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Huda MN, Ahmad SM, Alam MJ, Khanam A, Kalanetra KM, Taft DH, Raqib R, Underwood MA, Mills DA, Stephensen CB. Bifidobacterium Abundance in Early Infancy and Vaccine Response at 2 Years of Age. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-1489. [PMID: 30674610 PMCID: PMC6361348 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal microbiome in early infancy affects immunologic development and thus may affect vaccine memory, though few prospective studies have examined such associations. We examined the association of Bifidobacterium levels in early infancy with memory responses to early vaccination measured at 2 years of age. METHODS In this prospective observational study, we examined the association of Bifidobacterium abundance in the stool of healthy infants at 6 to 15 weeks of age, near the time of vaccination, with T-cell and antibody responses measured at 6 weeks, 15 weeks, and 2 years of age. Infants were vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (at birth), oral polio virus (at birth and at 6, 10, and 14 weeks), tetanus toxoid (TT) (at 6, 10, and 14 weeks), and hepatitis B virus (at 6, 10, and 14 weeks). Fecal Bifidobacterium was measured at 6, 11, and 15 weeks. Bifidobacterium species and subspecies were measured at 6 weeks. RESULTS Mean Bifidobacterium abundance in early infancy was positively associated with the CD4 T-cell responses to BCG, TT, and hepatitis B virus at 15 weeks, with CD4 responses to BCG and TT at 2 years, and with plasma TT-specific immunoglobulin G and stool polio-specific immunoglobulin A at 2 years. Similar associations were seen for the predominant subspecies, Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis. CONCLUSIONS Bifidobacterium abundance in early infancy may increase protective efficacy of vaccines by enhancing immunologic memory. This hypothesis could be tested in clinical trials of interventions to optimize Bifidobacterium abundance in appropriate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Nazmul Huda
- Nutrition Department and,Western Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, California;,Enteric and Respiratory Infections Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and
| | - Shaikh M. Ahmad
- Enteric and Respiratory Infections Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and
| | - M. Jahangir Alam
- Enteric and Respiratory Infections Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and
| | - Afsana Khanam
- Enteric and Respiratory Infections Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and
| | | | | | - Rubhana Raqib
- Enteric and Respiratory Infections Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - David A. Mills
- Departments of Food Science and Technology and,Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Charles B. Stephensen
- Nutrition Department and,Western Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, California
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202
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Microbial embryonal colonization during pipefish male pregnancy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3. [PMID: 30626884 PMCID: PMC6327025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While originally acquired from the environment, a fraction of the microbiota is transferred from parents to offspring. The immune system shapes the microbial colonization, while commensal microbes may boost host immune defences. Parental transfer of microbes in viviparous animals remains ambiguous, as the two transfer routes (transovarial vs. pregnancy) are intermingled within the maternal body. Pipefishes and seahorses (syngnathids) are ideally suited to disentangle transovarial microbial transfer from a contribution during pregnancy due to their maternal egg production and their unique male pregnancy. We assessed the persistency and the changes in the microbial communities of the maternal and paternal reproductive tracts over proceeding male pregnancy by sequencing microbial 16S rRNA genes of swabs from maternal gonads and brood pouches of non-pregnant and pregnant fathers. Applying parental immunological activation with heat-killed bacteria, we evaluated the impact of parental immunological status on microbial development. Our data indicate that maternal gonads and paternal brood pouches harbor distinct microbial communities, which could affect embryonal development in a sex-specific manner. Upon activation of the immune system, a shift of the microbial community was observed. The activation of the immune system induced the expansion of microbiota richness during late pregnancy, which corresponds to the time point of larval mouth opening, when initial microbial colonization must take place.
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203
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Abstract
As described in previous work, the use of synthetic chemical ingredients in modern cosmetics is postulated to be a cause of damage to the skin microbiome. The discovery that biodiversity on the human skin is currently the only reliable indicator of skin health, meant that for the first time, a mechanism to test for healthy skin was possible. Using this mechanism and in collaboration with The Medical University of Graz, who carried out the independent study, this work aimed to help answer whether modern day synthetic cosmetics are a main cause of long-term damage to the skin microbiome. Thirty-two human participants tested three different face washes for their effect on the skin’s microbial diversity, along with skin pH, moisture and TEWL (trans-epidermal water loss), washing twice-a-day for four weeks. The upper volar forearm of the volunteers was swabbed at the beginning, two weeks in and at the end of the four weeks. 16S rRNA sequencing was used. One leading ‘natural’ brand full of synthetic ingredients, a leading synthetic brand and a 100% natural face wash were used. Results give the first indications of a link between synthetic ingredients in a cosmetics product and its effect on skin microbiome biodiversity. It paves the way for future studies on the topic with a larger sample group, longer test period and standardised methodology to create a universal standard for testing the health of skin using benchmark diversity values. This can be used in the future to test the effectiveness of cosmetics or ingredients on skin health, leading to the restriction in cosmetics of products proven to harm the skin’s natural environment.
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204
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Martin-Gallausiaux C, Larraufie P, Jarry A, Béguet-Crespel F, Marinelli L, Ledue F, Reimann F, Blottière HM, Lapaque N. Butyrate Produced by Commensal Bacteria Down-Regulates Indolamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 ( IDO-1) Expression via a Dual Mechanism in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2838. [PMID: 30619249 PMCID: PMC6297836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal bacteria are crucial for the development and maintenance of a healthy immune system therefore contributing to the global well-being of their host. A wide variety of metabolites produced by commensal bacteria are influencing host health but the characterization of the multiple molecular mechanisms involved in host-microbiota interactions is still only partially unraveled. The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) take a central part in the host-microbiota dialogue by inducing the first microbial-derived immune signals. Amongst the numerous effector molecules modulating the immune responses produced by IECs, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) is essential for gut homeostasis. IDO-1 expression is dependent on the microbiota and despites its central role, how the commensal bacteria impacts its expression is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated the impact of individual cultivable commensal bacteria on IDO-1 transcriptional expression and found that the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate was the main metabolite controlling IDO-1 expression in human primary IECs and IEC cell-lines. This butyrate-driven effect was independent of the G-protein coupled receptors GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109a and of the transcription factors SP1, AP1, and PPARγ for which binding sites were reported in the IDO-1 promoter. We demonstrated for the first time that butyrate represses IDO-1 expression by two distinct mechanisms. Firstly, butyrate decreases STAT1 expression leading to the inhibition of the IFNγ-dependent and phosphoSTAT1-driven transcription of IDO-1. In addition, we described a second mechanism by which butyrate impairs IDO-1 transcription in a STAT1-independent manner that could be attributed to its histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor property. In conclusion, our results showed that IDO-1 expression is down-regulated by butyrate via a dual mechanism: the reduction of STAT1 level and the HDAC inhibitor property of SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Martin-Gallausiaux
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,IFD, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit and Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Jarry
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Ludovica Marinelli
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,IFD, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Florence Ledue
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Frank Reimann
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit and Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hervé M Blottière
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,US 1367 MetaGenoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Lapaque
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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205
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Bartley A, Yang T, Arocha R, Malphurs WL, Larkin R, Magee KL, Vickroy TW, Zubcevic J. Increased Abundance of Lactobacillales in the Colon of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Knock Out Mouse Is Associated With Increased Gut Bacterial Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Reduced IL17 Expression in Circulating CD4 + Immune Cells. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1593. [PMID: 30483153 PMCID: PMC6242911 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests an associative link between gut dysbiosis, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the immune system in pathophysiology of neurogenic hypertension (HTN). However, the close interplay between these three systems presents us with difficulties in deciphering the cause-effect relationship in disease. The present study utilized beta 1 and 2 adrenergic receptor knock out (AdrB1tm1BkkAdrB2tm1Bkk/J KO) mice to isolate the effects of reduced overall sympathetic drive on gut microbiota and systemic immune system. We observed the following: (i) Diminished beta adrenergic signaling mainly reflects in shifts in the Firmicutes phyla, with a significant increase in abundance of largely beneficial Bacilli Lactobacillales in the KO mice; (ii) This was associated with increased colonic production of beneficial short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate, acetate and propionate, confirming functional microbiota shifts in the KO mice; (iii) Dampened systemic immune responses in the KO mice reflected in reduction on circulating CD4+.IL17+ T cells and increase in young neutrophils, both previously associated with shifts in the gut microbiota. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that reduced expression of beta adrenergic receptors may lead to beneficial shifts in the gut microbiota and dampened systemic immune responses. Considering the role of both in hypertension, this suggests that dietary intervention may be a viable option for manipulation of blood pressure via correcting gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeem Bartley
