatty acid oxidation. Mut heterozygosity in mice alters muscle lipid metabolism in vivo, resulting in increased muscle triglyceride accumulation, increased plasma glucose, hyperinsulinemia, and increased body weight after high-fat feeding. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that impaired muscle BCAA catabolism may contribute to the development of insulin resistance by perturbing both amino acid and fatty acid metabolism and suggest that targeting BCAA metabolism may hold promise for prevention or treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Lerin
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona 08950, Spain.
| | - Allison B Goldfine
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tanner Boes
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Manway Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Simon Kasif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ana Luisa De Sousa-Coelho
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Grace Daher
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Irini Manoli
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Justin R Sysol
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elvira Isganaitis
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Niels Jessen
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Walt Gall
- Metabolon, Inc., Durham, NC 27723, USA
| | - Charles P Venditti
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary-Elizabeth Patti
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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168
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Calorie Restricted High Protein Diets Downregulate Lipogenesis and Lower Intrahepatic Triglyceride Concentrations in Male Rats. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090571. [PMID: 27649241 PMCID: PMC5037556 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to assess the influence of calorie restriction (CR) alone, higher-protein/lower-carbohydrate intake alone, and combined CR higher-protein/lower-carbohydrate intake on glucose homeostasis, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and intrahepatic triglycerides. Twelve-week old male Sprague Dawley rats consumed ad libitum (AL) or CR (40% restriction), adequate (10%), or high (32%) protein (PRO) milk-based diets for 16 weeks. Metabolic profiles were assessed in serum, and intrahepatic triglyceride concentrations and molecular markers of de novo lipogenesis were determined in liver. Independent of calorie intake, 32% PRO tended to result in lower homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values compared to 10% PRO, while insulin and homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) values were lower in CR than AL, regardless of protein intake. Intrahepatic triglyceride concentrations were 27.4 ± 4.5 and 11.7 ± 4.5 µmol·g−1 lower (p < 0.05) in CR and 32% PRO compared to AL and 10% PRO, respectively. Gene expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl-CoA destaurase-1 (SCD1) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4 (PDK4) were 45% ± 1%, 23% ± 1%, and 57% ± 1% lower (p < 0.05), respectively, in CR than AL, regardless of protein intake. Total protein of FASN and SCD were 50% ± 1% and 26% ± 1% lower (p < 0.05) in 32% PRO compared to 10% PRO, independent of calorie intake. Results from this investigation provide evidence that the metabolic health benefits associated with CR—specifically reduction in intrahepatic triglyceride content—may be enhanced by consuming a higher-protein/lower-carbohydrate diet.
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169
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Sun L, Liang L, Gao X, Zhang H, Yao P, Hu Y, Ma Y, Wang F, Jin Q, Li H, Li R, Liu Y, Hu FB, Zeng R, Lin X, Wu J. Early Prediction of Developing Type 2 Diabetes by Plasma Acylcarnitines: A Population-Based Study. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:1563-70. [PMID: 27388475 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acylcarnitines were suggested as early biomarkers even prior to insulin resistance in animal studies, but their roles in predicting type 2 diabetes were unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether acylcarnitines could independently predict type 2 diabetes by using a targeted metabolic profiling approach. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A population-based prospective study was conducted among 2,103 community-living Chinese individuals aged 50-70 years from Beijing and Shanghai with a mean follow-up duration of 6 years. Fasting glucose, glycohemoglobin, and insulin were determined at baseline and in a follow-up survey. Baseline plasma acylcarnitines were profiled by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Over the 6-year period, 507 participants developed diabetes. A panel of acylcanitines, especially with long chain, was significantly associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The relative risks of type 2 diabetes per SD increase of the predictive model score were 2.48 (95% CI 2.20-2.78) for the conventional and 9.41 (95% CI 7.62-11.62) for the full model including acylcarnitines, respectively. Moreover, adding selected acylcarnitines substantially improved predictive ability for incident diabetes, as area under the receiver operator characteristic curve improved to 0.89 in the full model compared with 0.73 in the conventional model. Similar associations were obtained when the predictive models were established separately among Beijing or Shanghai residents. CONCLUSIONS A panel of acylcarnitines, mainly involving mitochondrial lipid dysregulation, significantly improved predictive ability for type 2 diabetes beyond conventional risk factors. These findings need to be replicated in other populations, and the underlying mechanisms should be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Xianfu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianlu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaixing Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Department of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Department of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide, making identification of biomarkers for detection, staging, and effective prevention strategies an especially critical scientific and medical goal. Fortunately, advances in metabolomics techniques, together with improvements in bioinformatics and mathematical modeling approaches, have provided the scientific community with new tools to describe the T2D metabolome. The metabolomics signatures associated with T2D and obesity include increased levels of lactate, glycolytic intermediates, branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, and long-chain fatty acids. Conversely, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, betaine, and other metabolites decrease. Future studies will be required to fully integrate these and other findings into our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology and to identify biomarkers of disease risk, stage, and responsiveness to specific treatments.
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171
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Affourtit C. Mitochondrial involvement in skeletal muscle insulin resistance: A case of imbalanced bioenergetics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1678-93. [PMID: 27473535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance in obesity associates with mitochondrial dysfunction, but the causality of this association is controversial. This review evaluates mitochondrial models of nutrient-induced muscle insulin resistance. It transpires that all models predict that insulin resistance arises as a result of imbalanced cellular bioenergetics. The nature and precise origin of the proposed insulin-numbing molecules differ between models but all species only accumulate when metabolic fuel supply outweighs energy demand. This observation suggests that mitochondrial deficiency in muscle insulin resistance is not merely owing to intrinsic functional defects, but could instead be an adaptation to nutrient-induced changes in energy expenditure. Such adaptive effects are likely because muscle ATP supply is fully driven by energy demand. This market-economic control of myocellular bioenergetics offers a mechanism by which insulin-signalling deficiency can cause apparent mitochondrial dysfunction, as insulin resistance lowers skeletal muscle anabolism and thus dampens ATP demand and, consequently, oxidative ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Affourtit
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA Plymouth, UK.
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172
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Yoon MS. The Emerging Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Insulin Resistance and Metabolism. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070405. [PMID: 27376324 PMCID: PMC4963881 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is required for maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Despite the importance of insulin sensitivity to metabolic health, the mechanisms that induce insulin resistance remain unclear. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) belong to the essential amino acids, which are both direct and indirect nutrient signals. Even though BCAAs have been reported to improve metabolic health, an increased BCAA plasma level is associated with a high risk of metabolic disorder and future insulin resistance, or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by BCAAs has been suggested to cause insulin resistance. In addition, defective BCAA oxidative metabolism might occur in obesity, leading to a further accumulation of BCAAs and toxic intermediates. This review provides the current understanding of the mechanism of BCAA-induced mTORC1 activation, as well as the effect of mTOR activation on metabolic health in terms of insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, the effects of impaired BCAA metabolism will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea.
