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Chen T, Wagner AS, Reynolds TB. When Is It Appropriate to Take Off the Mask? Signaling Pathways That Regulate ß(1,3)-Glucan Exposure in Candida albicans. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:842501. [PMID: 36908584 PMCID: PMC10003681 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.842501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Candida spp. are an important source of systemic and mucosal infections in immune compromised populations. However, drug resistance or toxicity has put limits on the efficacy of current antifungals. The C. albicans cell wall is considered a good therapeutic target due to its roles in viability and fungal pathogenicity. One potential method for improving antifungal strategies could be to enhance the detection of fungal cell wall antigens by host immune cells. ß(1,3)-glucan, which is an important component of fungal cell walls, is a highly immunogenic epitope. Consequently, multiple host pattern recognition receptors, such as dectin-1, complement receptor 3 (CR3), and the ephrin type A receptor A (EphA2) are capable of recognizing exposed (unmasked) ß(1,3)-glucan moieties on the cell surface to initiate an anti-fungal immune response. However, ß(1,3)-glucan is normally covered (masked) by a layer of glycosylated proteins on the outer surface of the cell wall, hiding it from immune detection. In order to better understand possible mechanisms of unmasking ß(1,3)-glucan, we must develop a deeper comprehension of the pathways driving this phenotype. In this review, we describe the medical importance of ß(1,3)-glucan exposure in anti-fungal immunity, and highlight environmental stimuli and stressors encountered within the host that are capable of inducing changes in the levels of surface exposed ß(1,3)-glucan. Furthermore, particular focus is placed on how signal transduction cascades regulate changes in ß(1,3)-glucan exposure, as understanding the role that these pathways have in mediating this phenotype will be critical for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Andrew S. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Todd B. Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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152
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Lim EJ, Leng EGT, Tram NDT, Periayah MH, Ee PLR, Barkham TMS, Poh ZS, Verma NK, Lakshminarayanan R. Rationalisation of Antifungal Properties of α-Helical Pore-Forming Peptide, Mastoparan B. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041438. [PMID: 35209228 PMCID: PMC8879275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mortality associated with invasive fungal infections, narrow spectrum of available antifungals, and increasing evolution of antifungal resistance necessitate the development of alternative therapies. Host defense peptides are regarded as the first line of defense against microbial invasion in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In this work, we investigated the effectiveness of four naturally occurring pore-forming antimicrobial peptides (melittin, magainin 2, cecropin A, and mastoparan B) against a panel of clinically relevant pathogens, including Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata. We present data on the antifungal activities of the four pore-forming peptides, assessed with descriptive statistics, and their cytocompatibility with cultured human cells. Among the four peptides, mastoparan B (MB) displayed potent antifungal activity, whereas cecropin A was the least potent. We show that MB susceptibility of phylogenetically distant non-candida albicans can vary and be described by different intrinsic physicochemical parameters of pore-forming α-helical peptides. These findings have potential therapeutic implications for the design and development of safe antifungal peptide-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Jianyang Lim
- Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (E.J.L.); (E.G.T.L.); (M.H.P.)
| | - Eunice Goh Tze Leng
- Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (E.J.L.); (E.G.T.L.); (M.H.P.)
| | - Nhan Dai Thien Tram
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (N.D.T.T.); (P.L.R.E.)
| | - Mercy Halleluyah Periayah
- Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (E.J.L.); (E.G.T.L.); (M.H.P.)
| | - Pui Lai Rachel Ee
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (N.D.T.T.); (P.L.R.E.)
| | | | - Zhi Sheng Poh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore;
| | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (E.J.L.); (E.G.T.L.); (M.H.P.)
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore;
- National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308205, Singapore
- Correspondence: (N.K.V.); (R.L.)
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (E.J.L.); (E.G.T.L.); (M.H.P.)
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (N.D.T.T.); (P.L.R.E.)
- Academic Clinical Program in Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence: (N.K.V.); (R.L.)
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153
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WMR Peptide as Antifungal and Antibiofilm against Albicans and Non-Albicans Candida Species: Shreds of Evidence on the Mechanism of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042151. [PMID: 35216270 PMCID: PMC8879636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens infecting humans and can cause severe illnesses in immunocompromised individuals. The increased resistance of Candida to traditional antifungal drugs represents a great challenge in clinical settings. Therefore, novel approaches to overcome antifungal resistance are desired. Here, we investigated the use of an antimicrobial peptide WMR against Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species in vitro and in vivo. Results showed a WMR antifungal activity on all Candida planktonic cells at concentrations between 25 μM to >50 μM and exhibited activity at sub-MIC concentrations to inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate mature biofilm. Furthermore, in vitro antifungal effects of WMR were confirmed in vivo as demonstrated by a prolonged survival rate of larvae infected by Candida species when the peptide was administered before or after infection. Additional experiments to unravel the antifungal mechanism were performed on C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. The time-killing curves showed their antifungal activity, which was further confirmed by the induced intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accumulation; WMR significantly suppressed drug efflux, down-regulating the drug transporter encoding genes CDR1. Moreover, the ability of WMR to penetrate within the cells was demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. These findings provide novel insights for the antifungal mechanism of WMR against Candida albicans and non-albicans, providing fascinating scenarios for the identification of new potential antifungal targets.
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154
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K143R Amino Acid Substitution in 14-α-Demethylase (Erg11p) Changes Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall Structure of Candida albicans. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031631. [PMID: 35163552 PMCID: PMC8836035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans is responsible for life-threating infections in immunocompromised individuals. Azoles and polyenes are two of the most commonly used antifungals and target the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway or ergosterol itself. A limited number of clinically employed antifungals correspond to the development of resistance mechanisms. One resistance mechanism observed in clinical isolates of azole-resistant C. albicans is the introduction of point mutations in the ERG11 gene, which encodes a key enzyme (lanosterol 14-α-demethylase) on the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Here, we demonstrate that a point mutation K143R in ERG11 (C. albicans ERG11K143R/K143R) contributes not only to azole resistance, but causes increased gene expression. Overexpression of ERG11 results in increased ergosterol content and a significant reduction in plasma membrane fluidity. Simultaneously, the same point mutation caused cell wall remodeling. This could be facilitated by the unmasking of chitin and β-glucan on the fungal cell surface, which can lead to recognition of the highly immunogenic β-glucan, triggering a stronger immunological reaction. For the first time, we report that a frequently occurring azole-resistance strategy makes C. albicans less susceptible to azole treatment while, at the same time, affects its cell wall architecture, potentially leading to exposure of the pathogen to a more effective host immune response.
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155
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Cong Y, Wang X, Yao C, Kang Y, Zhang P, Li L. Controlling the Interaction between Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters and Biointerfaces for Rapid Discrimination of Fungal Pathogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4532-4541. [PMID: 35029963 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nondestructive detection and discrimination of fungal pathogens is essential for rapid and precise treatment, which further effectively prevents antifungal resistance from overused drugs. In this work, fluorescent gold nanoclusters served as the basis for discriminating Candida species. Varied on surface ligands, these gold nanoclusters demonstrated different optical properties as a result of the perturbation effects of ligands. The biointerface interaction between the surface ligands of gold nanoclusters and the cell walls of Candida species can be constructed, and their restriction on ligands perturbation effect produced enhanced fluorescence signals. Owing to the variation of the cell wall composition, cells of different Candida species demonstrated different degrees of association with the gold nanoclusters, leading to discriminable amounts of fluorescence enhancements. The reverse signal response from these gold nanoclusters gives rise to a synergistic and effective assay that allows identification of Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Cong
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Chuang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology (EBEAM) Chongqing, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, P.R. China
| | - Yuetong Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science &Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Lidong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
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156
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Ahmadi A, Mohammadnejadi E, Karami P, Razzaghi-Asl N. Current Status and Structure Activity Relationship of Privileged Azoles as Antifungal Agents (2016-2020). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 59:106518. [PMID: 35045309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have major contribution to the infectious related deaths in recent century. The issue has gotten worse with the advent of immunity impairing conditions such as HIV epidemic. Eukaryote nature of fungal pathogens leads to harder eradication than bacterial infections. Given the importance of the problem, considerable efforts have been put on the synthesis and biological assessment of azole-based chemical scaffolds and their bioisosteres. The emergence of validated macromolecular targets within different fungal species inspires structure-based drug design strategies toward diverse azole-based agents. Despite of advantageous features, emergence of drug-resistant fungal species restrict the applicability of current azoles as the first-line antifungal agents. Consequently, it appears advisable to elucidate SARs and chemical biodiversity within antifungal azoles. Current contribution was devoted to a brief look at clinically applied drugs, structure-based classification of azole antifungals and their structure activity relationships (SARs). Reviewed molecules belong to the antifungal structures that were reported throughout 2016-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahmadi
- Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil
| | - E Mohammadnejadi
- Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil
| | - P Karami
- Biosensor Sciences and Technologies Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - N Razzaghi-Asl
- Biosensor Sciences and Technologies Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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157
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Zhou Y, Cassilly CD, Reynolds TB. Mapping the Substrate-Binding Sites in the Phosphatidylserine Synthase in Candida albicans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:765266. [PMID: 35004345 PMCID: PMC8727905 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.765266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal phosphatidylserine (PS) synthase, a membrane protein encoded by the CHO1 gene, is a potential drug target for pathogenic fungi, such as Candida albicans. However, both substrate-binding sites of C. albicans Cho1 have not been characterized. Cho1 has two substrates: cytidyldiphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) and serine. Previous studies identified a conserved CDP-alcohol phosphotransferase (CAPT) binding motif, which is present within Cho1. We tested the CAPT motif for its role in PS synthesis by mutating conserved residues using alanine substitution mutagenesis. PS synthase assays revealed that mutations in all but one conserved amino acid within the CAPT motif resulted in decreased Cho1 function. In contrast, there were no clear motifs in Cho1 for binding serine. Therefore, to identify the serine binding site, PS synthase sequences from three fungi were aligned with sequences of a similar enzyme, phosphatidylinositol (PI) synthase, from the same fungi. This revealed a motif that was unique to PS synthases. Using alanine substitution mutagenesis, we found that some of the residues in this motif are required for Cho1 function. Two alanine substitution mutants, L184A and R189A, exhibited contrasting impacts on PS synthase activity, and were characterized for their Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The L184A mutant displayed enhanced PS synthase activity and showed an increased Vmax. In contrast, R189A showed decreased PS synthase activity and increased Km for serine, suggesting that residue R189 is involved in serine binding. These results help to characterize PS synthase substrate binding, and should direct rational approaches for finding Cho1 inhibitors that may lead to better antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Chelsi D Cassilly
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Todd B Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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158
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Tang J, Huang X, Cao MH, Wang Z, Yu Z, Yan Y, Huang JP, Wang L, Huang SX. Mono-/Bis-Alkenoic Acid Derivatives From an Endophytic Fungus Scopulariopsis candelabrum and Their Antifungal Activity. Front Chem 2022; 9:812564. [PMID: 35087795 PMCID: PMC8787343 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.812564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During a screening for antifungal secondary metabolites, six new mono-/bis-alkenoic acid derivatives (2–7) and one known alkenoic acid derivative (1) were isolated from an endophytic fungi Scopulariopsis candelabrum. Their chemical structures were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as comparisons with previously reported literatures. Among them, fusariumesters C‒F (2–5) are bis-alkenoic acid derivatives dimerized by an ester bond, while acetylfusaridioic acid A (6) and fusaridioic acid D (7) are alkenoic acid monomers. All the isolates were submitted to an antifungal assay against Candida albicans and the corn pathogen Exserohilum turcicum using the filter paper agar diffusion method. As a result, only compound 1 decorating with β-lactone ring turned out to be active against these two tested fungi. The broth microdilution assay against Candida albicans showed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1 to be 20 μg/ml, while the minimum inhibitory concentration value of the positive control (naystatin) was 10 μg/ml. And the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (21.23 μg/ml) of 1 against Exserohilum turcicum was determined by analyzing its inhibition effect on the mycelial growth, using cycloheximide (IC50 = 46.70 μg/ml) as the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueshuang Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Ming-Hang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Sheng-Xiong Huang,
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Sheng-Xiong Huang,
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159
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Characterisation of Candida parapsilosis CYP51 as a Drug Target Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Host. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010069. [PMID: 35050009 PMCID: PMC8781857 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is required for the biosynthesis of fungal-specific ergosterol and is the target of azole antifungal drugs. Despite proven success as a clinical target for azole antifungals, there is an urgent need to develop next-generation antifungals that target CYP51 to overcome the resistance of pathogenic fungi to existing azole drugs, toxic adverse reactions and drug interactions due to human drug-metabolizing CYPs. Candida parapsilosis is a readily transmitted opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes candidiasis in health care environments. In this study, we have characterised wild type C. parapsilosis CYP51 and its clinically significant, resistance-causing point mutation Y132F by expressing these enzymes in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae host system. In some cases, the enzymes were co-expressed with their cognate NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Constitutive expression of CpCYP51 Y132F conferred a 10- to 12-fold resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole, reduced to ~6-fold resistance for the tetrazoles VT-1161 and VT-1129, but did not confer resistance to the long-tailed triazoles. Susceptibilities were unchanged in the case of CpCPR co-expression. Type II binding spectra showed tight triazole and tetrazole binding by affinity-purified recombinant CpCYP51. We report the X-ray crystal structure of ScCYP51 in complex with VT-1129 obtained at a resolution of 2.1 Å. Structural analysis of azole—enzyme interactions and functional studies of recombinant CYP51 from C. parapsilosis have improved understanding of their susceptibility to azole drugs and will help advance structure-directed antifungal discovery.
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160
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Kasabe UI, Kale KB, Rode NR, Shelar AV, Patil RH, Mhaske PC, Chaskar MG. Synthesis and antifungal screening of tetramethyl hexahydro-1 H-xanthene-1,8(2 H)-dione derivatives as potential inhibitors of morphogenesis and biofilm formation in Candida albicans. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione derivatives were synthesized. All the derivatives were screened for their anti-virulence properties against Candida albicans. In silico studies were performed to corroborate the experimentally observed facts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh I. Kasabe
- Department of Chemistry, Baburaoji Gholap College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Sangvi, Pune-411027, India
| | - Kishor B. Kale
- Department of Chemistry, Nowrosjee Wadia College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Pune-411001, India
| | - Nitin R. Rode
- Department of Chemistry, Nowrosjee Wadia College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Pune-411001, India
| | - Amruta V. Shelar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Rajendra H. Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Pravin C. Mhaske
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Pune-411030, India
| | - Manohar G. Chaskar
- Department of Chemistry, Baburaoji Gholap College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Sangvi, Pune-411027, India
- Dean, Science and Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
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161
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Current Opinion on the Therapeutic Capacity of Taurine-Containing Halogen Derivatives in Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1370:83-98. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93337-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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162
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El-Ganiny AM, Kamel HA, Yossef NE, Mansour B, El-Baz AM. Repurposing pantoprazole and haloperidol as efflux pump inhibitors in azole resistant clinical Candida albicans and non-albicans isolates. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:245-255. [PMID: 35498219 PMCID: PMC9051972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species have a major role in nosocomial infections leading to high morbidity and mortality. Increased resistance to various antifungals, especially azoles is a significant problem. One of the main mechanisms for azole resistance is the up-regulation of efflux pump genes including CDR1 and MDR1. In the current study, clinical Candida isolates were identified to the species level and the antifungal susceptibility (AFS) of different Candida species was determined by disk diffusion method. Furthermore, the main mechanisms of azole resistance were investigated. Finally, haloperidol and pantoprazole were tested for their potential synergistic effect against fluconazole-resistant isolates. One hundred and twenty-two Candida clinical isolates were used in this study. 70 isolates were Candida albicans (57.4%), the non-albicans Candida species include: C. krusei (20.5%), C. tropicalis (6.6%), C. parapsilosis (5.7%), C. dubliniensis (4.9%) and C. glabrata (4.9%). The AFS testing showed that resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole were 13.1% (n = 16) and 9.8% (n = 12), respectively. Among the 16 resistant isolates, eight isolates (50%) were strong biofilm producers, seven (43.8 %) formed intermediate biofilm and one had no biofilm. All resistant strains overexpressed efflux pumps. Using RT-PCR, the efflux genes CDR1, MDR1 and ABC2 were over-expressed in azole resistant isolates. Haloperidol-fluconazole and pantoprazole-fluconazole combinations reduced the MIC of fluconazole in resistant isolates. The current study showed an increase in azole resistance of Candida species. The majority of resistant isolates form biofilm, and overexpress efflux pumps. Pantoprazole and Haloperidol showed a noteworthy effect as efflux pump inhibitors which oppose the fluconazole resistance in different Candida species.
