201
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Sidorova J. A game of substrates: replication fork remodeling and its roles in genome stability and chemo-resistance. Cell Stress 2017; 1:115-133. [PMID: 29355244 PMCID: PMC5771654 DOI: 10.15698/cst2017.12.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the hours that human cells spend in the DNA synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle, they may encounter adversities such as DNA damage or shortage of nucleotides. Under these stresses, replication forks in DNA may experience slowing, stalling, and breakage. Fork remodeling mechanisms, which stabilize slow or stalled replication forks and ensure their ability to continue or resume replication, protect cells from genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Fork remodeling includes DNA strand exchanges that result in annealing of newly synthesized strands (fork reversal), controlled DNA resection, and cleavage of DNA strands. Defects in major tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, and a subset of the Fanconi Anemia genes have been shown to result in deregulation in fork remodeling, and most prominently, loss of kilobases of nascent DNA from stalled replication forks. This phenomenon has recently gained spotlight as a potential marker and mediator of chemo-sensitivity in cancer cells and, conversely, its suppression - as a hallmark of acquired chemo-resistance. Moreover, nascent strand degradation at forks is now known to also trigger innate immune response to self-DNA. An increasingly sophisticated molecular description of these events now points at a combination of unbalanced fork reversal and end-resection as a root cause, yet also reveals the multi-layered complexity and heterogeneity of the underlying processes in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sidorova
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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202
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Mollah ZUA, Quah HS, Graham KL, Jhala G, Krishnamurthy B, Dharma JFM, Chee J, Trivedi PM, Pappas EG, Mackin L, Chu EPF, Akazawa S, Fynch S, Hodson C, Deans AJ, Trapani JA, Chong MMW, Bird PI, Brodnicki TC, Thomas HE, Kay TWH. Granzyme A Deficiency Breaks Immune Tolerance and Promotes Autoimmune Diabetes Through a Type I Interferon-Dependent Pathway. Diabetes 2017; 66:3041-3050. [PMID: 28733313 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme A is a protease implicated in the degradation of intracellular DNA. Nucleotide complexes are known triggers of systemic autoimmunity, but a role in organ-specific autoimmune disease has not been demonstrated. To investigate whether such a mechanism could be an endogenous trigger for autoimmunity, we examined the impact of granzyme A deficiency in the NOD mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. Granzyme A deficiency resulted in an increased incidence in diabetes associated with accumulation of ssDNA in immune cells and induction of an interferon response in pancreatic islets. Central tolerance to proinsulin in transgenic NOD mice was broken on a granzyme A-deficient background. We have identified a novel endogenous trigger for autoimmune diabetes and an in vivo role for granzyme A in maintaining immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Sheng Quah
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L Graham
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaurang Jhala
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanna Francisca M Dharma
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prerak M Trivedi
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evan G Pappas
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne Mackin
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward P F Chu
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Stacey Fynch
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew J Deans
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark M W Chong
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas C Brodnicki
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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203
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Kretschmer S, Lee-Kirsch MA. Type I interferon-mediated autoinflammation and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 49:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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204
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease known for its clinical heterogeneity. Over time, new insights into the complex genetic origin of SLE have started to explain some of this clinical variability. These findings, reviewed here, have also yielded important understanding in the immune mechanisms behind SLE pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Several new monogenic disorders with lupus-like phenotype have been described. These can be organized into physiologic pathways that parallel mechanisms of disease in SLE. Examples include genes important for DNA damage repair (e.g., TREX1), nucleic acid sensing and type I interferon overproduction (e.g., STING, TREX1), apoptosis (FASLG), tolerance (PRKCD), and clearance of self-antigen (DNASE1L3). Further study of monogenic lupus may lead to better genotype/phenotype correlations in SLE. Eventually, the ability to understand individual patients according to their genetic profile may allow the development of more targeted and personalized approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy S Lo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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205
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Bai Y, Tong Y, Liu Y, Hu H. Self-dsDNA in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:1-10. [PMID: 28836661 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic and poly-aetiological autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies to autologous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) which serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers. The defective clearance of apoptotic material, together with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), provides abundant chromatin or self-dsDNA to trigger the production of anti-dsDNA antibodies, although the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In SLE patients, the immune complex (IC) of dsDNA and its autoantibodies trigger the robust type I interferon (IFN-I) production through intracellular DNA sensors, which drives the adaptive immune system to break down self-tolerance. In this review, we will discuss the potential resources of self-dsDNA, the mechanisms of self-dsDNA-mediated inflammation through various DNA sensors and its functions in SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Tong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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206
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TREX through Cutaneous Health and Disease. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 136:2337-2339. [PMID: 27884288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
TREX1 and 2 are exonucleases that repair and degrade DNA. Degradation of DNA is involved in maintaining the integrity of the epidermis. The importance of these enzymes to cutaneous integrity is observed when TREX1 and TREX2 pathways become aberrant, and autoimmune or cancerous diseases ensue. Manils et al. have now shown that overexpression of TREX2 may play a role in potentiating psoriasis. Thus, these pathways are likely targets for novel therapeutics.