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173
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Bachlechner U, Floegel A, Steffen A, Prehn C, Adamski J, Pischon T, Boeing H. Associations of anthropometric markers with serum metabolites using a targeted metabolomics approach: results of the EPIC-potsdam study. Nutr Diabetes 2016; 6:e215. [PMID: 27348203 PMCID: PMC4931315 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The metabolic consequences of type of body shape need further exploration. Whereas accumulation of body mass in the abdominal area is a well-established metabolic risk factor, accumulation in the gluteofemoral area is controversially debated. We evaluated the associations of anthropometric markers of overall body mass and body shape with 127 serum metabolites within a sub-sample of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam cohort. Subjects/Methods: The cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 2270 participants, randomly drawn from the EPIC-Potsdam cohort. Metabolites were measured by targeted metabolomics. To select metabolites related with both waist circumference (WC) (abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat) and hip circumference (HC) (gluteofemoral fat, muscles and bone structure) correlations (r) with body mass index (BMI) as aggregating marker of body mass (lean and fat mass) were calculated. Relations with body shape were assessed by median metabolite concentrations across tertiles of WC and HC, mutually adjusted to each other. Results: Correlations revealed 23 metabolites related to BMI (r⩾I0.20 I). Metabolites showing relations with BMI were showing similar relations with HC adjusted WC (WCHC). In contrast, relations with WC adjusted HC (HCWC) were less concordant with relations of BMI and WCHC. In both sexes, metabolites with concordant relations regarding WCHC and HCWC included tyrosine, diacyl-phosphatidylcholine C38:3, C38:4, lyso-phosphatidylcholine C18:1, C18:2 and sphingomyelin C18:1; metabolites with opposite relations included isoleucine, diacyl-phosphatidylcholine C42:0, acyl–alkyl-phosphatidylcholine C34:3, C42:4, C42:5, C44:4 and C44:6. Metabolites specifically related to HCWC included acyl–alkyl-phosphatidylcholine C34:2, C36:2, C38:2 and C40:4, and were solely observed in men. Other metabolites were related to WCHC only. Conclusions: The study revealed specific metabolic profiles for HCWC as marker of gluteofemoral body mass differing from those for BMI and WCHC as markers of overall body mass and abdominal fat, respectively. Thus, the study suggests that gluteofemoral mass may have less-adverse metabolic implications than abdominal fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bachlechner
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - A Floegel
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - A Steffen
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - C Prehn
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - T Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - H Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
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174
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Allam-Ndoul B, Guénard F, Garneau V, Cormier H, Barbier O, Pérusse L, Vohl MC. Association between Metabolite Profiles, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity Status. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060324. [PMID: 27240400 PMCID: PMC4924165 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Underlying mechanisms associated with the development of abnormal metabolic phenotypes among obese individuals are not yet clear. Our aim is to investigate differences in plasma metabolomics profiles between normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese (Ov/Ob) individuals, with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). Mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling was used to compare metabolite levels between each group. Three main principal components factors explaining a maximum of variance were retained. Factor 1's (long chain glycerophospholipids) metabolite profile score was higher among Ov/Ob with MetS than among Ov/Ob and NW participants without MetS. This factor was positively correlated to plasma total cholesterol (total-C) and triglyceride levels in the three groups, to high density lipoprotein -cholesterol (HDL-C) among participants without MetS. Factor 2 (amino acids and short to long chain acylcarnitine) was positively correlated to HDL-C and negatively correlated with insulin levels among NW participants. Factor 3's (medium chain acylcarnitines) metabolite profile scores were higher among NW participants than among Ov/Ob with or without MetS. Factor 3 was negatively associated with glucose levels among the Ov/Ob with MetS. Factor 1 seems to be associated with a deteriorated metabolic profile that corresponds to obesity, whereas Factors 2 and 3 seem to be rather associated with a healthy metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Allam-Ndoul
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
| | - Frédéric Guénard
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
| | - Véronique Garneau
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
| | - Hubert Cormier
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU-Quebec Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V4G2, Canada.
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V0A6, Canada.
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175
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Devanathan S, Whitehead TD, Fettig N, Gropler RJ, Nemanich S, Shoghi KI. Sexual dimorphism in myocardial acylcarnitine and triglyceride metabolism. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:25. [PMID: 27182432 PMCID: PMC4866274 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among diabetic patients. Importantly, recent data highlight the apparent sexual dimorphism in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in diabetics with respect to both frequency- and age-related risk factors. The disposition to cardiovascular disease among diabetic patients has been attributed, at least in part, to excess lipid supply to the heart culminating in lipotoxicity of the heart and downstream derangements. A confounding factor in obese animal models of diabetes is that increased peripheral lipid availability to the heart can induce cardio-metabolic remodeling independent of the underlying pathophysiology of diabetes, thus masking the diabetic phenotype. To that end, we hypothesized that the use of non-obese diabetic (NOD) animal models will reveal metabolic signatures of diabetes in a sex-specific manner. Methods To test this hypothesis, male and female NOD Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats were used to assess the expression profile of 84 genes involved in lipid metabolism. In parallel, targeted lipidomics analysis was performed to characterize sex differences in homeostasis of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), acylcarnitines (AC), and triglycerides (TG). Results Our analysis revealed significant sex differences in the expression of a broad range of genes involved in transport, activation, and utilization of lipids. Furthermore, NOD male rats exhibited enhanced oxidative metabolism and accumulation of TG, whereas female NOD rats exhibited reduced TG content coupled with accumulation of AC species. Multi-dimensional statistical analysis identified saturated AC16:0, AC18:0, and AC20:0 as dominant metabolites in mediating sex differences in AC metabolism. Confocal microscopy of rat cardiomyocytes exposed to AC14:0, AC16:0, and AC18:0 confirmed induction of ROS with AC18:0 being more potent followed by AC14:0. Conclusion Overall, we demonstrate sex differences in myocardial AC and TG metabolism with implications for therapy and diagnosis of diabetic cardiovascular disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0077-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Devanathan
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Timothy D Whitehead
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Nicole Fettig
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA.,Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Samuel Nemanich
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Kooresh I Shoghi
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA.,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
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176
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Associations among circulating branched-chain amino acids and tyrosine with muscle volume and glucose metabolism in individuals without diabetes. Nutrition 2016; 32:531-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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177
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Koethe JR, Jenkins CA, Petucci C, Culver J, Shepherd BE, Sterling TR. Superior Glucose Tolerance and Metabolomic Profiles, Independent of Adiposity, in HIV-Infected Women Compared With Men on Antiretroviral Therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3634. [PMID: 27175676 PMCID: PMC4902518 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In epidemiologic studies, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at higher risk of incident diabetes mellitus compared with women with similar treatment histories. We used metabolomics to determine whether a sex difference in plasma amino acids, acylcarnitines, and organic acids predictive of diabetes and impaired energy metabolism is present in HIV-infected persons on long-term ART.We enrolled 70 HIV-infected adults (43% women) on efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine (Atripla) with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL for over 2 years. Half of the HIV-infected subjects were obese, and these were matched with 30 obese HIV-negative controls. All subjects had no history of diabetes, statin use, or heavy alcohol use. Fasting insulin sensitivity was measured using homeostatic model assessment 2 (HOMA2), and adipose tissue was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to quantitate fasting plasma branched chain and aromatic amino acids predictive of incident diabetes, and C3 and C5 acylcarnitinines and organic acids indicative of impaired energy metabolism.HIV-infected women had more baseline risk factors for insulin resistance: women were older (46 vs 44 years) and had a longer ART duration (8.4 vs 5.1 years, P < 0.05 for both) compared with men but had similar CD4+ count (median 701 cells/μL), smoking and hepatic C prevalence, and body mass index (BMI) (median 30.3 kg/m). However, women had higher insulin sensitivity compared with men (P < 0.01), and lower plasma levels of isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine (P < 0.01 for all), and lower C3 and C5 acylcarnitines (P < 0.01 for all), in multivariable regression models after adjusting for DEXA fat mass index, age, race, CD4+ count, smoking, and ART duration. In the obese HIV-infected subjects and HIV-negative controls, the relationship of sex and plasma metabolite levels did not significantly differ according to HIV-status.HIV-infected women on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based ART had superior glucose tolerance and lower plasma metabolites associated with the development of diabetes compared with men with similar metabolic disease risk profiles. The relationship between sex and plasma metabolite levels did not significantly differ according to HIV-status among obese subjects, suggesting the observed sex-differences may not be specific to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Koethe
