201
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Sreenivasulu N, Harshavardhan VT, Govind G, Seiler C, Kohli A. Contrapuntal role of ABA: does it mediate stress tolerance or plant growth retardation under long-term drought stress? Gene 2012; 506:265-73. [PMID: 22771691 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in defining the functional basis of abscisic acid in regulating growth, development and stress response have provided essential components for its actions. We are yet to envision the impact of how differential levels of ABA influence plant growth across life cycle. Here we reviewed the information arising from the recent unprecedented advancement made in the field of ABA signaling operative under calcium-dependent and calcium-independent pathways mediating the transcriptional reprogramming under short-term stress response. Advancement made in the field of ABA receptors and transporters has started to fill major gaps in our understanding of the ABA action. However, ABA just not only regulates guard cell movement but impacts other reproductive tissue development through massive transcriptional reprogramming events affecting various stages of the plant life cycle. Therefore many questions still remain unanswered. One such intriguing question is the contradictory role of ABA known to mediate two opposite faces of the coin: regulating abiotic stress tolerance and imparting growth retardation. In this review, we critically assessed the impact of substantial elevated levels of ABA on impairment of photosynthesis and growth alteration and its subsequent influence on seed yield formation. Excess biosynthesis of ABA under stress may deprive the same precursor pool necessary for chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway, thereby triggering growth retardation. Further, we emphasized the importance of ABA homeostasis for integrating stress cues towards coordinating sustainable plant growth. Also we provided a pertinent background on ABA biosynthesis and degradation pathway manipulation to highlight the genes and processes used in genetic engineering of plants for changed ABA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Interdiciplinary Center for Crop Plant Research (IZN) Research Group Stress Genomics, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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202
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Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, Van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Périlleux C, Javaux M, Lutts S. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. sativum) independently of photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4359-73. [PMID: 22577185 PMCID: PMC3421980 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Root chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) is a cash crop cultivated for inulin production in Western Europe. This plant can be exposed to severe water stress during the last 3 months of its 6-month growing period. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of a progressive decline in water availability on plant growth, photosynthesis, and sugar metabolism and to determine its impact on inulin production. Water stress drastically decreased fresh and dry root weight, leaf number, total leaf area, and stomatal conductance. Stressed plants, however, increased their water-use efficiency and leaf soluble sugar concentration, decreased the shoot-to-root ratio and lowered their osmotic potential. Despite a decrease in photosynthetic pigments, the photosynthesis light phase remained unaffected under water stress. Water stress increased sucrose phosphate synthase activity in the leaves but not in the roots. Water stress inhibited sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase and fructan:fructan 1 fructosyltransferase after 19 weeks of culture and slightly increased fructan 1-exohydrolase activity. The root inulin concentration, expressed on a dry-weight basis, and the mean degree of polymerization of the inulin chain remained unaffected by water stress. Root chicory displayed resistance to water stress, but that resistance was obtained at the expense of growth, which in turn led to a significant decrease in inulin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Vandoorne
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte L 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Earth and Life Institute – Environmental Sciences (ELI-E), Université catholique de Louvain, 2 (Bte 2) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - A.-S. Mathieu
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte L 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - W. Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - R. Vergauwen
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - C. Périlleux
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, B22 Sart Tilman, 27 Boulevard du Rectorat, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - M. Javaux
- Earth and Life Institute – Environmental Sciences (ELI-E), Université catholique de Louvain, 2 (Bte 2) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften - Forschungszentrum Juelich GmBH, Juelich, Germany
| | - S. Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte L 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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203
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Falik O, Mordoch Y, Ben-Natan D, Vanunu M, Goldstein O, Novoplansky A. Plant responsiveness to root-root communication of stress cues. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:271-80. [PMID: 22408186 PMCID: PMC3394639 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Phenotypic plasticity is based on the organism's ability to perceive, integrate and respond to multiple signals and cues informative of environmental opportunities and perils. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that plants are able to adapt to imminent threats by perceiving cues emitted from their damaged neighbours. Here, the hypothesis was tested that unstressed plants are able to perceive and respond to stress cues emitted from their drought- and osmotically stressed neighbours and to induce stress responses in additional unstressed plants. METHODS Split-root Pisum sativum, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sanguinalis and Stenotaphrum secundatum plants were subjected to osmotic stress or drought while sharing one of their rooting volumes with an unstressed neighbour, which in turn shared its other rooting volume with additional unstressed neighbours. Following the kinetics of stomatal aperture allowed testing for stress responses in both the stressed plants and their unstressed neighbours. KEY RESULTS In both P. sativum plants and the three wild clonal grasses, infliction of osmotic stress or drought caused stomatal closure in both the stressed plants and in their unstressed neighbours. While both continuous osmotic stress and drought induced prolonged stomatal closure and limited acclimation in stressed plants, their unstressed neighbours habituated to the stress cues and opened their stomata 3-24 h after the beginning of stress induction. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate a novel type of plant communication, by which plants might be able to increase their readiness to probable future osmotic and drought stresses. Further work is underway to decipher the identity and mode of operation of the involved communication vectors and to assess the potential ecological costs and benefits of emitting and perceiving drought and osmotic stress cues under various ecological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ariel Novoplansky
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990, Israel
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204
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Moon SJ, Shin DJ, Kim BG, Byun MO. Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase 1 (AtFBA1) affects stress tolerance in yeast and Arabidopsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5010/jpb.2012.39.2.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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205
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Song Y, Wang Z, Bo W, Ren Y, Zhang Z, Zhang D. Transcriptional profiling by cDNA-AFLP analysis showed differential transcript abundance in response to water stress in Populus hopeiensis. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:286. [PMID: 22747754 PMCID: PMC3443059 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is one of the main environmental factors limiting tree growth and productivity of plantation forests worldwide. Populus hopeiensis Hu et Chow is one of the most important commercial plantation tree species in China. However, the genes controlling drought tolerance in this species have not been identified or characterized. Here, we conducted differential expression analyses and identified a number of genes that were up- or downregulated in P. hopeiensis during water stress. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of differentially expressed genes in water-stressed P. hopeiensis. RESULTS Using the cDNA-AFLP detection technique, we used 256 primer combinations to identify differentially expressed genes in P. hopeiensis during water stress. In total, 415 transcript derived-fragments (TDFs) were obtained from 10× deep sequencing of 473 selected TDFs. Of the 415 TDFs, 412 were annotated by BLAST searches against various databases. The majority of these genes encoded products involved in ion transport and compartmentalization, cell division, metabolism, and protein synthesis. The TDFs were clustered into 12 groups on the basis of their expression patterns. Of the 415 reliable TDFs, the sequences of 35 were homologous to genes that play roles in short or long-term resistance to drought stress. Some genes were further selected for validation of cDNA-AFLP expression patterns using real-time PCR analyses. The results confirmed the expression patterns that were detected using the cDNA-AFLP technique. CONCLUSION The cDNA-AFLP technique is an effective and powerful tool for identifying candidate genes that are differentially expressed under water stress. We demonstrated that 415 TDFs were differentially expressed in water-stressed poplar. The products of these genes are involved in various biological processes in the drought response of poplar. The results of this study will aid in the identification of candidate genes of future experiments aimed at understanding this response of poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zeliang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Bo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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206
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Claeys H, Skirycz A, Maleux K, Inzé D. DELLA signaling mediates stress-induced cell differentiation in Arabidopsis leaves through modulation of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:739-47. [PMID: 22535421 PMCID: PMC3375938 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Drought is responsible for considerable yield losses in agriculture due to its detrimental effects on growth. Drought responses have been extensively studied, but mostly on the level of complete plants or mature tissues. However, stress responses were shown to be highly tissue and developmental stage specific, and dividing tissues have developed unique mechanisms to respond to stress. Previously, we studied the effects of osmotic stress on dividing leaf cells in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and found that stress causes early mitotic exit, in which cells end their mitotic division and start endoreduplication earlier. In this study, we analyzed this phenomenon in more detail. Osmotic stress induces changes in gibberellin metabolism, resulting in the stabilization of DELLAs, which are responsible for mitotic exit and earlier onset of endoreduplication. Consequently, this response is absent in mutants with altered gibberellin levels or DELLA activity. Mitotic exit and onset of endoreduplication do not correlate with an up-regulation of known cell cycle inhibitors but are the result of reduced levels of DP-E2F-LIKE1/E2Fe and UV-B-INSENSITIVE4, both inhibitors of the developmental transition from mitosis to endoreduplication by modulating anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome activity, which are down-regulated rapidly after DELLA stabilization. This work fits into an emerging view of DELLAs as regulators of cell division by regulating the transition to endoreduplication and differentiation.