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207
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Thomas CA, Tejwani L, Trujillo CA, Negraes PD, Herai RH, Mesci P, Macia A, Crow YJ, Muotri AR. Modeling of TREX1-Dependent Autoimmune Disease using Human Stem Cells Highlights L1 Accumulation as a Source of Neuroinflammation. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:319-331.e8. [PMID: 28803918 PMCID: PMC5591075 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Three-prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is an anti-viral enzyme that cleaves nucleic acids in the cytosol, preventing accumulation and a subsequent type I interferon-associated inflammatory response. Autoimmune diseases, including Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) and systemic lupus erythematosus, can arise when TREX1 function is compromised. AGS is a neuroinflammatory disorder with severe and persistent intellectual and physical problems. Here we generated a human AGS model that recapitulates disease-relevant phenotypes using pluripotent stem cells lacking TREX1. We observed abundant extrachromosomal DNA in TREX1-deficient neural cells, of which endogenous Long Interspersed Element-1 retrotransposons were a major source. TREX1-deficient neurons also exhibited increased apoptosis and formed three-dimensional cortical organoids of reduced size. TREX1-deficient astrocytes further contributed to the observed neurotoxicity through increased type I interferon secretion. In this model, reverse-transcriptase inhibitors rescued the neurotoxicity of AGS neurons and organoids, highlighting their potential utility in therapeutic regimens for AGS and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leon Tejwani
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Pinar Mesci
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angela Macia
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yanick J Crow
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France; Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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208
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Li P, Du J, Goodier JL, Hou J, Kang J, Kazazian HH, Zhao K, Yu XF. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome protein TREX1 suppresses L1 and maintains genome integrity through exonuclease-independent ORF1p depletion. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:4619-4631. [PMID: 28334850 PMCID: PMC5416883 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining genome integrity is important for cells and damaged DNA triggers autoimmunity. Previous studies have reported that Three-prime repair exonuclease 1(TREX1), an endogenous DNA exonuclease, prevents immune activation by depleting damaged DNA, thus preventing the development of certain autoimmune diseases. Consistently, mutations in TREX1 are linked with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS) and familial chilblain lupus. However, TREX1 mutants competent for DNA exonuclease activity are also linked to AGS. Here, we report a nuclease-independent involvement of TREX1 in preventing the L1 retrotransposon-induced DNA damage response. TREX1 interacted with ORF1p and altered its intracellular localization. Furthermore, TREX1 triggered ORF1p depletion and reduced the L1-mediated nicking of genomic DNA. TREX1 mutants related to AGS were deficient in inducing ORF1p depletion and could not prevent L1-mediated DNA damage. Therefore, our findings not only reveal a new mechanism for TREX1-mediated L1 suppression and uncover a new function for TREX1 in protein destabilization, but they also suggest a novel mechanism for TREX1-mediated suppression of innate immune activation through maintaining genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Juan Du
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - John L Goodier
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jingwei Hou
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Haig H Kazazian
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ke Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.,Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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209
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Achleitner M, Kleefisch M, Hennig A, Peschke K, Polikarpova A, Oertel R, Gabriel B, Schulze L, Lindeman D, Gerbaulet A, Fiebig U, Lee-Kirsch MA, Roers A, Behrendt R. Lack of Trex1 Causes Systemic Autoimmunity despite the Presence of Antiretroviral Drugs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2261-2269. [PMID: 28835460 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Biallelic mutations of three prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) cause the lupus-like disease Aicardi-Goutières syndrome in which accumulation of a yet unknown endogenous DNA substrate of TREX1 triggers a cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-dependent type I IFN response and systemic autoimmunity. Products of reverse transcription originating from endogenous retroelements have been suggested to be a major substrate for TREX1, and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) were proposed as a therapeutic option in autoimmunity ensuing from defects of TREX1. In this study, we treated Trex1-/- mice with RTIs. The serum RTI levels reached were sufficient to block retrotransposition of endogenous retroelements. However, the treatment did not reduce the spontaneous type I IFN response and did not ameliorate lethal inflammation. Furthermore, long interspersed nuclear elements 1 retrotransposition was not enhanced in the absence of Trex1. Our data do not support the concept of retroelement-derived cDNA as key triggers of systemic autoimmunity in Trex1-deficient humans and mice and motivate the continuing search for the pathogenic IFN-inducing Trex1 substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Achleitner
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Kleefisch
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Hennig
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Peschke
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anastasia Polikarpova
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Oertel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin Gabriel
- Division for HIV and Other Retroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Livia Schulze
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Lindeman
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Alexander Gerbaulet
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Division for HIV and Other Retroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Molecular Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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210
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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211
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Luecke S, Holleufer A, Christensen MH, Jønsson KL, Boni GA, Sørensen LK, Johannsen M, Jakobsen MR, Hartmann R, Paludan SR. cGAS is activated by DNA in a length-dependent manner. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1707-1715. [PMID: 28801534 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA stimulates innate immune responses, including type I interferons (IFN), which have antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes cytoplasmic DNA and signals via STING to induce IFN production. Despite the importance of DNA in innate immunity, the nature of the DNA that stimulates IFN production is not well described. Using low DNA concentrations, we show that dsDNA induces IFN in a length-dependent manner. This is observed over a wide length-span of DNA, ranging from the minimal stimulatory length to several kilobases, and is fully dependent on cGAS irrespective of DNA length. Importantly, in vitro studies reveal that long DNA activates recombinant human cGAS more efficiently than short DNA, showing that length-dependent DNA recognition is an intrinsic property of cGAS independent of accessory proteins. Collectively, this work identifies long DNA as the molecular entity stimulating the cGAS pathway upon cytosolic DNA challenge such as viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Luecke
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Holleufer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Gerardo A Boni
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lambert K Sørensen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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212
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Vanpouille-Box C, Formenti SC, Demaria S. Toward Precision Radiotherapy for Use with Immune Checkpoint Blockers. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:259-265. [PMID: 28751442 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first evidence that radiotherapy enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) was obtained a dozen years ago in a mouse model of metastatic carcinoma refractory to anti-CTLA-4 treatment. At the time, ICBs had just entered clinical testing, an endeavor that culminated in 2011 with the approval of the first anti-CTLA-4 antibody for use in metastatic melanoma patients (ipilimumab). Thereafter, some patients progressing on ipilimumab showed systemic responses only upon receiving radiation to one lesion, confirming clinically the proimmunogenic effects of radiation. Preclinical data demonstrate that multiple immunomodulators synergize with radiotherapy to cause the regression of irradiated tumors and, less often, nonirradiated metastases. However, the impact of dose and fractionation on the immunostimulatory potential of radiotherapy has not been thoroughly investigated. This issue is extremely relevant given the growing number of clinical trials testing the ability of radiotherapy to increase the efficacy of ICBs. Recent data demonstrate that the recruitment of dendritic cells to neoplastic lesions (and hence the priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells) is highly dependent on radiotherapy dose and fractionation through a mechanism that involves the accumulation of double-stranded DNA in the cytoplasm of cancer cells and consequent type I IFN release. The molecular links between the cellular response to radiotherapy and type I IFN secretion are just being uncovered. Here, we discuss the rationale for an optimized use of radiotherapy as well as candidate biomarkers that may predict clinical responses to radiotherapy combined with ICBs. Clin Cancer Res; 24(2); 259-65. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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213
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Abstract
Multiple DNA repair pathways maintain genome stability and ensure that DNA remains essentially unchanged over the life of a cell. Various human diseases occur if DNA repair is compromised, and most of these impact the nervous system, in some cases exclusively. However, it is often unclear what specific endogenous damage underpins disease pathology. Generally, the types of causative DNA damage are associated with replication, transcription, or oxidative metabolism; other direct sources of endogenous lesions may arise from aberrant topoisomerase activity or ribonucleotide incorporation into DNA. This review focuses on the etiology of DNA damage in the nervous system and the genome stability pathways that prevent human neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J McKinnon
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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214
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Abstract
Demaria and colleagues have recently identified three prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) as a key determinant for the limited immunogenicity of cancer cells responding to single high-dose radiation. TREX1 stands out as a promising target for the development of novel strategies to boost anticancer immune responses driven by radiation therapy (RT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 10065 New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 10065 New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, 10065 New York, NY, USA; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, 75006 Paris, France.