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases (JRK, TRS); Department of Biostatistics (CAJ, BES), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and Sanford Burnham Prebys Metabolomics Core at the Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, University of Florida (CP, JC), Gainesville, FL
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178
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White PJ, Lapworth AL, An J, Wang L, McGarrah RW, Stevens RD, Ilkayeva O, George T, Muehlbauer MJ, Bain JR, Trimmer JK, Brosnan MJ, Rolph TP, Newgard CB. Branched-chain amino acid restriction in Zucker-fatty rats improves muscle insulin sensitivity by enhancing efficiency of fatty acid oxidation and acyl-glycine export. Mol Metab 2016; 5:538-551. [PMID: 27408778 PMCID: PMC4921791 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-related metabolic signature is strongly associated with insulin resistance and predictive of incident diabetes and intervention outcomes. To better understand the role that this metabolite cluster plays in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction, we studied the impact of BCAA restriction in a rodent model of obesity in which BCAA metabolism is perturbed in ways that mirror the human condition. Methods Zucker-lean rats (ZLR) and Zucker-fatty rats (ZFR) were fed either a custom control, low fat (LF) diet, or an isonitrogenous, isocaloric LF diet in which all three BCAA (Leu, Ile, Val) were reduced by 45% (LF-RES). We performed comprehensive metabolic and physiologic profiling to characterize the effects of BCAA restriction on energy balance, insulin sensitivity, and glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Results LF-fed ZFR had higher levels of circulating BCAA and lower levels of glycine compared to LF-fed ZLR. Feeding ZFR with the LF-RES diet lowered circulating BCAA to levels found in LF-fed ZLR. Activity of the rate limiting enzyme in the BCAA catabolic pathway, branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), was lower in liver but higher in skeletal muscle of ZFR compared to ZLR and was not responsive to diet in either tissue. BCAA restriction had very little impact on metabolites studied in liver of ZFR where BCAA content was low, and BCKDH activity was suppressed. However, in skeletal muscle of LF-fed ZFR compared to LF-fed ZLR, where BCAA content and BCKDH activity were increased, accumulation of fatty acyl CoAs was completely normalized by dietary BCAA restriction. BCAA restriction also normalized skeletal muscle glycine content and increased urinary acetyl glycine excretion in ZFR. These effects were accompanied by lower RER and improved skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in LF-RES fed ZFR as measured by hyperinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamp. Conclusions Our data are consistent with a model wherein elevated circulating BCAA contribute to development of obesity-related insulin resistance by interfering with lipid oxidation in skeletal muscle. BCAA-dependent lowering of the skeletal muscle glycine pool appears to contribute to this effect by slowing acyl-glycine export to the urine. Feeding a BCAA restricted diet improves skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in Zucker fatty rats. BCKDH activity is decreased in liver and increased in skeletal muscle in Zucker fatty versus lean rats. High BCAA levels drive the obesity-associated decline in circulating and muscle glycine levels. BCAA-driven glycine depletion restricts formation of acyl-glycine adducts for excretion in urine. High BCAA/low glycine reduces efficiency of fat oxidation in muscle leading to acyl CoA buildup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J White
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | | | - Jie An
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Robert W McGarrah
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Robert D Stevens
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Tabitha George
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Michael J Muehlbauer
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - James R Bain
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Jeff K Trimmer
- CV and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Julia Brosnan
- CV and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy P Rolph
- CV and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
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179
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Lustgarten MS, Price LL, Fielding RA. Analytes and Metabolites Associated with Muscle Quality in Young, Healthy Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1659-64. [PMID: 25412292 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identification of mechanisms that underlie lower extremity muscle quality (leg press one repetition maximum/total lean mass; LP/Lean) may be important for individuals interested in optimizing fitness and sport performance. The purpose of the current study was to provide observational insight into mechanisms that may underlie muscle quality by characterizing the association between 286 mass spectrometry metabolites and 17 chemistry screen analytes with LP/Lean in young, healthy adults (N = 77 (49 women and 28 men); mean age, 24.4 ± 4.2 yr; BMI, 23.5 ± 2.6 kg·m). METHODS Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the 286 metabolites into 73 metabolite-containing PCA factors. Sex-adjusted linear regression was used to examine the association between PCA factors and chemistry screen analytes with LP/Lean. Q values were computed to account for multiple comparison testing. Stepwise linear regression and leave-one-out cross validation were used to identify a predictor set representative of LP/Lean and to assess internal validity, respectively. RESULTS Metabolites or analytes related to dietary protein intake (albumin, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA)) and excitation-contraction coupling (calcium and magnesium) were positively associated, whereas metabolites related to gut bacterial metabolism (cinnamoylglycine, hydrocinnamate, hippurate, indolepropionate) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) (methylglutarylcarnitine and cinnamoylglycine) activation were negatively associated with LP/Lean. Use of leave-one-out cross validation identified magnesium, sex, and the PCA factors containing BCAAs and methionine and methylglutarylcarnitine to be present in more than 90% of the stepwise regression models, thereby explaining 26.7% of the variance (adjusted R) inherent in muscle quality. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggest that mechanisms related to dietary protein intake, excitation-contraction coupling, gut microbial metabolism, and PPAR-α activation may underlie lower extremity muscle quality in young, healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Lustgarten
- 1Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA, and 2Biostatistics Research Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
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180
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Glutamine Modulates Macrophage Lipotoxicity. Nutrients 2016; 8:215. [PMID: 27077881 PMCID: PMC4848684 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are associated with excessive inflammation and impaired wound healing. Increasing evidence suggests that macrophage dysfunction is responsible for these inflammatory defects. In the setting of excess nutrients, particularly dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs), activated macrophages develop lysosome dysfunction, which triggers activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and cell death. The molecular pathways that connect lipid stress to lysosome pathology are not well understood, but may represent a viable target for therapy. Glutamine uptake is increased in activated macrophages leading us to hypothesize that in the context of excess lipids glutamine metabolism could overwhelm the mitochondria and promote the accumulation of toxic metabolites. To investigate this question we assessed macrophage lipotoxicity in the absence of glutamine using LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages exposed to the SFA palmitate. We found that glutamine deficiency reduced lipid induced lysosome dysfunction, inflammasome activation, and cell death. Under glutamine deficient conditions mTOR activation was decreased and autophagy was enhanced; however, autophagy was dispensable for the rescue phenotype. Rather, glutamine deficiency prevented the suppressive effect of the SFA palmitate on mitochondrial respiration and this phenotype was associated with protection from macrophage cell death. Together, these findings reveal that crosstalk between activation-induced metabolic reprogramming and the nutrient microenvironment can dramatically alter macrophage responses to inflammatory stimuli.