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207
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Baisakh N, RamanaRao MV, Rajasekaran K, Subudhi P, Janda J, Galbraith D, Vanier C, Pereira A. Enhanced salt stress tolerance of rice plants expressing a vacuolar H+ -ATPase subunit c1 (SaVHAc1) gene from the halophyte grass Spartina alterniflora Löisel. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:453-64. [PMID: 22284568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of a vacuolar ATPase subunit c1 (SaVHAc1) from a halophyte grass Spartina alterniflora was studied through its expression in rice. The SaVHAc1-expressing plants showed enhanced tolerance to salt stress than the wild-type plants, mainly through adjustments in early stage and preparatory physiological responses. In addition to the increased accumulation of its own transcript, SaVHAc1 expression led to increased accumulation of messages of other native genes in rice, especially those involved in cation transport and ABA signalling. The SaVHAc1-expressing plants maintained higher relative water content under salt stress through early stage closure of the leaf stoma and reduced stomata density. The increased K(+) /Na(+) ratio and other cations established an ion homoeostasis in SaVHAc1-expressing plants to protect the cytosol from toxic Na(+) and thereby maintained higher chlorophyll retention than the WT plants under salt stress. Besides, the role of SaVHAc1 in cell wall expansion and maintenance of net photosynthesis was implicated by comparatively higher root and leaf growth and yield of rice expressing SaVHAc1 over WT under salt stress. The study indicated that the genes contributing toward natural variation in grass halophytes could be effectively manipulated for improving salt tolerance of field crops within related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Baisakh
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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208
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De Diego N, Pérez-Alfocea F, Cantero E, Lacuesta M, Moncaleán P. Physiological response to drought in radiata pine: phytohormone implication at leaf level. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:435-49. [PMID: 22499594 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pinus radiata D. Don is one of the most abundant species in the north of Spain. Knowledge of drought response mechanisms is essential to guarantee plantation survival under reduced water supply as predicted in the future. Tolerance mechanisms are being studied in breeding programs, because information on such mechanisms can be used for genotype selection. In this paper, we analyze the changes of leaf water potential, hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)), stomatal conductance and phytohormones under drought in P. radiata breeds (O1, O2, O3, O4, O5 and O6) from different climatology areas, hypothesizing that they could show variable drought tolerance. As a primary signal, drought decreased cytokinin (zeatin and zeatin riboside-Z + ZR) levels in needles parallel to K(leaf) and gas exchange. When Z + ZR decreased by 65%, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation started as a second signal and increments were higher for IAA than for ABA. When plants decreased by 80%, Z + ZR and K(leaf) doubled their ABA and IAA levels, the photosystem II yield decreased and the electrolyte leakage increased. At the end of the drought period, less tolerant breeds increased IAA over 10-fold compared with controls. External damage also induced jasmonic acid accumulation in all breeds except in O5 (P. radiata var. radiata × var. cedrosensis), which accumulated salicylic acid as a defense mechanism. After rewatering, only the most tolerant plants recovered their K(leaf,) perhaps due to an IAA decrease and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid maintenance. From all phytohormones, IAA was the most representative 'water deficit signal' in P. radiata.