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215
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Vanpouille-Box C, Alard A, Aryankalayil MJ, Sarfraz Y, Diamond JM, Schneider RJ, Inghirami G, Coleman CN, Formenti SC, Demaria S. DNA exonuclease Trex1 regulates radiotherapy-induced tumour immunogenicity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15618. [PMID: 28598415 PMCID: PMC5472757 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1160] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is under investigation for its ability to enhance responses to immunotherapy. However, the mechanisms by which radiation induces anti-tumour T cells remain unclear. We show that the DNA exonuclease Trex1 is induced by radiation doses above 12-18 Gy in different cancer cells, and attenuates their immunogenicity by degrading DNA that accumulates in the cytosol upon radiation. Cytosolic DNA stimulates secretion of interferon-β by cancer cells following activation of the DNA sensor cGAS and its downstream effector STING. Repeated irradiation at doses that do not induce Trex1 amplifies interferon-β production, resulting in recruitment and activation of Batf3-dependent dendritic cells. This effect is essential for priming of CD8+ T cells that mediate systemic tumour rejection (abscopal effect) in the context of immune checkpoint blockade. Thus, Trex1 is an upstream regulator of radiation-driven anti-tumour immunity. Trex1 induction may guide the selection of radiation dose and fractionation in patients treated with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 169, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Amandine Alard
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 450 29th Street, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Present address: Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Tumor Biology Department, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research and Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building #10, Room B3 B406, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Yasmeen Sarfraz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 169, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Julie M Diamond
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 169, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Robert J Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 450 29th Street, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research and Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building #10, Room B3 B406, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 169, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 169, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
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216
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with no known cure that affects at least five million people worldwide. Monozygotic twin concordance and familial aggregation studies strongly suggest that lupus results from genetic predisposition along with environmental exposures including UV light. The majority of the common risk alleles associated with genetic predisposition to SLE map to genes associated with the immune system. However, evidence is emerging that implicates a role for aberrant DNA repair in the development of lupus. Here we summarize our current knowledge of the potential association of lupus with mutations in DNA repair genes. We also discuss how defective or aberrant DNA repair could lead to the development of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithy Meas
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew J Burak
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joann B Sweasy
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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217
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STING signaling in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy: A friend or foe? Cancer Lett 2017; 402:203-212. [PMID: 28602976 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a DNA sensor and an important cytoplasmic adaptor for other DNA sensors, such as Z-DNA binding protein 1 (DAI), DEAD-box helicase 41 (DDX41), and interferon-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). The activation of STING signaling leads to the production of type I interferons and some other pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are critical for host defense against viral infection. Recent accumulating evidences suggest that STING is also involved in tumor development. However, the role of STING signaling in tumorigenesis is complicated, and a comprehensive review is still lacking. In this paper, we provided an overview of the dual role of STING signaling in tumor development from clinical significance to fundamental mechanisms, as well as its pre-clinical application in cancer therapy.
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218
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Regulation and function of the cGAS-STING pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing. Nat Immunol 2017; 17:1142-9. [PMID: 27648547 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1269] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of microbial nucleic acids is a major mechanism by which the immune system detects pathogens. Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates innate immune responses through production of the second messenger cGAMP, which activates the adaptor STING. The cGAS-STING pathway not only mediates protective immune defense against infection by a large variety of DNA-containing pathogens but also detects tumor-derived DNA and generates intrinsic antitumor immunity. However, aberrant activation of the cGAS pathway by self DNA can also lead to autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Thus, the cGAS pathway must be properly regulated. Here we review the recent advances in understanding of the cGAS-STING pathway, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms and roles of this pathway in heath and disease.
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219
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Bhattacharya S, Srinivasan K, Abdisalaam S, Su F, Raj P, Dozmorov I, Mishra R, Wakeland EK, Ghose S, Mukherjee S, Asaithamby A. RAD51 interconnects between DNA replication, DNA repair and immunity. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:4590-4605. [PMID: 28334891 PMCID: PMC5416901 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD51, a multifunctional protein, plays a central role in DNA replication and homologous recombination repair, and is known to be involved in cancer development. We identified a novel role for RAD51 in innate immune response signaling. Defects in RAD51 lead to the accumulation of self-DNA in the cytoplasm, triggering a STING-mediated innate immune response after replication stress and DNA damage. In the absence of RAD51, the unprotected newly replicated genome is degraded by the exonuclease activity of MRE11, and the fragmented nascent DNA accumulates in the cytosol, initiating an innate immune response. Our data suggest that in addition to playing roles in homologous recombination-mediated DNA double-strand break repair and replication fork processing, RAD51 is also implicated in the suppression of innate immunity. Thus, our study reveals a previously uncharacterized role of RAD51 in initiating immune signaling, placing it at the hub of new interconnections between DNA replication, DNA repair, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souparno Bhattacharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kalayarasan Srinivasan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Salim Abdisalaam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Fengtao Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ritu Mishra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Subroto Ghose
- Department of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shibani Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aroumougame Asaithamby
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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220
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Lee HK, Heo J, Myung S, Shin IS, Kim TH. Homogeneous Electrochemical Assay for Real-time Monitoring of Exonuclease III Activity Based on a Graphene Monolayer. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heon-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Soonchunhyang University; Asan 31538 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Heo
- Department of Chemistry; Soonchunhyang University; Asan 31538 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Myung
- Thin Film Materials Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Soo Shin
- Department of Chemistry; Soongsil University; Seoul 06978 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Soonchunhyang University; Asan 31538 Republic of Korea
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221
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Topoisomerase II Inhibitors Induce DNA Damage-Dependent Interferon Responses Circumventing Ebola Virus Immune Evasion. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00368-17. [PMID: 28377530 PMCID: PMC5380843 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00368-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) protein VP35 inhibits production of interferon alpha/beta (IFN) by blocking RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways, thereby promoting virus replication and pathogenesis. A high-throughput screening assay, developed to identify compounds that either inhibit or bypass VP35 IFN-antagonist function, identified five DNA intercalators as reproducible hits from a library of bioactive compounds. Four, including doxorubicin and daunorubicin, are anthracycline antibiotics that inhibit topoisomerase II and are used clinically as chemotherapeutic drugs. These compounds were demonstrated to induce IFN responses in an ATM kinase-dependent manner and to also trigger the DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway of IFN induction. These compounds also suppress EBOV replication in vitro and induce IFN in the presence of IFN-antagonist proteins from multiple negative-sense RNA viruses. These findings provide new insights into signaling pathways activated by important chemotherapy drugs and identify a novel therapeutic approach for IFN induction that may be exploited to inhibit RNA virus replication. Ebola virus and other emerging RNA viruses are significant but unpredictable public health threats. Therapeutic approaches with broad-spectrum activity could provide an attractive response to such infections. We describe a novel assay that can identify small molecules that overcome Ebola virus-encoded innate immune evasion mechanisms. This assay identified as hits cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, including doxorubicin. Follow-up studies provide new insight into how doxorubicin induces interferon (IFN) responses, revealing activation of both the DNA damage response kinase ATM and the DNA sensor cGAS and its partner signaling protein STING. The studies further demonstrate that the ATM and cGAS-STING pathways of IFN induction are a point of vulnerability not only for Ebola virus but for other RNA viruses as well, because viral innate immune antagonists consistently fail to block these signals. These studies thereby define a novel avenue for therapeutic intervention against emerging RNA viruses.