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181
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Lee CC, Watkins SM, Lorenzo C, Wagenknecht LE, Il'yasova D, Chen YDI, Haffner SM, Hanley AJ. Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Metabolism: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Diabetes Care 2016; 39:582-8. [PMID: 26895884 PMCID: PMC4806771 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies using untargeted metabolomics approaches have suggested that plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with incident diabetes. However, little is known about the role of plasma BCAAs in metabolic abnormalities underlying diabetes and whether these relationships are consistent across ethnic populations at high risk for diabetes. We investigated the associations of BCAAs with insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIR), and metabolic clearance of insulin (MCRI) in a multiethnic cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In 685 participants without diabetes of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) (290 Caucasians, 165 African Americans, and 230 Hispanics), we measured plasma BCAAs (sum of valine, leucine, and isoleucine) by mass spectrometry and SI, AIR, and MCRI by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests. RESULTS Elevated plasma BCAAs were inversely associated with SI and MCRI and positively associated with fasting insulin in regression models adjusted for potential confounders (β = -0.0012 [95% CI -0.0018, -0.00059], P < 0.001 for SI; β = -0.0013 [95% CI -0.0018, -0.00082], P < 0.001 for MCRI; and β = 0.0015 [95% CI 0.0008, 0.0023], P < 0.001 for fasting insulin). The association of BCAA with SI was significantly modified by ethnicity, with the association only being significant in Caucasians and Hispanics. Elevated plasma BCAAs were associated with incident diabetes in Caucasians and Hispanics (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio per 1-SD increase in plasma BCAAs: 1.67 [95% CI 1.21, 2.29], P = 0.002) but not in African Americans. Plasma BCAAs were not associated with SI-adjusted AIR. CONCLUSIONS Plasma BCAAs are associated with incident diabetes and underlying metabolic abnormalities, although the associations were generally stronger in Caucasians and Hispanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christine Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steve M Watkins
- Lipomics Technologies, Inc., a division of Metabolon, Inc., West Sacramento, CA
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Dora Il'yasova
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA
| | | | - Anthony J Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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182
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Kraus WE, Pieper CF, Huffman KM, Thompson DK, Kraus VB, Morey MC, Cohen HJ, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Bain JR, Stevens RD, Newgard CB. Association of Plasma Small-Molecule Intermediate Metabolites With Age and Body Mass Index Across Six Diverse Study Populations. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 71:1507-1513. [PMID: 26984390 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older age and obesity are associated with metabolic dysregulation; the mechanism by which these factors impact metabolism across the lifespan is important, but relatively unknown. We evaluated a panel of amino acids (AAs) and acylcarnitines (ACs) to identify effects of age and adiposity (body mass index) on circulating small-molecule metabolites in a meta-analysis of six diverse study populations. METHODS Targeted metabolic profiling was performed in six independent studies, representing 739 subjects with a broad range of age, body mass index, health states, and ethnic origin. Principal components analysis was performed on log-normalized values for AAs and ACs separately, generating one AC factor and two AA factors for each study. A common AC factor consisted primarily of acetylcarnitine, medium-chain AC, and several long-chain AC. AA Factor 1 consisted primarily of large neutral AAs. Glycine was its own factor. RESULTS Metabolic profiling and factor analysis identified clusters of related metabolites of lipid and AA metabolism that were consistently associated with age and body mass in a series of studies with a broad range of age, body mass index, and health status. An inverse association of glycine with body mass index and male gender supports its role as a marker of favorable metabolic health. CONCLUSIONS An important focus of future investigations should be to determine whether these clusters of metabolic intermediates are possible early predictors of health outcomes associated with body mass; are involved with accelerated aging; are involved in the causative pathway of aging; and how modification of these metabolic pathways impact the biology of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Kraus
- Department of Medicine, .,Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center/Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and
| | - Carl F Pieper
- Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center/Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kim M Huffman
- Department of Medicine.,Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center/Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development.,Durham VA Medical Center, North Carolina
| | - Dana K Thompson
- Department of Medicine.,Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center/Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Department of Medicine.,Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center/Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and
| | - Miriam C Morey
- Department of Medicine.,Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center/Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development.,Durham VA Medical Center, North Carolina
| | - Harvey J Cohen
- Department of Medicine.,Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center/Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development.,Durham VA Medical Center, North Carolina
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - James R Bain
- Department of Medicine.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and
| | | | - Christopher B Newgard
- Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center/Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, and
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183
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Liu Y, Smirnov K, Lucio M, Gougeon RD, Alexandre H, Schmitt-Kopplin P. MetICA: independent component analysis for high-resolution mass-spectrometry based non-targeted metabolomics. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:114. [PMID: 26936354 PMCID: PMC4776428 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-0970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpreting non-targeted metabolomics data remains a challenging task. Signals from non-targeted metabolomics studies stem from a combination of biological causes, complex interactions between them and experimental bias/noise. The resulting data matrix usually contain huge number of variables and only few samples, and classical techniques using nonlinear mapping could result in computational complexity and overfitting. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) as a linear method could potentially bring more meaningful results than Principal Component Analysis (PCA). However, a major problem with most ICA algorithms is the output variations between different runs and the result of a single ICA run should be interpreted with reserve. RESULTS ICA was applied to simulated and experimental mass spectrometry (MS)-based non-targeted metabolomics data, under the hypothesis that underlying sources are mutually independent. Inspired from the Icasso algorithm, a new ICA method, MetICA was developed to handle the instability of ICA on complex datasets. Like the original Icasso algorithm, MetICA evaluated the algorithmic and statistical reliability of ICA runs. In addition, MetICA suggests two ways to select the optimal number of model components and gives an order of interpretation for the components obtained. CONCLUSIONS Correlating the components obtained with prior biological knowledge allows understanding how non-targeted metabolomics data reflect biological nature and technical phenomena. We could also extract mass signals related to this information. This novel approach provides meaningful components due to their independent nature. Furthermore, it provides an innovative concept on which to base model selection: that of optimizing the number of reliable components instead of trying to fit the data. The current version of MetICA is available at https://github.com/daniellyz/MetICA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhong Liu
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, 85758, Neuherberg, Germany.
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne/Agrosup Dijon, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Jules Guyot, Rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, Dijon, Cedex, France.
| | - Kirill Smirnov
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, 85758, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Marianna Lucio
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, 85758, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Régis D Gougeon
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne/Agrosup Dijon, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Jules Guyot, Rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, Dijon, Cedex, France.
| | - Hervé Alexandre
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne/Agrosup Dijon, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, Jules Guyot, Rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, Dijon, Cedex, France.
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, 85758, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Alte Akademie 1085354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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184
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Geidenstam N, Danielsson APH, Spégel P, Ridderstråle M. Changes in glucose-elicited blood metabolite responses following weight loss and long term weight maintenance in obese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 113:187-97. [PMID: 26809903 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Weight loss improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), but the long term dynamic effects on blood metabolites other than glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), are largely unknown. Here, we studied changes in OGTT-elicited metabolite patterns in obese subjects during a diet-induced weight loss study. METHODS Blood samples from 14 obese individuals with IGT were collected at 0, 30 and 120 min during a standard 75 g OGTT at baseline (BMI 44 ± 2 kg/m(2)), after weight loss (BMI 36 ± 2 kg/m(2)) and after weight maintenance (BMI 35 ± 2 kg/m(2)). Serum metabolite levels were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and compared to a lean glucose tolerant group. RESULTS Changes in the OGTT-elicited metabolite patterns occurred differentially during weight loss and weight maintenance. Enhanced suppression of aromatic amino acids were associated with decreased insulinogenic index observed after weight loss (tyrosine: r=0.72, p=0.013; phenylalanine: r=0.63, p=0.039). The OGTT-elicited suppression and/or lack of increase in levels of glutamate, glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, and the fatty acids laurate, oleate and palmitate, improved towards the lean profile after weight maintenance, paralleling an improvement in glucose tolerance. The greater heterogeneity in the response before and after weight loss in the obese, compared to lean subjects, was markedly reduced after weight maintenance. CONCLUSIONS Diet-induced weight loss followed by weight maintenance results in changes in metabolite profiles associated with either hepatic insulin sensitivity or peripheral glucose tolerance. Our results highlight the importance of evaluating the effects of weight loss and weight maintenance separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Geidenstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Obesity, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Sweden.