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163
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Frank D, Carpino N. Induction and analysis of systemic C. albicans infections in mice. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 168:315-327. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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164
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Memon S, Farooqi J, Zafar U, Naqvi SF, Zafar A, Jabeen K. Antifungal susceptibility profile of invasive Candida glabrata isolates (2009-2020) from a tertiary care hospital laboratory in Pakistan. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34878377 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Invasive infections with Candida glabrata are a global concern due to poor clinical outcomes and propensity to acquire resistance to antifungal agents. Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Monitoring emerging resistance and trends in Candida glabrata, an important agent of candidemia in Pakistan, is critical for patient management; data that is missing from Pakistan. Aim. Thus, this study evaluated antifungal resistance and MICs) distribution in invasive C. glabrata isolates from Pakistan. Methods. This cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted from January 2009 to March 2020 at a clinical laboratory in Pakistan that has a nation-wide network. Antifungal susceptibility data of 277 candidemia, deep organ and soft tissue (invasive) C. glabrata sensu lato isolates against fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, anidulafungin, micafungin, caspofungin and amphotericin B was retrieved. Susceptibility testing was performed using colorimetric broth microdilution and interpreted using CLSI criteria. Demographics, clinical history and outcome were studied. Chi-square test was used to demonstrate association between antifungal resistance and clinical characteristics of the patients. Results. We identified 277 patients with invasive C. glabrata infection. Of which 48 (18.4%) isolates were resistant to fluconazole (MIC ≥64 mg l-1), one isolate each was resistant to amphotericin (MIC=2 mg l-1), anidulafungin (MIC=1 mg l-1) and micafungin (MIC=0.5 mg l-1). MIC90 for fluconazole was 64 mg l-1 and other triazoles 2 mg l-1, caspofungin 0.12 mg l-1, anidulafungin 0.06 mg l-1, micafungin 0.03 mg l-1 and amphotericin 0.5 mg l-1. Fluconazole MIC ≥64 mg l-1, caspofungin MIC >0.06 mg l-1 and amphotericin MIC >0.25 mg l-1 (above MIC50) were significantly associated with patient being alive at the time of reporting, no use of healthcare devices, nor infection with other fungi. Fluconazole resistance was significantly associated with prior antifungal use by the patient. Conclusion. Surveillance data of antifungal resistance among common Candida species should be monitored closely for identification of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Memon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Joveria Farooqi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Urooj Zafar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Faheem Naqvi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Afia Zafar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kauser Jabeen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Hemmingsen LM, Škalko-Basnet N, Jøraholmen MW. The Expanded Role of Chitosan in Localized Antimicrobial Therapy. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:697. [PMID: 34940696 PMCID: PMC8704789 DOI: 10.3390/md19120697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the most studied natural origin polymers for biomedical applications. This review focuses on the potential of chitosan in localized antimicrobial therapy to address the challenges of current rising antimicrobial resistance. Due to its mucoadhesiveness, chitosan offers the opportunity to prolong the formulation residence time at mucosal sites; its wound healing properties open possibilities to utilize chitosan as wound dressings with multitargeted activities and more. We provide an unbiased overview of the state-of-the-art chitosan-based delivery systems categorized by the administration site, addressing the site-related challenges and evaluating the representative formulations. Specifically, we offer an in-depth analysis of the current challenges of the chitosan-based novel delivery systems for skin and vaginal infections, including its formulations optimizations and limitations. A brief overview of chitosan's potential in treating ocular, buccal and dental, and nasal infections is included. We close the review with remarks on toxicity issues and remaining challenges and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Myrseth Hemmingsen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | | | - May Wenche Jøraholmen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway;
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Fabri RL, Freitas JCO, Lemos ASO, Campos LM, Diniz IOM, Pinto NCC, Silva TP, Palazzi C, Marchesini P, Monteiro C, Barbosa AF, Carvalho MG, Chedier LM, Araújo MGF, Apolônio ACM, Rocha VN, Melo RCN, Pinto PF. Spilanthol as a promising antifungal alkylamide for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1210-1224. [PMID: 34468763 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spilanthol is a bioactive alkylamide from the native Amazon plant species, Acmella oleracea. However, antifungal activities of spilanthol and its application to the therapeutic treatment of candidiasis remain to be explored. This study sought to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of spilanthol previously isolated from A. oleracea (spilanthol(AcO)) against Candida albicans ATCC® 10231™, a multidrug-resistant fungal strain. Microdilution methods were used to determine inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of spilanthol(AcO). In planktonic cultures, the fungal growth kinetics, yeast cell metabolic activity, cell membrane permeability and cell wall integrity were investigated. The effect of spilanthol(AcO) on the proliferation and adhesion of fungal biofilms was evaluated by whole slide imaging and scanning electron microscopy. The biochemical composition of the biofilm matrix was also analyzed. In parallel, spilanthol(AcO) was tested in vivo in an experimental vulvovaginal candidiasis model. Our in vitro analyses in C. albicans planktonic cultures detected a significant inhibitory effect of spilanthol(AcO), which affects both yeast cell membrane and cell wall integrity, interfering with the fungus growth. C. albicans biofilm proliferation and adhesion, as well as, carbohydrates and DNA in biofilm matrix were reduced after spilanthol(AcO) treatment. Moreover, infected rats treated with spilanthol(AcO) showed consistent reduction of both fungal burden and inflammatory processes compared to the untreated animals. Altogether, our findings demonstrated that spilanthol(AcO) is an bioactive compound against planktonic and biofilm forms of a multidrug resistant C. albicans strain. Furthermore, spilanthol(AcO) can be potentially considered for therapeutical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by C. albicans. LAY SUMMARY This study sought to evaluate the antifungal activity of spilanthol against Candida albicans ATCC® 10 231™, a multidrug-resistant fungal strain. Our findings demonstrated that spilanthol(AcO) can be potentially considered for therapeutical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo L Fabri
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Jhamine C O Freitas
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ari S O Lemos
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Lara M Campos
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Irley O M Diniz
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Nícolas C C Pinto
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Palazzi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Post-graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 323897-970, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, CEP 374690-000, Goiânia, Go, Brazil
| | - Alan F Barbosa
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso, CEP 378890-000, Sorriso, MG, Brazil
| | - Mário G Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 323897-970, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Chedier
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G F Araújo
- Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, CEP 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina M Apolônio
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Imunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Vinícius N Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Priscila F Pinto
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Liang X, Liu K, Zhao P, Zhou J, Zhang F, He Y, Zhang H, Fareed MS, Lu Y, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Yan W, Wang K. The effects of incorporation of the counterparts and mimics of L-lysine on the antimicrobial activity, hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity and tryptic stability of antimicrobial peptide polybia-MPII. Amino Acids 2021; 54:123-135. [PMID: 34825276 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limited effects of conventional antibiotics on the increasing emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and fungi, novel antimicrobial agents were urgently needed to alleviate this phenomenon. Nowadays, antimicrobial peptides are believed to be a promising candidate for a new generation of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial peptide polybia-MPII (MPII) was first isolated from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In the present study, the counterparts and mimics of cationic amino acids of Lys, such as Arg, His, Orn, Dab and Dap were employed to substitute Lys in the sequence of MPII. The effects of the incorporation of these amino acids on its antimicrobial activity, hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity, enzyme stability and therapeutic potential were explored. Our results showed that although the incorporation of Arg could improve its antimicrobial activity, there is no improvement in enzyme stability. The incorporation of His makes MPII exert its antimicrobial activity in a pH-dependent manner. Notably, incorporating Dap could effectively decrease its hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity and enhance its enzyme stability against trypsin. In conclusion, this study would provide an effective strategy to improve the bioavailability and metabolic stability of AMPs while decrease their hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology of Gansu Province, Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 1, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | | | - Fangfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology of Gansu Province, Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 1, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuhang He
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hanru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, North Road 143, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Muhammad Subaan Fareed
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yaqi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yue Xu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Cuiyingmen 82, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhewen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenjin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Kairong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Szarvas J, Rebelo AR, Bortolaia V, Leekitcharoenphon P, Schrøder Hansen D, Nielsen HL, Nørskov-Lauritsen N, Kemp M, Røder BL, Frimodt-Møller N, Søndergaard TS, Coia JE, Østergaard C, Westh H, Aarestrup FM. Danish Whole-Genome-Sequenced Candida albicans and Candida glabrata Samples Fit into Globally Prevalent Clades. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110962. [PMID: 34829249 PMCID: PMC8622182 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are opportunistic fungal pathogens with increasing incidence worldwide and higher-than-expected prevalence in Denmark. We whole-genome sequenced yeast isolates collected from Danish Clinical Microbiology Laboratories to obtain an overview of the Candida population in the country. The majority of the 30 C. albicans isolates were found to belong to three globally prevalent clades, and, with one exception, the remaining isolates were also predicted to cluster with samples from other geographical locations. Similarly, most of the eight C. glabrata isolates were predicted to be prevalent subtypes. Antifungal susceptibility testing proved all C. albicans isolates to be susceptible to both azoles and echinocandins. Two C. glabrata isolates presented azole-resistant phenotypes, yet all were susceptible to echinocandins. There is no indication of causality between population structure and resistance phenotypes for either species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Szarvas
- Division for Global Surveillance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (A.R.R.); (V.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Rita Rebelo
- Division for Global Surveillance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (A.R.R.); (V.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Valeria Bortolaia
- Division for Global Surveillance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (A.R.R.); (V.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- Division for Global Surveillance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (A.R.R.); (V.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.A.)
| | | | - Hans Linde Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | | | - Michael Kemp
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Bent Løwe Røder
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark;
| | | | | | - John Eugenio Coia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sydvestjysk Hospital, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark;
| | - Claus Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vejle Hospital, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
| | - Henrik Westh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Møller Aarestrup
- Division for Global Surveillance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (A.R.R.); (V.B.); (P.L.); (F.M.A.)
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Steroid-Functionalized Imidazolium Salts with an Extended Spectrum of Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212180. [PMID: 34830061 PMCID: PMC8623970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that high rates of morbidity and mortality caused by fungal infections are related to the current limited number of antifungal drugs and the toxicity of these agents. Imidazolium salts as azole derivatives can be successfully used in the treatment of fungal infections in humans. Steroid-functionalized imidazolium salts were synthesized using a new, more efficient method. As a result, 20 salts were obtained with high yields, 12 of which were synthesized and characterized for the first time. They were derivatives of lithocholic acid and 3-oxo-23,24-dinorchol-4-ene-22-al and were fully characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Due to the excellent activity against bacteria and Candida albicans, new research was extended to include tests on five species of pathogenic fungi and molds: Aspergillus niger ATCC 16888, Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 204305, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9533, Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 14116, and Microsporum canis ATCC 11621. The results showed that the new salts are almost universal antifungal agents and have a broad spectrum of activity against other human pathogens. To initially assess the safety of the synthesized salts, hemocompatibility with host cells and cytotoxicity were also examined. No toxicity was observed at the concentration at which the compounds were active against pathogens.
