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Low-Grade Inflammation Aggravates Rotenone Neurotoxicity and Disrupts Circadian Clock Gene Expression in Rats. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:421-431. [PMID: 30328585 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A single injection of LPS produced low-grade neuroinflammation leading to Parkinson's disease (PD) in mice several months later. Whether such a phenomenon occurs in rats and whether such low-grade neuroinflammation would aggravate rotenone (ROT) neurotoxicity and disrupts circadian clock gene/protein expressions were examined in this study. Male rats were given two injections of LPS (2.5-7.5 mg/kg), and neuroinflammation and dopamine neuron loss were evident 3 months later. Seven months after a single LPS (5 mg/kg) injection, rats received low doses of ROT (0.5 mg/kg, sc, 5 times/week for 4 weeks) to examine low-grade neuroinflammation on ROT toxicity. LPS plus ROT produced more pronounced non-motor and motor dysfunctions than LPS or ROT alone in behavioral tests, and decreased mitochondrial complex 1 activity, together with aggravated neuroinflammation and neuron loss. The expressions of clock core genes brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (Bmal1), locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock), and neuronal PAS domain protein-2 (Npas2) were decreased in LPS, ROT, and LPS plus ROT groups. The expressions of circadian feedback genes Periods (Per1 and Per2) were also decreased, but Cryptochromes (Cry1 and Cry2) were unaltered. The circadian clock target genes nuclear receptor Rev-Erbα (Nr1d1), and D-box-binding protein (Dbp) expressions were also decreased. Consistent with the transcript levels, circadian clock protein BMAL1, CLOCK, NR1D1, and DBP were also decreased. Thus, LPS-induced chronic low-grade neuroinflammation potentiated ROT neurotoxicity and disrupted circadian clock gene/protein expression, suggesting a role of disrupted circadian in PD development and progression. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the basal nuclei, causing motor and cognitive disorders. Bearing in mind that standard treatments are ineffective in delaying the disease progression, alternative treatments capable of eliminating symptoms and reversing the clinical condition have been sought. Possible alternative treatments include cell therapy, especially with the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). REVIEW SUMMARY MSC are adult stem cells which have demonstrated remarkable therapeutic power in parkinsonian animals due to their differentiation competence, migratory capacity and the production of bioactive molecules. This review aims to analyze the main studies involving MSC and PD in more than a decade of studies, addressing their different methodologies and common characteristics, as well as suggesting perspectives on the application of MSC in PD. CONCLUSIONS The results of MSC therapy in animal models and some clinical trials suggest that such cellular therapy may slow the progression of PD and promote neuroregeneration. However, further research is needed to address the limitations of an eventual clinical application.
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Lananna BV, Nadarajah CJ, Izumo M, Cedeño MR, Xiong DD, Dimitry J, Tso CF, McKee CA, Griffin P, Sheehan PW, Haspel JA, Barres BA, Liddelow SA, Takahashi JS, Karatsoreos IN, Musiek ES. Cell-Autonomous Regulation of Astrocyte Activation by the Circadian Clock Protein BMAL1. Cell Rep 2018; 25:1-9.e5. [PMID: 30282019 PMCID: PMC6221830 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clock dysfunction is a common symptom of aging and neurodegenerative diseases, though its impact on brain health is poorly understood. Astrocyte activation occurs in response to diverse insults and plays a critical role in brain health and disease. We report that the core circadian clock protein BMAL1 regulates astrogliosis in a synergistic manner via a cell-autonomous mechanism and a lesser non-cell-autonomous signal from neurons. Astrocyte-specific Bmal1 deletion induces astrocyte activation and inflammatory gene expression in vitro and in vivo, mediated in part by suppression of glutathione-S-transferase signaling. Functionally, loss of Bmal1 in astrocytes promotes neuronal death in vitro. Our results demonstrate that the core clock protein BMAL1 regulates astrocyte activation and function in vivo, elucidating a mechanism by which the circadian clock could influence many aspects of brain function and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Lananna
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Collin J Nadarajah
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mariko Izumo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michelle R Cedeño
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David D Xiong
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie Dimitry
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chak Foon Tso
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celia A McKee
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Percy Griffin
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick W Sheehan
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffery A Haspel
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ilia N Karatsoreos
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Erik S Musiek
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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204
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Leng Y, Goldman SM, Cawthon PM, Stone KL, Ancoli-Israel S, Yaffe K. Excessive daytime sleepiness, objective napping and 11-year risk of Parkinson's disease in older men. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:1679-1686. [PMID: 29873737 PMCID: PMC6208269 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unknown whether subjective daytime sleepiness or objective napping could precede the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in the long term. Methods We studied 2920 men (mean age 76 years) without a history of PD and followed them for 11 years. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) was defined as having an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score >10. Objective naps were defined as ≥5 consecutive minutes of inactivity as measured by actigraphy, and napping duration was the accumulated time of naps outside the main sleep period. We used logistic regression to compare PD risk across four groups: no EDS& napping <1 h/day (N = 1739, 59.5%; referent group), EDS& napping <1 h/day (N = 215, 7.4%), no EDS& napping ≥ 1 h/day (N = 819, 28.1%) and EDS& napping ≥ 1 h/day (N = 147, 5.0%). Results We identified 106 incident PD cases over 11 years. After multivariable adjustment, men with napping ≥ 1h/day alone were twice as likely [odds ratio (OR) = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-3.08], and men with both EDS and napping ≥ 1 h/day were almost three times as likely to develop PD (2.52, 1.21-5.27), compared with the referent group. Compared with those with naps for <30 min, men who napped for ≥1 h/day had more than double the risk of PD. No association was found for EDS alone and PD risk. Further adjustment for chronotype and circadian stability, or excluding PD cases identified within 2 years after napping measurements, showed similar results. Conclusions Objective long napping rather than subjective EDS was prospectively associated with a higher risk of PD in older men. Objective measures of napping might be valuable as a preclinical marker for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Leng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel M Goldman
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- Department of Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katie L Stone
- Department of Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kristine Yaffe
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology, University of California, and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Dong X, Liao Z, Gritsch D, Hadzhiev Y, Bai Y, Locascio JJ, Guennewig B, Liu G, Blauwendraat C, Wang T, Adler CH, Hedreen JC, Faull RLM, Frosch MP, Nelson PT, Rizzu P, Cooper AA, Heutink P, Beach TG, Mattick JS, Müller F, Scherzer CR. Enhancers active in dopamine neurons are a primary link between genetic variation and neuropsychiatric disease. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1482-1492. [PMID: 30224808 PMCID: PMC6334654 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhancers function as DNA logic gates and may control specialized functions of billions of neurons. Here we show a tailored program of noncoding genome elements active in situ in physiologically distinct dopamine neurons of the human brain. We found 71,022 transcribed noncoding elements, many of which were consistent with active enhancers and with regulatory mechanisms in zebrafish and mouse brains. Genetic variants associated with schizophrenia, addiction, and Parkinson's disease were enriched in these elements. Expression quantitative trait locus analysis revealed that Parkinson's disease-associated variants on chromosome 17q21 cis-regulate the expression of an enhancer RNA in dopamine neurons. This study shows that enhancers in dopamine neurons link genetic variation to neuropsychiatric traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Dong
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Advanced Parkinson's Disease Research of Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhixiang Liao
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Advanced Parkinson's Disease Research of Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Gritsch
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Advanced Parkinson's Disease Research of Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yavor Hadzhiev
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yunfei Bai
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Joseph J Locascio
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Advanced Parkinson's Disease Research of Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Boris Guennewig
- Sydney Medical School, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Neuroscience, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ganqiang Liu
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Advanced Parkinson's Disease Research of Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Tao Wang
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Advanced Parkinson's Disease Research of Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John C Hedreen
- Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrizia Rizzu
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Antony A Cooper
- Division of Neuroscience, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - John S Mattick
- Division of Neuroscience, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ferenc Müller
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Advanced Parkinson's Disease Research of Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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206
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Ortuño-Lizarán I, Esquiva G, Beach TG, Serrano GE, Adler CH, Lax P, Cuenca N. Degeneration of human photosensitive retinal ganglion cells may explain sleep and circadian rhythms disorders in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:90. [PMID: 30201049 PMCID: PMC6130068 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients often suffer from non-motor symptoms like sleep dysregulation, mood disturbances or circadian rhythms dysfunction. The melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells are involved in the control and regulation of these processes and may be affected in PD, as other retinal and visual implications have been described in the disease. Number and morphology of human melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in eyes from donors with PD or control. The Sholl number of intersections, the number of branches, and the number of terminals from the Sholl analysis were significantly reduced in PD melanopsin ganglion cells. Also, the density of these cells significantly decreased in PD compared to controls. Degeneration and impairment of the retinal melanopsin system may affect to sleep and circadian dysfunction reported in PD pathology, and its protection or stimulation may lead to better disease prospect and global quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ortuño-Lizarán
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Gema Esquiva
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | | | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.