| | - Anders P H Danielsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Obesity, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Peter Spégel
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Martin Ridderstråle
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Obesity, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Sweden; Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
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185
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Zhang R, Zhang T, Ali AM, Al Washih M, Pickard B, Watson DG. Metabolomic Profiling of Post-Mortem Brain Reveals Changes in Amino Acid and Glucose Metabolism in Mental Illness Compared with Controls. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 14:106-16. [PMID: 27076878 PMCID: PMC4813093 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic profiling was carried out on 53 post-mortem brain samples from subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder (SDB), diabetes, and controls. Chromatography on a ZICpHILIC column was used with detection by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Data extraction was carried out with m/z Mine 2.14 with metabolite searching against an in-house database. There was no clear discrimination between the controls and the SDB samples on the basis of a principal components analysis (PCA) model of 755 identified or putatively identified metabolites. Orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLSDA) produced clear separation between 17 of the controls and 19 of the SDB samples (R2CUM 0.976, Q2 0.671, p-value of the cross-validated ANOVA score 0.0024). The most important metabolites producing discrimination were the lipophilic amino acids leucine/isoleucine, proline, methionine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine; the neurotransmitters GABA and NAAG and sugar metabolites sorbitol, gluconic acid, xylitol, ribitol, arabinotol, and erythritol. Eight samples from diabetic brains were analysed, six of which grouped with the SDB samples without compromising the model (R2 CUM 0.850, Q2 CUM 0.534, p-value for cross-validated ANOVA score 0.00087). There appears on the basis of this small sample set to be some commonality between metabolic perturbations resulting from diabetes and from SDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Ali Muhsen Ali
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK; Department of Clinical Biochemistry/Diabetes and Endocrinology Centre, Thi-Qar Health Office, Thi-Qar, Nassiriya, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Al Washih
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK; General Directorate of Medical Services, Ministry of Interior, Riyadh 13321, KSA
| | - Benjamin Pickard
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - David G Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
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186
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Ho JE, Larson MG, Ghorbani A, Cheng S, Chen MH, Keyes M, Rhee EP, Clish CB, Vasan RS, Gerszten RE, Wang TJ. Metabolomic Profiles of Body Mass Index in the Framingham Heart Study Reveal Distinct Cardiometabolic Phenotypes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148361. [PMID: 26863521 PMCID: PMC4749349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although obesity and cardiometabolic traits commonly overlap, underlying pathways remain incompletely defined. The association of metabolite profiles across multiple cardiometabolic traits may lend insights into the interaction of obesity and metabolic health. We sought to investigate metabolic signatures of obesity and related cardiometabolic traits in the community using broad-based metabolomic profiling. Methods and Results We evaluated the association of 217 assayed metabolites and cross-sectional as well as longitudinal changes in cardiometabolic traits among 2,383 Framingham Offspring cohort participants. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with 69 of 217 metabolites (P<0.00023 for all), including aromatic (tyrosine, phenylalanine) and branched chain amino acids (valine, isoleucine, leucine). Additional metabolic pathways associated with BMI included the citric acid cycle (isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, aconitate), the tryptophan pathway (kynurenine, kynurenic acid), and the urea cycle. There was considerable overlap in metabolite profiles between BMI, abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance [IR] and dyslipidemia, modest overlap of metabolite profiles between BMI and hyperglycemia, and little overlap with fasting glucose or elevated blood pressure. Metabolite profiles were associated with longitudinal changes in fasting glucose, but the involved metabolites (ornithine, 5-HIAA, aminoadipic acid, isoleucine, cotinine) were distinct from those associated with baseline glucose or other traits. Obesity status appeared to “modify” the association of 9 metabolites with IR. For example, bile acid metabolites were strongly associated with IR among obese but not lean individuals, whereas isoleucine had a stronger association with IR in lean individuals. Conclusions In this large-scale metabolite profiling study, body mass index was associated with a broad range of metabolic alterations. Metabolite profiling highlighted considerable overlap with abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, but not with fasting glucose or blood pressure traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Ho
- Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Martin G. Larson
- Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anahita Ghorbani
- Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan Cheng
- Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michelle Keyes
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eugene P. Rhee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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187
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Shah SH, Newgard CB. Integrated metabolomics and genomics: systems approaches to biomarkers and mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8:410-9. [PMID: 25901039 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The genetic architecture underlying the heritability of cardiovascular disease is incompletely understood. Metabolomics is an emerging technology platform that has shown early success in identifying biomarkers and mechanisms of common chronic diseases. Integration of metabolomics, genetics, and other omics platforms in a systems biology approach holds potential for elucidating novel genetic markers and mechanisms for cardiovascular disease. We review important studies that have used metabolomic profiling in cardiometabolic diseases, approaches for integrating metabolomics with genetics and other molecular profiling platforms, and key studies showing the potential for such studies in deciphering cardiovascular disease genetics, biomarkers, and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svati H Shah
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute (S.H.S., C.B.N.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (S.H.S., C.B.N.), Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (C.B.N.), Duke University, Durham, NC.