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170
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Postoperative Candida Infection following Complex Periocular Reconstruction. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3891. [PMID: 34745791 PMCID: PMC8563074 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative candida infection is a rarely reported complication in cutaneous surgery, although it may develop more often in particular clinical settings. We present a 59-year-old woman with a well-controlled human immunodeficiency virus infection. She developed a bright red eruption with satellite pustules 2 weeks after excision of recurrent lentigo maligna melanoma of the left lower eyelid and periocular region. Due to defect size and complexity of the reconstruction (glabellar transposition flap, Hughes flap, composite graft from upper contralateral eyelid, and full-thickness skin graft from ipsilateral retroauricular region), she was placed on prophylactic oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and topical bacitracin and polymyxin. Immediate postoperative course was unremarkable, and sutures were removed after 7 days. Three days later, she developed bright red erythema and pustules within the surgical site and complained of burning. Empirically she was switched to topical gentamicin and oral ciprofloxacin, and later to linezolid, due to inadequate response. Wound culture grew Candida albicans sensitive to fluconazole and voriconazole. After oral fluconazole and topical clotrimazole initiation, the patient rapidly improved. The graft remained viable and apart from small partial dehiscence on the cheek, the healing was unremarkable. Apart from the case presentation, we also discuss different factors associated with postoperative candida infection, including immunocompromised status, surgical procedure location, and postoperative antibiotic use. Early recognition and treatment of postoperative candida infections are crucial to prevent delayed healing and associated morbidity.
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Bai Y, Zheng Z, Liu T, Yan Z, Du M, Yao H, Liu Y, Suo J. Epidemiological Characteristics and Drug Resistance of Fungemia in General Hospitals from 2010 to 2019. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:2529171. [PMID: 34765676 PMCID: PMC8577933 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2529171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study intends to analyze the data of fungemia in a large tertiary hospital from 2010 to 2019, and is aimed at understanding its epidemic characteristics and drug resistance. METHODS The "Hospital Infection Real-Time Monitoring System" was used to retrieve the case information of patients who were hospitalized for more than 48 hours from 2010 to 2019. The questionnaire was designed to collect patients' basic information, infection situation, drug resistance, and other related information. Statistical software was used for analysis. RESULTS The fungi detection rate was in the range of 0.19%~0.75% in ten years, the average rate was 0.29%, and the rate 0.2%~0.3% since 2013, which was lower than that from 2010 to 2012. Non-Candida albicans was the main fungus, accounting for 62.50%. The drug resistance of non-C. albicans was higher than that of C. albicans, among which C. glabrata had the highest resistance rate. Data analysis showed that the patients with more serious basic diseases, combined with infection of other sites, surgery, long hospital stay, combination of antibiotics, and invasive catheterization, were more likely to occur fungemia. CONCLUSION We should pay more attention to the patients with high-risk factors of fungemia and focus on the drug resistance of non-C. albicans, choose the right antifungal drugs, so as to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Bai
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhigang Zheng
- Fuxing Road Outpatient Department, Jingnan Medical District of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road No. 22, Beijing 100842, China
| | - Ting Liu
- First Department of Health Care, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhongqiang Yan
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mingmei Du
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongwu Yao
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yunxi Liu
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jijiang Suo
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Dikmen N, Duran N, Ay E, Cimen F, Tek E. Genotyping, drug resistance and virulence factors of Candida species isolated from patients using long-term inhaled steroids. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14820. [PMID: 34487398 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In this study, it was aimed to determine the isolation frequency and species distribution of Candida species isolated from asthmatic patients using long-term inhaled steroids. It was also aimed to determine the drug resistance patterns and the frequency of erg11, HWP1, ALS1, INT1, SAP1 PLB1 genes in isolates. METHODS Genotyping of Candida strains isolated from patients and healthy control group was performed by PCR-RFLP method. Drug resistance was investigated phenotypically, and the presence of erg11 resistance genes and HWP1, ALS1, INT1, SAP1 PLB1 virulence genes were investigated by PCR method. RESULTS C albicans was the most isolated species in steroid-using patients and healthy control groups (patients: 44.2%; control group: 30.8%). C tropicalis and C glabrata were found to have the highest rates of non-albicans Candida in patients with 17.4% and 13.77%, respectively. Azole resistance was found to be significantly higher in isolates isolated from patients compared to the control group. Similarly, the presence of erg11 resistance gene was highest in C albicans (17.65%), C glabrata (12.5%) and C tropicalis (8.3%) strains in the control group, while C parapsilosis was highest in patients. (57.1%) and C glabrata (54.2%) strains. Compared to the control group, the virulence of Candida strains isolated from the patients was found to be higher. Presence of HWP1, ALS1, INT1, SAP1 and PLB1 genes in patients were determined as 72.1%, 63.9%, 68.9%, 57.38% and 54.5%, respectively. These rates were 29.4%, 35.3%, 25.5%, 17.7% and 23.5% in the healthy control group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In asthma patients using long-term inhaled steroids, both Isolation rates of Candida species, drug resistance rates, presence of virulence genes were found to be significantly higher in patients than in the control group. We think that this may be due to the suppression of cellular immunity by long-term steroid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursel Dikmen
- Department of Chest Diseases, Medical Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Nizami Duran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Emrah Ay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Funda Cimen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Erhan Tek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
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Epidemiology of Candidemia in Children over 7 Years in a Medical Center in Turkey. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0045321. [PMID: 34550003 PMCID: PMC8519503 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00453-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study were to describe Candida species in children with candidemia, to determine the changing epidemiology of candidemia over time in our tertiary care hospital, and to examine the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with candidemia caused by parapsilosis and nonparapsilosis Candida spp. From 2012 to 2018, we identified a total of 126 cases of candidemia. The most commonly isolated Candida sp. was C. parapsilosis (n = 71, 56.3%), followed by C. albicans (n = 34, 26.9%). A total of 21 candidemia episodes (16.6%) were caused by other Candida species. Patients were divided into two groups (parapsilosis and nonparapsilosis) to identify any potential differences between the groups in terms of risk factors, mortality, and antifungal resistance. The median age of the patients, the median durations of the hospital and pediatric intensive care unit stay, receipt of immunosuppressive therapy within 2 weeks of developing candidemia, the rate of using total parenteral nutrition, need for mechanical ventilation, and receipt of carbapenems were statistically significantly higher in the parapsilosis group than in the nonparapsilosis group (P = 0.020, P = 0.001, P = 0.011, P = 0.036, P = 0.002, P = 0.038, and P = 0.004, respectively). The overall 30-day mortality rates (4.2% versus 3.6%) and resistance to fluconazole (33.8% versus 32.7%) were similar between the groups (P = 0.790 and P = 0.860, respectively). The distribution of Candida strains isolated in this study was consistent with the global trend, with C. parapsilosis being the most commonly identified species. Determining local epidemiologic data at regular intervals in candidemia cases is important in terms of determining both the changing epidemiology and empirical antifungal agents. IMPORTANCE In our study, the changing epidemiology of Candida species in candidemia in children was evaluated. The dominance of Candida parapsilosis species in the changing epidemiology was remarkable. We found that fluconazole resistance was high in both parapsilosis and nonparapsilosis groups. Updating local epidemiologic data at certain intervals in candidemia cases is important in determining both the changing epidemiology and empirical antifungal agents.