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Affiliation(s)
- N De Diego
- Department of Biotechnology, NEIKER-TECNALIA, Vitoria-Gasteiz E-01080, Spain
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209
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Osakabe Y, Kawaoka A, Nishikubo N, Osakabe K. Responses to environmental stresses in woody plants: key to survive and longevity. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2012; 125:1-10. [PMID: 21874628 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stresses have adverse effects on plant growth and productivity, and are predicted to become more severe and widespread in decades to come. Especially, prolonged and repeated severe stresses affecting growth and development would bring down long-lasting effects in woody plants as a result of its long-term growth period. To counteract these effects, trees have evolved specific mechanisms for acclimation and tolerance to environmental stresses. Plant growth and development are regulated by the integration of many environmental and endogenous signals including plant hormones. Acclimation of land plants to environmental stresses is controlled by molecular cascades, also involving cross-talk with other stresses and plant hormone signaling mechanisms. This review focuses on recent studies on molecular mechanisms of abiotic stress responses in woody plants, functions of plant hormones in wood formation, and the interconnection of cell wall biosynthesis and the mechanisms shown above. Understanding of these mechanisms in depth should shed light on the factors for improvement of woody plants to overcome severe environmental stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Osakabe
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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210
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Cramer GR, Urano K, Delrot S, Pezzotti M, Shinozaki K. Effects of abiotic stress on plants: a systems biology perspective. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:163. [PMID: 22094046 PMCID: PMC3252258 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The natural environment for plants is composed of a complex set of abiotic stresses and biotic stresses. Plant responses to these stresses are equally complex. Systems biology approaches facilitate a multi-targeted approach by allowing one to identify regulatory hubs in complex networks. Systems biology takes the molecular parts (transcripts, proteins and metabolites) of an organism and attempts to fit them into functional networks or models designed to describe and predict the dynamic activities of that organism in different environments. In this review, research progress in plant responses to abiotic stresses is summarized from the physiological level to the molecular level. New insights obtained from the integration of omics datasets are highlighted. Gaps in our knowledge are identified, providing additional focus areas for crop improvement research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mail Stop 330, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Kaoru Urano
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Serge Delrot
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, UMR 1287, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
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211
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Berckmans B, Lammens T, Van Den Daele H, Magyar Z, Bögre L, De Veylder L. Light-dependent regulation of DEL1 is determined by the antagonistic action of E2Fb and E2Fc. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1440-51. [PMID: 21908689 PMCID: PMC3252145 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.183384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endoreduplication represents a variation on the cell cycle in which multiple rounds of DNA replication occur without subsequent chromosome separation and cytokinesis, thereby increasing the cellular DNA content. It is known that the DNA ploidy level of cells is controlled by external stimuli such as light; however, limited knowledge is available on how environmental signals regulate the endoreduplication cycle at the molecular level. Previously, we had demonstrated that the conversion from a mitotic cell cycle into an endoreduplication cycle is controlled by the atypical E2F transcription factor, DP-E2F-LIKE1 (DEL1), that represses the endocycle onset. Here, the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DEL1 gene was identified as a transcriptional target of the classical E2Fb and E2Fc transcription factors that antagonistically control its transcript levels through competition for a single E2F cis-acting binding site. In accordance with the reported opposite effects of light on the protein levels of E2Fb and E2Fc, DEL1 transcription depended on the light regime. Strikingly, modified DEL1 expression levels uncoupled the link between light and endoreduplication in hypocotyls, implying that DEL1 acts as a regulatory connection between endocycle control and the photomorphogenic response.
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212
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Harris JC, Hrmova M, Lopato S, Langridge P. Modulation of plant growth by HD-Zip class I and II transcription factors in response to environmental stimuli. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:823-837. [PMID: 21517872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant development is adapted to changing environmental conditions for optimizing growth. This developmental adaptation is influenced by signals from the environment, which act as stimuli and may include submergence and fluctuations in water status, light conditions, nutrient status, temperature and the concentrations of toxic compounds. The homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) I and HD-Zip II transcription factor networks regulate these plant growth adaptation responses through integration of developmental and environmental cues. Evidence is emerging that these transcription factors are integrated with phytohormone-regulated developmental networks, enabling environmental stimuli to influence the genetically preprogrammed developmental progression. Dependent on the prevailing conditions, adaptation of mature and nascent organs is controlled by HD-Zip I and HD-Zip II transcription factors through suppression or promotion of cell multiplication, differentiation and expansion to regulate targeted growth. In vitro assays have shown that, within family I or family II, homo- and/or heterodimerization between leucine zipper domains is a prerequisite for DNA binding. Further, both families bind similar 9-bp pseudopalindromic cis elements, CAATNATTG, under in vitro conditions. However, the mechanisms that regulate the transcriptional activity of HD-Zip I and HD-Zip II transcription factors in vivo are largely unknown. The in planta implications of these protein-protein associations and the similarities in cis element binding are not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Harris