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute (S.H.S., C.B.N.), Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (S.H.S., C.B.N.), Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (C.B.N.), Duke University, Durham, NC
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188
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Cavallaro NL, Garry J, Shi X, Gerszten RE, Anderson EJ, Walford GA. A pilot, short-term dietary manipulation of branched chain amino acids has modest influence on fasting levels of branched chain amino acids. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:28592. [PMID: 26781817 PMCID: PMC4717153 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.28592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated fasting levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs: valine, isoleucine, leucine) in venous blood are associated with a variety of metabolic impairments, including increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Fasting BCAA levels are influenced by non-dietary factors. However, it is unknown whether fasting BCAAs can be altered through manipulation of dietary intake alone. OBJECTIVE To test whether a specific dietary intervention, using differences in BCAA intake, alters fasting BCAA levels independent of other factors. DESIGN Five healthy male volunteers underwent 4 days of a low and 4 days of a high BCAA content dietary intervention (ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT02110602]). All food and supplements were provided. Fasting BCAAs were measured from venous blood samples by mass spectrometry at baseline and after each intervention. RESULTS Diets were isocaloric; contained equal percentages of calories from carbohydrate, fats, and protein; and differed from each other in BCAA content (1.5±0.1 vs. 14.0±0.6 g for valine; 4.5±0.9 g vs. 13.8±0.5 g for isoleucine; 2.1±0.2 g vs. 27.1±1.0 g for leucine; p<0.0001 for all). Fasting valine was significantly lower (p=0.02) and fasting isoleucine and leucine were numerically lower following the low BCAA content vs. the high BCAA content diet levels. The inter-individual response to the dietary interventions was variable and not explained by adherence. CONCLUSION Short-term dietary manipulation of BCAA intake led to modest changes in fasting levels of BCAAs. The approach from our pilot study can be expanded to test the metabolic implications of dietary BCAA manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Garry
- Metabolism & Nutrition Research, Clinical Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Catalyst Clinical Translational Science Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xu Shi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen J Anderson
- Metabolism & Nutrition Research, Clinical Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Catalyst Clinical Translational Science Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Diabetes Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Walford
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Diabetes Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;
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189
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Hellmuth C, Kirchberg FF, Lass N, Harder U, Peissner W, Koletzko B, Reinehr T. Tyrosine Is Associated with Insulin Resistance in Longitudinal Metabolomic Profiling of Obese Children. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:2108909. [PMID: 26881241 PMCID: PMC4736430 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2108909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In obese children, hyperinsulinaemia induces adverse metabolic consequences related to the risk of cardiovascular and other disorders. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and acylcarnitines (Carn), involved in amino acid (AA) degradation, were linked to obesity-associated insulin resistance, but these associations yet have not been studied longitudinally in obese children. We studied 80 obese children before and after a one-year lifestyle intervention programme inducing substantial weight loss >0.5 BMI standard deviation scores in 40 children and no weight loss in another 40 children. At baseline and after the 1-year intervention, we assessed insulin resistance (HOMA index), fasting glucose, HbA1c, 2 h glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test, AA, and Carn. BMI adjusted metabolite levels were associated with clinical markers at baseline and after intervention, and changes with the intervention period were evaluated. Only tyrosine was significantly associated with HOMA (p < 0.05) at baseline and end and with change during the intervention (p < 0.05). In contrast, ratios depicting BCAA metabolism were negatively associated with HOMA at baseline (p < 0.05), but not in the longitudinal profiling. Stratified analysis revealed that the children with substantial weight loss drove this association. We conclude that tyrosine alterations in association with insulin resistance precede alteration in BCAA metabolism. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00435734.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hellmuth
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Franca Fabiana Kirchberg
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Lass
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten-Herdecke, Dr. Friedrich Steiner Strasse 5, 45711 Datteln, Germany
| | - Ulrike Harder
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peissner
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
- *Berthold Koletzko:
| | - Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten-Herdecke, Dr. Friedrich Steiner Strasse 5, 45711 Datteln, Germany
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190
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Abstract
Metabolomics is a promising approach for the identification of chemical compounds that serve for early detection, diagnosis, prediction of therapeutic response and prognosis of disease. Moreover, metabolomics has shown to increase the diagnostic threshold and prediction of type 2 diabetes. Evidence suggests that branched-chain amino acids, acylcarnitines and aromatic amino acids may play an early role on insulin resistance, exposing defects on amino acid metabolism, β-oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. This review aims to provide a panoramic view of the metabolic shifts that antecede or follow type 2 diabetes. Key messages BCAAs, AAAs and acylcarnitines are strongly associated with early insulin resistance. Diabetes risk prediction has been improved when adding metabolomic markers of dysglycemia to standard clinical and biochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- a Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" , Ciudad De México , D.F
| | - Ivette Cruz-Bautista
- a Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" , Ciudad De México , D.F
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191
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Catabolism of Branched Chain Amino Acids Contributes Significantly to Synthesis of Odd-Chain and Even-Chain Fatty Acids in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145850. [PMID: 26710334 PMCID: PMC4692509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The branched chain amino acids (BCAA) valine, leucine and isoleucine have been implicated in a number of diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, although the mechanisms are still poorly understood. Adipose tissue plays an important role in BCAA homeostasis by actively metabolizing circulating BCAA. In this work, we have investigated the link between BCAA catabolism and fatty acid synthesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes using parallel 13C-labeling experiments, mass spectrometry and model-based isotopomer data analysis. Specifically, we performed parallel labeling experiments with four fully 13C-labeled tracers, [U-13C]valine, [U-13C]leucine, [U-13C]isoleucine and [U-13C]glutamine. We measured mass isotopomer distributions of fatty acids and intracellular metabolites by GC-MS and analyzed the data using the isotopomer spectral analysis (ISA) framework. We demonstrate that 3T3-L1 adipocytes accumulate significant amounts of even chain length (C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0) and odd chain length (C15:0 and C17:0) fatty acids under standard cell culture conditions. Using a novel GC-MS method, we demonstrate that propionyl-CoA acts as the primer on fatty acid synthase for the production of odd chain fatty acids. BCAA contributed significantly to the production of all fatty acids. Leucine and isoleucine contributed at least 25% to lipogenic acetyl-CoA pool, and valine and isoleucine contributed 100% to lipogenic propionyl-CoA pool. Our results further suggest that low activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and mass action kinetics of propionyl-CoA on fatty acid synthase result in high rates of odd chain fatty acid synthesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Overall, this work provides important new insights into the connection between BCAA catabolism and fatty acid synthesis in adipocytes and underscores the high capacity of adipocytes for metabolizing BCAA.
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192
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Soininen P, Kangas AJ, Würtz P, Suna T, Ala-Korpela M. Quantitative serum nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics in cardiovascular epidemiology and genetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:192-206. [PMID: 25691689 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is becoming common in epidemiology due to recent developments in quantitative profiling technologies and appealing results from their applications for understanding health and disease. Our team has developed an automated high-throughput serum NMR metabolomics platform that provides quantitative molecular data on 14 lipoprotein subclasses, their lipid concentrations and composition, apolipoprotein A-I and B, multiple cholesterol and triglyceride measures, albumin, various fatty acids as well as on numerous low-molecular-weight metabolites, including amino acids, glycolysis related measures and ketone bodies. The molar concentrations of these measures are obtained from a single serum sample with costs comparable to standard lipid measurements. We have analyzed almost 250 000 samples from around 100 epidemiological cohorts and biobanks and the new international set-up of multiple platforms will allow an annual throughput of more than 250 000 samples. The molecular data have been used to study type 1 and type 2 diabetes etiology as well as to characterize the molecular reflections of the metabolic syndrome, long-term physical activity, diet and lipoprotein metabolism. The results have revealed new biomarkers for early atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. We have also combined genomics and metabolomics in diverse studies. We envision that quantitative high-throughput NMR metabolomics will be incorporated as a routine in large biobanks; this would make perfect sense both from the biological research and cost point of view - the standard output of over 200 molecular measures would vastly extend the relevance of the sample collections and make many separate clinical chemistry assays redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasi Soininen
- From the Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (P.S., A.J.K., P.W., T.S., M.A.-K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (P.S., M.A.-K.); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (M.A.-K.); and Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (M.A.-K.)
| | - Antti J Kangas
- From the Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (P.S., A.J.K., P.W., T.S., M.A.-K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (P.S., M.A.-K.); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (M.A.-K.); and Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (M.A.-K.)
| | - Peter Würtz
- From the Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (P.S., A.J.K., P.W., T.S., M.A.-K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (P.S., M.A.-K.); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (M.A.-K.); and Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (M.A.-K.)
| | - Teemu Suna
- From the Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (P.S., A.J.K., P.W., T.S., M.A.-K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (P.S., M.A.-K.); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (M.A.-K.); and Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (M.A.-K.)
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- From the Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (P.S., A.J.K., P.W., T.S., M.A.-K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (P.S., M.A.-K.); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (M.A.-K.); and Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (M.A.-K.).