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222
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Poli C, Augusto JF, Dauvé J, Adam C, Preisser L, Larochette V, Pignon P, Savina A, Blanchard S, Subra JF, Chevailler A, Procaccio V, Croué A, Créminon C, Morel A, Delneste Y, Fickenscher H, Jeannin P. IL-26 Confers Proinflammatory Properties to Extracellular DNA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3650-3661. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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223
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DNase-active TREX1 frame-shift mutants induce serologic autoimmunity in mice. J Autoimmun 2017; 81:13-23. [PMID: 28325644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TREX1/DNASE III, the most abundant 3'-5' DNA exonuclease in mammalian cells, is tail-anchored on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mutations at the N-terminus affecting TREX1 DNase activity are associated with autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). Mutations in the C-terminus of TREX1 cause loss of localization to the ER and dysregulation of oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) activity, and are associated with retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and in some cases with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we investigate mice with conditional expression of the most common RVCL mutation, V235fs, and another mouse expressing a conditional C-terminal mutation, D272fs, associated with a case of human SLE. Mice homozygous for either mutant allele express the encoded human TREX1 truncations without endogenous mouse TREX1, and both remain DNase active in tissues. The two mouse strains are similar phenotypically without major signs of retinal, cerebral or renal disease but exhibit striking elevations of autoantibodies in the serum. The broad range of autoantibodies is primarily against non-nuclear antigens, in sharp contrast to the predominantly DNA-related autoantibodies produced by a TREX1-D18N mouse that specifically lacks DNase activity. We also found that treatment with an OST inhibitor, aclacinomycin, rapidly suppressed autoantibody production in the TREX1 frame-shift mutant mice. Together, our study presents two new mouse models based on TREX1 frame-shift mutations with a unique set of serologic autoimmune-like phenotypes.
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224
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Abstract
During viral and bacterial infections, pathogen-derived cytosolic nucleic acids are recognized by the intracellular RNA sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I and melanoma-differentiated gene 5 and intracellular DNA sensors, including cyclic-di-GMP-AMP synthase, absent in melanoma 2, interferon (IFN)-gamma inducible protein 16, polymerase III, and so on. Binding of intracellular nucleic acids to these sensors activates downstream signaling cascades, resulting in the production of type I IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce appropriate systematic immune responses. While these sensors also recognize endogenous nucleic acids and activate immune responses, they can discriminate between self- and non-self-nucleic acids. However, dysfunction of these sensors or failure of regulatory mechanisms causes aberrant activation of immune response and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we focus on how intracellular immune sensors recognize exogenous nucleic acids and activate the innate immune system, and furthermore, how autoimmune diseases result from dysfunction of these sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ori
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology , Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama-cho , Ikoma , Nara , Japan
| | - Motoya Murase
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology , Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama-cho , Ikoma , Nara , Japan
| | - Taro Kawai
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology , Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama-cho , Ikoma , Nara , Japan
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225
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Erdal E, Haider S, Rehwinkel J, Harris AL, McHugh PJ. A prosurvival DNA damage-induced cytoplasmic interferon response is mediated by end resection factors and is limited by Trex1. Genes Dev 2017; 31:353-369. [PMID: 28279982 PMCID: PMC5358756 DOI: 10.1101/gad.289769.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are effective treatment methods for many types of cancer, but resistance is common. Recent findings indicate that antiviral type I interferon (IFN) signaling is induced by these treatments. However, the underlying mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Expression of a set of IFN-stimulated genes comprises an IFN-related DNA damage resistance signature (IRDS), which correlates strongly with resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy across different tumors. Classically, during viral infection, the presence of foreign DNA in the cytoplasm of host cells can initiate type I IFN signaling. Here, we demonstrate that DNA-damaging modalities used during cancer therapy lead to the release of ssDNA fragments from the cell nucleus into the cytosol, engaging this innate immune response. We found that the factors that control DNA end resection during double-strand break repair, including the Bloom syndrome (BLM) helicase and exonuclease 1 (EXO1), play a major role in generating these DNA fragments and that the cytoplasmic 3'-5' exonuclease Trex1 is required for their degradation. Analysis of mRNA expression profiles in breast tumors demonstrates that those with lower Trex1 and higher BLM and EXO1 expression levels are associated with poor prognosis. Targeting BLM and EXO1 could therefore represent a novel approach for circumventing the IRDS produced in response to cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkin Erdal
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Haider
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J McHugh
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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226
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Crowl JT, Gray EE, Pestal K, Volkman HE, Stetson DB. Intracellular Nucleic Acid Detection in Autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:313-336. [PMID: 28142323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protective immune responses to viral infection are initiated by innate immune sensors that survey extracellular and intracellular space for foreign nucleic acids. The existence of these sensors raises fundamental questions about self/nonself discrimination because of the abundance of self-DNA and self-RNA that occupy these same compartments. Recent advances have revealed that enzymes that metabolize or modify endogenous nucleic acids are essential for preventing inappropriate activation of the innate antiviral response. In this review, we discuss rare human diseases caused by dysregulated nucleic acid sensing, focusing primarily on intracellular sensors of nucleic acids. We summarize lessons learned from these disorders, we rationalize the existence of these diseases in the context of evolution, and we propose that this framework may also apply to a number of more common autoimmune diseases for which the underlying genetics and mechanisms are not yet fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Crowl
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109;
| | - Elizabeth E Gray
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109;
| | - Kathleen Pestal
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109;
| | - Hannah E Volkman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109;
| | - Daniel B Stetson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109;
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227
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Tumienė B, Voisin N, Preikšaitienė E, Petroška D, Grikinienė J, Samaitienė R, Utkus A, Reymond A, Kučinskas V. Inflammatory myopathy in a patient with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:154-158. [PMID: 28089741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is an inflammatory disorder belonging to the recently characterized group of type I interferonopathies. The most consistently affected tissues in AGS are the central nervous system and skin, but various organ systems and tissues have been reported to be affected, pointing to the systemic nature of the disease. Here we describe a patient with AGS due to a homozygous p.Arg114His mutation in the TREX1 gene. The histologically proven inflammatory myopathy in our patient expands the range of clinical features of AGS. Histological signs of muscle biopsies in the proband, and in two other AGS patients described earlier, are similar to those seen in various autoimmune myositises and could be ascribed to inapproapriate IFN I activation. In view of signs of possible mitochondrial damage in AGS, we propose that mitochondrial DNA could be a trigger of autoimmune responses in AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birutė Tumienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Centre for Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Norine Voisin
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eglė Preikšaitienė
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Centre for Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Donatas Petroška
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; National Centre of Pathology, Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Grikinienė
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rūta Samaitienė
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Utkus
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Centre for Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vaidutis Kučinskas
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Centre for Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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228