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174
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Nabeta HW, Kouokam JC, Lasnik AB, Fuqua JL, Palmer KE. Novel Antifungal Activity of Q-Griffithsin, a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Lectin. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0095721. [PMID: 34494857 PMCID: PMC8557872 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00957-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rising global incidence of Candida strains with high levels of resistance to fluconazole and other antifungal drugs, hence the need for novel antifungal treatment strategies. Here, we describe the first evidence of antifungal activity of Q-Griffithsin (Q-GRFT), a recombinant oxidation-resistant variant of Griffithsin, a marine red algal lectin with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. We demonstrated that Q-GRFT binds to α-mannan in the Candida albicans cell wall. We also observed that Q-GRFT binding disrupted cell wall integrity and induced reactive oxidative species (ROS) formation, resulting in cell death. Furthermore, we showed that Q-GRFT inhibited the growth of other Candida species C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei and had modest activity against some strains of multi- and pandrug-resistant C. auris. We found that Q-GRFT induced differential expression of numerous genes involved in response to cell stress, including those responsible for neutralizing ROS production and cell cycle regulation. In conclusion, this novel antifungal activity suggests that Q-GRFT is potentially an ideal drug candidate and represents an alternative strategy for the prevention and treatment of candidiasis. IMPORTANCE Fungal infections contribute to morbidity and mortality annually, and the number of organisms that are nonresponsive to the current available drug regimens are on the rise. There is a need to develop new agents to counter these infections and to add to the limited arsenal available to treat fungal infections. Our study has identified Q-GRFT, a broad-spectrum antiviral protein that harbors growth-inhibitory activity against several Candida strains, as a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W. Nabeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Joseph C. Kouokam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Amanda B. Lasnik
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Joshua L. Fuqua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Palmer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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175
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Uthayakumar D, Sharma J, Wensing L, Shapiro RS. CRISPR-Based Genetic Manipulation of Candida Species: Historical Perspectives and Current Approaches. Front Genome Ed 2021; 2:606281. [PMID: 34713231 PMCID: PMC8525362 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2020.606281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Candida genus encompasses a diverse group of ascomycete fungi that have captured the attention of the scientific community, due to both their role in pathogenesis and emerging applications in biotechnology; the development of gene editing tools such as CRISPR, to analyze fungal genetics and perform functional genomic studies in these organisms, is essential to fully understand and exploit this genus, to further advance antifungal drug discovery and industrial value. However, genetic manipulation of Candida species has been met with several distinctive barriers to progress, such as unconventional codon usage in some species, as well as the absence of a complete sexual cycle in its diploid members. Despite these challenges, the last few decades have witnessed an expansion of the Candida genetic toolbox, allowing for diverse genome editing applications that range from introducing a single point mutation to generating large-scale mutant libraries for functional genomic studies. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 technology is among the most recent of these advancements, bringing unparalleled versatility and precision to genetic manipulation of Candida species. Since its initial applications in Candida albicans, CRISPR-Cas9 platforms are rapidly evolving to permit efficient gene editing in other members of the genus. The technology has proven useful in elucidating the pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions of medically relevant Candida species, and has led to novel insights on antifungal drug susceptibility and resistance, as well as innovative treatment strategies. CRISPR-Cas9 tools have also been exploited to uncover potential applications of Candida species in industrial contexts. This review is intended to provide a historical overview of genetic approaches used to study the Candida genus and to discuss the state of the art of CRISPR-based genetic manipulation of Candida species, highlighting its contributions to deciphering the biology of this genus, as well as providing perspectives for the future of Candida genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeva Uthayakumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jehoshua Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren Wensing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca S Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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176
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Abrantes PMDS, Fisher R, Bouic PJD, McArthur CP, Fielding BC, Africa CWJ. HPLC-MS identification and expression of Candida drug-resistance proteins from African HIV-infected patients. AIMS Microbiol 2021; 7:320-335. [PMID: 34708175 PMCID: PMC8500794 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elucidate the proteomic mechanisms of drug resistance in HIV-infected African patients. Cell membrane fractions from forty oral Candida isolates isolated from African HIV-positive patients were analysed using HPLC-MS with the aim of identifying proteins associated with their pathogenicity and drug resistance. Heat shock proteins that mediate the fungicidal activity of salivary peptides were found in all tested Candida fractions, with pH-responsive proteins associated with increased pathogenicity only being present in the three most commonly isolated species. ABC multidrug transporter efflux pumps and estrogen binding proteins were only found in C. albicans fractions, while ergosterol biosynthesis proteins were identified in four species. The combination of various adherence, invasion, upregulation and efflux pump mechanisms appear to be instrumental for the Candida host colonization and drug resistance emergence in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M D S Abrantes
- Maternal Endogenous Infections Studies (MEnIS) Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Randall Fisher
- Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, iThemba LABS, Radiation Biophysics Division, National Research Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Carole P McArthur
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Burtram C Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Charlene W J Africa
- Maternal Endogenous Infections Studies (MEnIS) Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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177
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Organic light emitting diode for in vitro antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of Candida strains. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102567. [PMID: 34614427 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are very attractive light sources because they are large area emitters, and can in principle be deposited on flexible substrates. These features make them suitable for ambulatory photodynamic therapy (PDT). A few reports of in vitro or in vivo OLED based PDT studies for cancer or microbial inhibition are published but to our best knowledge, none against yeasts. Yeast infections are a significant health risk, especially in low income countries with limited medical facilities. In this work, OLED-based antimicrobial PDT (aPDT), using methylene blue (MB) as photosensitizer (PS), is studied to inactivate opportunistic yeast of four Candida strains of two species: Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Before aPDT experiments, fluconazole-resistance was evaluated for all strains, showing that both strains of C. tropicalis were resistant and both strains of C. albicans were sensitive to it. We found that 3 repetitive irradiations work better than a single dose while keeping the total fluence constant, and that this result applies whether or not the strains are resistant to fluconazole.
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178
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Razzaq I, Berg MD, Jiang Y, Genereaux J, Uthayakumar D, Kim GH, Agyare-Tabbi M, Halder V, Brandl CJ, Lajoie P, Shapiro RS. The SAGA and NuA4 component Tra1 regulates Candida albicans drug resistance and pathogenesis. Genetics 2021; 219:iyab131. [PMID: 34849885 PMCID: PMC8633099 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common cause of death from fungal infections. The emergence of resistant strains reducing the efficacy of first-line therapy with echinocandins, such as caspofungin calls for the identification of alternative therapeutic strategies. Tra1 is an essential component of the SAGA and NuA4 transcriptional co-activator complexes. As a PIKK family member, Tra1 is characterized by a C-terminal phosphoinositide 3-kinase domain. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the assembly and function of SAGA and NuA4 are compromised by a Tra1 variant (Tra1Q3) with three arginine residues in the putative ATP-binding cleft changed to glutamine. Whole transcriptome analysis of the S. cerevisiae tra1Q3 strain highlights Tra1's role in global transcription, stress response, and cell wall integrity. As a result, tra1Q3 increases susceptibility to multiple stressors, including caspofungin. Moreover, the same tra1Q3 allele in the pathogenic yeast C. albicans causes similar phenotypes, suggesting that Tra1 broadly mediates the antifungal response across yeast species. Transcriptional profiling in C. albicans identified 68 genes that were differentially expressed when the tra1Q3 strain was treated with caspofungin, as compared to gene expression changes induced by either tra1Q3 or caspofungin alone. Included in this set were genes involved in cell wall maintenance, adhesion, and filamentous growth. Indeed, the tra1Q3 allele reduces filamentation and other pathogenesis traits in C. albicans. Thus, Tra1 emerges as a promising therapeutic target for fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Razzaq
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew D Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Julie Genereaux
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Deeva Uthayakumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Grace H Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Michelle Agyare-Tabbi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Viola Halder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Christopher J Brandl
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Rebecca S Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
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179
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The Effects of Tormentic Acid and Extracts from Callistemon citrinus on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis Growth and Inhibition of Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Candida albicans. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:8856147. [PMID: 34594161 PMCID: PMC8478599 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8856147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis are the leading causes of human fungal infections worldwide. There is an increase in resistance of Candida pathogens to existing antifungal drugs leading to a need to find new sources of antifungal agents. Tormentic acid has been isolated from different plants including Callistemon citrinus and has been found to possess antimicrobial properties, including antifungal activity. The study aimed to determine the effects of tormentic and extracts from C. citrinus on C. albicans and C. tropicalis and a possible mode of action. The extracts and tormentic acid were screened for antifungal activity using the broth microdilution method. The growth of both species was inhibited by the extracts, and C. albicans was more susceptible to the extract compared to C. tropicalis. The growth of C. albicans was inhibited by 80% at 100 μg/ml of both the DCM: methanol extract and the ethanol: water extract. Tormentic acid reduced the growth of C. albicans by 72% at 100 μg/ml. The effects of the extracts and tormentic acid on ergosterol content in C. albicans were determined using a UV/Vis scanning spectrophotometer. At concentrations of tormentic acid of 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, and 200 μg/ml, the content of ergosterol was decreased by 22%, 36%, 48%, and 78%, respectively. Similarly, the DCM: methanol extract at 100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml decreased the content by 78% and 88%, respectively. A dose-dependent decrease in ergosterol content was observed in cells exposed to miconazole with a 25 μg/ml concentration causing a 100% decrease in ergosterol content. Therefore, tormentic acid inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol in C. albicans. Modifications of the structure of tormentic acid to increase its antifungal potency may be explored in further studies.
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180
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Future Directions for Clinical Respiratory Fungal Research. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:685-696. [PMID: 34590208 PMCID: PMC8536595 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been a growing appreciation of the importance of respiratory fungal diseases in recent years, with better understanding of their prevalence as well as their global distribution. In step with the greater awareness of these complex infections, we are currently poised to make major advances in the characterization and treatment of these fungal diseases, which in itself is largely a consequence of post-genomic technologies which have enabled rational drug development and a path towards personalized medicines. These advances are set against a backdrop of globalization and anthropogenic change, which have impacted the world-wide distribution of fungi and antifungal resistance, as well as our built environment. The current revolution in immunomodulatory therapies has led to a rapidly evolving population at-risk for respiratory fungal disease. Whilst challenges are considerable, perhaps the tools we now have to manage these infections are up to this challenge. There has been a welcome acceleration of the antifungal pipeline in recent years, with a number of new drug classes in clinical or pre-clinical development, as well as new focus on inhaled antifungal drug delivery. The "post-genomic" revolution has opened up metagenomic diagnostic approaches spanning host immunogenetics to the fungal mycobiome that have allowed better characterization of respiratory fungal disease endotypes. When these advances are considered together the key challenge is clear: to develop a personalized medicine framework to enable a rational therapeutic approach.
