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Rutledge RG, Stewart D, Caron S, Overton C, Boyle B, MacKay J, Klimaszewska K. Potential link between biotic defense activation and recalcitrance to induction of somatic embryogenesis in shoot primordia from adult trees of white spruce (Picea glauca). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:116. [PMID: 23937238 PMCID: PMC3765131 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the many commercial opportunities afforded by somatic embryogenesis (SE), it is the ability to clonally propagate individual plants with rare or elite traits that has some of the most significant implications. This is particularly true for many long-lived species, such as conifers, but whose long generation times pose substantive challenges, including increased recalcitrance for SE as plants age. Identification of a clonal line of somatic embryo-derived trees whose shoot primordia have remained responsive to SE induction for over a decade, provided a unique opportunity to examine the molecular aspects underpinning SE within shoot tissues of adult white spruce trees. RESULTS Microarray analysis was used to conduct transcriptome-wide expression profiling of shoot explants taken from this responsive genotype following one week of SE induction, which when compared with that of a nonresponsive genotype, led to the identification of four of the most differentially expressed genes within each genotype. Using absolute qPCR to expand the analysis to three weeks of induction revealed that differential expression of all eight candidate genes was maintained to the end of the induction treatment, albeit to differing degrees. Most striking was that both the magnitude and duration of candidate gene expression within the nonresponsive genotype was indicative of an intense physiological response. Examining their putative identities further revealed that all four encoded for proteins with similarity to angiosperm proteins known to play prominent roles in biotic defense, and that their high-level induction over an extended period is consistent with activation of a biotic defense response. In contrast, the more temperate response within the responsive genotype, including induction of a conifer-specific dehydrin, is more consistent with elicitation of an adaptive stress response. CONCLUSIONS While additional evidence is required to definitively establish an association between SE responsiveness and a specific physiological response, these results suggest that biotic defense activation may be antagonistic, likely related to the massive transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming that it elicits. A major issue for future work will be to determine how and if suppressing biotic defense activation could be used to promote a physiological state more conducive to SE induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Rutledge
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Don Stewart
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Sébastien Caron
- Centre for Forest Research and Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Cathy Overton
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Bryan Boyle
- Centre for Forest Research and Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - John MacKay
- Centre for Forest Research and Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Krystyna Klimaszewska
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
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202
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Boatwright JL, Pajerowska-Mukhtar K. Salicylic acid: an old hormone up to new tricks. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:623-34. [PMID: 23621321 PMCID: PMC6638680 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) acts as a signalling molecule in plant defence against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic phytopathogens. The biosynthesis of SA on pathogen detection is essential for local and systemic acquired resistance, as well as the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. SA biosynthesis can occur via several different substrates, but is predominantly accomplished by isochorismate synthase (ICS1) following pathogen recognition. The roles of BTB domain-containing proteins, NPR1, NPR3 and NPR4, in SA binding and signal transduction have been re-examined recently and are elaborated upon in this review. The pathogen-mediated manipulation of SA-dependent defences, as well as the crosstalk between the SA signalling pathway, other plant hormones and defence signals, is also discussed in consideration of recent research. Furthermore, the recent links established between SA, pathogen-triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Lucas Boatwright
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 5294, USA
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203
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Fukumoto K, Alamgir K, Yamashita Y, Mori IC, Matsuura H, Galis I. Response of rice to insect elicitors and the role of OsJAR1 in wound and herbivory-induced JA-Ile accumulation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:775-84. [PMID: 23621526 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce jasmonic acid (JA) and its amino acid conjugate, jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) as major defense signals in response to wounding and herbivory. In rice (Oryza sativa), JA and JA-Ile rapidly increased after mechanical damage, and this increase was further amplified when the wounds were treated with oral secretions from generalist herbivore larvae, lawn armyworms (Spodoptera mauritia), revealing for the first time active perception mechanisms of herbivore-associated elicitor(s) in rice. In the rice genome, two OsJAR genes can conjugate JA and Ile and form JA-Ile in vitro; however, their function in herbivory-induced accumulation of JA-Ile has not been investigated. By functional characterization of TOS17 retrotransposon-tagged Osjar1 plants and their response to simulated herbivory, we show that OsJAR1 is essential for JA-Ile production in herbivore-attacked, field-grown plants. In addition, OsJAR1 was required for normal seed development in rice under field conditions. Our results suggest that OsJAR1 possesses at least two major functions in rice defense and development that cannot be complemented by the additional OsJAR2 gene function, although this gene previously showed overlapping enzyme activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Fukumoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