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Tao SC, Guo SC. Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Participants in Circadian Rhythm Synchronization. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1610-1620. [PMID: 30416375 PMCID: PMC6216034 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.26518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm (CR) is a set of autonomous endogenous oscillators. Exposure to the 24-hour day-night cycle synchronizes our CR system, maintaining homeostasis and human health. Several mechanisms for the CR system have been proposed, including those underlying the function (transcriptional-translational negative-feedback loops, or TTFLs), mechanisms regulating the TTFLs, and the mechanism by which the "server clock" is synchronized to environmental time. Several pathways downstream of the "server clock" perform well-characterized biological functions. However, the synchronization between the "server clock" (the endogenous master clock seated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus within the hypothalamus) and the "client clock" (imbedded in nearly every cell in the form of interlocking TTFLs) is difficult to explain with current theories. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are involved in intercellular communication and have recently been found to participate in regulation of the "client clock", might be the answer to this question. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of CRs, TTFLs, and EVs, examine research findings about the functions of EVs in the CR system, and discuss the issues requiring attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cong Tao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shang-Chun Guo
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
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Kim J, Jang S, Choi M, Chung S, Choe Y, Choe HK, Son GH, Rhee K, Kim K. Abrogation of the Circadian Nuclear Receptor REV-ERBα Exacerbates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration. Mol Cells 2018; 41:742-752. [PMID: 30078232 PMCID: PMC6125424 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra (SN). Although circadian dysfunction has been suggested as one of the pathophysiological risk factors for PD, the exact molecular link between the circadian clock and PD remains largely unclear. We have recently demonstrated that REV-ERBα, a circadian nuclear receptor, serves as a key molecular link between the circadian and DAergic systems. It competitively cooperates with NURR1, another nuclear receptor required for the optimal development and function of DA neurons, to control DAergic gene transcription. Considering our previous findings, we hypothesize that REV-ERBα may have a role in the onset and/or progression of PD. In the present study, we therefore aimed to elucidate whether genetic abrogation of REV-ERBα affects PD-related phenotypes in a mouse model of PD produced by a unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the dorsal striatum. REV-ERBα deficiency significantly exacerbated 6-OHDA-induced motor deficits as well as DAergic neuronal loss in the vertebral midbrain including the SN and the ventral tegmental area. The exacerbated DAergic degeneration likely involves neuroinflammation-mediated neurotoxicity. The Rev-erbα knockout mice showed prolonged microglial activation in the SN along with the overproduction of interleukin 1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in response to 6-OHDA. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates for the first time that genetic abrogation of REV-ERBα can increase vulnerability of DAergic neurons to neurotoxic insults, such as 6-OHDA, thereby implying that its normal function may be beneficial for maintaining DAergic neuron populations during PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongah Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Sangwon Jang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Mijung Choi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760,
Korea
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068,
Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068,
Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Kunsoo Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068,
Korea
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209
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Torres ERS, Akinyeke T, Stagaman K, Duvoisin RM, Meshul CK, Sharpton TJ, Raber J. Effects of Sub-Chronic MPTP Exposure on Behavioral and Cognitive Performance and the Microbiome of Wild-Type and mGlu8 Knockout Female and Male Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:140. [PMID: 30072879 PMCID: PMC6058038 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor dysfunction is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, non-motor symptoms such as gastrointestinal dysfunction often arise prior to motor symptoms. Alterations in the gut microbiome have been proposed as the earliest event in PD pathogenesis. PD symptoms often demonstrate sex differences. Glutamatergic neurotransmission has long been linked to PD pathology. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu), a family of G protein-coupled receptors, are divided into three groups, with group III mGlu receptors mainly localized presynaptically where they can inhibit glutamate release in the CNS as well as in the gut. Additionally, the gut microbiome can communicate with the CNS via the gut-brain axis. Here, we assessed whether deficiency of metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (mGlu8), group III mGlu, modulates the effects of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), on behavioral and cognitive performance in female and male mice. We studied whether these effects are associated with changes in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels and the gut microbiome. Two-week sub-chronic MPTP increased activity of female and male wild-type (WT) and mGlu8 knockout (KO) mice in the open field. MPTP also showed genotype- and sex-dependent effects. MPTP increased the time WT, but not KO, females and males spent exploring objects. In WT mice, MPTP improved sensorimotor function in males but impaired it in females. Further, MPTP impaired cued fear memory in WT, but not KO, male mice. MPTP reduced striatal TH levels in WT and KO mice but these effects were only pronounced in males. MPTP treatment and genotype affected the diversity of the gut microbiome. In addition, there were significant associations between microbiome α-diversity and sensorimotor performance, as well as microbiome composition and fear learning. These results indicate that specific taxa may directly affect motor and fear learning or that the same physiological effects that enhance both forms of learning also alter diversity of the gut microbiome. MPTP's effect on motor and cognitive performance may then be, at least in part, be mediated by the gut microbiome. These data also support mGlu8 as a novel therapeutic target for PD and highlight the importance of including both sexes in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Ruth S Torres
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tunde Akinyeke
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Keaton Stagaman
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Robert M Duvoisin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Charles K Meshul
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine and Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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210
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Uysal HA, Tıftıkcıoğlu BI, Öcek L, Zorlu Y. Serum Levels of Melatonin and Sleep Evaluation Scales in the Diagnosis of Sleep Disorders in Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 56:264-268. [PMID: 31903034 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2017.19367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Sleep disturbances, such as difficulty in initiation of sleep, decrease in total sleep duration and efficacy, frequent awakenings, and increased daytime sleepiness are among the most common non-motor symptoms in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, patients usually do not consider these symptoms as important as their motor symptoms, and do not complain. We aimed to investigate PD patients for subtle sleep disturbances using sleep evaluation scales, and to evaluate the relationship between these tests and the serum levels of melatonin during night-sleep. Methods A total of 40 PD patients (19, female), older than 50 years, registered in our "Movement Disorders Out-patient Clinic", and 40 healthy, age and sex-matched control subjects (20, female) were included in the study. All subjects were assessed using Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Serum melatonin levels during night-sleep were measured in blood samples taken at 00:00 and 05:00 hours in every subject. Both groups were compared for demographical data, sleep evaluation scales and serum levels of melatonin. Results Patients with PD had significantly higher scores in PSQI and ESS than the healthy controls (p<0.001). Although the serum melatonin levels at two different time points during night sleep were lower in PD patients than the controls, these differences did not reach statistical significance (p=0.104 at 00:00 am, p=0.528 at 05:00 am). There was no significant correlation between the PSQI scores and serum melatonin levels in patient group (p>0.05). However, there was a significant but weak correlation (r=-0.353, p=0.025) between ESS scores and the serum melatonin levels measured at 05:00 hours in patients, but not between the melatonin levels measured at 00:00 hours. Conclusion Sleep evaluation questionnaires such as, PSQI and ESS, can provide useful information in PD patients with mild sleep disturbances. However, serum melatonin levels alone were not helpful in diagnosing the sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Armağan Uysal
- İzmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Neurology Clinic, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Levent Öcek
- İzmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Neurology Clinic, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Zorlu
- İzmir Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Neurology Clinic, İzmir, Turkey
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Kim M, de la Peña JB, Cheong JH, Kim HJ. Neurobiological Functions of the Period Circadian Clock 2 Gene, Per2. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:358-367. [PMID: 29223143 PMCID: PMC6029676 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms have adapted to a circadian rhythm that follows a roughly 24-hour cycle, which is modulated by both internal (clock-related genes) and external (environment) factors. In such organisms, the central nervous system (CNS) is influenced by the circadian rhythm of individual cells. Furthermore, the period circadian clock 2 (Per2) gene is an important component of the circadian clock, which modulates the circadian rhythm. Per2 is mainly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as well as other brain areas, including the midbrain and forebrain. This indicates that Per2 may affect various neurobiological activities such as sleeping, depression, and addiction. In this review, we focus on the neurobiological functions of Per2, which could help to better understand its roles in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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212
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Pfeffer M, Zimmermann Z, Gispert S, Auburger G, Korf HW, von Gall C. Impaired Photic Entrainment of Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Mice Overexpressing Human Mutant α-Synuclein. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1651. [PMID: 29865270 PMCID: PMC6032049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by distinct motor and non-motor symptoms. Sleep disorders are the most frequent and challenging non-motor symptoms in PD patients, and there is growing evidence that they are a consequence of disruptions within the circadian system. PD is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the dorsal vagal nucleus and midbrain dopaminergic neurons together with an imbalance of many other neurotransmitters. Mutations in α-synuclein (SNCA), a protein modulating SNARE complex-dependent neurotransmission, trigger dominantly inherited PD variants and sporadic cases of PD. The A53T SNCA missense mutation is associated with an autosomal dominant early-onset familial PD. To test whether this missense mutation affects the circadian system, we analyzed the spontaneous locomotor behavior of non-transgenic wildtype mice and transgenic mice overexpressing mutant human A53T α-synuclein (A53T). The mice were subjected to entrained- and free-running conditions as well as to experimental jet lag. Furthermore, the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Free-running circadian rhythm and, thus, circadian rhythm generation, were not affected in A53T mice. A53T mice entrained to the light⁻dark cycle, however, with an advanced phase angle of 2.65 ± 0.5 h before lights off. Moreover, re-entrainment after experimental jet lag was impaired in A53T mice. Finally, VGLUT2 immunoreaction was reduced in the SCN of A53T mice. These data suggest an impaired light entrainment of the circadian system in A53T mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pfeffer