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Ge J, Dong ZZ, Bai DM, Zhang L, Hu YL, Ji DY, Li ZH. A novel label-free fluorescent molecular beacon for the detection of 3′–5′ exonuclease enzymatic activity using DNA-templated copper nanoclusters. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01761h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A label-free biosensor was developed for highly sensitive and selective determination of Exo III based on poly(T) molecular beacon-templated CuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ge
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Bai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Ya-Lei Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Dan-Yang Ji
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Hui Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
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229
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Abstract
Organisms throughout biology need to maintain the integrity of their genome. From bacteria to vertebrates, life has established sophisticated mechanisms to detect and eliminate foreign genetic material or to restrict its function and replication. Tremendous progress has been made in the understanding of these mechanisms which keep foreign or unwanted nucleic acids from viruses or phages in check. Mechanisms reach from restriction-modification systems and CRISPR/Cas in bacteria and archaea to RNA interference and immune sensing of nucleic acids, altogether integral parts of a system which is now appreciated as nucleic acid immunity. With inherited receptors and acquired sequence information, nucleic acid immunity comprises innate and adaptive components. Effector functions include diverse nuclease systems, intrinsic activities to directly restrict the function of foreign nucleic acids (e.g., PKR, ADAR1, IFIT1), and extrinsic pathways to alert the immune system and to elicit cytotoxic immune responses. These effects act in concert to restrict viral replication and to eliminate virus-infected cells. The principles of nucleic acid immunity are highly relevant for human disease. Besides its essential contribution to antiviral defense and restriction of endogenous retroelements, dysregulation of nucleic acid immunity can also lead to erroneous detection and response to self nucleic acids then causing sterile inflammation and autoimmunity. Even mechanisms of nucleic acid immunity which are not established in vertebrates are relevant for human disease when they are present in pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, or helminths or in pathogen-transmitting organisms such as insects. This review aims to provide an overview of the diverse mechanisms of nucleic acid immunity which mostly have been looked at separately in the past and to integrate them under the framework nucleic acid immunity as a basic principle of life, the understanding of which has great potential to advance medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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230
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Manils J, Casas E, Viña-Vilaseca A, López-Cano M, Díez-Villanueva A, Gómez D, Marruecos L, Ferran M, Benito C, Perrino FW, Vavouri T, de Anta JM, Ciruela F, Soler C. The Exonuclease Trex2 Shapes Psoriatic Phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2345-2355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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231
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MicroRNA regulation of endothelial TREX1 reprograms the tumour microenvironment. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13597. [PMID: 27886180 PMCID: PMC5133658 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rather than targeting tumour cells directly, elements of the tumour microenvironment can be modulated to sensitize tumours to the effects of therapy. Here we report a unique mechanism by which ectopic microRNA-103 can manipulate tumour-associated endothelial cells to enhance tumour cell death. Using gain-and-loss of function approaches, we show that miR-103 exacerbates DNA damage and inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Local, systemic or vascular-targeted delivery of miR-103 in tumour-bearing mice decreased angiogenesis and tumour growth. Mechanistically, miR-103 regulation of its target gene TREX1 in endothelial cells governs the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the tumour microenvironment. Our data suggest that this inflammatory milieu may potentiate tumour cell death by supporting immune activation and inducing tumour expression of Fas and TRAIL receptors. Our findings reveal miR-mediated crosstalk between vasculature and tumour cells that can be exploited to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation. The tumour microenvironment can be modulated to sensitize tumours to the effects of therapy. Here the authors show that radiation induced miR-103 downregulates TREX1 in endothelial cells, decreases angiogenesis and leads to the secretion of proinflammatory mediators that reduce tumour growth.
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232
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Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) play a central role in the immune defense against viral infections. Type I IFN activation is induced by pattern-recognition receptors of the innate immune system that sense pathogen-derived nucleic acids. Cellular responses to type I IFN signaling are orchestrated by a complex network of regulatory pathways that involve both the innate and adaptive immune system. The genetic and molecular dissection of rare Mendelian disorders associated with constitutive overproduction of type I IFN has provided unique insight into cell-intrinsic disease mechanisms that initiate and sustain autoinflammation and autoimmunity and that are caused by disturbances in the intracellular nucleic acid metabolism or in cytosolic nucleic acid-sensing pathways. Collectively, these findings have greatly advanced our understanding of mechanisms that protect the organism against inappropriate immune activation triggered by self nucleic acids while maintaining a prompt and efficient immune response to foreign nucleic acids derived from invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany;
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233
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Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom, p53 genes function to restrain mobile elements and recent observations indicate that transposons become derepressed in human cancers. Together, these emerging lines of evidence suggest that cancers driven by p53 mutations could represent "transpospoathies," i.e. disease states linked to eruptions of mobile elements. The transposopathy hypothesis predicts that p53 acts through conserved mechanisms to contain transposon movement, and in this way, prevents tumor formation. How transposon eruptions provoke neoplasias is not well understood but, from a broader perspective, this hypothesis also provides an attractive framework to explore unrestrained mobile elements as inciters of late-onset idiopathic disease. Also see the video abstract here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wylie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Amanda E Jones
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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234
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Ioannidou A, Goulielmaki E, Garinis GA. DNA Damage: From Chronic Inflammation to Age-Related Deterioration. Front Genet 2016; 7:187. [PMID: 27826317 PMCID: PMC5078321 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To lessen the "wear and tear" of existence, cells have evolved mechanisms that continuously sense DNA lesions, repair DNA damage and restore the compromised genome back to its native form. Besides genome maintenance pathways, multicellular organisms may also employ adaptive and innate immune mechanisms to guard themselves against bacteria or viruses. Recent evidence points to reciprocal interactions between DNA repair, DNA damage responses and aspects of immunity; both self-maintenance and defense responses share a battery of common players and signaling pathways aimed at safeguarding our bodily functions over time. In the short-term, this functional interplay would allow injured cells to restore damaged DNA templates or communicate their compromised state to the microenvironment. In the long-term, however, it may result in the (premature) onset of age-related degeneration, including cancer. Here, we discuss the beneficial and unrewarding outcomes of DNA damage-driven inflammation in the context of tissue-specific pathology and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ioannidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-HellasHeraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of CreteHeraklion, Greece
| | - Evi Goulielmaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas Heraklion, Greece
| | - George A Garinis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-HellasHeraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of CreteHeraklion, Greece
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235
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Abstract
The host takes use of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to defend against pathogen invasion or cellular damage. Among microorganism-associated molecular patterns detected by host PRRs, nucleic acids derived from bacteria or viruses are tightly supervised, providing a fundamental mechanism of host defense. Pathogenic DNAs are supposed to be detected by DNA sensors that induce the activation of NFκB or TBK1-IRF3 pathway. DNA sensor cGAS is widely expressed in innate immune cells and is a key sensor of invading DNAs in several cell types. cGAS binds to DNA, followed by a conformational change that allows the synthesis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) from adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate. cGAMP is a strong activator of STING that can activate IRF3 and subsequent type I interferon production. Here we describe recent progresses in DNA sensors especially cGAS in the innate immune responses against pathogenic DNAs.