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204
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Song S, Qi T, Fan M, Zhang X, Gao H, Huang H, Wu D, Guo H, Xie D. The bHLH subgroup IIId factors negatively regulate jasmonate-mediated plant defense and development. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003653. [PMID: 23935516 PMCID: PMC3723532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated systems for adaptation to their natural habitat. In response to developmental and environmental cues, plants produce and perceive jasmonate (JA) signals, which induce degradation of JASMONATE-ZIM-Domain (JAZ) proteins and derepress the JAZ-repressed transcription factors to regulate diverse aspects of defense responses and developmental processes. Here, we identified the bHLH subgroup IIId transcription factors (bHLH3, bHLH13, bHLH14 and bHLH17) as novel targets of JAZs. These bHLH subgroup IIId transcription factors act as transcription repressors and function redundantly to negatively regulate JA responses. The quadruple mutant bhlh3 bhlh13 bhlh14 bhlh17 showed severe sensitivity to JA-inhibited root growth and JA-induced anthocyanin accumulation, and exhibited obvious increase in JA-regulated plant defense against pathogen infection and insect attack. Transgenic plants overexpressing bHLH13 or bHLH17 displayed reduced JA responses. Furthermore, these bHLH factors functioned as transcription repressors to antagonize the transcription activators, such as MYC2 and the WD-repeat/bHLH/MYB complex, through binding to their target sequences. Coordinated regulation of JA responses by transcription activators and repressors would benefit plants by allowing fine regulation of defense and development, and survival in their frequently changing environment. Plants live in fixed places and have to evolve sophisticated systems for adaptation to their frequently changing environment. Plant hormones are essential for the regulation of these sophisticated systems which coordinately control plant growth, development, reproduction and defense. Jasmonates (JAs), a new class of cyclic fatty acid-derived plant hormone, regulate diverse aspects of plant defense and developmental processes. In response to external environmental signals and internal developmental cues, plants rapidly produce and efficiently perceive JA signals, which regulate a dynamic regulatory network to activate various downstream transcription factors essential for appropriate plant defense and development. Here, we identified the bHLH3, bHLH13, bHLH14 and bHLH17 transcription factors as novel transcription repressors of JA signaling. The coordinated regulation of JA-mediated plant defense and development by transcription activators and repressors would improve the survival of plants in their natural habitat and adaptation to the frequently fluctuating environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheng Song
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiancong Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Fan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dewei Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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205
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Santino A, Taurino M, De Domenico S, Bonsegna S, Poltronieri P, Pastor V, Flors V. Jasmonate signaling in plant development and defense response to multiple (a)biotic stresses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1085-98. [PMID: 23584548 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants frequently live in environments characterized by the presence of simultaneous and different stresses. The intricate and finely tuned molecular mechanisms activated by plants in response to abiotic and biotic environmental factors are not well understood, and less is known about the integrative signals and convergence points activated by plants in response to multiple (a)biotic stresses. Phytohormones play a key role in plant development and response to (a)biotic stresses. Among these, one of the most important signaling molecules is an oxylipin, the plant hormone jasmonic acid. Oxylipins are derived from oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Jasmonic acid and its volatile derivative methyl jasmonate have been considered for a long time to be the bioactive forms due to their physiological effects and abundance in the plant. However, more recent studies showed unambiguously that they are only precursors of the active forms represented by some amino acid conjugates. Upon developmental or environmental stimuli, jasmonates are synthesized and accumulate transiently. Upon perception, jasmonate signal transduction process is finely tuned by a complex mechanism comprising specific repressor proteins which in turn control a number of transcription factors regulating the expression of jasmonate responsive genes. We discuss the latest discoveries about the role of jasmonates in plants resistance mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses. Finally, the deep interplay of different phytohormones in stresses signaling will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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206