- Institut für Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Zuzana Zimmermann
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Horst-Werner Korf
- Institut für Anatomie I, Fachbereich Medizin, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Charlotte von Gall
- Institut für Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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213
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Jang JH, Lee J, Jung I, Yoo H. Efficacy of Yokukansankachimpihange on sleep disturbance in Parkinson's disease: A study protocol of a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11298. [PMID: 29953013 PMCID: PMC6039679 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that includes motor and nonmotor symptoms. Sleep disturbance is known to decrease the quality of life in patients with PD, and there are limitations to the pharmacotherapy currently in use. Therefore, complementary treatment therapies are required to address these limitations. The traditional herbal medicines Yokukansan (YKS) and Yokukansankachimpihange (YKSCH) have been used to treat insomnia and night crying in children, suggesting their effectiveness against sleep disturbance in patients with PD. We will evaluate whether YKSCH improves sleep disturbance in PD and will identify YKS-related changes in hemodynamic parameters, and neurotransmitter and hormone levels in patients with PD experiencing sleep disturbance. METHODS We will conduct a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled parallel trial in 34 patients with PD and sleep disturbance, randomly allocating the patients to either placebo-control (n = 17) or treatment groups (n = 17). The total study period will be 16 weeks; administration of YKSCH or placebo, as intervention, will be performed for a 12-week period, and follow-up will be performed over a 4-week period. All subjects will undergo conventional treatment, and be required to maintain a regular medication schedule throughout the study period. The primary outcome measure will be the Scales for Outcomes in PD-Sleep Scale score, and the secondary outcome measures will be polysomnography results, findings from instruments related to sleep disorders, neurotransmitter and hormone levels, and hemodynamic changes in the brain cortex. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This trial will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of YKSCH for sleep improvement in PD with sleep disturbance, and investigate the underlying mechanism of action. We expect improvement in the scores for subjective and objective sleep scales, hemodynamic changes in prefrontal cortical activity, and changes in neurotransmitter and hormone levels. The findings will provide insight into the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of YKSCH in PD, and lay the foundation for further studies on whether YKSCH improves sleep disturbance in PD. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinical Research Information Service (KCT0002869).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Jang
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daedeok-daero, Seo-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - JuAh Lee
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Keunumul-Ro, Jung-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchul Jung
- Department of Korean Neuropsychology, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, 75, Daedeok-daero, Seo-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Horyong Yoo
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon University, Daedeok-daero, Seo-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
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214
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Huang Z, Liu Q, Peng Y, Dai J, Xie Y, Chen W, Long S, Pei Z, Su H, Yao X. Circadian Rhythm Dysfunction Accelerates Disease Progression in a Mouse Model With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:218. [PMID: 29740382 PMCID: PMC5928145 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by interactions between environmental factors and genetic susceptibility. Circadian rhythm dysfunction (CRD) is a significant contributor to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. However, whether CRD contributes to the progression of ALS remains little known. We performed behavioral and physiological tests on SOD1G93A ALS model mice with and without artificially induced CRD, and on wild-type controls; we also analyzed spinal cord samples histologically for differences between groups. We found that CRD accelerated the disease onset and progression of ALS in model mice, as demonstrated by aggravated functional deficits and weight loss, as well as increased motor neuron loss, activated gliosis, and nuclear factor κB-mediated inflammation in the spinal cord. We also found an increasing abundance of enteric cyanobacteria in the ALS model mice shortly after disease onset that was further enhanced by CRD. Our study provides initial evidence on the CRD as a risk factor for ALS, and intestinal cyanobacteria may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Clinical Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jiaying Dai
- Comprehensive Department, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youna Xie
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Clinical Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weineng Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Clinical Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simei Long
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Clinical Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Clinical Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangdong Key Clinical Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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215
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ten Harmsen BL, van Rumund A, Aerts MB, Bergkamp MI, Esselink RA, Richard E, Meijer FJ, Bloem BR, van Wamelen DJ. Clinical correlates of cerebral white matter abnormalities in patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 49:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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216
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Madrid-Navarro CJ, Escamilla-Sevilla F, Mínguez-Castellanos A, Campos M, Ruiz-Abellán F, Madrid JA, Rol MA. Multidimensional Circadian Monitoring by Wearable Biosensors in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:157. [PMID: 29632508 PMCID: PMC5879441 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with several non-motor symptoms that may precede the diagnosis and constitute a major source of frailty in this population. The digital era in health care has open up new prospects to move forward from the qualitative and subjective scoring for PD with the use of new wearable biosensors that enable frequent quantitative, reliable, repeatable, and multidimensional measurements to be made with minimal discomfort and inconvenience for patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted to test a wrist-worn device combined with machine-learning processing to detect circadian rhythms of sleep, motor, and autonomic disruption, which can be suitable for the objective and non-invasive evaluation of PD patients. Wrist skin temperature, motor acceleration, time in movement, hand position, light exposure, and sleep rhythms were continuously measured in 12 PD patients and 12 age-matched healthy controls for seven consecutive days using an ambulatory circadian monitoring device (ACM). Our study demonstrates that a multichannel ACM device collects reliable and complementary information from motor (acceleration and time in movement) and common non-motor (sleep and skin temperature rhythms) features frequently disrupted in PD. Acceleration during the daytime (as indicative of motor impairment), time in movement during sleep (representative of fragmented sleep) and their ratio (A/T) are the best indexes to objectively characterize the most common symptoms of PD, allowing for a reliable and easy scoring method to evaluate patients. Chronodisruption score, measured by the integrative algorithm known as the circadian function index is directly linked to a low A/T score. Our work attempts to implement innovative technologies based on wearable, multisensor, objective, and easy-to-use devices, to quantify PD circadian rhythms in huge populations over extended periods of time, while controlling at the same time exposure to exogenous circadian synchronizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Madrid-Navarro
- Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Escamilla-Sevilla
- Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Adolfo Mínguez-Castellanos
- Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Campos
- Chronobiology Laboratory, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, CIBERFES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Juan A Madrid
- Chronobiology Laboratory, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, CIBERFES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Murcia, Spain
| | - M A Rol
- Chronobiology Laboratory, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, CIBERFES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Murcia, Spain
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217
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Thermodynamics in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Interplay Between Canonical WNT/Beta-Catenin Pathway-PPAR Gamma, Energy Metabolism and Circadian Rhythms. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:174-204. [PMID: 29572723 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Entropy production rate is increased by several metabolic and thermodynamics abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Irreversible processes are quantified by changes in the entropy production rate. This review is focused on the opposing interactions observed in NDs between the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma and their metabolic and thermodynamic implications. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease, WNT/beta-catenin pathway is upregulated, whereas PPAR gamma is downregulated. In Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, WNT/beta-catenin pathway is downregulated while PPAR gamma is upregulated. The dysregulation of the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway is responsible for the modification of thermodynamics behaviors of metabolic enzymes. Upregulation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway leads to aerobic glycolysis, named Warburg effect, through activated enzymes, such as glucose transporter (Glut), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1(PDK1), monocarboxylate lactate transporter 1 (MCT-1), lactic dehydrogenase kinase-A (LDH-A) and inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). Downregulation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway leads to oxidative stress and cell death through inactivation of Glut, PKM2, PDK1, MCT-1, LDH-A but activation of PDH. In addition, in NDs, PPAR gamma is dysregulated, whereas it contributes to the regulation of several key circadian genes. NDs show many dysregulation in the mediation of circadian clock genes and so of circadian rhythms. Thermodynamics rhythms operate far-from-equilibrium and partly regulate interactions between WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma. In NDs, metabolism, thermodynamics and circadian rhythms are tightly interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- DRCI, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.