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rebeca Arocha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wendi L Malphurs
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Riley Larkin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kacy L Magee
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas W Vickroy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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206
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Figliuolo VR, Coutinho-Silva R, Coutinho CMLM. Contribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria to homeostasis disruption during intestinal inflammation. Life Sci 2018; 215:145-151. [PMID: 30414430 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in microbial populations and metabolism are key events associated with disruption of intestinal homeostasis and immune tolerance during intestinal inflammation. A substantial imbalance in bacterial populations in the intestine and their relationships with the host have been observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), believed to be part of an intricate mechanism of triggering and progression of intestinal inflammation. Because elevated numbers of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have been found in the intestines of patients with IBD, the study of their interaction with intestinal cells and their potential involvement in IBD has been the focus of investigation to better understand the intestinal pathology during IBD, as well as to find new ways to treat the disease. SRB not only directly interact with intestinal epithelial cells during intestinal inflammation but may also promote intestinal damage through generation of hydrogen sulfide at high levels. Herein we review the literature to discuss the various aspects of SRB interaction with host intestinal tissue, focusing on their interaction with intestinal epithelial and immune cells during intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ribeiro Figliuolo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - IBCCF, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; LITEB, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - IBCCF, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mara Lara Melo Coutinho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; LITEB, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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207
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Alam A, Neish A. Role of gut microbiota in intestinal wound healing and barrier function. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:1539595. [PMID: 30404570 PMCID: PMC6389125 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2018.1539595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestine harbors a highly complex and abundant ensemble of bacteria that flourish in a nutrient-rich environment while profoundly influencing many aspects of host biology. The intestine coevolved with its resident microbes in a manner where the mucosa developed a barrier function to segregate the resident microbes from the rest of the body, and yet paradoxically, allowing integration of microbial signals for the host benefit. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of why the gut microbiota is key to the efficient development and maintenance of the intestinal barrier. We also highlighted how a destabilized equilibrium between gut microbiota and the host may eventuate in a wide range of intestinal diseases characterized by the disrupted intestinal barrier. Finally, the review delineated how microenvironmental changes in the injured mucosa result in an enrichment of a pro-regenerating consortium of bacteria, which augments mucosal wound repair and restoration of barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaqul Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Andrew Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
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208
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Bordignon V, Cavallo I, D'Agosto G, Trento E, Pontone M, Abril E, Di Domenico EG, Ensoli F. Nucleic Acid Sensing Perturbation: How Aberrant Recognition of Self-Nucleic Acids May Contribute to Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 344:117-137. [PMID: 30798986 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria and mammalian cells have developed sophisticated sensing mechanisms to detect and eliminate foreign genetic material or to restrict its expression and replication. Progress has been made in the understanding of these mechanisms, which keep foreign or unwanted nucleic acids in check. The complex of mechanisms involved in RNA and DNA sensing is part of a system which is now appreciated as "immune sensing of nucleic acids" or better "nucleic acid immunity." Nucleic acids, which are critical components for inheriting genetic information in all species, including pathogens, are key structures recognized by the innate immune system. However, while nucleic acid recognition is required for host defense against pathogens, there is a potential risk of self-nucleic acids recognition. In fact, besides its essential contribution to antiviral or microbial defense and restriction of endogenous retro elements, deregulation of nucleic acid immunity can also lead to human diseases due to erroneous detection and response to self-nucleic acids, causing sterile inflammation and autoimmunity. In this review we will discuss the roles of nucleic acid receptors in guarding against pathogen invasion, and how the microbial environment could interfere or influence immune sensing in discriminating between self and non-self and how this may contribute to autoimmunity or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bordignon
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Cavallo
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Agosto
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Trento
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pontone
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elva Abril
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enea Gino Di Domenico
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ensoli
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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209
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Correa MA, Matusovsky B, Brackney DE, Steven B. Generation of axenic Aedes aegypti demonstrate live bacteria are not required for mosquito development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4464. [PMID: 30367055 PMCID: PMC6203775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito gut microbiome plays an important role in mosquito development and fitness, providing a promising avenue for novel mosquito control strategies. Here we present a method for rearing axenic (bacteria free) Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, consisting of feeding sterilized larvae on agar plugs containing a high concentration of liver and yeast extract. This approach allows for the complete development to adulthood while maintaining sterility; however, axenic mosquito's exhibit delayed development time and stunted growth in comparison to their bacterially colonized cohorts. These data challenge the notion that live microorganisms are required for mosquito development, and suggest that the microbiota's main role is nutritional. Furthermore, we colonize axenic mosquitoes with simplified microbial communities ranging from a single bacterial species to a three-member community, demonstrating the ability to control the composition of the microbiota. This axenic system will allow the systematic manipulation of the mosquito microbiome for a deeper understanding of microbiota-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Correa
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Brian Matusovsky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA
| | - Doug E Brackney
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
| | - Blaire Steven
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, 06511, CT, USA.
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210
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Brusaferro A, Cavalli E, Farinelli E, Cozzali R, Principi N, Esposito S. Gut dysbiosis and paediatric Crohn's disease. J Infect 2018; 78:1-7. [PMID: 30336176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this manuscript is to discuss our present knowledge of the relationships between dysbiosis and paediatric Crohn's disease (CD). The therapeutic role of the methods currently used to re-establish normal gut microbiota composition is also analysed. METHODS PubMed was used to search for all of the studies published from January 2008 to June 2018 using the key words: "Crohn's disease" and "gut dysbiosis" or "microbiota" or "microbioma" or "probiotic" and "children" or "paediatric". More than 100 articles were found, but only those published in English or providing evidence-based data were included in the evaluation. RESULTS Gut microbiota are primary actors in CD's pathogenesis. The new techniques developed in metagenomics allow us to reveal new details of microbiota composition in healthy subjects and CD patients, and to elucidate the link between microbiota and numerous pathologies, such as obesity, allergies and type 1 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION Discoveries on the role of gut microbiota could potentially disclose new therapeutic options for CD treatment and improve the existing therapies. Further studies are needed to facilitate the diagnosis and tailor the therapy of a pathology that is an increasing burden on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brusaferro
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - Elena Cavalli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - Edoardo Farinelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - Rita Cozzali
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, Perugia 06129, Italy.
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211
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The microgenderome revealed: sex differences in bidirectional interactions between the microbiota, hormones, immunity and disease susceptibility. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 41:265-275. [PMID: 30298433 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in immunity are well described in the literature and thought to be mainly driven by sex hormones and sex-linked immune response genes. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is one of the largest immune organs in the body and contains multiple immune cells in the GIT-associated lymphoid tissue, Peyer's patches and elsewhere, which together have profound effects on local and systemic inflammation. The GIT is colonised with microbial communities composed of bacteria, fungi and viruses, collectively known as the GIT microbiota. The GIT microbiota drives multiple interactions locally with immune cells that regulate the homeostatic environment and systemically in diverse tissues. It is becoming evident that the microbiota differs between the sexes, both in animal models and in humans, and these sex differences often lead to sex-dependent changes in local GIT inflammation, systemic immunity and susceptibility to a range of inflammatory diseases. The sexually dimorphic microbiome has been termed the 'microgenderome'. Herein, we review the evidence for the microgenderome and contemplate the role it plays in driving sex differences in immunity and disease susceptibility. We further consider the impact that biological sex might play in the response to treatments aimed at manipulating the GIT microbiota, such as prebiotics, live biotherapeutics, (probiotics, synbiotics and bacteriotherapies) and faecal microbial transplant. These alternative therapies hold potential in the treatment of both psychological (e.g., anxiety, depression) and physiological (e.g., irritable bowel disease) disorders differentially affecting males and females.