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Sergiy Lopato
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Peter Langridge
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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213
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Osakabe Y, Kajita S, Osakabe K. Genetic engineering of woody plants: current and future targets in a stressful environment. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:105-117. [PMID: 21288247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is a major factor in limiting plant growth and productivity. Environmental degradation, such as drought and salinity stresses, will become more severe and widespread in the world. To overcome severe environmental stress, plant biotechnologies, such as genetic engineering in woody plants, need to be implemented. The adaptation of plants to environmental stress is controlled by cascades of molecular networks including cross-talk with other stress signaling mechanisms. The present review focuses on recent studies concerning genetic engineering in woody plants for the improvement of the abiotic stress responses. Furthermore, it highlights the recent advances in the understanding of molecular responses to stress. The review also summarizes the basis of a molecular mechanism for cell wall biosynthesis and the plant hormone responses to regulate tree growth and biomass in woody plants. This would facilitate better understanding of the control programs of biomass production under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Osakabe
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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214
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Nieuwland J, de Graaf BHJ, Cheung AY, Bosch M. Plant reproduction: does size matter? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:812-815. [PMID: 21561456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Nieuwland
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Barend H J de Graaf
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- (Authors for correspondence: M. Bosch, tel +44 (0)1970 823103; email ; B.H.J. de Graaf, )
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
- (Authors for correspondence: M. Bosch, tel +44 (0)1970 823103; email ; B.H.J. de Graaf, )
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Tardieu F, Granier C, Muller B. Water deficit and growth. Co-ordinating processes without an orchestrator? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:283-9. [PMID: 21388861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit affects plant growth via reduced carbon accumulation, cell number and tissue expansion. We review the ways in which these processes are co-ordinated. Tissue expansion and its sensitivity to water deficit may be the most crucial process, involving tight co-ordination between the mechanisms which govern cell wall mechanical properties and plant hydraulics. The analyses of sensitivities, time constants and genetic correlations suggest that tissue expansion is loosely co-ordinated with cell division and carbon accumulation which may have limited direct effects on growth under water deficit. We therefore argue for essentially uncoupled mechanisms with feedbacks between them, rather than for a co-ordinated re-programming of all processes. Consequences on plant modelling and plant breeding in dry environment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Tardieu
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/LEPSE, 2 place Viala, Montpellier, France.
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216
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Skirycz A, Claeys H, De Bodt S, Oikawa A, Shinoda S, Andriankaja M, Maleux K, Eloy NB, Coppens F, Yoo SD, Saito K, Inzé D. Pause-and-stop: the effects of osmotic stress on cell proliferation during early leaf development in Arabidopsis and a role for ethylene signaling in cell cycle arrest. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1876-88. [PMID: 21558544 PMCID: PMC3123952 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.084160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite its relevance for agricultural production, environmental stress-induced growth inhibition, which is responsible for significant yield reductions, is only poorly understood. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying cell cycle inhibition in young proliferating leaves of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana when subjected to mild osmotic stress. A detailed cellular analysis demonstrated that as soon as osmotic stress is sensed, cell cycle progression rapidly arrests, but cells are kept in a latent ambivalent state allowing a quick recovery (pause). Remarkably, cell cycle arrest coincides with an increase in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate levels and the activation of ethylene signaling. Our work showed that ethylene acts on cell cycle progression via inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase A activity independently of EIN3 transcriptional control. When the stress persists, cells exit the mitotic cell cycle and initiate the differentiation process (stop). This stop is reflected by early endoreduplication onset, in a process independent of ethylene. Nonetheless, the potential to partially recover the decreased cell numbers remains due to the activity of meristemoids. Together, these data present a conceptual framework to understand how environmental stress reduces plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Skirycz
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannes Claeys
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefanie De Bodt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Akira Oikawa
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shoko Shinoda
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Megan Andriankaja
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Maleux
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nubia Barbosa Eloy