- LMA (Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications) CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, 11 Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, Poitiers, France.
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- DRCI, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
- CHU Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
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218
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Zhang J, Culp ML, Craver JG, Darley-Usmar V. Mitochondrial function and autophagy: integrating proteotoxic, redox, and metabolic stress in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 144:691-709. [PMID: 29341130 PMCID: PMC5897151 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder with widespread neurodegeneration in the brain. Significant oxidative, reductive, metabolic, and proteotoxic alterations have been observed in PD postmortem brains. The alterations of mitochondrial function resulting in decreased bioenergetic health is important and needs to be further examined to help develop biomarkers for PD severity and prognosis. It is now becoming clear that multiple hits on metabolic and signaling pathways are likely to exacerbate PD pathogenesis. Indeed, data obtained from genetic and genome association studies have implicated interactive contributions of genes controlling protein quality control and metabolism. For example, loss of key proteins that are responsible for clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria through a process called mitophagy has been found to cause PD, and a significant proportion of genes associated with PD encode proteins involved in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. In this review, we highlight the evidence for the targeting of mitochondria by proteotoxic, redox and metabolic stress, and the role autophagic surveillance in maintenance of mitochondrial quality. Furthermore, we summarize the role of α-synuclein, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, and tau in modulating mitochondrial function and autophagy. Among the stressors that can overwhelm the mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, we will discuss 4-hydroxynonenal and nitric oxide. The impact of autophagy is context depend and as such can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of targeting mitochondria and autophagic function as an integrated therapeutic strategy and the emerging contribution of the microbiome to PD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
| | - M Lillian Culp
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jason G Craver
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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219
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Mantovani S, Smith SS, Gordon R, O'Sullivan JD. An overview of sleep and circadian dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. J Sleep Res 2018; 27:e12673. [PMID: 29493044 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and circadian alterations are amongst the very first symptoms experienced in Parkinson's disease, and sleep alterations are present in the majority of patients with overt clinical manifestation of Parkinson's disease. However, the magnitude of sleep and circadian dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, and its influence on the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease remains often unclear and a matter of debate. In particular, the confounding influences of dopaminergic therapy on sleep and circadian dysfunction are a major challenge, and need to be more carefully addressed in clinical studies. The scope of this narrative review is to summarise the current knowledge around both sleep and circadian alterations in Parkinson's disease. We provide an overview on the frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, restless legs, obstructive apnea and nocturia in Parkinson's disease, as well as addressing sleep structure, rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and circadian features in Parkinson's disease. Sleep and circadian disorders have been linked to pathological conditions that are often co-morbid in Parkinson's disease, including cognitive decline, memory impairment and neurodegeneration. Therefore, targeting sleep and circadian alterations could be one of the earliest and most promising opportunities to slow disease progression. We hope that this review will contribute to advance the discussion and inform new research efforts to progress our knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Mantovani
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Wesley Medical Research, Auchenflower, QLD, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon S Smith
- Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia
| | - Richard Gordon
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Wesley Medical Research, Auchenflower, QLD, Australia
| | - John D O'Sullivan
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Wesley Medical Research, Auchenflower, QLD, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
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220
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221
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Schrempf W, Fauser M, Wienecke M, Brown S, Maaß A, Ossig C, Otto K, Brandt MD, Löhle M, Schwanebeck U, Graehlert X, Reichmann H, Storch A. Rasagiline improves polysomnographic sleep parameters in patients with Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, baseline-controlled trial. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:672-679. [PMID: 29322594 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim was to study the effects of rasagiline on sleep quality in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with sleep disturbances. Sleep disorders are common in PD. Rasagiline is widely used in patients with PD, but double-blind polysomnographic trials on its effects on sleep disturbances are missing. METHODS This was a single-center, double-blind, baseline-controlled investigator-initiated clinical trial of rasagiline (1 mg/day) over 8 weeks in patients with PD with sleep disturbances. Blinding was achieved by running a strategic matched placebo parallel group. Co-primary outcome measures were the changes between baseline and end of the treatment period in sleep maintenance/efficiency as assessed by polysomnography and the Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale Version 2 (PDSS-2) score. RESULTS A total of 20 of 30 patients were randomized to rasagiline (mean ± SD age, 69.9 ± 6.9 years; 10 male; Hoehn-Yahr stage, 1.9 ± 0.8). Compared with baseline, sleep maintenance was significantly increased at the end of the treatment period (relative change normalized to baseline, +16.3 ± 27.9%; P = 0.024, paired two-sided t-test) and a positive trend for sleep efficiency was detected (+12.1 ± 28.6%; P = 0.097). Treatment with rasagiline led to significantly decreased wake time after sleep onset, number of arousals, percentage of light sleep and improved daytime sleepiness as measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. We did not observe changes in the co-primary endpoint PDSS-2 score, and no correlations of polysomnographic sleep parameters or PDSS-2 score with motor function (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score). Rasagiline was well tolerated with no unexpected adverse events. CONCLUSIONS In patients with PD with sleep disturbances, rasagiline showed beneficial effects on sleep quality as measured by polysomnography. These effects were probably not related to motor improvement or translated into improved overall sleep quality perception by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schrempf
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Sleep Laboratory, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Fauser
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - M Wienecke
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Sleep Laboratory, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Brown
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Maaß
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - C Ossig
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - K Otto
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M D Brandt
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Sleep Laboratory, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Löhle
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - U Schwanebeck
- Koordinierungszentrum für Klinische Studien (Coordination Center for Clinical Trials), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - X Graehlert
- Koordinierungszentrum für Klinische Studien (Coordination Center for Clinical Trials), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - H Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Storch
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Sleep Laboratory, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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222
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Li SY, Wang YL, Liu WW, Lyu DJ, Wang F, Mao CJ, Yang YP, Hu LF, Liu CF. Long-term Levodopa Treatment Accelerates the Circadian Rhythm Dysfunction in a 6-hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:1085-1092. [PMID: 28469105 PMCID: PMC5421180 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.204920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with long-term levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment are suffering from severe circadian dysfunction. However, it is hard to distinguish that the circadian disturbance in patients is due to the disease progression itself, or is affected by L-DOPA replacement therapy. This study was to investigate the role of L-DOPA on the circadian dysfunction in a rat model of PD. Methods: The rat model of PD was constructed by a bilateral striatal injection with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), followed by administration of saline or 25 mg/kg L-DOPA for 21 consecutive days. Rotarod test, footprint test, and open-field test were carried out to evaluate the motor function. Striatum, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), liver, and plasma were collected at 6:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 24:00. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the expression of clock genes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the secretion level of cortisol and melatonin. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the neurotransmitters. Analysis of variance was used for data analysis. Results: L-DOPA alleviated the motor deficits induced by 6-OHDA lesions in the footprint and open-field test (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively). After L-DOPA treatment, Bmal1 decreased in the SCN compared with 6-OHDA group at 12:00 (P < 0.01) and 24:00 (P < 0.001). In the striatum, the expression of Bmal1, Rorα was lower than that in the 6-OHDA group at 18:00 (P < 0.05) and L-DOPA seemed to delay the peak of Per2 to 24:00. In liver, L-DOPA did not affect the rhythmicity and expression of these clock genes (P > 0.05). In addition, the cortisol secretion was increased (P > 0.05), but melatonin was further inhibited after L-DOPA treatment at 6:00 (P < 0.01). Conclusions: In the circadian system of advanced PD rat models, circadian dysfunction is not only contributed by the degeneration of the disease itself but also long-term L-DOPA therapy may further aggravate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yue Li
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Wen-Wen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dong-Jun Lyu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004; Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Li-Fang Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004; Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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223
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Subcortical evidence for a contribution of arousal to fMRI studies of brain activity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:395. [PMID: 29374172 PMCID: PMC5786066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical activity during periods of rest is punctuated by widespread, synchronous events in both electrophysiological and hemodynamic signals, but their behavioral relevance remains unclear. Here we report that these events correspond to momentary drops in cortical arousal and are associated with activity changes in the basal forebrain and thalamus. Combining fMRI and electrophysiology in macaques, we first establish that fMRI transients co-occur with spectral shifts in local field potentials (LFPs) toward low frequencies. Applying this knowledge to fMRI data from the human connectome project, we find that the fMRI transients are strongest in sensory cortices. Surprisingly, the positive cortical transients occur together with negative transients in focal subcortical areas known to be involved with arousal regulation, most notably the basal forebrain. This subcortical involvement, combined with the prototypical pattern of LFP spectral shifts, suggests that commonly observed widespread variations in fMRI cortical activity are associated with momentary drops in arousal. Resting cortical activity fluctuates, but it is unclear what underlies these variations in activity. Here, the authors show that large-scale fluctuations in fMRI cortical activity are associated with momentary decreases in cortical arousal and opposite activity changes in the basal forebrain and thalamus.