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Tytgat TOG, Verhoeven KJF, Jansen JJ, Raaijmakers CE, Bakx-Schotman T, McIntyre LM, van der Putten WH, Biere A, van Dam NM. Plants know where it hurts: root and shoot jasmonic acid induction elicit differential responses in Brassica oleracea. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65502. [PMID: 23776489 PMCID: PMC3679124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivore attack by rapidly inducing defenses that are mainly regulated by jasmonic acid (JA). Due to the systemic nature of induced defenses, attack by root herbivores can also result in a shoot response and vice versa, causing interactions between above- and belowground herbivores. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions. We investigated whether plants respond differently when roots or shoots are induced. We mimicked herbivore attack by applying JA to the roots or shoots of Brassica oleracea and analyzed molecular and chemical responses in both organs. In shoots, an immediate and massive change in primary and secondary metabolism was observed. In roots, the JA-induced response was less extensive and qualitatively different from that in the shoots. Strikingly, in both roots and shoots we also observed differential responses in primary metabolism, development as well as defense specific traits depending on whether the JA induction had been below- or aboveground. We conclude that the JA response is not only tissue-specific but also dependent on the organ that was induced. Already very early in the JA signaling pathway the differential response was observed. This indicates that both organs have a different JA signaling cascade, and that the signal eliciting systemic responses contains information about the site of induction, thus providing plants with a mechanism to tailor their responses specifically to the organ that is damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom O G Tytgat
- Department of Ecogenomics, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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207
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Golenberg EM, West NW. Hormonal interactions and gene regulation can link monoecy and environmental plasticity to the evolution of dioecy in plants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1022-37. [PMID: 23538873 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most models for dioecy in flowering plants assume that dioecy arises directly from hermaphroditism through a series of independent feminizing and masculinizing mutations that become chromosomally linked. However, dioecy appears to evolve most frequently through monoecious grades. The major genetic models do not explain the evolution of unisexual flowers in monoecious and submonoecious populations, nor do they account for environmentally induced sexual plasticity. In this review, we explore the roles of environmental stress and hormones on sex determination, and propose a model that can explain the evolution of dioecy through monoecy, and the mechanisms of environmental sex determination. Environmental stresses elicit hormones that allow plants to mediate the negative effects of the stresses. Many of these same hormones are involved in the regulation of floral developmental genes. Recent studies have elucidated the mechanisms whereby these hormones interact and can act as switchpoints in regulatory pathways. Consequently, differential concentrations of plant hormones can regulate whole developmental pathways, providing a mechanism for differential development within isogenic individuals such as seen in monoecious plants. Sex-determining genes in such systems will evolve to generate clusters of coexpressed suites. Coexpression rather than coinheritance of gender-specific genes will define the sexual developmental fate. Therefore, selection for gender type will drive evolution of the regulatory sequences of such genes rather than their synteny. Subsequent mutations to hyper- or hyposensitive alleles within the hormone response pathway can result in segregating dioecious populations. Simultaneously, such developmental systems will remain sensitive to external stimuli that modify hormone responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Golenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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208
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Lyons R, Manners JM, Kazan K. Jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling in monocots: a comparative overview. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:815-27. [PMID: 23455708 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) fulfils essential roles in plant defense and development. While most of our current understanding of the JA pathway comes from the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, new studies in monocotyledonous plants are providing additional insights into this important hormone signaling pathway. In this review, we present a comparative overview of the JA biosynthetic and signaling pathways in monocots. We highlight recent studies that have revealed molecular mechanisms (mostly conserved but also diverged) underlying JA signaling and biosynthesis in the economically important plants: maize and rice. A better understanding of the JA pathway in monocots should lead to significant improvements in pest and pathogen resistance in cereal crops, which provide the bulk of the world's food and feed supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lyons
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct (QBP), Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
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209