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181
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Ramzan M, Kaur G, Trehan S, Agrewala JN, Michniak-Kohn BB, Hussain A, Mahdi WA, Gulati JS, Kaur IP. Mechanistic evaluations of ketoconazole lipidic nanoparticles for improved efficacy, enhanced topical penetration, cellular uptake (L929 and J774A.1), and safety assessment: In vitro and in vivo studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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182
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Gutiérrez Villanueva A, Díaz de Santiago A, Martínez Vera F, De la Fuente Moral S. Candida tropicalis cellulitis in a patient with cirrhosis, well-controlled HIV and diabetes. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e241539. [PMID: 34598954 PMCID: PMC8488749 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-241539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the case of a patient with multiple comorbidities, including cirrhosis, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and HIV infection, who was diagnosed with skin and soft-tissue infection of right lower limb. Outcome was poor after prescribing standard antibiotic therapy, and we finally obtained isolation of Candida tropicalis in cultures of infected tissue. The patient's condition improved after antifungal treatment was started, and he could be discharged with oral therapy. Here, we report the literature's first case of cellulitis provoked by C. tropicalis in a patient with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gutiérrez Villanueva
- HIV Infection Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Alberto Díaz de Santiago
- HIV Infection Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Fernanado Martínez Vera
- HIV Infection Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Sara De la Fuente Moral
- HIV Infection Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
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183
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Jamiu AT, Albertyn J, Sebolai O, Gcilitshana O, Pohl CH. Inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids alone or in combination with fluconazole on Candida krusei biofilms in vitro and in Caenorhabditis elegans. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1225-1237. [PMID: 34558629 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infections by non-albicans Candida species, including Candida krusei, is increasing. Candida krusei exhibits intrinsic resistance to fluconazole and rapidly develops acquired resistance to other antifungals. Moreover, this yeast can form biofilm with increased resistance. Hence, there is a need to develop novel therapeutic strategies to combat infections caused by this pathogen. One such approach is through combination therapy with natural compounds, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). This study aims to investigate the effect of PUFAs on fluconazole susceptibility of C. krusei biofilms, as well as the conserved nature of these effects in the Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. C. krusei biofilms were exposed to various fatty acids as well as combinations of fluconazole and linoleic acid (LA) or gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). The effect of these treatments on biofilm formation, cell ultrastructure, membrane integrity, oxidative stress and efflux pump activity was evaluated. In addition, the ability of the PUFAs to prolong survival and reduce the fungal burden of infected C. elegans, in the absence and presence of fluconazole, was assessed. Two P|UFAs, LA and GLA had he displayed significant inhibition of C. krusei biofilms and both of them increased the susceptibility of C. krusei biofilm to fluconazole in vitro via induction of oxidative stress, cell membrane damage, and disruption of efflux pump activity. These PUFAs also extended the lifespan of infected nematodes and displayed a potentiating effect with fluconazole in this model. This may pave the way for future studies into novel antifungal drug targets and treatment options. LAY ABSTRACT The pathogenic yeast, Candida krusei, is naturally resistant to the antifungal drug, fluconazole. This study finds that polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and gamma-linolenic acid, can inhibit C. krusei and overcome this resistance of in vitro biofilms, as well as in a nematode infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Olihile Sebolai
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Onele Gcilitshana
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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184
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M El-Ganiny A, E Yossef N, A Kamel H. Prevalence and antifungal drug resistance of nosocomial Candida species isolated from two university hospitals in Egypt. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 7:31-37. [PMID: 34553095 PMCID: PMC8443875 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.7.1.6181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: There is a significant rise in morbidity and mortality of infections caused by Candida. Candida spp. infections are currently ranked fourth among nosocomial infections which are difficult
to diagnose and refractory to therapy. Given the differences in susceptibility among various spp., identification of Candida spp. is an important step that leads to the selection of a suitable antifungal. Materials and Methods: A prevalence study was conducted on 122 Candida isolates. The Candida spp. were identified using Chromogenic agar and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
The antifungal susceptibility (AFS) of Candida spp. to amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin was determined by the disc diffusion method. Results: In total, 122 Candida clinical isolates were investigated in this study. Candida albicans with 57.4% (70 isolates) had the highest prevalence rate,
while 52 isolates (42.6%) were non-albicansCandida species (NAC). The NAC include Candida krusei (20.4%), Candida tropicalis (6.5%), Candida parapsilolsis (5.7%),
Candida dubliniensis (4.9%), and Candida glabrata (4.9%). The AFS showed that the resistance rates of Candida spp. to fluconazole and voriconazole were 13.1% (16 isolates)
and 9.8% (12 isolates), respectively. Moreover, only five isolates (4.1%) were resistant to caspofungin. Furthermore, there was no resistance against amphotericin B. The spp.
that showed the highest resistance were C. glabrata and C. tropicalis, while the lowest resistance was observed in C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. Conclusion: In conclusion, rapid identification of clinical Candida isolates and standard AFS are essential procedures for controlling the rise of resistant NAC spp. in clinical settings.
Usage of fluconazole should be restricted, especially in patients with recurrent Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M El-Ganiny
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nehal E Yossef
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hend A Kamel
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Sinai University, Kantara, Egypt
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185
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Melo A, Ossa X, Fetis G, Lazo L, Bustos L, Fonseca-Salamanca F. Concordance Between Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Abnormal Vaginal Discharge in Chilean Women. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRÍCIA 2021; 43:600-607. [PMID: 34547794 PMCID: PMC10183927 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the concordance between the clinical diagnosis of women with abnormal vaginal discharge (AVD) and laboratory results using molecular detection and observation of the vaginal microbiota. METHODS Cross-sectional study conducted in 2018 in Temuco, Chile. A total of 25 midwives from 12 health centers participated. A total of 125 women > 18 years old, volunteers, were recruited. The sample of the posterior vaginal fornix was obtained by speculoscopy. Characteristics of the discharge and of the external and internal genitalia were observed. Gram staining was used to observe vaginal microbiota, blastoconidia and pseudohyphae, and polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans. The Cohen kappa coefficient was used in the concordance analysis. RESULTS Out of a total of 125 women with AVD, 85.6% consulted spontaneously and 14.4% were diagnosed clinically during a routine check-up. Absolute concordance was significant (p = 0.0012), with an agreement of 13.6%. The relative concordance was significant, but fair for bacterial vaginosis (Kappa = 0.21; p = 0.003) and candidiasis (Kappa = 0.22; p = 0.001), and slight for trichomoniasis (Kappa = 0.14; p = 0.009). The percentage of coincidence of the diagnoses (single or mixed) by laboratory and midwives was: bacterial vaginosis 63.2% (12/19), candidiasis 36.5% (27/74), and trichomoniasis 12.5% (4/32). There was 20% coinfection. A total of 36% of the clinical diagnoses of AVD had negative laboratory tests. CONCLUSION The vulvovaginitis conditions candidiasis and trichomoniasis appear to be overdiagnosed, and bacterial vaginosis appears to be underdiagnosed by the clinical diagnosis when compared with the laboratory diagnosis. The low concordance obtained shows the importance of complementing the clinical diagnosis with a laboratory study of AVD, particularly in women with failed treatments and/or coinfections with unspecific and varying signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Melo
- Pathological Anatomy Department.,Molecular Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Scientific-Technological Nucleus in Bio-resources. Faculty of Medicine. Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco,Chile
| | | | | | | | | | - Flery Fonseca-Salamanca
- Preclinical Sciences Department.,Molecular Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Scientific-Technological Nucleus in Bio-resources. Faculty of Medicine. Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco,Chile
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186
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Magalhães LSD, Reis ACC, Nakao IA, Péret VAC, Reis RCFM, Silva NC, Dias ALT, Carvalho DT, Dias DF, Brandão GC, Braga SFP, Souza TBD. Glucosyl-1,2,3-triazoles derived from eugenol and analogues: Synthesis, anti-Candida activity, and molecular modeling studies in CYP-51. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:903-913. [PMID: 34480517 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis, anti-Candida, and molecular modeling studies of eighteen new glucosyl-1,2,3-triazoles derived from eugenol and correlated phenols. The new compounds were characterized by combined Fourier Transform Infrared, 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance and spectroscopy of high-resolution mass spectrometry. The synthesized compounds did not show significant cytotoxicity against healthy fibroblast human cells (MCR-5) providing interesting selectivity indexes (SI) to active compounds. Considering the antifungal activity, nine compounds showed anti-Candida potential and the peracetylated triazoles 17 and 18 were the most promising ones. Eugenol derivative 17 was active against three species of Candida at 26.1-52.1 μM. This compound was four times more potent than fluconazole against Candida krusei and less toxic (SI > 6.6) against the MCR-5 cells than fluconazole (SI > 3.3) considering this strain. Dihydroeugenol derivative 18 showed similar activity to 17 and was four times more potent and less toxic than fluconazole against C. krusei. The deacetylated glucosides and non-glucosylated corresponding derivatives did not show considerable antifungal action, suggesting that the acetyl groups are essential for their anti-Candida activity. Molecular docking coupled with molecular dynamics showed that 14α-lanosterol demethylase is a feasible molecular target, since 17 and 18 could bind to this enzyme once deacetylated in vivo, thereby acting as prodrugs. Also, these studies demonstrated the importance of hydrophobic substituents at the phenyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Naiara Chaves Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