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224
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Mao W, Zhao C, Ding H, Liang K, Xue J, Chan P, Cai Y. Pyrosequencing analysis of methylation levels of clock genes in leukocytes from Parkinson's disease patients. Neurosci Lett 2018; 668:115-119. [PMID: 29353016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation of neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) and cryptochrome circadian clock 1 (CRY1) promoters may be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is no simple and cost-effective method to quantify DNA methylation in these regions. Additionally, it is not clear whether DNA methylation of NPAS2 and CRY1 promoters is altered in peripheral blood of PD patients, especially newly diagnosed drug-naïve PD patients, and thus can be used as a PD biomarker. In the present study, we utilized bisulfite pyrosequencing assays to examine DNA methylation levels of six CpG sites in the NPAS2 promoter and five CpG sites in the CRY1 promoter. We compared DNA methylation levels at these sites in leukocytes from 80 medicated PD patients, 30 drug-naïve PD patients, and 80 healthy controls. Our results indicate that NPAS2 hypomethylation occurs at the early stage of PD and is a moderate biomarker for distinguishing PD patients from healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Chunsong Zhao
- Department of Biobank, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China; Laboratory of Chronobiology and Chronomedicine, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Kuo Liang
- Department of Biobank, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Jinhua Xue
- Department of Biobank, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China; Laboratory of Chronobiology and Chronomedicine, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Yanning Cai
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China; Department of Biobank, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, PR China; Laboratory of Chronobiology and Chronomedicine, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing 100053, PR China.
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225
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Review of recent literature pertaining to frequency, associations, mechanisms, and overall significance of sleep--wake disturbances (SWD) in the premotor and early phase of Parkinson's disease. RECENT FINDINGS SWD are frequent in Parkinson's disease and their prevalence increases with disease progression. Recent studies confirm previous findings that SWD can appear as initial manifestation of Parkinson's disease even decades before motor signs appear and highlight their clinical associations in these early stages. More intriguingly, new evidence underpins their role as risk factors, predictors, or even as driving force for the neurodegenerative process. As our understanding of sleep--wake neurobiology increases, new hypotheses emerge concerning the pathophysiology of SWD in early Parkinson's disease stages involving dopaminergic and nondopaminergic mechanisms. SUMMARY SWD are predictors for the development of parkinsonian syndromes including Parkinson's disease. This may offer the opportunity of developing new preventive strategies and interventions at an early stage of this neurodegenerative disease.
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226
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Cui P, Zhong T, Wang Z, Wang T, Zhao H, Liu C, Lu H. Identification of human circadian genes based on time course gene expression profiles by using a deep learning method. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:2274-2283. [PMID: 29241666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Circadian genes express periodically in an approximate 24-h period and the identification and study of these genes can provide deep understanding of the circadian control which plays significant roles in human health. Although many circadian gene identification algorithms have been developed, large numbers of false positives and low coverage are still major problems in this field. In this study we constructed a novel computational framework for circadian gene identification using deep neural networks (DNN) - a deep learning algorithm which can represent the raw form of data patterns without imposing assumptions on the expression distribution. Firstly, we transformed time-course gene expression data into categorical-state data to denote the changing trend of gene expression. Two distinct expression patterns emerged after clustering of the state data for circadian genes from our manually created learning dataset. DNN was then applied to discriminate the aperiodic genes and the two subtypes of periodic genes. In order to assess the performance of DNN, four commonly used machine learning methods including k-nearest neighbors, logistic regression, naïve Bayes, and support vector machines were used for comparison. The results show that the DNN model achieves the best balanced precision and recall. Next, we conducted large scale circadian gene detection using the trained DNN model for the remaining transcription profiles. Comparing with JTK_CYCLE and a study performed by Möller-Levet et al. (doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217154110), we identified 1132 novel periodic genes. Through the functional analysis of these novel circadian genes, we found that the GTPase superfamily exhibits distinct circadian expression patterns and may provide a molecular switch of circadian control of the functioning of the immune system in human blood. Our study provides novel insights into both the circadian gene identification field and the study of complex circadian-driven biological control. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Accelerating Precision Medicine through Genetic and Genomic Big Data Analysis edited by Yudong Cai & Tao Huang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tingyan Zhong
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Heaven, USA
| | - Chenglin Liu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Hui Lu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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227
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Phillipson OT. Alpha-synuclein, epigenetics, mitochondria, metabolism, calcium traffic, & circadian dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. An integrated strategy for management. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:149-167. [PMID: 28986235 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The motor deficits which characterise the sporadic form of Parkinson's disease arise from age-related loss of a subset of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Although motor symptoms respond to dopamine replacement therapies, the underlying disease process remains. This review details some features of the progressive molecular pathology and proposes deployment of a combination of nutrients: R-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, ubiquinol, melatonin (or receptor agonists) and vitamin D3, with the collective potential to slow progression of these features. The main nutrient targets include impaired mitochondria and the associated oxidative/nitrosative stress, calcium stress and impaired gene transcription induced by pathogenic forms of alpha- synuclein. Benefits may be achieved via nutrient influence on epigenetic signaling pathways governing transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defences and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, via regulation of the metabolic energy sensor AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR. Nutrients also benefit expression of the transcription factor for neuronal survival (NR4A2), trophic factors GDNF and BDNF, and age-related calcium signals. In addition a number of non-motor related dysfunctions in circadian control, clock genes and associated metabolic, endocrine and sleep-wake activity are briefly addressed, as are late-stage complications in respect of cognitive decline and osteoporosis. Analysis of the network of nutrient effects reveals how beneficial synergies may counter the accumulation and promote clearance of pathogenic alpha-synuclein.