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Wasternack C, Hause B. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1021-58. [PMID: 23558912 PMCID: PMC3662512 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1437] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. Synthesized from lipid-constituents, the initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine. Important new components of jasmonate signalling including its receptor were identified, providing deeper insight into the role of jasmonate signalling pathways in stress responses and development. SCOPE The present review is an update of the review on jasmonates published in this journal in 2007. New data of the last five years are described with emphasis on metabolites of jasmonates, on jasmonate perception and signalling, on cross-talk to other plant hormones and on jasmonate signalling in response to herbivores and pathogens, in symbiotic interactions, in flower development, in root growth and in light perception. CONCLUSIONS The last few years have seen breakthroughs in the identification of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins and their interactors such as transcription factors and co-repressors, and the crystallization of the jasmonate receptor as well as of the enzyme conjugating jasmonate to amino acids. Now, the complex nature of networks of jasmonate signalling in stress responses and development including hormone cross-talk can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg, 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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210
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Mosher S, Kemmerling B. PSKR1 and PSY1R-mediated regulation of plant defense responses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24119. [PMID: 23470723 PMCID: PMC3906424 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant peptide signaling is an upcoming topic in many areas of plant research. Our recent findings show that the tyrosine sulfated peptide receptors PSKR1 and PSY1R are not only involved in growth and development but also in plant defense. They modulate salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent defense pathways in an antagonistic manner and this phenomenon might be dependent on the age and developmental stage of the plant. Here we discuss how the endogenous peptides might integrate growth, wounding, senescence and the opposing defense pathways against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens for increased fitness of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mosher
- ZMBP; Plant Biochemistry; University Tübingen; Tübingen, Germany
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211
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Pourcel L, Irani NG, Koo AJK, Bohorquez-Restrepo A, Howe GA, Grotewold E. A chemical complementation approach reveals genes and interactions of flavonoids with other pathways. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:383-97. [PMID: 23360095 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the classical functions of flavonoids in the response to biotic/abiotic stress conditions, these phenolic compounds have been implicated in the modulation of various developmental processes. These findings suggest that flavonoids are more integral components of the plant signaling machinery than traditionally recognized. To understand how flux through the flavonoid pathway affects plant cellular processes, we used wild-type and chalcone isomerase mutant (transparent testa 5, tt5) seedlings grown under anthocyanin inductive conditions, in the presence or absence of the flavonoid intermediate naringenin, the product of the chalcone isomerase enzyme. Because flavonoid biosynthetic genes are expressed under anthocyanin inductive conditions regardless of whether anthocyanins are formed or not, this system provides an excellent opportunity to specifically investigate the molecular changes associated with increased flux through the flavonoid pathway. By assessing genome-wide mRNA accumulation changes in naringenin-treated and untreated tt5 and wild-type seedlings, we identified a flavonoid-responsive gene set associated with cellular trafficking, stress responses and cellular signaling. Jasmonate biosynthetic genes were highly represented among the signaling pathways induced by increased flux through the flavonoid pathway. In contrast to studies showing a role for flavonoids in the control of auxin transport, no effect on auxin-responsive genes was observed. Taken together, our data suggest that Arabidopsis can sense flavonoids as a signal for multiple fundamental cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Pourcel
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences and Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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212
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Nakata M, Mitsuda N, Herde M, Koo AJ, Moreno JE, Suzuki K, Howe GA, Ohme-Takagi M. A bHLH-type transcription factor, ABA-INDUCIBLE BHLH-TYPE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR/JA-ASSOCIATED MYC2-LIKE1, acts as a repressor to negatively regulate jasmonate signaling in arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1641-56. [PMID: 23673982 PMCID: PMC3694697 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are plant hormones that regulate the balance between plant growth and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although recent studies have uncovered the mechanisms for JA-induced responses in Arabidopsis thaliana, the mechanisms by which plants attenuate the JA-induced responses remain elusive. Here, we report that a basic helix-loop-helix-type transcription factor, ABA-INDUCIBLE BHLH-TYPE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR/JA-ASSOCIATED MYC2-LIKE1 (JAM1), acts as a transcriptional repressor and negatively regulates JA signaling. Gain-of-function transgenic plants expressing the chimeric repressor for JAM1 exhibited substantial reduction of JA responses, including JA-induced inhibition of root growth, accumulation of anthocyanin, and male fertility. These plants were also compromised in resistance to attack by the insect herbivore Spodoptera exigua. Conversely, jam1 loss-of-function mutants showed enhanced JA responsiveness, including increased resistance to insect attack. JAM1 and MYC2 competitively bind to the target sequence of MYC2, which likely provides the mechanism for negative regulation of JA signaling and suppression of MYC2 functions by JAM1. These results indicate that JAM1 negatively regulates JA signaling, thereby playing a pivotal role in fine-tuning of JA-mediated stress responses and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakata