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212
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Gut Microbiota and Iron: The Crucial Actors in Health and Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040098. [PMID: 30301142 PMCID: PMC6315993 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is a highly ample metal on planet earth (~35% of the Earth’s mass) and is particularly essential for most life forms, including from bacteria to mammals. Nonetheless, iron deficiency is highly prevalent in developing countries, and oral administration of this metal is so far the most effective treatment for human beings. Notably, the excessive amount of unabsorbed iron leave unappreciated side effects at the highly interactive host–microbe interface of the human gastrointestinal tract. Recent advances in elucidating the molecular basis of interactions between iron and gut microbiota shed new light(s) on the health and pathogenesis of intestinal inflammatory diseases. We here aim to present the dynamic modulation of intestinal microbiota by iron availability, and conversely, the influence on dietary iron absorption in the gut. The central part of this review is intended to summarize our current understanding about the effects of luminal iron on host–microbe interactions in the context of human health and disease.
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213
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Commensal microbiota induces colonic barrier structure and functions that contribute to homeostasis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14184. [PMID: 30242285 PMCID: PMC6155058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier encompasses structural, permeability and immune aspects of the gut mucosa that, when disrupted, may contribute to chronic inflammation. Although gnotobiotic studies have demonstrated the effects of microbiota on mucosal and systemic immunity, as well as intestinal barrier architecture and innate immune characteristics, its impact on barrier function remains unclear. We compared germ-free and conventional mice, as well as mice colonized with human fecal microbiota that were followed for 21 days post-colonization. Colonic barrier structure was investigated by immunohistochemistry, molecular and electron microscopy techniques. Permeability was assessed in colon tissue by Ussing chambers, and by serum LPS and MDP detection using TLR4- and NOD2-NFκB reporter assays. Microbiota profile was determined by Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Low dose dextran sodium sulfate was administered to assess microbiota-induced barrier changes on resistance to colonic injury. Permeability to paracellular probes and mucus layer structure resembled that of conventional mice by day 7 post-colonization, coinciding with reduced claudin-1 expression and transient IL-18 production by intestinal epithelial cells. These post-colonization adaptations were associated with decreased systemic bacterial antigen exposure and reduced susceptibility to intestinal injury. In conclusion, commensal colonization promotes physiological barrier structural and functional adaptations that contribute to intestinal homeostasis.
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214
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von Frieling J, Fink C, Hamm J, Klischies K, Forster M, Bosch TCG, Roeder T, Rosenstiel P, Sommer F. Grow With the Challenge - Microbial Effects on Epithelial Proliferation, Carcinogenesis, and Cancer Therapy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2020. [PMID: 30294304 PMCID: PMC6159313 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic host is in close contact to myriads of resident and transient microbes, which influence the crucial physiological pathways. Emerging evidence points to their role of host-microbe interactions for controlling tissue homeostasis, cell fate decisions, and regenerative capacity in epithelial barrier organs including the skin, lung, and gut. In humans and mice, it has been shown that the malignant tumors of these organs harbor an altered microbiota. Mechanistic studies have shown that the altered metabolic properties and secreted factors contribute to epithelial carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Exciting recent work points toward a crucial influence of the associated microbial communities on the response to chemotherapy and immune-check point inhibitors during cancer treatment, which suggests that the modulation of the microbiota might be a powerful tool for personalized oncology. In this article, we provide an overview of how the bacterial signals and signatures may influence epithelial homeostasis across taxa from cnidarians to vertebrates and delineate mechanisms, which might be potential targets for therapy of human diseases by either harnessing barrier integrity (infection and inflammation) or restoring uncontrolled proliferation (cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob von Frieling
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Fink
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jacob Hamm
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kenneth Klischies
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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215
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Uchimura Y, Fuhrer T, Li H, Lawson MA, Zimmermann M, Yilmaz B, Zindel J, Ronchi F, Sorribas M, Hapfelmeier S, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Gomez de Agüero M, McCoy KD, Sauer U, Macpherson AJ. Antibodies Set Boundaries Limiting Microbial Metabolite Penetration and the Resultant Mammalian Host Response. Immunity 2018; 49:545-559.e5. [PMID: 30193848 PMCID: PMC6162337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the mammalian microbiota is well contained within the intestine, it profoundly shapes development and metabolism of almost every host organ. We questioned the range and depth of microbial metabolite penetration into the host, and how this is modulated by intestinal immunity. Chemically identical microbial and host metabolites were distinguished by stable isotope tracing from 13C-labeled live non-replicating Escherichia coli, differentiating 12C host isotopes with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Hundreds of endogenous microbial compounds penetrated 23 host tissues and fluids after intestinal exposure: subsequent 12C host metabolome signatures included lipidemia, reduced glycolysis, and inflammation. Penetrant bacterial metabolites from the small intestine were rapidly cleared into the urine, whereas induced antibodies curtailed microbial metabolite exposure by accelerating intestinal bacterial transit into the colon where metabolite transport mechanisms are limiting. Pervasive penetration of microbial molecules can cause extensive host tissue responses: these are limited by immune and non-immune intestinal mucosal adaptations to the microbiota. Metabolites from mutualistic bacteria broadly penetrate host tissues and organs Bacterial metabolites induce widespread host metabolic and immunological responses The small intestine is highly susceptible to host-microbial metabolomic exchange Secretory immunoglobulins accelerate microbial clearance from the small intestine
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uchimura
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, 520-2192 Shiga, Japan
| | - Tobias Fuhrer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hai Li
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melissa A Lawson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joel Zindel
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Ronchi
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Sorribas
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, Murtenstrasse 35, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
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216
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Trevisi P, Priori D, Jansman AJM, Luise D, Koopmans SJ, Hynönen U, Palva A, van der Meulen J, Bosi P. Molecular networks affected by neonatal microbial colonization in porcine jejunum, luminally perfused with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, F4ac fimbria or Lactobacillus amylovorus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202160. [PMID: 30161141 PMCID: PMC6116929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an early complex gut microbiota may play an important role in the protection against intestinal dysbiosis later in life. The significance of the developed microbiota for gut barrier functionality upon interaction with pathogenic or beneficial bacteria is largely unknown. The transcriptome of differently perfused jejunal loops of 12 caesarian-derived pigs, neonatally associated with microbiota of different complexity, was studied. Piglets received pasteurized sow colostrum at birth (d0), a starter microbiota (Lactobacillus amylovorus (LAM), Clostridium glycolicum, and Parabacteroides) on d1-d3, and a placebo inoculant (simple association, SA) or an inoculant consisting of sow’s diluted feces (complex association, CA) on d3-d4. On d 26–37, jejunal loops were perfused for 8 h with either enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC), purified F4 fimbriae, LAM or saline control (CTRL). Gene expression of each intestinal loop was analyzed by Affymetrix Porcine Gene 1.1_ST array strips. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed on expression values. Compared to CTRL, 184 and 74; 2 and 139; 2 and 48 gene sets, were up- and down-regulated by ETEC, F4 and LAM, respectively. ETEC up-regulated networks related to inflammatory and immune responses, RNA processing, and mitosis. There was a limited overlap in up-regulated gene sets between ETEC and F4 fimbriae. LAM down-regulated genes related to inflammatory and immune responses, as well as to cellular compound metabolism. In CA pigs, 57 gene sets were up-regulated by CA, while 73 were down-regulated compared to SA. CA up-regulated gene sets related to lymphocyte modulation and to cellular defense in all loop perfusions. In CA pigs, compared to SA pigs, genes for chemokine and cytokine activity and for response to external stimuli were down-regulated in ETEC-perfused loops and up-regulated in CTRL. The results highlight the importance of the nature of neonatal microbial colonization in the response to microbial stimuli later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diana Luise
- DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ulla Hynönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Paolo Bosi
- DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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217
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Bacterial Methionine Metabolism Genes Influence Drosophila melanogaster Starvation Resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00662-18. [PMID: 29934334 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00662-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-associated microorganisms (microbiota) dramatically influence the nutritional and physiological traits of their hosts. To expand our understanding of such influences, we predicted bacterial genes that influence a quantitative animal trait by a comparative genomic approach, and we extended these predictions via mutant analysis. We focused on Drosophila melanogaster starvation resistance (SR). We first confirmed that D. melanogaster SR responds to the microbiota by demonstrating that bacterium-free flies have greater SR than flies bearing a standard 5-species microbial community, and we extended this analysis by revealing the species-specific influences of 38 genome-sequenced bacterial species on D. melanogaster SR. A subsequent metagenome-wide association analysis predicted bacterial genes with potential influence on D. melanogaster SR, among which were significant enrichments in bacterial genes for the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and B vitamins. Dietary supplementation experiments established that the addition of methionine, but not B vitamins, to the diets significantly lowered D. melanogaster SR in a way that was additive, but not interactive, with the microbiota. A direct role for bacterial methionine metabolism genes in D. melanogaster SR was subsequently confirmed by analysis of flies that were reared individually with distinct methionine cycle Escherichia coli mutants. The correlated responses of D. melanogaster SR to bacterial methionine metabolism mutants and dietary modification are consistent with the established finding that bacteria can influence fly phenotypes through dietary modification, although we do not provide explicit evidence of this conclusion. Taken together, this work reveals that D. melanogaster SR is a microbiota-responsive trait, and specific bacterial genes underlie these influences.IMPORTANCE Extending descriptive studies of animal-associated microorganisms (microbiota) to define causal mechanistic bases for their influence on animal traits is an emerging imperative. In this study, we reveal that D. melanogaster starvation resistance (SR), a model quantitative trait in animal genetics, responds to the presence and identity of the microbiota. Using a predictive analysis, we reveal that the amino acid methionine has a key influence on D. melanogaster SR and show that bacterial methionine metabolism mutants alter normal patterns of SR in flies bearing the bacteria. Our data further suggest that these effects are additive, and we propose the untested hypothesis that, similar to bacterial effects on fruit fly triacylglyceride deposition, the bacterial influence may be through dietary modification. Together, these findings expand our understanding of the bacterial genetic basis for influence on a nutritionally relevant trait of a model animal host.
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218
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Studying cancer immunotherapy using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) in humanized mice. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-9. [PMID: 30089794 PMCID: PMC6082857 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a promising way to eliminate tumor cells by using the patient’s own immune system. Selecting the appropriate animal models to develop or validate preclinical immunotherapeutic trials is now an important aspect of many cancer research programs. Here we discuss the advantages and limitations of using genetically engineered immunodeficient mouse models, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and humanized mouse models for developing and testing immunotherapeutic strategies. Improvements to mouse models for cancer immunotherapy could enhance the precision of new drugs. Immunotherapy trials require genetically modified animal models, including ‘humanized’ mice with a functioning human immune system, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice, in which cells from patients’ tumors are implanted into immunodeficient mice. Charles Lee at the Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine in Farmington, USA, Yeun-Jun Chung at the Catholic University of Korea in Seoul, and co-workers reviewed developments in both PDX and humanized-PDX mouse models for immunotherapy trials. PDX models improve the chances of finding novel biomarkers for drug development. However, humanized PDX mouse models will allow researchers to study diverse cancers in tumour and immune environments as close as possible to those of humans.
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219
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Mooser C, Gomez de Agüero M, Ganal-Vonarburg SC. Standardization in host-microbiota interaction studies: challenges, gnotobiology as a tool, and perspective. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 44:50-60. [PMID: 30056329 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Considering the increasing list of diseases linked to the commensal microbiota, experimental studies of host-microbe interactions are of growing interest. Axenic and differently colonized animal models are inalienable tools to study these interactions. Factors, such as host genetics, diet, antibiotics and litter affect microbiota composition and can be confounding factors in many experimental settings. The use of gnotobiotic mice harboring defined microbiotas of different complexity plus additional housing standardization have thus become a gold standard to study the influence of the microbiome on the host. We highlight here the recent advances, challenges and outstanding goals in gnotobiology with the ambition to contribute to the generation of reliable, reproducible and transferrable results, which form the basis for advances in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mooser
- Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
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220
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Klassen JL. Defining microbiome function. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:864-869. [PMID: 30046174 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Why does a microorganism associate with a host? What function does it perform? Such questions are difficult to unequivocally address and remain hotly debated. This is partially because scientists often use different philosophical definitions of 'function' ambiguously and interchangeably, as exemplified by the controversy surrounding the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project. Here, I argue that research studying host-associated microbial communities and their genomes (that is, microbiomes) faces similar pitfalls and that unclear or misapplied conceptions of function underpin many controversies in this field. In particular, experiments that support phenomenological models of function can inappropriately be used to support functional models that instead require specific measurements of evolutionary selection. Microbiome research also requires uniquely clear definitions of 'who the function is for', in contrast to most single-organism systems where this is implicit. I illustrate how obscuring either of these issues can lead to substantial confusion and misinterpretation of microbiome function, using the varied conceptions of the holobiont as a current and cogent example. Using clear functional definitions and appropriate types of evidence are essential to effectively communicate microbiome research and foster host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Klassen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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221
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Gut Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity in the Neonate. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6030056. [PMID: 30018263 PMCID: PMC6163169 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota colonization is a complex, dynamic, and step-wise process that is in constant development during the first years of life. This microbial settlement occurs in parallel with the maturation of the immune system, and alterations during this period, due to environmental and host factors, are considered to be potential determinants of health-outcomes later in life. Given that host–microbe interactions are mediated by the immune system response, it is important to understand the close relationship between immunity and the microbiota during birth, lactation, and early infancy. This work summarizes the evidence to date on early gut microbiota colonization, and how it influences the maturation of the infant immune system and health during the first 1000 days of life. This review will also address the influence of perinatal antibiotic intake and the importance of delivery mode and breastfeeding for an appropriate development of gut immunity.