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228
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Shen Y, Guo X, Han C, Wan F, Ma K, Guo S, Wang L, Xia Y, Liu L, Lin Z, Huang J, Xiong N, Wang T. The implication of neuronimmunoendocrine (NIE) modulatory network in the pathophysiologic process of Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3741-3768. [PMID: 28623510 PMCID: PMC11107509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder implicitly marked by the substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron degeneration and explicitly characterized by the motor and non-motor symptom complexes. Apart from the nigrostriatal dopamine depletion, the immune and endocrine study findings are also frequently reported, which, in fact, have helped to broaden the symptom spectrum and better explain the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Nevertheless, based on the neural, immune, and endocrine findings presented above, it is still difficult to fully recapitulate the pathophysiologic process of PD. Therefore, here, in this review, we have proposed the neuroimmunoendocrine (NIE) modulatory network in PD, aiming to achieve a more comprehensive interpretation of the pathogenesis and progression of this disease. As a matter of fact, in addition to the classical motor symptoms, NIE modulatory network can also underlie the non-motor symptoms such as gastrointestinal, neuropsychiatric, circadian rhythm, and sleep disorders in PD. Moreover, the dopamine (DA)-melatonin imbalance in the retino-diencephalic/mesencephalic-pineal axis also provides an alternative explanation for the motor complications in the process of DA replacement therapy. In conclusion, the NIE network can be expected to deepen our understanding and facilitate the multi-dimensional management and therapy of PD in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Xingfang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Shiyi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, and Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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229
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Chahine LM, Amara AW, Videnovic A. A systematic review of the literature on disorders of sleep and wakefulness in Parkinson's disease from 2005 to 2015. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 35:33-50. [PMID: 27863901 PMCID: PMC5332351 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are among the most common non-motor manifestations in Parkinson's disease (PD) and have a significant negative impact on quality of life. While sleep disorders in PD share most characteristics with those that occur in the general population, there are several considerations specific to this patient population regarding diagnosis, management, and implications. The available research on these disorders is expanding rapidly, but many questions remain unanswered. We thus conducted a systematic review of the literature published from 2005 to 2015 on the following disorders of sleep and wakefulness in PD: REM sleep behavior disorder, insomnia, nocturia, restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements, sleep disordered breathing, excessive daytime sleepiness, and circadian rhythm disorders. We discuss the epidemiology, etiology, clinical implications, associated features, evaluation measures, and management of these disorders. The influence on sleep of medications used in the treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD is detailed. Additionally, we suggest areas in need of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama M Chahine
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 330 S. 9th st, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Amy W Amara
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aleksandar Videnovic
- Neurobiological Clinical Research Institute, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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230
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Willis GL, Freelance CB. Emerging preclinical interest concerning the role of circadian function in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2017; 1678:203-213. [PMID: 28958865 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of circadian function in the aetiology, progression and treatment of Parkinson's disease is a topic of increasing interest to the scientific and clinical community. While clinical studies on this theme are relatively new and limited in number there are many preclinical studies which explore possible circadian involvement in Parkinson's disease and speculate as to the mechanism by which clinical benefit can be derived by manipulating the circadian system. The present review explores the sequelae of circadian related studies from a historical perspective and reveals mechanisms that may be involved in the aetiology and progression of the disease. A systematic review of these studies also sets the stage for understanding the basic neuroscientific approaches which have been applied and provides new direction from which circadian function can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Willis
- The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Coliban Medical Centre, 19 Jennings Street, Kyneton, Vic 3444, Australia.
| | - Christopher B Freelance
- The Bronowski Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Coliban Medical Centre, 19 Jennings Street, Kyneton, Vic 3444, Australia
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231
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Sabbar M, Dkhissi-Benyahya O, Benazzouz A, Lakhdar-Ghazal N. Circadian Clock Protein Content and Daily Rhythm of Locomotor Activity Are Altered after Chronic Exposure to Lead in Rat. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:178. [PMID: 28970786 PMCID: PMC5609114 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead exposure has been reported to produce many clinical features, including parkinsonism. However, its consequences on the circadian rhythms are still unknown. Here we aimed to examine the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity following lead intoxication and investigate the mechanisms by which lead may induce alterations of circadian rhythms in rats. Male Wistar rats were injected with lead or sodium acetate (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) during 4 weeks. Both groups were tested in the “open field” to quantify the exploratory activity and in the rotarod to evaluate motor coordination. Then, animals were submitted to continuous 24 h recordings of locomotor activity under 14/10 Light/dark (14/10 LD) cycle and in complete darkness (DD). At the end of experiments, the clock proteins BMAL1, PER1-2, and CRY1-2 were assayed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) using immunohistochemistry. We showed that lead significantly reduced the number of crossing in the open field, impaired motor coordination and altered the daily locomotor activity rhythm. When the LD cycle was advanced by 6 h, both groups adjusted their daily locomotor activity to the new LD cycle with high onset variability in lead-intoxicated rats compared to controls. Lead also led to a decrease in the number of immunoreactive cells (ir-) of BMAL1, PER1, and PER2 without affecting the number of ir-CRY1 and ir-CRY2 cells in the SCN. Our data provide strong evidence that lead intoxication disturbs the rhythm of locomotor activity and alters clock proteins expression in the SCN. They contribute to the understanding of the mechanism by which lead induce circadian rhythms disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Sabbar
- Équipe de Recherche sur les Rythmes Biologiques, Neurosciences et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed VRabat, Morocco
| | - Ouria Dkhissi-Benyahya
- INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Lyon, France
| | - Abdelhamid Benazzouz
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, UMR5293Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293Bordeaux, France
| | - Nouria Lakhdar-Ghazal
- Équipe de Recherche sur les Rythmes Biologiques, Neurosciences et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed VRabat, Morocco
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232
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Li H, Fan X, Luo Y, Song S, Liu J, Fan Q. Repeated manganese administration produced abnormal expression of circadian clock genes in the hypothalamus and liver of rats. Neurotoxicology 2017; 62:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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233
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Trotti LM, Karroum EG. Melatonin for Sleep Disorders in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 16:63. [PMID: 27180068 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-016-0664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In patients with neurodegenerative diseases, sleep disorders are common; they impair the quality of life for patients and caregivers and are associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Melatonin has circadian, hypnotic, and free radical-scavenging effects, and preclinical data suggest benefits of melatonin on neurodegeneration. However, randomized, controlled trials of melatonin in patients with neurodegenerative diseases have not shown strong effects. Trials in Alzheimer's patients demonstrate a lack of benefit on sleep quantity. Subjective measures of sleep quality are mixed, with possible symptomatic improvements seen only on some measures or at some time points. Benefits on cognition have not been observed across several studies. In Parkinson's patients, there may be minimal benefit on objective sleep measures, but a suggestion of subjective benefit in few, small studies. Effective treatments for the sleep disorders associated with neurodegenerative diseases are urgently needed, but current data are insufficient to establish melatonin as such a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Marie Trotti
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Dr NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
- Emory Sleep Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Elias G Karroum
- Emory Sleep Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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234
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Jin Y, Hur TY, Hong Y. Circadian Rhythm Disruption and Subsequent Neurological Disorders in Night-Shift Workers. J Lifestyle Med 2017; 7:45-50. [PMID: 29026723 PMCID: PMC5618733 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2017.7.2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of people in highly industrialized society are employed in night-shift work. Night-shift work interrupts the 24-hour daily cycle known as the circadian rhythm, as well as melatonin synthesis. These disruptions can make the body susceptible to oxidative stress and neural damage. In this regard, it is recommended that employees avoid long-term exposure to night-shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | | | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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235
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Miranda-Morales E, Meier K, Sandoval-Carrillo A, Salas-Pacheco J, Vázquez-Cárdenas P, Arias-Carrión O. Implications of DNA Methylation in Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:225. [PMID: 28769760 PMCID: PMC5513956 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been 200 years since Parkinson’s disease (PD) was first described, yet many aspects of its etiopathogenesis remain unclear. PD is a progressive and complex neurodegenerative disorder caused by genetic and environmental factors including aging, nutrition, pesticides and exposure to heavy metals. DNA methylation may be altered in response to some of these factors; therefore, it is proposed that epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, can have a fundamental role in gene–environment interactions that are related with PD. Epigenetic changes in PD-associated genes are now widely studied in different populations, to discover the mechanisms that contribute to disease development and identify novel biomarkers for early diagnosis and future pharmacological treatment. While initial studies sought to find associations between promoter DNA methylation and the regulation of associated genes in PD brain tissue, more recent studies have described concordant DNA methylation patterns between blood and brain tissue DNA. These data justify the use of peripheral blood samples instead of brain tissue for epigenetic studies. Here, we summarize the current data about DNA methylation changes in PD and discuss the potential of DNA methylation as a potential biomarker for PD. Additionally, we discuss environmental and nutritional factors that have been implicated in DNA methylation. Although the search for significant DNA methylation changes and gene expression analyses of PD-associated genes have yielded inconsistent and contradictory results, epigenetic modifications remain under investigation for their potential to reveal the link between environmental risk factors and the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Miranda-Morales
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea GonzálezMexico City, Mexico.,Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de DurangoDurango, Mexico
| | - Karin Meier
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Ada Sandoval-Carrillo
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de DurangoDurango, Mexico
| | - José Salas-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de DurangoDurango, Mexico
| | | | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea GonzálezMexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
Purpose of review Sleep disorders are among the most challenging non-motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD) and significantly affect quality of life. Research in this field has gained recent interest among clinicians and scientists and is rapidly evolving. This review is dedicated to sleep and circadian dysfunction associated with PD. Recent findings Most primary sleep disorders may co-exist with PD; majority of these disorders have unique features when expressed in the PD population. Summary We discuss the specific considerations related to the common sleep problems in Parkinson's disease including insomnia, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, sleep disordered breathing, excessive daytime sleepiness and circadian rhythm disorders. Within each of these sleep disorders, we present updated definitions, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, clinical implications and management. Furthermore, areas of potential interest for further research are outlined.