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Marco Herde
- Department of Energy–Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Abraham J.K. Koo
- Department of Energy–Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Javier E. Moreno
- Department of Energy–Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Kaoru Suzuki
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Gregg A. Howe
- Department of Energy–Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8770, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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213
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Toda Y, Tanaka M, Ogawa D, Kurata K, Kurotani KI, Habu Y, Ando T, Sugimoto K, Mitsuda N, Katoh E, Abe K, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Hattori T, Takeda S. RICE SALT SENSITIVE3 forms a ternary complex with JAZ and class-C bHLH factors and regulates jasmonate-induced gene expression and root cell elongation. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1709-25. [PMID: 23715469 PMCID: PMC3694701 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.112052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasticity of root growth in response to environmental cues and stresses is a fundamental characteristic of land plants. However, the molecular basis underlying the regulation of root growth under stressful conditions is poorly understood. Here, we report that a rice nuclear factor, RICE SALT SENSITIVE3 (RSS3), regulates root cell elongation during adaptation to salinity. Loss of function of RSS3 only moderately inhibits cell elongation under normal conditions, but it provokes spontaneous root cell swelling, accompanied by severe root growth inhibition, under saline conditions. RSS3 is preferentially expressed in the root tip and forms a ternary complex with class-C basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors and JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN proteins, the latter of which are the key regulators of jasmonate (JA) signaling. The mutated protein arising from the rss3 allele fails to interact with bHLH factors, and the expression of a significant portion of JA-responsive genes is upregulated in rss3. These results, together with the known roles of JAs in root growth regulation, suggest that RSS3 modulates the expression of JA-responsive genes and plays a crucial role in a mechanism that sustains root cell elongation at appropriate rates under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Toda
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Maiko Tanaka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ogawa
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kyo Kurata
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kurotani
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Habu
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Tsuyu Ando
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sugimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
| | - Etsuko Katoh
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Abe
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Akio Miyao
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirochika
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Tsukaho Hattori
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shin Takeda
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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214
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Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are plant hormones with essential roles in plant defense and development. The basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF) MYC2 has recently emerged as a master regulator of most aspects of the jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. MYC2 coordinates JA-mediated defense responses by antagonistically regulating two different branches of the JA signaling pathway that determine resistance to pests and pathogens, respectively. MYC2 is required for induced systemic resistance (ISR) triggered by beneficial soil microbes while MYC2 function is targeted by pathogens during effector-mediated suppression of innate immunity in roots. Another notable function of MYC2 is the regulation of crosstalk between the signaling pathways of JA and those of other phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), gibberellins (GAs), and auxin (IAA). MYC2 also regulates interactions between JA signaling and light, phytochrome signaling, and the circadian clock. MYC2 is involved in JA-regulated plant development, lateral and adventitious root formation, flowering time, and shade avoidance syndrome. Related bHLH TFs MYC3 and MYC4 also regulate both overlapping and distinct MYC2-regulated functions in Arabidopsis while MYC2 orthologs act as 'master switches' that regulate JA-mediated biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Here, we briefly review recent studies that revealed mechanistic new insights into the mode of action of this versatile TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia.