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222
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Zhou B, Xia X, Wang P, Chen S, Yu C, Huang R, Zhang R, Wang Y, Lu L, Yuan F, Tian Y, Fan Y, Zhang X, Shu Y, Zhang S, Bai D, Wu L, Xu H, Yang L. Induction and Amelioration of Methotrexate-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity are Related to Immune Response and Gut Microbiota. EBioMedicine 2018; 33:122-133. [PMID: 30049384 PMCID: PMC6085585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a widely used anticancer and immunosuppressive agent, methotrexate (MTX) can induce multiple adverse drug reactions (ADRs), such as gastrointestinal toxicity, the mechanisms are poorly understood. Gut microbiota has been widely reported to be associated with the onset of multiple diseases as well as treatment outcomes of different drugs. In this study, mucosal injury was observed in MTX-treated mice, leading to significant changes in macrophages (i.e., M1/M2 ratio, P < 0.05) but not in dendritic cells. Moreover, the population, diversity and principal components of the gut microbiota in mice were dramatically altered after MTX treatment in a time-dependent manner, and Bacteroidales exhibited the most distinct variation among all the taxa (P < 0.05). Bacteroides fragilis was significantly decreased with MTX treatment (P < 0.01) and tended to decrease proportionately with increasing macrophage density. Gavage of mice with B. fragilis ameliorated MTX-induced inflammatory reactions and modulate macrophage polarization. In conclusion, our results delineate a strong impact of the gut microbiota on MTX-induced intestinal mucositis and provide a potential method for the prevention of such ADRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuyang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Peiqi Wang
- State Key laboratory of Oral diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chaoheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yantai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengjiao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaomei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingzi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Shouyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Ding Bai
- State Key laboratory of Oral diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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223
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Parker A, Lawson MAE, Vaux L, Pin C. Host-microbe interaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2337-2353. [PMID: 28892253 PMCID: PMC6175405 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a highly complex organ in which multiple dynamic physiological processes are tightly coordinated while interacting with a dense and extremely diverse microbial population. From establishment in early life, through to host-microbe symbiosis in adulthood, the gut microbiota plays a vital role in our development and health. The effect of the microbiota on gut development and physiology is highlighted by anatomical and functional changes in germ-free mice, affecting the gut epithelium, immune system and enteric nervous system. Microbial colonisation promotes competent innate and acquired mucosal immune systems, epithelial renewal, barrier integrity, and mucosal vascularisation and innervation. Interacting or shared signalling pathways across different physiological systems of the gut could explain how all these changes are coordinated during postnatal colonisation, or after the introduction of microbiota into germ-free models. The application of cell-based in-vitro experimental systems and mathematical modelling can shed light on the molecular and signalling pathways which regulate the development and maintenance of homeostasis in the gut and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | | | - Laura Vaux
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | - Carmen Pin
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
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224
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Valzania L, Martinson VG, Harrison RE, Boyd BM, Coon KL, Brown MR, Strand MR. Both living bacteria and eukaryotes in the mosquito gut promote growth of larvae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006638. [PMID: 29979680 PMCID: PMC6057668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that larval stage Aedes aegypti and several other species of mosquitoes grow when living bacteria are present in the gut but do not grow when living bacteria are absent. We further reported that living bacteria induce a hypoxia signal in the gut, which activates hypoxia-induced transcription factors and other processes larvae require for growth. In this study we assessed whether other types of organisms induce mosquito larvae to grow and asked if the density of non-living microbes or diet larvae are fed obviate the requirement for living organisms prior results indicated are required for growth. Using culture conditions identical to our own prior studies, we determined that inoculation density of living Escherichia coli positively affected growth rates of Ae. aegypti larvae, whereas non-living E. coli had no effect on growth across the same range of inoculation densities. A living yeast, alga, and insect cell line induced axenic Ae. aegypti first instars to grow, and stimulated similar levels of midgut hypoxia, HIF-α stabilization, and neutral lipid accumulation in the fat body as E. coli. However, the same organisms had no effect on larval growth if heat-killed. In addition, no axenic larvae molted when fed two other diets, when fed diets supplemented with heat-killed microbes or lysed and heat-killed microbes. Experiments conducted with An. gambiae yielded similar findings. Taken together, our results indicate that organisms from different prokaryotic and eukaryotic groups induce mosquito larvae to grow, whereas no conditions were identified that stimulated larvae to grow in the absence of living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valzania
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Vincent G. Martinson
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Ruby E. Harrison
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Bret M. Boyd
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Kerri L. Coon
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Brown
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Strand
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Zhang Y, Kim TJ, Wroblewska JA, Tesic V, Upadhyay V, Weichselbaum RR, Tumanov AV, Tang H, Guo X, Tang H, Fu YX. Type 3 innate lymphoid cell-derived lymphotoxin prevents microbiota-dependent inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:697-709. [PMID: 28579615 PMCID: PMC6123485 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Splenomegaly is a well-known phenomenon typically associated with inflammation. However, the underlying cause of this phenotype has not been well characterized. Furthermore, the splenomegaly phenotype seen in lymphotoxin (LT) signaling-deficient mice is characterized by increased numbers of splenocytes and splenic neutrophils. Splenomegaly, as well as the related phenotype of increased lymphocyte counts in non-lymphoid tissues, is thought to result from the absence of secondary lymphoid tissues in LT-deficient mice. We now present evidence that mice deficient in LTα1β2 or LTβR develop splenomegaly and increased numbers of lymphocytes in non-lymphoid tissues in a microbiota-dependent manner. Antibiotic administration to LTα1β2- or LTβR-deficient mice reduces splenomegaly. Furthermore, re-derived germ-free Ltbr-/- mice do not exhibit splenomegaly or increased inflammation in non-lymphoid tissues compared to specific pathogen-free Ltbr-/- mice. By using various LTβ- and LTβR-conditional knockout mice, we demonstrate that retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γT-positive type 3 innate lymphoid cells provide the required active LT signaling to prevent the development of splenomegaly. Thus, this study demonstrates the importance of LT-mediated immune responses for the prevention of splenomegaly and systemic inflammation induced by microbiota.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Lymphotoxin alpha1, beta2 Heterotrimer/genetics
- Lymphotoxin alpha1, beta2 Heterotrimer/immunology
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/genetics
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microbiota/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, USA, IL
| | - Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, USA, IL
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 02841, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joanna A Wroblewska
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vera Tesic
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, USA, IL
| | - Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexei V Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 78229, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hong Tang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohuan Guo
- Institute of Immunology, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, USA, IL.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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226
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota affect the development and function of the immune system and may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies reporting gastrointestinal microbiota aberrations associated with the systemic sclerosis disease state. RECENT FINDINGS The studies described herein have identified common changes in gut microbial composition. Specifically, patients with SSc have decreased abundance of beneficial commensal genera (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Clostridium, and Bacteroides) and increased abundance of pathobiont genera (e.g., Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Erwinia). In addition, some studies have linked specific genera with the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in systemic sclerosis. More research is needed to further characterize the gastrointestinal microbiota in systemic sclerosis and understand how microbiota perturbations can affect inflammation, fibrosis, and clinical outcomes. Interventional studies aimed at addressing/correcting these perturbations, either through dietary modification, pro/pre-biotic supplementation, or fecal transplantation, may lead to improved outcomes for patients with systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellocchi
- Scleroderma Unit, Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elizabeth R Volkmann
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Ste 32-59, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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227
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Rapin A, Harris NL. Helminth-Bacterial Interactions: Cause and Consequence. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:724-733. [PMID: 29941203 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths, along with mutualistic microbes, have cohabited the intestine of mammals throughout evolution. Interactions between helminths, bacteria, and their mammalian hosts may shape not only host-helminth and host-microbiome interactions, but also the relationship between helminths and the microbiome. This 'ménage à trois' situation may not be completely balanced in that it may favor either the host or the parasite, possibly at the cost of the other partner. Similarly, helminths may favor the establishment of a particular microbiome with either positive or negative consequences for the overall health and well-being of the host. Recent studies indicate that infection with intestinal helminths can and does impact the intestinal microbiome, with important consequences for each partner in this tripartite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rapin
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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228
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Role of nutrition, infection, and the microbiota in the efficacy of oral vaccines. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1169-1177. [PMID: 29925624 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral vaccines (OVs), provide protection against pathogens that infect mucosal surfaces and their potency relies on their capacity to elicit T- and B-cell responses directed to these surfaces. Oral vaccination efficacy has been found to vary considerably with differences in geographical locations and socioeconomic status. Specifically, in children living in resource-poor countries, undernourishment and chronic gastrointestinal (GI) infection are associated with the failure of OVs, which is a tragic outcome for the children who would benefit most from mucosal-based protection from infection. Both undernutrition and GI infection have been shown to profoundly affect the microbiota, inducing 'dysbiosis' characterized by narrowed bacterial diversity and increased frequency of bacterial clades associated with the induction of inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that the microbiota exerts a profound effect on the development of mucosal immune responses. Therefore, it seems likely that OV failure in resource-poor regions is affected by alterations to the immune response driven by dysbiotic changes to the microbiota. Here, we review the contribution of the microbiota to OV efficacy in the context of diet and GI infection.