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik Coppens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sang-Dong Yoo
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 110-645, Korea
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Address correspondence to
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217
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Dudits D, Abrahám E, Miskolczi P, Ayaydin F, Bilgin M, Horváth GV. Cell-cycle control as a target for calcium, hormonal and developmental signals: the role of phosphorylation in the retinoblastoma-centred pathway. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1193-202. [PMID: 21441245 PMCID: PMC3091804 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the life cycle of plants, both embryogenic and post-embryogenic growth are essentially based on cell division and cell expansion that are under the control of inherited developmental programmes modified by hormonal and environmental stimuli. Considering either stimulation or inhibition of plant growth, the key role of plant hormones in the modification of cell division activities or in the initiation of differentiation is well supported by experimental data. At the same time there is only limited insight into the molecular events that provide linkage between the regulation of cell-cycle progression and hormonal and developmental control. Studies indicate that there are several alternative ways by which hormonal signalling networks can influence cell division parameters and establish functional links between regulatory pathways of cell-cycle progression and genes and protein complexes involved in organ development. SCOPE An overview is given here of key components in plant cell division control as acceptors of hormonal and developmental signals during organ formation and growth. Selected examples are presented to highlight the potential role of Ca(2+)-signalling, the complex actions of auxin and cytokinins, regulation by transcription factors and alteration of retinoblastoma-related proteins by phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Auxins and abscisic acid can directly influence expression of cyclin, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) genes and activities of CDK complexes. D-type cyclins are primary targets for cytokinins and over-expression of CyclinD3;1 can enhance auxin responses in roots. A set of auxin-activated genes (AXR1-ARGOS-ANT) controls cell number and organ size through modification of CyclinD3;1 gene expression. The SHORT ROOT (SHR) and SCARECROW (SCR) transcriptional factors determine root patterning by activation of the CYCD6;1 gene. Over-expression of the EBP1 gene (plant homologue of the ErbB-3 epidermal growth factor receptor-binding protein) increased biomass by auxin-dependent activation of both D- and B-type cyclins. The direct involvement of auxin-binding protein (ABP1) in the entry into the cell cycle and the regulation of leaf size and morphology is based on the transcriptional control of D-cyclins and retinoblastoma-related protein (RBR) interacting with inhibitory E2FC transcriptional factor. The central role of RBRs in cell-cycle progression is well documented by a variety of experimental approaches. Their function is phosphorylation-dependent and both RBR and phospho-RBR proteins are present in interphase and mitotic phase cells. Immunolocalization studies showed the presence of phospho-RBR protein in spots of interphase nuclei or granules in mitotic prophase cells. The Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation events can be accomplished by the calcium-dependent, calmodulin-independent or calmodulin-like domain protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs) phosphorylating the CDK inhibitor protein (KRP). Dephosphorylation of the phospho-RBR protein by PP2A phosphatase is regulated by a Ca(2+)-binding subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Dudits
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
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218
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Golzarian MR, Frick RA, Rajendran K, Berger B, Roy S, Tester M, Lun DS. Accurate inference of shoot biomass from high-throughput images of cereal plants. PLANT METHODS 2011; 7:2. [PMID: 21284859 PMCID: PMC3042986 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With the establishment of advanced technology facilities for high throughput plant phenotyping, the problem of estimating plant biomass of individual plants from their two dimensional images is becoming increasingly important. The approach predominantly cited in literature is to estimate the biomass of a plant as a linear function of the projected shoot area of plants in the images. However, the estimation error from this model, which is solely a function of projected shoot area, is large, prohibiting accurate estimation of the biomass of plants, particularly for the salt-stressed plants. In this paper, we propose a method based on plant specific weight for improving the accuracy of the linear model and reducing the estimation bias (the difference between actual shoot dry weight and the value of the shoot dry weight estimated with a predictive model). For the proposed method in this study, we modeled the plant shoot dry weight as a function of plant area and plant age. The data used for developing our model and comparing the results with the linear model were collected from a completely randomized block design experiment. A total of 320 plants from two bread wheat varieties were grown in a supported hydroponics system in a greenhouse. The plants were exposed to two levels of hydroponic salt treatments (NaCl at 0 and 100 mM) for 6 weeks. Five harvests were carried out. Each time 64 randomly selected plants were imaged and then harvested to measure the shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight. The results of statistical analysis showed that with our proposed method, most of the observed variance can be explained, and moreover only a small difference between actual and estimated shoot dry weight was obtained. The low estimation bias indicates that our proposed method can be used to estimate biomass of individual plants regardless of what variety the plant is and what salt treatment has been applied. We validated this model on an independent set of barley data. The technique presented in this paper may extend to other plants and types of stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood R Golzarian
- Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Ross A Frick