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215
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Brotman Y, Landau U, Cuadros-Inostroza Á, Tohge T, Fernie AR, Chet I, Viterbo A, Willmitzer L. Trichoderma-plant root colonization: escaping early plant defense responses and activation of the antioxidant machinery for saline stress tolerance. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003221. [PMID: 23516362 PMCID: PMC3597500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are versatile opportunistic plant symbionts which can colonize the apoplast of plant roots. Microarrays analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana roots inoculated with Trichoderma asperelloides T203, coupled with qPCR analysis of 137 stress responsive genes and transcription factors, revealed wide gene transcript reprogramming, proceeded by a transient repression of the plant immune responses supposedly to allow root colonization. Enhancement in the expression of WRKY18 and WRKY40, which stimulate JA-signaling via suppression of JAZ repressors and negatively regulate the expression of the defense genes FMO1, PAD3 and CYP71A13, was detected in Arabidopsis roots upon Trichoderma colonization. Reduced root colonization was observed in the wrky18/wrky40 double mutant line, while partial phenotypic complementation was achieved by over-expressing WRKY40 in the wrky18 wrky40 background. On the other hand increased colonization rate was found in roots of the FMO1 knockout mutant. Trichoderma spp. stimulate plant growth and resistance to a wide range of adverse environmental conditions. Arabidopsis and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants treated with Trichoderma prior to salt stress imposition show significantly improved seed germination. In addition, Trichoderma treatment affects the expression of several genes related to osmo-protection and general oxidative stress in roots of both plants. The MDAR gene coding for monodehydroascorbate reductase is significantly up-regulated and, accordingly, the pool of reduced ascorbic acid was found to be increased in Trichoderma treated plants. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC)-deaminase silenced Trichoderma mutants were less effective in providing tolerance to salt stress, suggesting that Trichoderma, similarly to ACC deaminase producing bacteria, can ameliorate plant growth under conditions of abiotic stress, by lowering ameliorating increases in ethylene levels as well as promoting an elevated antioxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yariv Brotman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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216
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Dong W, Wang M, Xu F, Quan T, Peng K, Xiao L, Xia G. Wheat oxophytodienoate reductase gene TaOPR1 confers salinity tolerance via enhancement of abscisic acid signaling and reactive oxygen species scavenging. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1217-28. [PMID: 23321418 PMCID: PMC3585591 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.211854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductases (OPRs) are classified into the two subgroups OPRI and OPRII. The latter proteins participate in jasmonic acid synthesis, while the function of the former ones is as yet unclear. We describe here the characterization of the OPRI gene TaOPR1, isolated from the salinity-tolerant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar SR3. Salinity stress induced a higher level of TaOPR1 expression in the seedling roots of cv SR3 than in its parental cultivar, JN177. This induction was abolished when abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis was inhibited. The overexpression of TaOPR1 in wheat significantly enhanced the level of salinity tolerance, while its heterologous expression in Arabidopsis alleviated root growth restriction in the presence of salinity and oxidants and raised the sensitivity to ABA. In Arabidopsis, TaOPR1 promoted ABA synthesis and the ABA-dependent stress-responsive pathway, partially rescued the sensitivity of the Arabidopsis aba2 mutant defective in ABA synthesis to salinity, and improved the activities of reactive oxygen species scavengers and the transcription of their encoding genes while reducing malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species levels. TaOPR1 did not interact with jasmonate synthesis or the jasmonate signaling pathway. Rather than serving purely as an antioxidant, we believe that TaOPR1 acts during episodes of abiotic stress response as a signaling compound associated with the regulation of the ABA-mediated signaling network.