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193
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Chaudhuri R, Khoo PS, Tonks K, Junutula JR, Kolumam G, Modrusan Z, Samocha-Bonet D, Meoli CC, Hocking S, Fazakerley DJ, Stöckli J, Hoehn KL, Greenfield JR, Yang JYH, James DE. Cross-species gene expression analysis identifies a novel set of genes implicated in human insulin sensitivity. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2015; 1:15010. [PMID: 28725461 PMCID: PMC5516867 DOI: 10.1038/npjsba.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the earliest predictors of type 2 diabetes. However, diagnosis of IR is limited. High fat fed mouse models provide key insights into IR. We hypothesized that early features of IR are associated with persistent changes in gene expression (GE) and endeavored to (a) develop novel methods for improving signal:noise in analysis of human GE using mouse models; (b) identify a GE motif that accurately diagnoses IR in humans; and (c) identify novel biology associated with IR in humans. METHODS We integrated human muscle GE data with longitudinal mouse GE data and developed an unbiased three-level cross-species analysis platform (single gene, gene set, and networks) to generate a gene expression motif (GEM) indicative of IR. A logistic regression classification model validated GEM in three independent human data sets (n=115). RESULTS This GEM of 93 genes substantially improved diagnosis of IR compared with routine clinical measures across multiple independent data sets. Individuals misclassified by GEM possessed other metabolic features raising the possibility that they represent a separate metabolic subclass. The GEM was enriched in pathways previously implicated in insulin action and revealed novel associations between β-catenin and Jak1 and IR. Functional analyses using small molecule inhibitors showed an important role for these proteins in insulin action. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that systems approaches for identifying molecular signatures provides a powerful way to stratify individuals into discrete metabolic groups. Moreover, we speculate that the β-catenin pathway may represent a novel biomarker for IR in humans that warrant future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Chaudhuri
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Poh Sim Khoo
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Tonks
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Zora Modrusan
- Genentech Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dorit Samocha-Bonet
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher C Meoli
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha Hocking
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Stöckli
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jerry R Greenfield
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean Yee Hwa Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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194
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death and disability worldwide. Therefore, great importance has been placed on the discovery of novel risk factors and metabolic pathways relevant in the prevention and management of CVD. Such research is ongoing and may continue to lead to better risk stratification of individuals and/or the development of new intervention targets and treatment options. This review highlights emerging biomarkers related to lipid metabolism, glycemia, inflammation, and cardiac damage, some of which show promising associations with CVD risk and provide further understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. However, their measurement methodology and assays will require validation and standardization, and it will take time to accumulate evidence of their role in CVD in various population settings in order to fully assess their clinical utility. Several of the novel biomarkers represent intriguing, potentially game-changing targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Cahill
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Ave, Halifax, NS, B3H 1V7, Canada.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Monica L Bertoia
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Sarah A Aroner
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Kenneth J Mukamal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 1309 Beacon Street, 2nd Floor, Brookline, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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195
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Cheng S, Wiklund P, Autio R, Borra R, Ojanen X, Xu L, Törmäkangas T, Alen M. Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Altered Systemic Amino Acid Metabolism Are Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138889. [PMID: 26439744 PMCID: PMC4595021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fatty liver is a major cause of obesity-related morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to identify early metabolic alterations associated with liver fat accumulation in 50- to 55-year-old men (n = 49) and women (n = 52) with and without NAFLD. Methods Hepatic fat content was measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS). Serum samples were analyzed using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics platform. Global gene expression profiles of adipose tissues and skeletal muscle were analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays and quantitative PCR. Muscle protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. Results Increased branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), aromatic amino acid (AAA) and orosomucoid were associated with liver fat accumulation already in its early stage, independent of sex, obesity or insulin resistance (p<0.05 for all). Significant down-regulation of BCAA catabolism and fatty acid and energy metabolism was observed in the adipose tissue of the NAFLD group (p<0.001for all), whereas no aberrant gene expression in the skeletal muscle was found. Reduced BCAA catabolic activity was inversely associated with serum BCAA and liver fat content (p<0.05 for all). Conclusions Liver fat accumulation, already in its early stage, is associated with increased serum branched-chain and aromatic amino acids. The observed associations of decreased BCAA catabolism activity, mitochondrial energy metabolism and serum BCAA concentration with liver fat content suggest that adipose tissue dysfunction may have a key role in the systemic nature of NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulin Cheng
- Exercise Health and Technology Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Petri Wiklund
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Reija Autio
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ronald Borra
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Xiaowei Ojanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leiting Xu
- Exercise Health and Technology Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Timo Törmäkangas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Markku Alen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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196
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Glynn EL, Piner LW, Huffman KM, Slentz CA, Elliot-Penry L, AbouAssi H, White PJ, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, Ilkayeva OR, Stevens RD, Porter Starr KN, Bales CW, Volpi E, Brosnan MJ, Trimmer JK, Rolph TP, Newgard CB, Kraus WE. Impact of combined resistance and aerobic exercise training on branched-chain amino acid turnover, glycine metabolism and insulin sensitivity in overweight humans. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2324-35. [PMID: 26254576 PMCID: PMC4793723 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESES Obesity is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity (IS) and elevated plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between BCAA metabolism and IS in overweight (OW) individuals during exercise intervention. METHODS Whole-body leucine turnover, IS by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp, and circulating and skeletal muscle amino acids, branched-chain α-keto acids and acylcarnitines were measured in ten healthy controls (Control) and nine OW, untrained, insulin-resistant individuals (OW-Untrained). OW-Untrained then underwent a 6 month aerobic and resistance exercise programme and repeated testing (OW-Trained). RESULTS IS was higher in Control vs OW-Untrained and increased significantly following exercise. IS was lower in OW-Trained vs Control expressed relative to body mass, but was not different from Control when normalised to fat-free mass (FFM). Plasma BCAAs and leucine turnover (relative to FFM) were higher in OW-Untrained vs Control, but did not change on average with exercise. Despite this, within individuals, the decrease in molar sum of circulating BCAAs was the best metabolic predictor of improvement in IS. Circulating glycine levels were higher in Control and OW-Trained vs OW-Untrained, and urinary metabolic profiling suggests that exercise induces more efficient elimination of excess acyl groups derived from BCAA and aromatic amino acid (AA) metabolism via formation of urinary glycine adducts. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A mechanism involving more efficient elimination of excess acyl groups derived from BCAA and aromatic AA metabolism via glycine conjugation in the liver, rather than increased BCAA disposal through oxidation and turnover, may mediate interactions between exercise, BCAA metabolism and IS. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01786941.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Glynn
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Lucy W Piner
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Kim M Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Cris A Slentz
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lorraine Elliot-Penry
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Hiba AbouAssi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Phillip J White
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - James R Bain
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Muehlbauer
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Robert D Stevens
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Connie W Bales
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- GRECC, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - M Julia Brosnan
- The CV and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeff K Trimmer
- The CV and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy P Rolph
- The CV and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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197