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236
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Insights from Mendelian Interferonopathies: Comparison of CANDLE, SAVI with AGS, Monogenic Lupus. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:1111-1127. [PMID: 27678529 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autoinflammatory disorders are sterile inflammatory conditions characterized by episodes of early-onset fever and disease-specific patterns of organ inflammation. Recently, the discoveries of monogenic disorders with strong type I interferon (IFN) signatures caused by mutations in proteasome degradation and cytoplasmic RNA and DNA sensing pathways suggest a pathogenic role of IFNs in causing autoinflammatory phenotypes. The IFN response gene signature (IGS) has been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases. In this review, we compare the clinical presentations and pathogenesis of two IFN-mediated autoinflammatory diseases, CANDLE and SAVI, with Aicardi Goutières syndrome (AGS) and monogenic forms of SLE (monoSLE) caused by loss-of-function mutations in complement 1 (C1q) or the DNA nucleases, DNASE1 and DNASE1L3. We outline differences in intracellular signaling pathways that fuel a pathologic type I IFN amplification cycle. While IFN amplification is caused by predominantly innate immune cell dysfunction in SAVI, CANDLE, and AGS, autoantibodies to modified RNA and DNA antigens interact with tissues and immune cells including neutrophils and contribute to IFN upregulation in some SLE patients including monoSLE, thus justifying a grouping of "autoinflammatory" and "autoimmune" interferonopathies. Understanding of the differences in the cellular sources and signaling pathways will guide new drug development and the use of emerging targeted therapies.
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237
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Multifaceted role of TREX2 in the skin defense against UV-induced skin carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22375-96. [PMID: 26090614 PMCID: PMC4673170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TREX2 is a 3′-DNA exonuclease specifically expressed in keratinocytes. Here, we investigated the relevance and mechanisms of TREX2 in ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin carcinogenesis. TREX2 expression was up-regulated by chronic UV exposure whereas it was de-regulated or lost in human squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Moreover, we identified SNPs in the TREX2 gene that were more frequent in patients with head and neck SCCs than in healthy individuals. In mice, TREX2 deficiency led to enhanced susceptibility to UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis which was preceded by aberrant DNA damage removal and degradation as well as reduced inflammation. Specifically, TREX2 loss diminished the up-regulation of IL12 and IFNγ, key cytokines related to DNA repair and antitumor immunity. In UV-treated keratinocytes, TREX2 promoted DNA repair and passage to late apoptotic stages. Notably, TREX2 was recruited to low-density nuclear chromatin and micronuclei, where it interacted with phosphorylated H2AX histone, which is a critical player in both DNA repair and cell death. Altogether, our data provide new insights in the molecular mechanisms of TREX2 activity and establish cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous functions of TREX2 in the UVB-induced skin response.
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238
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Roers A, Hiller B, Hornung V. Recognition of Endogenous Nucleic Acids by the Innate Immune System. Immunity 2016; 44:739-54. [PMID: 27096317 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of DNA and RNA by endosomal and cytosolic sensors constitutes a central element in the detection of microbial invaders by the innate immune system. However, the capacity of these sensors to discriminate between microbial and endogenous nucleic acids is limited. Over the past few years, evidence has accumulated to suggest that endogenous DNA or RNA species can engage nucleic-acid-sensing pattern-recognition receptors that can trigger or sustain detrimental pathology. Here, we review principles of how the activation of innate sensors by host nucleic acids is prevented in the steady state and discuss four important determinants of whether a nucleic-acid-driven innate response is mounted. These include structural features of the ligand being sensed, the subcellular location and quantity of pathogen-derived or endogenous nucleic acids, and the regulation of sensor-activation thresholds. Furthermore, we emphasize disease mechanisms initiated by failure to discriminate self from non-self in nucleic acid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Hiller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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239
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Nucleic acid-mediated autoinflammation and autoimmunity—type I interferonopathies. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:1081-1084. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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240
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Thomsen MK, Nandakumar R, Stadler D, Malo A, Valls RM, Wang F, Reinert LS, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Hollensen AK, Mikkelsen JG, Protzer U, Paludan SR. Lack of immunological DNA sensing in hepatocytes facilitates hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2016; 64:746-59. [PMID: 27312012 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen, and about one third of the global population will be exposed to the virus in their lifetime. HBV infects hepatocytes, where it replicates its DNA and infection can lead to acute and chronic hepatitis with a high risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite this, there is limited understanding of how HBV establishes chronic infections. In recent years it has emerged that foreign DNA potently stimulates the innate immune response, particularly type 1 interferon (IFN) production; and this occurs through a pathway dependent on the DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase and the downstream adaptor protein stimulator of IFN genes (STING). In this work we describe that human and murine hepatocytes do not express STING. Consequently, hepatocytes do not produce type 1 IFN in response to foreign DNA or HBV infection and mice lacking STING or cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase exhibit unaltered ability to control infection in an adenovirus-HBV model. Stimulation of IFN production in the murine liver by administration of synthetic RNA decreases virus infection, thus demonstrating that IFN possesses anti-HBV activity in the liver. Importantly, introduction of STING expression specifically in hepatocytes reconstitutes the DNA sensing pathway, which leads to improved control of HBV in vivo. CONCLUSION The lack of a functional innate DNA-sensing pathway in hepatocytes hampers efficient innate control of HBV infection; this may explain why HBV has adapted to specifically replicate in hepatocytes and could contribute to the weak capacity of this cell type to clear HBV infection. (Hepatology 2016;64:746-759).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ramya Nandakumar
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniela Stadler
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Malo
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roser Marin Valls
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jacob Giehm Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine and, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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241