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217
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Iyer NJ, Tang Y, Mahalingam R. Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses to a combination of drought and ozone in Medicago truncatula. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:706-20. [PMID: 22946485 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought and tropospheric ozone are escalating climate change problems that can co-occur. In this study, we observed Medicago truncatula cultivar Jemalong that is sensitive to ozone and drought stress when applied singly, showed tolerance when subjected to a combined application of these stresses. Lowered stomatal conductance may be a vital tolerance mechanism to overcome combined ozone and drought. Sustained increases in both reduced ascorbate and glutathione in response to combined stress may play a role in lowering reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide toxicity. Transcriptome analysis indicated that genes associated with glucan metabolism, responses to temperature and light signalling may play a role in dampening ozone responses due to drought-induced stomatal closure during combined occurrence of these two stresses. Gene ontologies for jasmonic acid signalling and innate immunity were enriched among the 300 differentially expressed genes unique to combined stress. Differential expression of transcription factors associated with redox, defence signalling, jasmonate responses and chromatin modifications may be important for evoking novel gene networks during combined occurrence of drought and ozone. The alterations in redox milieu and distinct transcriptome changes in response to combined stress could aid in tweaking the metabolome and proteome to annul the detrimental effects of ozone and drought in Jemalong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjani J Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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218
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Seo JS, Koo YJ, Jung C, Yeu SY, Song JT, Kim JK, Choi Y, Lee JS, Do Choi Y. Identification of a novel jasmonate-responsive element in the AtJMT promoter and its binding protein for AtJMT repression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55482. [PMID: 23393583 PMCID: PMC3564755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are important regulators of plant biotic and abiotic stress responses and development. AtJMT in Arabidopsis thaliana and BcNTR1 in Brassica campestris encode jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferases, which catalyze methyl jasmonate (MeJA) biosynthesis and are involved in JA signaling. Their expression is induced by MeJA application. To understand its regulatory mechanism, here we define a novel JA-responsive cis-element (JARE), G(C)TCCTGA, in the AtJMT and BcNTR1 promoters, by promoter deletion analysis and Yeast 1-Hybrid (Y1H) assays; the JARE is distinct from other JA-responsive cis-elements previously reported. We also used Y1H screening to identify a trans-acting factor, AtBBD1, which binds to the JARE and interacts with AtJAZ1 and AtJAZ4. Knockout and overexpression analyses showed that AtBBD1 and its close homologue AtBBD2 are functionally redundant and act as negative regulators of AtJMT expression. However, AtBBD1 positively regulated the JA-responsive expression of JR2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation from knockout and overexpression plants revealed that repression of AtJMT is associated with reduced histone acetylation in the promoter region containing the JARE. These results show that AtBBD1 interacts with JAZ proteins, binds to the JARE and represses AtJMT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sung Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Jong Koo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choonkyun Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Yion Yeu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ju-Kon Kim
- School of Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yeonhee Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Seob Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Do Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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219