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229
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Zaheer M, Wang C, Bian F, Yu Z, Hernandez H, de Souza RG, Simmons KT, Schady D, Swennes AG, Pflugfelder SC, Britton RA, de Paiva CS. Protective role of commensal bacteria in Sjögren Syndrome. J Autoimmun 2018; 93:45-56. [PMID: 29934134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD25 knock-out (CD25KO) mice spontaneously develop Sjögren Syndrome (SS)-like inflammation. We investigated the role of commensal bacteria by comparing CD25KO mice housed in conventional or germ-free conditions. Germ-free CD25KO mice have greater corneal barrier dysfunction, lower goblet cell density, increased total lymphocytic infiltration score, increased expression of IFN-γ, IL-12 and higher a frequency of CD4+IFN-γ+ cells than conventional mice. CD4+ T cells isolated from female germ-free CD25KO mice adoptively transferred to naive immunodeficient RAG1KO recipients caused more severe Sjögren-like disease than CD4+ T cells transferred from conventional CD25KO mice. Fecal transplant in germ-free CD25KO mice reversed the spontaneous dry eye phenotype and decreased the generation of pathogenic CD4+IFN-γ+ cells. Our studies indicate that lack of commensal bacteria accelerates the onset and severity of dacryoadenitis and generates autoreactive CD4+T cells with greater pathogenicity in the CD25KO model, suggesting that the commensal bacteria or their metabolites products have immunoregulatory properties that protect exocrine glands in the CD25KO SS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahira Zaheer
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Changjun Wang
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Bian
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Humberto Hernandez
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo G de Souza
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ken T Simmons
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Schady
- Department of Texas Children's Hospital Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alton G Swennes
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert A Britton
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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230
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Oyserman BO, Medema MH, Raaijmakers JM. Road MAPs to engineer host microbiomes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 43:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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231
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McIntosh CM, Chen L, Shaiber A, Eren AM, Alegre ML. Gut microbes contribute to variation in solid organ transplant outcomes in mice. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:96. [PMID: 29793539 PMCID: PMC5968713 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid organ transplant recipients show heterogeneity in the occurrence and timing of acute rejection episodes. Understanding the factors responsible for such variability in patient outcomes may lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Rejection kinetics of transplanted organs mainly depends on the extent of genetic disparities between donor and recipient, but a role for environmental factors is emerging. We have recently shown that major alterations of the microbiota following broad-spectrum antibiotics, or use of germ-free animals, promoted longer skin graft survival in mice. Here, we tested whether spontaneous differences in microbial colonization between genetically similar individuals can contribute to variability in graft rejection kinetics. RESULTS We compared rejection kinetics of minor mismatched skin grafts in C57BL/6 mice from Jackson Laboratory (Jax) and Taconic Farms (Tac), genetically similar animals colonized by different commensal microbes. Female Tac mice rejected skin grafts from vendor-matched males more quickly than Jax mice. We observed prolonged graft survival in Tac mice when they were exposed to Jax mice microbiome through co-housing or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) by gastric gavage. In contrast, exposure to Tac mice did not change graft rejection kinetics in Jax mice, suggesting a dominant suppressive effect of Jax microbiota. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons from Jax and Tac mice fecal samples confirmed a convergence of microbiota composition after cohousing or fecal transfer. Our analysis of amplicon data associated members of a single bacterial genus, Alistipes, with prolonged graft survival. Consistent with this finding, members of the genus Alistipes were absent in a separate Tac cohort, in which fecal transfer from Jax mice failed to prolong graft survival. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that differences in resident microbiome in healthy individuals may translate into distinct kinetics of graft rejection, and contribute to interpersonal variability in graft outcomes. The association between Alistipes and prolonged skin graft survival in mice suggests that members of this genus might affect host physiology, including at sites distal to the gastrointestinal tract. Overall, these findings allude to a potential therapeutic role for specific gut microbes to promote graft survival through the administration of probiotics, or FMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luqiu Chen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Alon Shaiber
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - A Murat Eren
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, USA
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232
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Abstract
The gut microbiota has been recognized as an important factor in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and is considered an endocrine organ involved in the maintenance of energy homeostasis and host immunity. Dysbiosis can change the functioning of the intestinal barrier and the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) by allowing the passage of structural components of bacteria, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which activate inflammatory pathways that may contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Furthermore, intestinal dysbiosis can alter the production of gastrointestinal peptides related to satiety, resulting in an increased food intake. In obese people, this dysbiosis seems be related to increases of the phylum Firmicutes, the genus Clostridium, and the species Eubacterium rectale, Clostridium coccoides, Lactobacillus reuteri, Akkermansia muciniphila, Clostridium histolyticum, and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Corado Gomes
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (LABINCE), Faculty of Nutrition, Goiás Federal University, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil,CONTACT Dra. Aline Corado Gomes Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (LABINCE), Faculty of Nutrition, Goiás Federal University, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, St. 227, Block 68, Goiânia GO, Brazil
| | - Christian Hoffmann
- Department of Food Sciences and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Felipe Mota
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (LABINCE), Faculty of Nutrition, Goiás Federal University, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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233
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Douglas AE. The Drosophila model for microbiome research. Lab Anim (NY) 2018; 47:157-164. [PMID: 29795158 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-018-0065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is increasingly recognized to play an important role in shaping the health and fitness of animals, including humans. Drosophila is emerging as a valuable model for microbiome research, combining genetic and genomic resources with simple protocols to manipulate the microbiome, such that microbiologically sterile flies and flies bearing a standardized microbiota can readily be produced in large numbers. Studying Drosophila has the potential to increase our understanding of how the microbiome influences host traits, and allows opportunities for hypothesis testing of microbial impacts on human health. Drosophila is being used to investigate aspects of host-microbe interactions, including the metabolism, the immune system and behavior. Drosophila offers a valuable alternative to rodent and other mammalian models of microbiome research for fundamental discovery of microbiome function, enabling improved research cost effectiveness and benefits for animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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234