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Tragiannidis A, Gkampeta A, Vousvouki M, Vasileiou E, Groll AH. Antifungal agents and the kidney: pharmacokinetics, clinical nephrotoxicity, and interactions. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 20:1061-1074. [PMID: 33896310 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1922667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive fungal infections continue to be important causes of morbidity and mortality in severely ill and immunocompromised patient populations. The past three decades have seen a considerable expansion in antifungal drug research, resulting in the clinical development of different classes of antifungal agents with different pharmacologic properties. Among drug-specific characteristics of antifungal agents, renal disposition and nephrotoxicity are important clinical considerations as many patients requiring antifungal therapy have compromised organ functions or are receiving other potentially nephrotoxic medications. AREAS COVERED The present article reviews incidence, severity and mechanisms of nephrotoxicity associated with antifungal agents used for prevention and treatment of invasive fungal diseases by discussing distribution, metabolism, elimination and drug-related adverse events in the context of safety data from phase II and III clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION Based on the available data amphotericin B deoxycholate has the highest relative potential for nephrotoxicity, followed by the lipid formulations of amphotericin B, and, to a much lesser extent and by indirect mechanisms, the antifungal triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tragiannidis
- Childhood & Adolescent Hematology Oncology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Greece
- Infectious Disease Research Program, Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation and Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anastasia Gkampeta
- Childhood & Adolescent Hematology Oncology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Greece
| | - Maria Vousvouki
- Childhood & Adolescent Hematology Oncology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Greece
| | - Eleni Vasileiou
- Childhood & Adolescent Hematology Oncology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Greece
| | - Andreas H Groll
- Infectious Disease Research Program, Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation and Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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188
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Abuelizz HA, Marzouk M, Bakhiet A, Abdel-Aziz MM, Ezzeldin E, Rashid H, Al-Salahi R. In silico study and biological screening of benzoquinazolines as potential antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, and fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105157. [PMID: 34454024 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Globally, antibiotic-resistant pathogens have become a serious threat to public health. The use of drugs having structures different from those applied in the clinical treatments of bacterial infections is a well-known potential solution to the antibiotic resistance crisis. Benzo-[g]-quinazolines were identified by our research group as a new class of antimicrobial agents. Herein, to follow-up the research on such compounds, three benzo-[g]-quinazolines (1-3) were studied, as in vitro antibacterial candidates against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, and fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans, as well. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay for benzoquinazolines was carried out via the calorimetric broth microdilution method using the XTT assay in comparison with vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and ketoconazole as reference drugs. The target compounds 1-3 revealed high variation in their activity against the examined resistant microbial strains. Benzoquinazoline 3 exhibited a more potent effect against the resistant strains compared with the reference drugs. A docking study was performed to identify the interactions between the benzoquinazolines 1-3 and ligand proteins (OXA-48 carbapenemase, β-lactamase, and sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51)) at the active sites. Benzoquinazolines 1-3 showed very weak cytotoxicity against human lung fibroblast normal cells (WI-38). The targets showed promising antimicrobial effects against the three resistant strains. These findings may inform future inhibitor discoveries targeting penicillin-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Marzouk
- Chemistry of Tanning Materials and Leather Technology Department, Organic Chemical Industries Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. Former El-Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Bakhiet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa M Abdel-Aziz
- Medical Microbiology at the Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Essam Ezzeldin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harunor Rashid
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), Kids Research at The Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Rashad Al-Salahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Staniszewska M, Kuryk Ł, Gryciuk A, Kawalec J, Rogalska M, Baran J, Łukowska-Chojnacka E, Kowalkowska A. In Vitro Anti- Candida Activity and Action Mode of Benzoxazole Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:5008. [PMID: 34443595 PMCID: PMC8398596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly synthetized series of N-phenacyl derivatives of 2-mercaptobenzoxazole, including analogues of 5-bromo- and 5,7-dibromobenzoxazole, were screened against Candida strains and the action mechanism was evaluated. 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone (5d), 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(2,3,4-trichloro-phenyl)ethanone (5i), 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)ethanone (5k) and 2-[(5-bromo-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]-1-phenylethanone (6a) showed anti-C. albicans SC5314 activity, where 5d displayed MICT = 16 µg/mL (%R = 100) and a weak anti-proliferative activity against the clinical strains: C. albicans resistant to azoles (Itr and Flu) and C. glabrata. Derivatives 5k and 6a displayed MICP = 16 µg/mL and %R = 64.2 ± 10.6, %R = 88.0 ± 9.7, respectively, against the C. albicans isolate. Derivative 5i was the most active against C. glabrata (%R = 53.0 ± 3.5 at 16 µg/mL). Benzoxazoles displayed no MIC against C. glabrata. Benzoxazoles showed a pleiotropic action mode: (1) the total sterols content was perturbed; (2) 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethanol and 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(2,3,4-trichlorophenyl)ethanol (8h-i) at the lowest fungistatic conc. inhibited the efflux of the Rho123 tracker during the membrane transport process; (3) mitochondrial respiration was affected/inhibited by the benzoxazoles: 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol and 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanol 8c-d and 8i. Benzoxazoles showed comparable activity to commercially available azoles due to (1) the interaction with exogenous ergosterol, (2) endogenous ergosterol synthesis blocking as well as (3) membrane permeabilizing properties typical of AmB. Benzoxazoles display a broad spectrum of anti-Candida activity and action mode towards the membrane without cross-resistance with AmB; furthermore, they are safe to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Staniszewska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kuryk
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health-NIH-National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland;
- Clinical Science, Targovax Oy, Saukonpaadenranta 2, 00180 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksander Gryciuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.K.); (M.R.); (E.Ł.-C.)
| | - Joanna Kawalec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.K.); (M.R.); (E.Ł.-C.)
| | - Marta Rogalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.K.); (M.R.); (E.Ł.-C.)
| | - Joanna Baran
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland;
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.K.); (M.R.); (E.Ł.-C.)
| | - Edyta Łukowska-Chojnacka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.K.); (M.R.); (E.Ł.-C.)
| | - Anna Kowalkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (J.K.); (M.R.); (E.Ł.-C.)
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190
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Hassan Y, Chew SY, Than LTL. Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080667. [PMID: 34436206 PMCID: PMC8398317 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a yeast of increasing medical relevance, particularly in critically ill patients. It is the second most isolated Candida species associated with invasive candidiasis (IC) behind C. albicans. The attributed higher incidence is primarily due to an increase in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) population, cancer, and diabetic patients. The elderly population and the frequent use of indwelling medical devices are also predisposing factors. This work aimed to review various virulence factors that facilitate the survival of pathogenic C. glabrata in IC. The available published research articles related to the pathogenicity of C. glabrata were retrieved and reviewed from four credible databases, mainly Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus. The articles highlighted many virulence factors associated with pathogenicity in C. glabrata, including adherence to susceptible host surfaces, evading host defences, replicative ageing, and producing hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., phospholipases, proteases, and haemolysins). The factors facilitate infection initiation. Other virulent factors include iron regulation and genetic mutations. Accordingly, biofilm production, tolerance to high-stress environments, resistance to neutrophil killings, and development of resistance to antifungal drugs, notably to fluconazole and other azole derivatives, were reported. The review provided evident pathogenic mechanisms and antifungal resistance associated with C. glabrata in ensuring its sustenance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaya Hassan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano 700241, Nigeria;
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-39769-2373
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191
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van Riel SJJM, Lardenoije CMJG, Oudhuis GJ, Cremers NAJ. Treating (Recurrent) Vulvovaginal Candidiasis with Medical-Grade Honey-Concepts and Practical Considerations. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080664. [PMID: 34436203 PMCID: PMC8400673 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a relapsing vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida species. The prevalence varies among age populations and can be as high as 9%. Treatment options are limited, and in 57% of the cases, relapses occur within six months after fluconazole maintenance therapy, which is the current standard of care. The pathogenesis of RVVC is multifactorial, and recent studies have demonstrated that the vaginal microenvironment and activity of the immune system have a strong influence on the disease. Medical-grade honey (MGH) has protective, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activity and forms a putative alternative treatment. Clinical trials have demonstrated that honey can benefit the treatment of bacterial and Candida-mediated vaginal infections. We postulate that MGH will actively fight ongoing infections; eradicate biofilms; and modulate the vaginal microenvironment by its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory properties, and subsequently may decrease the number of relapses when compared to fluconazole. The MGH formulation L-Mesitran Soft has stronger antimicrobial activity against various Candida species than its raw honey. In advance of a planned randomized controlled clinical trial, we present the setup of a study comparing L-Mesitran Soft with fluconazole and its practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senna J. J. M. van Riel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.J.J.M.v.R.); (C.M.J.G.L.)
| | - Celine M. J. G. Lardenoije
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.J.J.M.v.R.); (C.M.J.G.L.)