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Karthika Rajendran
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
| | - Bettina Berger
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
| | - Stuart Roy
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
| | - Mark Tester
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
| | - Desmond S Lun
- Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
- Department of Computer Science and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
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219
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Skirycz A, Memmi S, De Bodt S, Maleux K, Obata T, Fernie AR, Devreese B, Inzé D. A reciprocal 15N-labeling proteomic analysis of expanding Arabidopsis leaves subjected to osmotic stress indicates importance of mitochondria in preserving plastid functions. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:1018-29. [PMID: 21142212 DOI: 10.1021/pr100785n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants respond to environmental stress by dynamically reprogramming their growth. Whereas stress onset is accompanied by rapid growth inhibition leading to smaller organs, growth will recover and adapt once the stress conditions become stable and do no threaten plant survival. Here, adaptation of growing Arabidopsis thaliana leaves to mild and prolonged osmotic stress was investigated by means of a complete metabolic labeling strategy with the (15)N-stable isotope as a complement to a previously published transcript and metabolite profiling. Global analysis of protein changes revealed that plastidial ATPase, Calvin cycle, and photorespiration were down-regulated, but mitochondrial ATP synthesis was up-regulated, indicating the importance of mitochondria in preserving plastid functions during water stress. Although transcript and protein data correlated well with the stable and prolonged character of the applied stress, numerous proteins were clearly regulated at the post-transcriptional level that could, at least partly, be related to changes in protein synthesis and degradation. In conclusion, proteomics using the (15)N labeling helped understand the mechanisms underlying growth adaptation to osmotic stress and allowed the identification of candidate genes to improve plant growth under limited water.
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220
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Harb A, Krishnan A, Ambavaram MM, Pereira A. Molecular and physiological analysis of drought stress in Arabidopsis reveals early responses leading to acclimation in plant growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:1254-71. [PMID: 20807999 PMCID: PMC2971604 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.161752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant drought stress response and resistance are complex biological processes that need to be analyzed at a systems level using genomics and physiological approaches to dissect experimental models that address drought stresses encountered by crops in the field. Toward this goal, a controlled, sublethal, moderate drought (mDr) treatment system was developed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as a reproducible assay for the dissection of plant responses to drought. The drought assay was validated using Arabidopsis mutants in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling displaying drought sensitivity and in jasmonate response mutants showing drought resistance, indicating the crucial role of ABA and jasmonate signaling in drought response and acclimation. A comparative transcriptome analysis of soil water deficit drought stress treatments revealed the similarity of early-stage mDr to progressive drought, identifying common and specific stress-responsive genes and their promoter cis-regulatory elements. The dissection of mDr stress responses using a time-course analysis of biochemical, physiological, and molecular processes revealed early accumulation of ABA and induction of associated signaling genes, coinciding with a decrease in stomatal conductance as an early avoidance response to drought stress. This is accompanied by a peak in the expression of expansin genes involved in cell wall expansion, as a preparatory step toward drought acclimation by the adjustment of the cell wall. The time-course analysis of mDr provides a model with three stages of plant responses: an early priming and preconditioning stage, followed by an intermediate stage preparatory for acclimation, and a late stage of new homeostasis with reduced growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andy Pereira
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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221
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Verelst W, Skirycz A, Inzé D. Abscisic acid, ethylene and gibberellic acid act at different developmental stages to instruct the adaptation of young leaves to stress. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:473-5. [PMID: 20383070 PMCID: PMC2958600 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.4.11421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress represents a particularly great environmental challenge for plants. A decreased water availability can severely limit growth, and this jeopardizes the organism's primary goal-to survive and sustain growth long enough to ensure the plentiful production of viable seeds within the favorable growth season. It is therefore vital for a growing plant to sense oncoming drought as early as possible, and to respond to it rapidly and appropriately in all organs. A typical, fast energy-saving response is the arrest of growth in young organs, which is likely mediated by root-derived signals. A recent publication indicates that three plant hormones (abscisic acid, ethylene and gibberellic acid) mediate the adaptation of leaf growth in response to drought, and that they act at different developmental stages. Abscisic acid mainly acts in mature cells, while ethylene and gibberellic acid function in expanding and dividing leaf cells. This provides the plant with a means to differentially control the developmental zones of a growing leaf, and to integrate environmental signals differently in sink and source tissues. Here we discuss the biological implications of this discovery in the context of long-distance xylem and phloem transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Verelst
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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