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237
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Cruz-Monteagudo M, Schürer S, Tejera E, Pérez-Castillo Y, Medina-Franco JL, Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Borges F. Systemic QSAR and phenotypic virtual screening: chasing butterflies in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:994-1007. [PMID: 28274840 PMCID: PMC5487293 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current advances in systems biology suggest a new change of paradigm reinforcing the holistic nature of the drug discovery process. According to the principles of systems biology, a simple drug perturbing a network of targets can trigger complex reactions. Therefore, it is possible to connect initial events with final outcomes and consequently prioritize those events, leading to a desired effect. Here, we introduce a new concept, 'Systemic Chemogenomics/Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR)'. To elaborate on the concept, relevant information surrounding it is addressed. The concept is challenged by implementing a systemic QSAR approach for phenotypic virtual screening (VS) of candidate ligands acting as neuroprotective agents in Parkinson's disease (PD). The results support the suitability of the approach for the phenotypic prioritization of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Cruz-Monteagudo
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
| | - Stephan Schürer
- Department of Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine and Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIB), Universidad de Las Américas, 170513 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Yunierkis Pérez-Castillo
- Sección Físico Química y Matemáticas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto S/N, EC1101608 Loja, Ecuador
| | - José L Medina-Franco
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Aminael Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle París S/N, EC1101608 Loja, Ecuador
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
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238
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Hood S, Amir S. Neurodegeneration and the Circadian Clock. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:170. [PMID: 28611660 PMCID: PMC5447688 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite varied etiologies and symptoms, several neurodegenerative diseases—specifically, Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), and Huntington’s diseases (HDs)—share the common feature of abnormal circadian rhythms, such as those in behavior (e.g., disrupted sleep/wake cycles), physiological processes (e.g., diminished hormone release) and biochemical activities (e.g., antioxidant production). Circadian disturbances are among the earliest symptoms of these diseases, and the molecular mechanisms of the circadian system are suspected to play a pivotal, and possibly causal, role in their natural histories. Here, we review the common circadian abnormalities observed in ADs, PDs and HDs, and summarize the evidence that the molecular circadian clockwork directly influences the course of these disease states. On the basis of this research, we explore several circadian-oriented interventions proposed as treatments for these neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Hood
- Department of Psychology, Bishop's UniversitySherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Shimon Amir
- Department of Psychology, Concordia UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
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239
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Melatonin receptors: distribution in mammalian brain and their respective putative functions. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2921-2939. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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240
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La Morgia C, Ross-Cisneros FN, Sadun AA, Carelli V. Retinal Ganglion Cells and Circadian Rhythms in Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Beyond. Front Neurol 2017; 8:162. [PMID: 28522986 PMCID: PMC5415575 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing awareness on the role played by circadian rhythm abnormalities in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The characterization of the circadian dysfunction parallels the mounting evidence that the hallmarks of neurodegeneration also affect the retina and frequently lead to loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and to different degrees of optic neuropathy. In the RGC population, there is the subgroup of cells intrinsically photosensitive and expressing the photopigment melanopsin [melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs)], which are now well known to drive the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the light–dark cycles. Thus, the correlation between the pathological changes affecting the retina and mRGCs with the circadian imbalance in these neurodegenerative diseases is now clearly emerging, pointing to the possibility that these patients might be amenable to and benefit from light therapy. Currently, this connection is better established for AD and PD, but the same scenario may apply to other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington’s disease. This review highlights similarities and differences in the retinal/circadian rhythm axis in these neurodegenerative diseases posing a working frame for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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241
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Julienne H, Buhl E, Leslie DS, Hodge JJL. Drosophila PINK1 and parkin loss-of-function mutants display a range of non-motor Parkinson's disease phenotypes. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 104:15-23. [PMID: 28435104 PMCID: PMC5469398 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is more commonly associated with its motor symptoms and the related degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that PD patients also display a wide range of non-motor symptoms, including memory deficits and disruptions of their sleep-wake cycles. These have a large impact on their quality of life, and often precede the onset of motor symptoms, but their etiology is poorly understood. The fruit fly Drosophila has already been successfully used to model PD, and has been used extensively to study relevant non-motor behaviours in other contexts, but little attention has yet been paid to modelling non-motor symptoms of PD in this genetically tractable organism. We examined memory performance and circadian rhythms in flies with loss-of-function mutations in two PD genes: PINK1 and parkin. We found learning and memory abnormalities in both mutant genotypes, as well as a weakening of circadian rhythms that is underpinned by electrophysiological changes in clock neurons. Our study paves the way for further work that may help us understand the mechanisms underlying these neglected aspects of PD, thus identifying new targets for treatments to address these non-motor problems specifically and perhaps even to halt disease progression in its prodromal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Julienne
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Edgar Buhl
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - David S Leslie
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Fylde College, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, United Kingdom
| | - James J L Hodge
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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242
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Ylikoski A, Martikainen K, Sieminski M, Partinen M. Sleeping difficulties and health-related quality of life in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 135:459-468. [PMID: 27282092 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various sleep-related symptoms occur in Parkinson's disease (PD). Their occurrence with health-related quality of life (HRQL), comorbid sleep disorders, and other comorbidities was studied. METHODS Altogether, 1447 randomly selected patients with Parkinson's disease, aged 43-89 years, participated in a questionnaire study. A structured questionnaire with 207 items was based on the Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire. Questions on demographics, PD, sleep disorders, and comorbidities were included. RESULTS The response rate was 59.0%, and of these, 80% had answered to all questions that were used in the analyses (N=684). Occurrence of long sleep was found in 26.2% of the subjects, short sleep in 32.5%, poor sleep in 21.2%, sleep deprivation in 33.8%, disrupted sleep in 47.4%, and difficulties to fall asleep in 12.2%, respectively. Poor self-rated health and poor quality of life occurred in 44.4% and in 43.3% of all participants. In the logistic regression, age and gender differentially predicted long sleep and sleep deprivation, such that older age and being male were positively associated with long sleep but negatively associated with the report of sleep deprivation. Depression, subjective negative stress, and fatigue occurred with long sleep. On the other hand, poor sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness occurred with short sleep and sleep deprivation. CONCLUSIONS The sleep difficulties in PD are frequent. The long sleeping patients have depression, stress, and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ylikoski
- Vitalmed Research Center; Helsinki Sleep Clinic; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Neurology; Hospital of Laakso; Helsinki Finland
| | | | - M. Sieminski
- Department of Adult Neurology; Medical University of Gdansk; Gdansk Poland
| | - M. Partinen
- Vitalmed Research Center; Helsinki Sleep Clinic; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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243
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Minos-insertion mutant of the Drosophila GBA gene homologue showed abnormal phenotypes of climbing ability, sleep and life span with accumulation of hydroxy-glucocerebroside. Gene 2017; 614:49-55. [PMID: 28286087 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher's disease in humans is considered a deficiency of glucocerebrosidase (GlcCerase) that result in the accumulation of its substrate, glucocerebroside (GlcCer). Although mouse models of Gaucher's disease have been reported from several laboratories, these models are limited due to the perinatal lethality of GlcCerase gene. Here, we examined phenotypes of Drosophila melanogaster homologues genes of the human Gaucher's disease gene by using Minos insertion. One of two Minos insertion mutants to unknown function gene (CG31414) accumulates the hydroxy-GlcCer in whole body of Drosophila melanogaster. This mutant showed abnormal phenotypes of climbing ability and sleep, and short lifespan. These abnormal phenotypes are very similar to that of Gaucher's disease in human. In contrast, another Minos insertion mutant (CG31148) and its RNAi line did not show such severe phenotype as observed in CG31414 gene mutation. The data suggests that Drosophila CG31414 gene mutation might be useful for unraveling the molecular mechanism of Gaucher's disease.