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Yang RY, Wang SM, Sun L, Liu JM, Li HX, Sui XF, Wang M, Xiu HL, Wang S, He Q, Dong J, Chen WX. Association of branched-chain amino acids with coronary artery disease: A matched-pair case-control study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:937-942. [PMID: 26231617 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Several recent studies have found an independent relationship between levels of plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD); however, few studies have investigated the associations of BCAAs with CAD and the risk of cardiovascular events. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between BCAAs and CAD. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 143 patients with CAD diagnosed by coronary angiography at Beijing Hospital (Beijing, China) during 2008-2011. Apparently healthy control individuals (n = 286) and the patients with CAD were matched (2:1 ratio) by age and gender. The healthy control individuals were selected at random from a set of subjects who attended an annual physical examination at the same hospital in 2011. Conditional logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between measured variables and CAD. After multivariate adjustment for traditional CAD risk factors, each one-standard-deviation increase in BCAA concentration was associated with an approximately twofold increase in the risk of CAD (odds ratio = 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21-2.20, P = 0.001). As compared with subjects in the lowest quartile of BCAA levels, the odds ratios (95% CIs) for CAD risk in subjects belonging to quartiles 2, 3, and 4 were 1.65 (0.75-3.61), 2.04 (0.92-4.53), and 3.86 (1.71-8.69), respectively (P trend = 0.01). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that BCAAs are significantly related to CAD development. This relationship is independent of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Y Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - S M Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - L Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - J M Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - H X Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - X F Sui
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - M Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China; Beijing Hospital, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - H L Xiu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - S Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Q He
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - J Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
| | - W X Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China; Beijing Hospital, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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198
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Jao J, Kirmse B, Yu C, Qiu Y, Powis K, Nshom E, Epie F, Tih PM, Sperling RS, Abrams EJ, Geffner ME, LeRoith D, Kurland IJ. Lower Preprandial Insulin and Altered Fuel Use in HIV/Antiretroviral-Exposed Infants in Cameroon. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:3260-9. [PMID: 26133363 PMCID: PMC4570172 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Intrauterine HIV/antiretroviral (ARV) and postnatal ARVs are known to perturb energy metabolism and could have permanent effects on future metabolic health. Such maladaptive effects could be mediated by changes in mitochondrial function and intermediary metabolism due to fetal and early-life ARV exposure in HIV/ARV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to understand the relationship(s) between mitochondrial fuel use (assessed via acylcarnitines and branched chain amino acids) and preprandial insulin in infants exposed to in utero HIV/ARV plus postnatal zidovudine or nevirapine compared with HIV/ARV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) infants. DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study with the following three groups: 1) intrauterine HIV/ARV/postnatal zidovudine-exposed (HEU-A), 2) intrauterine HIV/ARV/postnatal nevirapine-exposed (HEU-N), and 3) HUU infants. Principal component analysis and linear regression modeling were performed to assess the association between in utero HIV/ARV exposure and infant insulin. SETTING The study was conducted at Cameroonian urban antenatal centers. PARTICIPANTS HIV-infected and -uninfected pregnant woman/infant dyads participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME Preprandial insulin was the main outcome measured. RESULTS Of 366 infants, 38 were HEU-A, 118 HEU-N. Forty intermediary metabolites were consolidated into seven principal components. In a multivariate analysis, both HEU-A (β = -.116, P= .012) and HEU-N (β = -.070, P= .022) demonstrated lower insulin compared with HUU infants. However, at high levels of plasma metabolites, HEU-A (β = .027, P= .050) exhibited higher insulin levels than HEU-N or HUU infants. A unique array of short-chain acylcarnitines (β = .044, P= .001) and branched-chain amino acids (β = .033, P= .012) was associated with insulin. CONCLUSION HEU-A and HEU-N infants have lower preprandial insulin levels at 6 weeks of age and appear to use metabolic fuel substrates differently than HUU infants. Future studies are warranted to determine whether observed differences have lasting metabolic implications, such as later insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jao
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Brian Kirmse
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Chunli Yu
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Yunping Qiu
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Kathleen Powis
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Emmanuel Nshom
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Fanny Epie
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Pius Muffih Tih
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Rhoda S Sperling
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Elaine J Abrams
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Mitchell E Geffner
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Irwin J Kurland
- Departments of Medicine (J.J.), Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (J.J.), Genetics and Genomic Sciences (C.Y.), and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science (R.S.S.), and Department of Medicine (D.L.), Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center/George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037; Department of Medicine (Y.Q., I.J.K.), Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine (K.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (E.N., F.E., P.M.T.), Bamenda, Cameroon; ICAP (E.J.A.), Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles (M.E.G.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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199
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Butte NF, Liu Y, Zakeri IF, Mohney RP, Mehta N, Voruganti VS, Göring H, Cole SA, Comuzzie AG. Global metabolomic profiling targeting childhood obesity in the Hispanic population. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:256-67. [PMID: 26085512 PMCID: PMC4515872 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomics may unravel important biological pathways involved in the pathophysiology of childhood obesity. OBJECTIVES We aimed to 1) identify metabolites that differ significantly between nonobese and obese Hispanic children; 2) collapse metabolites into principal components (PCs) associated with obesity and metabolic risk, specifically hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperleptinemia, and hyperuricemia; and 3) identify metabolites associated with energy expenditure and fat oxidation. DESIGN This trial was a cross-sectional observational study of metabolomics by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses performed on fasting plasma samples from 353 nonobese and 450 obese Hispanic children. RESULTS Branched-chained amino acids (BCAAs) (Leu, Ile, and Val) and their catabolites, propionylcarnitine and butyrylcarnitine, were significantly elevated in obese children. Strikingly lower lysolipids and dicarboxylated fatty acids were seen in obese children. Steroid derivatives were markedly higher in obese children as were markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. PC6 (BCAAs and aromatic AAs) and PC10 (asparagine, glycine, and serine) made the largest contributions to body mass index, and PC10 and PC12 (acylcarnitines) made the largest contributions to adiposity. Metabolic risk factors and total energy expenditure were associated with PC6, PC9 (AA and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites), and PC10. Fat oxidation was inversely related to PC8 (lysolipids) and positively related to PC16 (acylcarnitines). CONCLUSIONS Global metabolomic profiling in nonobese and obese children replicates the increased BCAA and acylcarnitine catabolism and changes in nucleotides, lysolipids, and inflammation markers seen in obese adults; however, a strong signature of reduced fatty acid catabolism and increased steroid derivatives may be unique to obese children. Metabolic flexibility in fuel use observed in obese children may occur through the activation of alternative intermediary pathways. Insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, and oxidative stress and inflammation evident in obese children are associated with distinct metabolomic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy F Butte
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX;
| | - Yan Liu
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Issa F Zakeri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Nitesh Mehta
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - V Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC; and
| | - Harald Göring
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Shelley A Cole
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
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200
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Douris N, Melman T, Pecherer JM, Pissios P, Flier JS, Cantley LC, Locasale JW, Maratos-Flier E. Adaptive changes in amino acid metabolism permit normal longevity in mice consuming a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2056-65. [PMID: 26170063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (KD) is associated with weight loss, lowering of glucose and insulin levels and improved systemic insulin sensitivity. However, the beneficial effects of long-term feeding have been the subject of debate. We therefore studied the effects of lifelong consumption of this diet in mice. Complete metabolic analyses were performed after 8 and 80weeks on the diet. In addition we performed a serum metabolomic analysis and examined hepatic gene expression. Lifelong consumption of KD had no effect on morbidity or mortality (KD vs. Chow, 676 vs. 630days) despite hepatic steatosis and inflammation in KD mice. The KD fed mice lost weight initially as previously reported (Kennnedy et al., 2007) and remained lighter and had less fat mass; KD consuming mice had higher levels of energy expenditure, improved glucose homeostasis and higher circulating levels of β-hydroxybutyrate and triglycerides than chow-fed controls. Hepatic expression of the critical metabolic regulators including fibroblast growth factor 21 were also higher in KD-fed mice while expression levels of lipogenic enzymes such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 was reduced. Metabolomic analysis revealed compensatory changes in amino acid metabolism, primarily involving down-regulation of catabolic processes, demonstrating that mice eating KD can shift amino acid metabolism to conserve amino acid levels. Long-term KD feeding caused profound and persistent metabolic changes, the majority of which are seen as health promoting, and had no adverse effects on survival in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Douris
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tamar Melman
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jordan M Pecherer
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pavlos Pissios
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Flier
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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