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Kamdar K, Johnson AMF, Chac D, Myers K, Kulur V, Truevillian K, DePaolo RW. Innate Recognition of the Microbiota by TLR1 Promotes Epithelial Homeostasis and Prevents Chronic Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:230-242. [PMID: 29794015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is cross-talk between the intestinal epithelium and the microbiota that functions to maintain a tightly regulated microenvironment and prevent chronic inflammation. This communication is partly mediated through the recognition of bacterial proteins by host-encoded innate receptors, such as TLRs. However, studies examining the role of TLR signaling on colonic homeostasis have given variable and conflicting results. Despite its critical role in mediating immunity during enteric infection of the small intestine, TLR1-mediated recognition of microbiota-derived ligands and their influence on colonic homeostasis has not been well studied. In this study, we demonstrate that defective TLR1 recognition of the microbiome by epithelial cells results in disruption of crypt homeostasis specifically within the secretory cell compartment, including a defect in the mucus layer, ectopic Paneth cells in the colon, and an increase in the number of rapidly dividing cells at the base of the crypt. As a consequence of the perturbed epithelial barrier, we found an increase in mucosal-associated and translocated commensal bacteria and chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by an increase in lineage-negative Sca1+Thy1hi innate lymphoid-like cells that exacerbate inflammation and worsen outcomes in a model of colonic injury and repair. Our findings demonstrate that sensing of the microbiota by TLR1 may provide key signals that regulate the colonic epithelium, thereby limiting inflammation through the prevention of bacterial attachment to the mucosa and exposure to the underlying immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kamdar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Andrew M F Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Denise Chac
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Kalisa Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Vrishika Kulur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Kyle Truevillian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - R William DePaolo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
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235
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Rosado MM, Aranburu A, Scarsella M, Cascioli S, Giorda E, Del Chierico F, Mortera SL, Mortari EP, Petrini S, Putignani L, Carsetti R. Spleen development is modulated by neonatal gut microbiota. Immunol Lett 2018; 199:1-15. [PMID: 29715493 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The full development of the mammalian immune system occurs after birth upon exposure to non self-antigens. The gut is the first site of bacterial colonization where it is crucial to create the appropriate microenvironment able to balance effector or tolerogenic responses to external stimuli. It is a well-established fact that at mucosal sites bacteria play a key role in developing the immune system but we ignore how colonising bacteria impact the maturation of the spleen. Here we addressed this issue. Taking advantage of the fact that milk SIgA regulates bacterial colonization of the newborn intestine, we generated immunocompetent mice born either from IgA pro-efficient or IgA deficient females. Having demonstrated that SIgA in maternal milk modulates neonatal gut microbiota by promoting an increased diversity of the colonizing species we also found that immunocompetent pups, not exposed to milk SIgA, fail to properly develop the FDC network and primary follicles in the spleen compromising the response to T-dependent antigens. The presence of a less diverse microbiota with a higher representation of pathogenic species leads to a fast replenishment of the marginal zone and the IgM plasma cell compartment of the spleen as well as IgA plasma cells in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manuela Rosado
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alaitz Aranburu
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scarsella
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cascioli
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Giorda
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Del Chierico
- Human Microbiome Unit, Area of Genetic and Rare Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Levi Mortera
- Human Microbiome Unit, Area of Genetic and Rare Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Human Microbiome Unit, Area of Genetic and Rare Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
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236
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Gula RL, Adams DK. Effects of Symbiodinium Colonization on Growth and Cell Proliferation in the Giant Clam Hippopus hippopus. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 234:130-138. [PMID: 29856670 DOI: 10.1086/698265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Giant clams (subfamily Tridacnidae) house their obligate symbionts, Symbiodinium sp., in a specialized tubular system. Rapid uptake of Symbiodinium has been shown to increase early clam survival, suggesting that symbionts play an essential role in host growth and development. To determine whether symbionts influence development in the giant clam Hippopus hippopus, we compared growth patterns and cell proliferation in two groups of clams inoculated or not inoculated (control) with Symbiodinium sp. Symbiont uptake occurred continuously from days 8 to 26 post-fertilization, with, on average, ∼5% per day colonized. The control treatment grew even without symbionts (1.03 ± 0.41 µm per day, standard error). Inoculated individuals grew significantly faster (2.91 ± 0.37 µm per day) than control individuals (P < 0.001). However, daily shell length measurements did not significantly differ between treatments until day 22, and ∼97% of control individuals metamorphosed by day 24, suggesting a delay in growth effects. Consistent with this, at day 13, clam cell proliferation was not correlated with symbiont abundance in inoculated individuals (P = 0.13), while at day 26, it was (P < 0.01). The proliferating cell pattern also changed from being randomly distributed (P = 0.99) at day 13 to non-randomly distributed (P = 0.002), with increased likelihood of proliferation within ∼25 µm of a symbiont, at day 26. Our results indicate that H. hippopus has a longer Symbiodinium acquisition period than previously recorded, after which proliferation and development are enhanced but during which growth is unaffected by Symbiodinium.
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237
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Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) is the whole of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms living in our intestine. The GM-host interactions contribute to the maturation of the host immune system, modulating its systemic response. It is well documented that GM can interact with non-enteral cells such as immune cells, dendritic cells, and hepatocytes, producing molecules such as short-chain fatty acids, indole derivatives, polyamines, and secondary bile acid. The receptors for some of these molecules are expressed on immune cells, and modulate the differentiation of T effector and regulatory cells: this is the reason why dysbiosis is correlated with several autoimmune, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the close interplay between immune and bone cells, GM has a central role in maintaining bone health and influences bone turnover and density. GM can improve bone health also increasing calcium absorption and modulating the production of gut serotonin, a molecule that interacts with bone cells and has been suggested to act as a bone mass regulator. Thus, GM manipulation by consumption of antibiotics, changes in dietary habits, and the use of pre- and probiotics may affect bone health. This review summarizes evidences on the influence of GM on immune system and on bone turnover and density and how GM manipulation may influence bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D'Amelio
- Gerontology and Bone Metabolic Diseases Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, CorsoDogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - F Sassi
- Gerontology and Bone Metabolic Diseases Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, CorsoDogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
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238
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Schwarzer M, Strigini M, Leulier F. Gut Microbiota and Host Juvenile Growth. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:387-405. [PMID: 29214457 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Good genes, good food, good friends. That is what parents hope will sustain and nurture the harmonious growth of their children. The impact of the genetic background and nutrition on postnatal growth has been in the spot light for long, but the good friends have come to the scene only recently. Among the good friends perhaps the most crucial ones are those that we are carrying within ourselves. They comprise the trillions of microbes that collectively constitute each individual's intestinal microbiota. Indeed, recent epidemiological and field studies in humans, supported by extensive experimental data on animal models, demonstrate a clear role of the intestinal microbiota on their host's juvenile growth, especially under suboptimal nutrient conditions. Genuinely integrative approaches applicable to invertebrate and vertebrate systems combine tools from genetics, developmental biology, microbiology, nutrition, and physiology to reveal how gut microbiota affects growth both positively and negatively, in healthy and pathological conditions. It appears that certain natural or engineered gut microbiota communities can positively impact insulin/IGF-1 and steroid hormone signaling, thus contributing to the host juvenile development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwarzer
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic.
| | - Maura Strigini
- INSERM, U1059, Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Faculté de Médecine, Campus Santé Innovation, 42023, Saint-Étienne, France.