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244
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Seres T, Szakács Z, Pető N, Kellős É, Fáy V, Karaszova J, Kontra A, Lalátka O, Domján G. Sleep-related breathing disorders in Hungarian patients with Parkinson’s disease. NEW MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0009.7837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Typical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are motor symptoms. However, the non-motor symptoms, which may occur in any phase of the disease, are now in the center of the clinical attention. These symptoms include neuropsychiatric dysfunctions, dysautonomy, sleep disorders, and sensory symptoms, such as pain. Sleep disorders are common in PD patients. Aim. The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in patients with PD. We also wanted to analyze the sleep architecture in Parkinson’s disease using polysomnography. Material and methods. 50 patients who had visited the Neurology Department of Hungarian Defence Forces Military Hospital between February 2014 and April 2016 were recruited for the study. Every patient with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease stage 1 to 3 was included, regardless of their sleeping complaints. Every patient underwent nocturnal, in-laboratory polysomnography, the results of which were subsequently assessed by a somnologist. Sleep stages were distinguished and the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) was calculated according to the recommendations of the Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Results. The total in-laboratory sleep time ranged from 189 minutes to 501 minutes, with the mean value of 298 minutes. Total sleep time was reduced (< 5 hours) in 28 patients (56%). Sleep latency was prolonged (< 0.5 hours) in 33 patients (> 66%). In older patients (≥ 75 years old), the sleep latency was longer. The normal sleep efficiency of > 85% was seen in only 8 patients. The sleep efficiency ranged from 56% to 89%, with a mean value of 74.1%. 9 patients in our study group had 3 rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episodes, 37 patients had 2 REM episodes and 4 patients had only 1 REM episode. There was a negative correlation between the score on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the number of REM episodes. REM sleep onset latency was prolonged (> 2 hours) in 82% (n = 42) of our patients. Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) were seen in 18 patients. There was a negative correlation between age and PLMS index. All the patients in our study who had been diagnosed with restless leg syndrome (RLS) had PLMS . Sleep latency was prolonged in 7 out of 17 patients suffering from RLS. 64% (n = 32) of our patients were diagnosed with OSAS. The prevalence of severe, moderate and mild OSAS was 22%, 32% and 10%, respectively. Patients with moderate and severe OSAS (AHI > 15 hours) had higher age than patients without OSAS (p < 0.005). The mean ESS score was higher in OSAS patients (p = 0.05). Snoring was present in 78% of the OSAS patients. Apnea witnessed by a partner was the most specific symptom, present in 92% of OSAS patients. We did not find significant differences between the groups with and without OSAS in regard of UPDRS (unified PD rating scale) and Hoehn & Yahr’s modified evaluation scale and Schwab & England’s functional evaluation scale. Conclusions. OSAS is a common sleep disorder in PD patients. It has a higher prevalence in older PD patients and it is associated with greater daytime sleepiness. Snoring is the most sensitive symptom, and apneas witnessed by a partner are the most specific symptom of OSAS in PD patients.
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245
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Loddo G, Calandra-Buonaura G, Sambati L, Giannini G, Cecere A, Cortelli P, Provini F. The Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: From Research to Clinical Practice. Front Neurol 2017; 8:42. [PMID: 28261151 PMCID: PMC5311042 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disorders (SDs) are one of the most frequent non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), usually increasing in frequency over the course of the disease and disability progression. SDs include nocturnal and diurnal manifestations such as insomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness. The causes of SDs in PD are numerous, including the neurodegeneration process itself, which can disrupt the networks regulating the sleep–wake cycle and deplete a large number of cerebral amines possibly playing a role in the initiation and maintenance of sleep. Despite the significant prevalence of SDs in PD patients, few clinical trials on SDs treatment have been conducted. Our aim is to critically review the principal therapeutic options for the most common SDs in PD. The appropriate diagnosis and treatment of SDs in PD can lead to the consolidation of nocturnal sleep, the enhancement of daytime alertness, and the amelioration of the quality of life of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Loddo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Giovanna Calandra-Buonaura
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisa Sambati
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Giannini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annagrazia Cecere
- Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Provini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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246
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms play an influential role in nearly all aspects of physiology and behavior in the vast majority of species on Earth. The biological clockwork that regulates these rhythms is dynamic over the lifespan: rhythmic activities such as sleep/wake patterns change markedly as we age, and in many cases they become increasingly fragmented. Given that prolonged disruptions of normal rhythms are highly detrimental to health, deeper knowledge of how our biological clocks change with age may create valuable opportunities to improve health and longevity for an aging global population. In this Review, we synthesize key findings from the study of circadian rhythms in later life, identify patterns of change documented to date, and review potential physiological mechanisms that may underlie these changes.
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247
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De Pablo-Fernández E, Breen DP, Bouloux PM, Barker RA, Foltynie T, Warner TT. Neuroendocrine abnormalities in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:176-185. [PMID: 27799297 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine abnormalities are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and include disruption of melatonin secretion, disturbances of glucose, insulin resistance and bone metabolism, and body weight changes. They have been associated with multiple non-motor symptoms in PD and have important clinical consequences, including therapeutics. Some of the underlying mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD and represent promising targets for the development of disease biomarkers and neuroprotective therapies. In this systems-based review, we describe clinically relevant neuroendocrine abnormalities in Parkinson's disease to highlight their role in overall phenotype. We discuss pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical implications, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions based on the current evidence. We also review recent advances in the field, focusing on the potential targets for development of neuroprotective drugs in Parkinson's disease and suggest future areas for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo De Pablo-Fernández
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David P Breen
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre M Bouloux
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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248
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Liu F, Chang HC. Physiological links of circadian clock and biological clock of aging. Protein Cell 2017; 8:477-488. [PMID: 28108951 PMCID: PMC5498335 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms orchestrate biochemical and physiological processes in living organisms to respond the day/night cycle. In mammals, nearly all cells hold self-sustained circadian clocks meanwhile couple the intrinsic rhythms to systemic changes in a hierarchical manner. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus functions as the master pacemaker to initiate daily synchronization according to the photoperiod, in turn determines the phase of peripheral cellular clocks through a variety of signaling relays, including endocrine rhythms and metabolic cycles. With aging, circadian desynchrony occurs at the expense of peripheral metabolic pathologies and central neurodegenerative disorders with sleep symptoms, and genetic ablation of circadian genes in model organisms resembled the aging-related features. Notably, a number of studies have linked longevity nutrient sensing pathways in modulating circadian clocks. Therapeutic strategies that bridge the nutrient sensing pathways and circadian clock might be rational designs to defy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hung-Chun Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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249
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Musiek ES, Videnovic A. Sleep and clocks - implications for brain health. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2017; 2:1-3. [PMID: 31236492 PMCID: PMC6575571 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Musiek
- Neurology and Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Movement Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aleksandar Videnovic
- Movement Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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250
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Ito K, Kawasaki H, Suzuki T, Takahara T, Ishida N. Effects of Kamikihito and Unkei-to on Sleep Behavior of Wild Type and Parkinson Model in Drosophila. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:132. [PMID: 28824465 PMCID: PMC5534454 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and it is associated with sleep behavior disorders. In Drosophila melanogaster disease model, human α-synuclein A30P overexpressing flies (A30P PD model) have been shown for levy body aggregation and movement disorders. We measured sleep rhythms in the A30P PD model flies using the Drosophila Activity Monitoring system and found that they develop sleep defects at 20 days after eclosion. Furthermore, the total amount of sleep is significantly reduced in middle-aged PD model flies and the reduction has been attributed to nighttime sleep. The number and length of sleep bouts also decreased in middle-aged A30P PD model flies. Feeding of the oriental traditional herbal medicines (Kampo), Kamikihito and Unkei-to significantly ameliorate the level of sleep defects in A30P PD model flies. The Kamikihito and Unkei-to recovered 60-min sleep bouts number in the A30P PD model flies to the level of young (5 days after eclosion) flies. Kamikihito recovered sleep both in wild-type and PD model flies. Unkei-to ameliorates not only sleep but also motor function in PD model flies. The data suggest that Kamikihito and Unkei-to might be useful for the sleep defects in human PD patients as well as healthy human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumpei Ito
- Institute of Chronobiology, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ishida Group of Clock Gene, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST) 6 Central, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kawasaki
- Institute of Chronobiology, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ishida Group of Clock Gene, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST) 6 Central, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Institute of Chronobiology, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ishida Group of Clock Gene, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST) 6 Central, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Takahara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ishida Group of Clock Gene, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST) 6 Central, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Norio Ishida
- Institute of Chronobiology, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ishida Group of Clock Gene, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST) 6 Central, Tsukuba, Japan
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