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König N, Fiehn C, Wolf C, Schuster M, Cura Costa E, Tüngler V, Alvarez HA, Chara O, Engel K, Goldbach-Mansky R, Günther C, Lee-Kirsch MA. Familial chilblain lupus due to a gain-of-function mutation in STING. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:468-472. [PMID: 27566796 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Familial chilblain lupus is a monogenic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus caused by loss-of-function mutations in the nucleases TREX1 or SAMHD1. In a family without TREX1 or SAMHD1 mutation, we sought to determine the causative gene and the underlying disease pathology. METHODS Exome sequencing was used for disease gene identification. Structural analysis was performed by homology modelling and docking simulations. Type I interferon (IFN) activation was assessed in cells transfected with STING cDNA using an IFN-β reporter and Western blotting. IFN signatures in patient blood in response to tofacitinib treatment were measured by RT-PCR of IFN-stimulated genes. RESULTS In a multigenerational family with five members affected with chilblain lupus, we identified a heterozygous mutation of STING, a signalling molecule in the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway. Structural and functional analyses indicate that mutant STING enhances homodimerisation in the absence of its ligand cGAMP resulting in constitutive type I IFN activation. Treatment of two affected family members with the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor tofacitinib led to a marked suppression of the IFN signature. CONCLUSIONS A heterozygous gain-of-function mutation in STING can cause familial chilblain lupus. These findings expand the genetic spectrum of type I IFN-dependent disorders and suggest that JAK inhibition may be of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja König
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Fiehn
- ACURA Akutklinik für Rheumatologie Baden-Baden, Baden-Baden, Germany
| | - Christine Wolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Max Schuster
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emanuel Cura Costa
- System Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLYSIB) CONICET, University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Victoria Tüngler
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hugo Ariel Alvarez
- System Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLYSIB) CONICET, University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Chara
- System Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLYSIB) CONICET, University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Engel
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Dermatology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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242
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Pawaria S, Sharma S, Baum R, Nündel K, Busto P, Gravallese EM, Fitzgerald KA, Marshak-Rothstein A. Taking the STING out of TLR-driven autoimmune diseases: good, bad, or indifferent? J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:121-126. [PMID: 27531928 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0316-115r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Both endosomal and cytosolic-nucleic acid-sensing receptors can detect endogenous ligands and promote autoimmunity and autoinflammation. These responses involve a complex interplay among and between the cytosolic and endosomal sensors involving both hematopoietic and radioresistant cells. Cytosolic sensors directly promote inflammatory responses through the production of type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines. Inflammation-associated tissue damage can further promote autoimmune responses indirectly, as receptor-mediated internalization of the resulting cell debris can activate endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLR). Both endosomal and cytosolic receptors can also negatively regulate inflammatory responses. A better understanding of the factors and pathways that promote and constrain autoimmune diseases will have important implications for the development of agonists and antagonists that modulate these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Pawaria
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; and.,Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Baum
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerstin Nündel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia Busto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen M Gravallese
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; and.,Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; .,Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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243
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Peschke K, Achleitner M, Frenzel K, Gerbaulet A, Ada SR, Zeller N, Lienenklaus S, Lesche M, Poulet C, Naumann R, Dahl A, Ravens U, Günther C, Müller W, Knobeloch KP, Prinz M, Roers A, Behrendt R. Loss of Trex1 in Dendritic Cells Is Sufficient To Trigger Systemic Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2157-66. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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244
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Nakad R, Schumacher B. DNA Damage Response and Immune Defense: Links and Mechanisms. Front Genet 2016; 7:147. [PMID: 27555866 PMCID: PMC4977279 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage plays a causal role in numerous human pathologies including cancer, premature aging, and chronic inflammatory conditions. In response to genotoxic insults, the DNA damage response (DDR) orchestrates DNA damage checkpoint activation and facilitates the removal of DNA lesions. The DDR can also arouse the immune system by for example inducing the expression of antimicrobial peptides as well as ligands for receptors found on immune cells. The activation of immune signaling is triggered by different components of the DDR including DNA damage sensors, transducer kinases, and effectors. In this review, we describe recent advances on the understanding of the role of DDR in activating immune signaling. We highlight evidence gained into (i) which molecular and cellular pathways of DDR activate immune signaling, (ii) how DNA damage drives chronic inflammation, and (iii) how chronic inflammation causes DNA damage and pathology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Nakad
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of CologneCologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of CologneCologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of CologneCologne, Germany
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245
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Park KS, Lee CY, Kang KS, Park HG. Aptamer-mediated universal enzyme assay based on target-triggered DNA polymerase activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 88:48-54. [PMID: 27499380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We herein describe an innovative method for a universal fluorescence turn-on enzyme assay, which relies on the target enzyme-triggered DNA polymerase activity. In the first target recognition step, the target enzyme is designed to destabilize detection probe derived from an aptamer specific to DNA polymerase containing the overhang sequence and the complementary blocker DNA, which consequently leads to the recovery of DNA polymerase activity inhibited by the detection probe. This target-triggered polymerase activity is monitored in the second signal transduction step based on primer extension reaction coupled with TaqMan probe. Utilizing this design principle, we have successfully detected the activities of two model enzymes, exonuclease I and uracil DNA glycosylase with high sensitivity and selectivity. Since this strategy is composed of separated target recognition and signal transduction modules, it could be universally employed for the sensitive determination of numerous different target enzymes by simply redesigning the overhang sequence of detection probe, while keeping TaqMan probe-based signal transduction module as a universal signaling tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Soo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-338, Republic of Korea; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Chang Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-338, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Suk Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-338, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21+ program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-338, Republic of Korea.