| | - François Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
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239
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Wu XD, Xu W, Liu MM, Hu KJ, Sun YY, Yang XF, Zhu GQ, Wang ZW, Huang W. Efficacy of prophylactic probiotics in combination with antibiotics versus antibiotics alone for colorectal surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Surg Oncol 2018; 117:1394-1404. [PMID: 29572838 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Dong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Meng-Meng Liu
- Department of Pathology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui Province China
| | - Ke-Jia Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology; Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Microsurgery; Huashan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Ya-Ying Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine; Huashan Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Xue-Fei Yang
- Department of Endocrinology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Gui-Qi Zhu
- Liver Cancer Institute; Zhongshan Hospital; Fudan University, Key Labolatory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Fudan University; Ministry of Education; Shanghai China
| | - Zi-Wei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
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240
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Abstract
The microbiome is defined as the total of cellular microorganisms of baczerial, viral or e. g., parasite origin living on the surface of a body. Within the anatomical areas of otorhinolaryngology, a significant divergence and variance can be demonstrated. For ear, nose, throat, larynx and cutis different interactions of microbiome and common factors like age, diet and live style factors (e. g., smoking) have been detected in recent years. Besides, new insights hint at a passible pathognomic role of the microbiome towards diseases in the ENT area. This review article resumes the present findings of this rapidly devloping scientific area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim G Beule
- HNO-Uniklinik Münster.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenkrankheiten der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald
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241
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Wang XM, Li XB, Peng Y. Impact of Qi-invigorating traditional Chinese medicines on intestinal flora: A basis for rational choice of prebiotics. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 15:241-254. [PMID: 28527509 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Qi (vital energy) is regarded as a driving force of biological activities in human body, including both nutrient substances and organ functions. Qi-invigorating TCMs are widely used to treat various symptoms and disorders, such as fatigue, obesity, immunosuppression, intestinal flora imbalance, and gastrointestinal diseases, in which Qi is considered to be reduced or depleted. Interestingly, abundant clinical evidences suggest that these disorders are associated with the alternation of intestinal flora, which directly affects disease status. Herein we review the interaction between gut microbiota and Qi-invigorating TCMs under healthy and disease conditions and discuss the mechanisms of action and applications of Qi-invigorating TCMs in enhancing health status through microbial alternation. A better understanding of the role of Qi-invigorating TCMs in modulating microbial composition and the association between intestinal microbiota and diseases would help reveal the clinical consequences of microbiota alteration and explore opportunities to harness this symbiotic relationship to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Meng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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242
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Abstract
Microbiome science is revealing that the phenotype and health of animals, including humans, depend on the sustained function of their resident microorganisms. In this essay, I argue for thoughtful choice of model systems for human microbiome science. A greater variety of experimental systems, including wider use of invertebrate models, would benefit biomedical research, while systems ill-suited to experimental and genetic manipulation can be used to address very limited sets of scientific questions. Microbiome science benefits from the coordinated use of multiple systems, which is facilitated by networks of researchers with expertise in different experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E. Douglas
- Department of Entomology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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243
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Erturk-Hasdemir D, Kasper DL. Finding a needle in a haystack: Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A as the archetypical symbiosis factor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018. [PMID: 29528123 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Starting from birth, all animals develop a symbiotic relationship with their resident microorganisms that benefits both the microbe and the host. Recent advances in technology have substantially improved our ability to direct research toward the identification of important microbial species that affect host physiology. The identification of specific commensal molecules from these microbes and their mechanisms of action is still in its early stages. Polysaccharide A (PSA) of Bacteroides fragilis is the archetypical example of a commensal molecule that can modulate the host immune system in health and disease. This zwitterionic polysaccharide has a critical impact on the development of the mammalian immune system and also on the stimulation of interleukin 10-producing CD4+ T cells; consequently, PSA confers benefits to the host with regard to experimental autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the immunomodulatory effects of B. fragilis PSA and discuss these effects as a novel immunological paradigm. In particular, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the unique functional mechanisms of this molecule and its therapeutic potential, and we review the recent literature in the field of microbiome research aimed at discovering new commensal products and their immunomodulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Erturk-Hasdemir
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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244
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Keller IS, Bayer T, Salzburger W, Roth O. Effects of parental care on resource allocation into immune defense and buccal microbiota in mouthbrooding cichlid fishes*. Evolution 2018; 72:1109-1123. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S. Keller
- Geomar; Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research; Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel Germany
| | - Till Bayer
- Geomar; Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research; Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel Germany
| | - Walter Salzburger
- Zoological Institute; University of Basel; Vesalgasse 1 4051 Basel Switzerland
| | - Olivia Roth
- Geomar; Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research; Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel Germany
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245
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Francis A, Constantinescu CS. Gastrointestinal influences in multiple sclerosis: Focus on the role of the microbiome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Francis
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience; Section of Clinical Neurology; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham UK
| | - Cris S. Constantinescu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience; Section of Clinical Neurology; University of Nottingham Medical School; Nottingham UK
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246
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Sittipo P, Lobionda S, Lee YK, Maynard CL. Intestinal microbiota and the immune system in metabolic diseases. J Microbiol 2018; 56:154-162. [PMID: 29492872 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-7548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is comprised of millions of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract and consistently interact with the host. Host factors such as diet and disease status affect the composition of the microbiota, while the microbiota itself produces metabolites that can further manipulate host physiology. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota has been characterized in patients with certain metabolic diseases, some of which involve damage to the host intestinal epithelial barrier and alterations in the immune system. In this review, we will discuss the consequences of dietdependent bacterial dysbiosis in the gastrointestinal tract, and how the associated interaction with epithelial and immune cells impacts metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panida Sittipo
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefani Lobionda
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
| | - Craig L Maynard
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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247
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the selective destruction of insulin-producing β cells as result of a complex interplay between genetic, stochastic and environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. An increasing amount of experimental data from animal models and humans has supported the role played by imbalanced gut microbiome in T1D pathogenesis. The commensal intestinal microbiota is fundamental for several physiologic mechanisms, including the establishment of immune homeostasis. Alterations in its composition have been correlated to changes in the gut immune system, including defective tolerance to food antigens, intestinal inflammation and enhanced gut permeability. Early findings reported differences in the intestinal microbiome of subjects affected by prediabetes or overt disease compared to healthy individuals. The present review focuses on microbiota-host homeostasis, its alterations, factors that influence microbiome composition and discusses their putative correlation with T1D development. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role played by microbiota modifications in the processes that cause enhanced permeability and the autoimmune mechanisms responsible for T1D onset.
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248
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Bates KA, Clare FC, O'Hanlon S, Bosch J, Brookes L, Hopkins K, McLaughlin EJ, Daniel O, Garner TWJ, Fisher MC, Harrison XA. Amphibian chytridiomycosis outbreak dynamics are linked with host skin bacterial community structure. Nat Commun 2018; 9:693. [PMID: 29449565 PMCID: PMC5814395 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated microbes are vital for combatting infections and maintaining health. In amphibians, certain skin-associated bacteria inhibit the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), yet our understanding of host microbial ecology and its role in disease outbreaks is limited. We sampled skin-associated bacteria and Bd from Pyrenean midwife toad populations exhibiting enzootic or epizootic disease dynamics. We demonstrate that bacterial communities differ between life stages with few shared taxa, indicative of restructuring at metamorphosis. We detected a significant effect of infection history on metamorph skin microbiota, with reduced bacterial diversity in epizootic populations and differences in community structure and predicted function. Genome sequencing of Bd isolates supports a single introduction to the Pyrenees and reveals no association between pathogen genetics and epidemiological trends. Our findings provide an ecologically relevant insight into the microbial ecology of amphibian skin and highlight the relative importance of host microbiota and pathogen genetics in predicting disease outcome. Amphibian skin microbe communities have been putatively associated with the severity of chytrid fungal disease. Here, the authors show that different types of disease dynamics (enzootic versus epizootic) are associated with different microbiota in the host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran A Bates
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK. .,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - Frances C Clare
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Simon O'Hanlon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Brookes
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Kevin Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Emilia J McLaughlin
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Olivia Daniel
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Trenton W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Xavier A Harrison
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
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249
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Macpherson AJ. Do the Microbiota Influence Vaccines and Protective Immunity to Pathogens? Issues of Sovereignty, Federalism, and Points-Testing in the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Spaces of the Host-Microbial Superorganism. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029363. [PMID: 28432128 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to live attenuated vaccines, which are designed to induce immunity through a time-limited bloom in systemic tissues, the microbiota is a persistent feature of body surfaces, especially the intestine. The immune responses to the microbiota are idiosyncratic depending on the niche intimacy of different taxa and generally adapt the host to avoid overgrowth and maintain mutualism rather than to eliminate the organisms of that taxon. Both the microbiota and the host have so much molecular cross talk controlling each other, that the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic spaces of the host-microbial superorganism are federal rather than sovereign. This molecular cross talk is vital for the immune system to develop its mature form. Nevertheless, the microbiota/host biomass spaces are rather well separated: The microbiota also limits colonization and penetration of pathogens through intense metabolic competition. Immune responses to those members of the microbiota mutually adapted to intimate association at mucosal surfaces have attractive potential durability, but for clinical use as persistent vehicles they would require personalization and engineered reversibility to manage the immune context and complications in individual human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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250
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Garcia-Reyero N. The clandestine organs of the endocrine system. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:264-271. [PMID: 28822775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review analyzes what could be regarded as the "clandestine organs" of the endocrine system: the gut microbiome, the immune system, and the stress system. The immune system is very closely related to the endocrine system, with many intertwined processes and signals. Many researchers now consider the microbiome as an 'organ' that affects the organism at many different levels. While stress is certainly not an organ, it affects so many processes, including endocrine-related processes, that the stress response system deserved a special section in this review. Understanding the connections, effects, and feedback mechanisms between the different "clandestine organs" and the endocrine system will provide us with a better understanding of how an organism functions, as well as reinforce the idea that there are no independent organs or systems, but a complex, interacting network of molecules, cells, tissues, signaling pathways, and mechanisms that constitute an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States.
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