| | - Guy J. Oudhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Niels A. J. Cremers
- Triticum Exploitatie B.V., Sleperweg 44, 6222 NK Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-325-1773
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192
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Tabassum R, Ashfaq M, Oku H. Current Pharmaceutical Aspects of Synthetic Quinoline Derivatives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1152-1172. [PMID: 33319670 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201214234735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline derivatives are considered broad-spectrum pharmacological compounds that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Integration of quinoline moiety can improve its physical and chemical properties and also pharmacological behavior. Due to its wide range of pharmaceutical applications, it is a very popular compound to design new drugs for the treatment of multiple diseases like cancer, dengue fever, malaria, tuberculosis, fungal infections, AIDS, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. In this review, our major focus is to pay attention to the biological activities of quinoline compounds in the treatment of these diseases such as anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-tubercular and anti-diabetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 36100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 36100, Pakistan
| | - Hiroyuki Oku
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science & Engineering Gunma University, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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193
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Hamad A, Chen Y, Khan MA, Jamshidi S, Saeed N, Clifford M, Hind C, Sutton JM, Rahman KM. Schiff bases of sulphonamides as a new class of antifungal agent against multidrug-resistant Candida auris. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1218. [PMID: 34459551 PMCID: PMC8301596 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Candida infections in hospitalized and immunocompromised or critically ill patients have become an important cause of morbidity and mortality. There are increasing reports of multidrug resistance in several Candida species that cause Candidemia, including C. glabrata and C. auris, with limited numbers of antifungal agents available to treat patients with invasive Candida infections. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new antifungal agents that work against multidrug-resistant Candida species, particularly C. auris, which has been identified as an emerging global pathogen. In this article, we report a new class of antifungal agents, the Schiff bases of sulphonamides, that show activity against all Candida species tested, with an MIC range of 4-32 µg/ml. Compound 2b showed activity against C. glabrata and a panel of fluconazole-resistant C. auris strains, with MICs of 4-16 µg/ml. The drug-like nature of these Schiff bases offers opportunities to optimize these compounds with medicinal chemistry techniques to obtain more potent analogs that can be progressed toward pre-clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Hamad
- Department of PharmacyThe Islamia University of BahawalpurBahawalpurPakistan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Yiyuan Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Mohsin A. Khan
- Department of PharmacyThe Islamia University of BahawalpurBahawalpurPakistan
| | - Shirin Jamshidi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Naima Saeed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Charlotte Hind
- Public Health EnglandNational Infections ServiceSalisburyUK
| | - J. Mark Sutton
- Public Health EnglandNational Infections ServiceSalisburyUK
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194
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Ho FKH, Bolhuis A, Delgado-Charro MB. Prevention and Treatment of Fungal Skin Infections Using Cationic Polymeric Films. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081161. [PMID: 34452122 PMCID: PMC8398677 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of skin, nails and hair. Treatments can be long and infections are often recurrent, and novel treatments are desirable. Here we tested the use of polymeric films that can be sprayed on the skin for the prevention and treatment of dermatophytosis. The two polymers selected were ABIL T Quat 60 and Eudragit E100, which were tested ex vivo using a porcine skin model, and in vitro using microbiological and microscopy techniques. Acceptability of the polymeric films was tested on the skin of healthy volunteers. The results showed that ABIL and Eudragit films prevented and treated fungal skin infections. Whilst polymer films may provide a physical barrier that prevents fungal colonization, it was shown that both polymers are active antifungals ex vivo and in vitro and have intrinsic antifungal activity. For ABIL, we also established that this polymer binds essential nutrients such as metal ions and sugars, thereby restricting the growth of fungi. When applied to healthy subjects’ skin, the polymeric films neither modified the skin color nor increased trans-epidermal water loss, suggesting a low potential for skin irritation, and the approach was generally found to be acceptable for use by the volunteers. In conclusion, we developed a novel strategy for the potential prevention and treatment of dermatophytosis.
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195
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Jamiu AT, Albertyn J, Sebolai OM, Pohl CH. Update on Candida krusei, a potential multidrug-resistant pathogen. Med Mycol 2021; 59:14-30. [PMID: 32400853 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Candida albicans remains the main cause of candidiasis, in recent years a significant number of infections has been attributed to non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, including Candida krusei. This epidemiological change can be partly explained by the increased resistance of NAC species to antifungal drugs. C. krusei is a diploid, dimorphic ascomycetous yeast that inhabits the mucosal membrane of healthy individuals. However, this yeast can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients, with hematologic malignancy patients and those using prolonged azole prophylaxis being at higher risk. Fungal infections are usually treated with five major classes of antifungal agents which include azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, allylamines, and nucleoside analogues. Fluconazole, an azole, is the most commonly used antifungal drug due to its low host toxicity, high water solubility, and high bioavailability. However, C. krusei possesses intrinsic resistance to this drug while also rapidly developing acquired resistance to other antifungal drugs. The mechanisms of antifungal resistance of this yeast involve the alteration and overexpression of drug target, reduction in intracellular drug concentration and development of a bypass pathway. Antifungal resistance menace coupled with the paucity of the antifungal arsenal as well as challenges involved in antifungal drug development, partly due to the eukaryotic nature of both fungi and humans, have left researchers to exploit alternative therapies. Here we briefly review our current knowledge of the biology, pathophysiology and epidemiology of a potential multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, C. krusei, while also discussing the mechanisms of drug resistance of Candida species and alternative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Jamiu
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 9301
| | - J Albertyn
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 9301
| | - O M Sebolai
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 9301
| | - C H Pohl
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 9301
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196
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Eldesouky HE, Lanman NA, Hazbun TR, Seleem MN. Aprepitant, an antiemetic agent, interferes with metal ion homeostasis of Candida auris and displays potent synergistic interactions with azole drugs. Virulence 2021; 11:1466-1481. [PMID: 33100149 PMCID: PMC7588212 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1838741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid increase in the frequency of azole-resistant species, combination therapy appears to be a promising tool to augment the antifungal activity of azole drugs against resistant Candida species. Here, we report the effect of aprepitant, an antiemetic agent, on the antifungal activities of azole drugs against the multidrug-resistant Candida auris. Aprepitant reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of itraconazole in vitro, by up to eight-folds. Additionally, the aprepitant/itraconazole combination interfered significantly with the biofilm-forming ability of C. auris by 95 ± 0.13%, and significantly disrupted mature biofilms by 52 ± 0.83%, relative to the untreated control. In a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, the aprepitant/itraconazole combination significantly prolonged the survival of infected nematodes by ~90% (five days post-infection) and reduced the fungal burden by ~92% relative to the untreated control. Further, this novel drug combination displayed broad-spectrum synergistic interactions against other medically important Candida species such as C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis (ƩFICI ranged from 0.08 to 0.31). Comparative transcriptomic profiling and mechanistic studies indicated aprepitant/itraconazole interferes significantly with metal ion homeostasis and compromises the ROS detoxification ability of C. auris. This study presents aprepitant as a novel, potent, and broad-spectrum azole chemosensitizing agent that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan E Eldesouky
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nadia A Lanman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tony R Hazbun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA, USA
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197
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Susceptibility in vitro of clinical Candida albicans isolates to the selected azoles. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Candida spp. is the most prevalent cause of fungal infection worldwide, and their increasing resistance to anti-fungal agents, especially to azoles, has become problematic. The aim of this work was to establish the susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole of 50 clinical C. albicans isolates from hematooncological patients. This has been evaluated using the following parameters: MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration), MIC50 (MIC required to inhibit the growth of 50% of organisms), as well as MIC90 (MIC required to inhibit the growth of 90% of organisms). Susceptibility of the studied clinical isolates to all azoles was high, being 86% for itraconazole, 90% for fluconazole and posaconazole and 92% for voriconazole. The resistance rates ranged from 8% (voriconazole), to 12% (itraconazole). The emergence of azole-resistant yeast strains creates a necessity to determine and monitor the sensitivity of the isolated Candida spp., including C. albicans, especially in patients predisposed to life-threating fungal invasive disease.
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198
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Won EJ, Choi MJ, Kim MN, Yong D, Lee WG, Uh Y, Kim TS, Byeon SA, Lee SY, Kim SH, Shin JH. Fluconazole-Resistant Candida glabrata Bloodstream Isolates, South Korea, 2008-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:779-788. [PMID: 33624581 PMCID: PMC7920659 DOI: 10.3201/eid2703.203482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Lee J, Kim Y, Khadke SK, Lee J. Antibiofilm and antifungal activities of medium-chain fatty acids against Candida albicans via mimicking of the quorum-sensing molecule farnesol. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1353-1366. [PMID: 33252828 PMCID: PMC8313291 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida biofilms are tolerant to conventional antifungal therapeutics and the host immune system. The transition of yeast cells to hyphae is considered a key step in C. albicans biofilm development, and this transition is inhibited by the quorum-sensing molecule farnesol. We hypothesized that fatty acids mimicking farnesol might influence hyphal and biofilm formation by C. albicans. Among 31 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, six medium-chain saturated fatty acids, that is, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid and lauric acid, effectively inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation by more than 75% at 2 µg ml-1 with MICs in the range 100-200 µg ml-1 . These six fatty acids at 2 µg ml-1 and farnesol at 100 µg ml-1 inhibited hyphal growth and cell aggregation. The addition of fatty acids to C. albicans cultures decreased the productions of farnesol and sterols. Furthermore, down-regulation of several hyphal and biofilm-related genes caused by heptanoic or nonanoic acid closely resembled the changes caused by farnesol. In addition, nonanoic acid, the most effective compound diminished C. albicans virulence in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. Our results suggest that medium-chain fatty acids inhibit more effectively hyphal growth and biofilm formation than farnesol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringYeungnam UniversityGyeongsanKorea
| | - Yong‐Guy Kim
- School of Chemical EngineeringYeungnam UniversityGyeongsanKorea
| | | | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical EngineeringYeungnam UniversityGyeongsanKorea
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200
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Azole Antifungal Resistance in Candida albicans and Candida glabrata Isolated from Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Patients. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.106360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is the most frequent fungal disorder in healthy and normal women. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, the two most common candida species in Iranian patients with VVC. Methods: One hundred and eight clinical isolates of candida, including; C. albicans (n = 77) and C. glabrata: (n = 31) were isolated from the 108 patients with VVC. The in vitro activity of caspofungin (CAS), amphotericin B (AMB), voriconazole (VRC), itraconazole (ITC), fluconazole (FLC), and nystatin (NYS) were determined according to the CLSI M27-A3 and CLSI M27-S4. Results: Our results were shown 8 (25.8 %) and 6 (7.8 %) C. glabrata and C. albicans isolates resistance to FLU, respectively. Furthermore, resistance to VRC and ITC were observed in 8.4%, and 3.7% of all isolates, and six isolates (5.6%) had intermediate MIC to CAS. Conclusions: We reported 8 (25.8 %) and 6 (7.8 %) C. glabrata and C. albicans isolates resistance to FLU, respectively. Furthermore, resistance to VRC and ITC were observed in 8.4% and 3.7% of all isolates, respectively.
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