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246
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Möncke-Buchner E, Szczepek M, Bokelmann M, Heinemann P, Raftery MJ, Krüger DH, Reuter M. Sin Nombre hantavirus nucleocapsid protein exhibits a metal-dependent DNA-specific endonucleolytic activity. Virology 2016; 496:67-76. [PMID: 27261891 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the nucleocapsid protein of Sin Nombre hantavirus (SNV-N) has a DNA-specific endonuclease activity. Upon incubation of SNV-N with DNA in the presence of magnesium or manganese, we observed DNA digestion in sequence-unspecific manner. In contrast, RNA was not affected under the same conditions. Moreover, pre-treatment of SNV-N with RNase before DNA cleavage increased the endonucleolytic activity. Structure-based protein fold prediction using known structures from the PDB database revealed that Asp residues in positions 88 and 103 of SNV-N show sequence similarity with the active site of the restriction endonuclease HindIII. Crystal structure of HindIII predicts that residues Asp93 and Asp108 are essential for coordination of the metal ions required for HindIII DNA cleavage. Therefore, we hypothesized that homologous residues in SNV-N, Asp88 and Asp103, may have a similar function. Replacing Asp88 and Asp103 by alanine led to an SNV-N protein almost completely abrogated for endonuclease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Möncke-Buchner
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal Szczepek
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Bokelmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Heinemann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Reuter
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Wolf C, Rapp A, Berndt N, Staroske W, Schuster M, Dobrick-Mattheuer M, Kretschmer S, König N, Kurth T, Wieczorek D, Kast K, Cardoso MC, Günther C, Lee-Kirsch MA. RPA and Rad51 constitute a cell intrinsic mechanism to protect the cytosol from self DNA. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11752. [PMID: 27230542 PMCID: PMC4895045 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune recognition of cytosolic DNA represents a central antiviral defence mechanism. Within the host, short single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) continuously arises during the repair of DNA damage induced by endogenous and environmental genotoxic stress. Here we show that short ssDNA traverses the nuclear membrane, but is drawn into the nucleus by binding to the DNA replication and repair factors RPA and Rad51. Knockdown of RPA and Rad51 enhances cytosolic leakage of ssDNA resulting in cGAS-dependent type I IFN activation. Mutations in the exonuclease TREX1 cause type I IFN-dependent autoinflammation and autoimmunity. We demonstrate that TREX1 is anchored within the outer nuclear membrane to ensure immediate degradation of ssDNA leaking into the cytosol. In TREX1-deficient fibroblasts, accumulating ssDNA causes exhaustion of RPA and Rad51 resulting in replication stress and activation of p53 and type I IFN. Thus, the ssDNA-binding capacity of RPA and Rad51 constitutes a cell intrinsic mechanism to protect the cytosol from self DNA. A central antiviral defence is immune recognition of cystolic DNA. Here the authors show that RPA and RAD51, in cooperation with TREX1, function to protect the cytosol from self-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Rapp
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicole Berndt
- Department of Dermatology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Staroske
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Max Schuster
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Dobrick-Mattheuer
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kretschmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja König
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karin Kast
- Department of Gynecology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Cristina Cardoso
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Dermatology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Nakayama H, Nishida K, Otsu K. Macromolecular Degradation Systems and Cardiovascular Aging. Circ Res 2016; 118:1577-92. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging-related cardiovascular diseases are a rapidly increasing problem worldwide. Cardiac aging demonstrates progressive decline of diastolic dysfunction of ventricle and increase in ventricular and arterial stiffness accompanied by increased fibrosis stimulated by angiotensin II and proinflammatory cytokines. Reactive oxygen species and multiple signaling pathways on cellular senescence play major roles in the process. Aging is also associated with an alteration in steady state of macromolecular dynamics including a dysfunction of protein synthesis and degradation. Currently, impaired macromolecular degradation is considered to be closely related to enhanced inflammation and be involved in the process and mechanism of cardiac aging. Herein, we review the role and mechanisms of the degradation system of intracellular macromolecules in the process and pathophysiology of cardiovascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakayama
- From the Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan (H.N.); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom (K.N., K.O.)
| | - Kazuhiko Nishida
- From the Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan (H.N.); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom (K.N., K.O.)
| | - Kinya Otsu
- From the Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan (H.N.); and Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom (K.N., K.O.)
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Upregulated LINE-1 Activity in the Fanconi Anemia Cancer Susceptibility Syndrome Leads to Spontaneous Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production. EBioMedicine 2016; 8:184-194. [PMID: 27428429 PMCID: PMC4919473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder characterized by elevated cancer susceptibility and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Using SLX4FANCP deficiency as a working model, we questioned the trigger for chronic inflammation in FA. We found that absence of SLX4 caused cytoplasmic DNA accumulation, including sequences deriving from active Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1), triggering the cGAS-STING pathway to elicit interferon (IFN) expression. In agreement, absence of SLX4 leads to upregulated LINE-1 retrotransposition. Importantly, similar results were obtained with the FANCD2 upstream activator of SLX4. Furthermore, treatment of FA cells with the Tenofovir reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTi), that prevents endogenous retrotransposition, decreased both accumulation of cytoplasmic DNA and pro-inflammatory signaling. Collectively, our data suggest a contribution of endogenous RT activities to the generation of immunogenic cytoplasmic nucleic acids responsible for inflammation in FA. The additional observation that RTi decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production induced by DNA replication stress-inducing drugs further demonstrates the contribution of endogenous RTs to sustaining chronic inflammation. Altogether, our data open perspectives in the prevention of adverse effects of chronic inflammation in tumorigenesis. Cytoplasmic DNA, comprising LINE-1-derived sequences, elicits IFN expression via the cGAS-STING pathway in SLX4-deficiency. Members of the Fanconi Anemia DNA repair pathway negatively regulate LINE-1 retrotransposition. Endogenous reverse transcriptase activities contribute to spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced inflammation.
Chronic inflammation favors tumorigenesis, negatively influencing patient prognosis. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that increased endogenous retroelement-associated reverse transcriptase activity contributes to generate immunogenic cytoplasmic nucleic acids susceptible of triggering a pro-inflammatory response in the Fanconi Anemia (FA) cancer susceptibility syndrome. In addition, treatment of FA cells or of cells exposed to replication stress inducing drugs, with a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, decreases pro-inflammatory signals. Altogether our data suggest the involvement of endogenous reverse transcriptase activities in sustaining pervasive chronic inflammation, opening therapeutic perspectives for preventing its impact on tumorigenesis.
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Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is activated by binding to cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), which results in potent cytokine production. CDNs are produced by certain intracellular bacteria and are generated by the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) following binding to cytosolic DNA species, such as viral DNA. STING-inducible innate immune molecules are essential for protection of the host against pathogens and are important for the stimulation of adaptive immunity. Self-DNA, for example from the nucleus or mitochondria, can leak into the cytosolic compartment and stimulate STING activity to cause autoinflammatory disease. Certain mutations in the gene encoding STING can cause the protein to become permanently active and similarly induce autoinflammatory responses. STING can be activated in phagocytes by DNA released from engulfed tumour cells and drive the production of cytokines necessary for generating robust antitumour T cell responses. DNA-damaging agents can cause the release of nuclear DNA into the cytosol that stimulates STING-dependent cytokine production and phagocyte infiltration. This may be essential for eliminating damaged cells and generating antitumour T cell responses, but chronic stimulation may also promote inflammation-aggravated cancer. STING agonists exert potent antitumour activity and may be effective, novel adjuvants in vaccine formulations. In contrast, inhibitors of STING signalling may be beneficial for the treatment of autoinflammatory disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS) and STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI).
Activation of STING (stimulator of interferon genes) by cytosolic aberrant DNA species or cyclic dinucleotides triggers transcription of numerous innate immune genes. In this Review, the author summarizes recent insights into the regulation of STING signalling and its role in autoinflammatory disease and cancer. The rapid detection of microbial agents is essential for the effective initiation of host defence mechanisms against infection. Understanding how cells detect cytosolic DNA to trigger innate immune gene transcription has important implications — not only for comprehending the immune response to pathogens but also for elucidating the causes of autoinflammatory disease involving the sensing of self-DNA and the generation of effective antitumour adaptive immunity. The discovery of the STING (stimulator of interferon genes)-controlled innate immune pathway, which mediates cytosolic DNA-induced signalling events, has recently provided important insights into these processes, opening the way for the development of novel immunization regimes, as well as therapies to treat autoinflammatory disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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