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Mosher S, Seybold H, Rodriguez P, Stahl M, Davies KA, Dayaratne S, Morillo SA, Wierzba M, Favery B, Keller H, Tax FE, Kemmerling B. The tyrosine-sulfated peptide receptors PSKR1 and PSY1R modify the immunity of Arabidopsis to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens in an antagonistic manner. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:469-82. [PMID: 23062058 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine-sulfated peptides PSKα and PSY1 bind to specific leucine-rich repeat surface receptor kinases and control cell proliferation in plants. In a reverse genetic screen, we identified the phytosulfokine (PSK) receptor PSKR1 as an important component of plant defense. Multiple independent loss-of-function mutants in PSKR1 are more resistant to biotrophic bacteria, show enhanced pathogen-associated molecular pattern responses and less lesion formation after infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. By contrast, pskr1 mutants are more susceptible to necrotrophic fungal infection with Alternaria brassicicola, show more lesion formation and fungal growth which is not observed on wild-type plants. The antagonistic effect on biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogen resistance is reflected by enhanced salicylate and reduced jasmonate responses in the mutants, suggesting that PSKR1 suppresses salicylate-dependent defense responses. Detailed analysis of single and multiple mutations in the three paralogous genes PSKR1, -2 and PSY1-receptor (PSY1R) determined that PSKR1 and PSY1R, but not PSKR2, have a partially redundant effect on plant immunity. In animals and plants, peptide sulfation is catalyzed by a tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST). Mutants lacking TPST show increased resistance to bacterial infection and increased susceptibility to fungal infection, mimicking the triple receptor mutant phenotypes. Feeding experiments with PSKα in tpst-1 mutants partially restore the defense-related phenotypes, indicating that perception of the PSKα peptide has a direct effect on plant defense. These results suggest that the PSKR subfamily integrates growth-promoting and defense signals mediated by sulfated peptides and modulates cellular plasticity to allow flexible adjustment to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mosher
- ZMBP Plant Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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220
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Li Z, Zhang L, Wang A, Xu X, Li J. Ectopic overexpression of SlHsfA3, a heat stress transcription factor from tomato, confers increased thermotolerance and salt hypersensitivity in germination in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54880. [PMID: 23349984 PMCID: PMC3551807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs) are the critical components involved in mediating responses to various environmental stressors. However, the detailed roles of many plant Hsfs are far from fully understood. In this study, an Hsf (SlHsfA3) was isolated from the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, Sl) and functionally characterized at the genetic and developmental levels. The nucleus-localized SlHsfA3 was basally and ubiquitously expressed in different plant organs. The expression of SlHsfA3 was induced dramatically by heat stress, moderately by high salinity, and slightly by drought, but was not induced by abscisic acid (ABA). The ectopic overexpression of SlHsfA3 conferred increased thermotolerance and late flowering phenotype to transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Moreover, SlHsfA3 played a negative role in controlling seed germination under salt stress. RNA-sequencing data demonstrated that a number of heat shock proteins (Hsps) and stress-associated genes were induced in Arabidopsis plants overexpressing SlHsfA3. A gel shift experiment and transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves demonstrated that SlHsfA3 directly activates the expression of SlHsp26.1-P and SlHsp21.5-ER. Taken together, our results suggest that SlHsfA3 behaves as a typical Hsf to contribute to plant thermotolerance. The late flowering and seed germination phenotypes and the RNA-seq data derived from SlHsfA3 overexpression lines lend more credence to the hypothesis that plant Hsfs participate in diverse physiological and biochemical processes related to adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Li
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- College of life science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingfu Li
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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221
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Marchive C, Léon C, Kappel C, Coutos-Thévenot P, Corio-Costet MF, Delrot S, Lauvergeat V. Over-expression of VvWRKY1 in grapevines induces expression of jasmonic acid pathway-related genes and confers higher tolerance to the downy mildew. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54185. [PMID: 23342101 PMCID: PMC3544825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most WRKY transcription factors activate expression of defence genes in a salicylic acid- and/or jasmonic acid-dependent signalling pathway. We previously identified a WRKY gene, VvWRKY1, which is able to enhance tolerance to fungal pathogens when it is overexpressed in tobacco. The present work analyzes the effects of VvWRKY1 overexpression in grapevine. Microarray analysis showed that genes encoding defence-related proteins were up-regulated in the leaves of transgenic 35S::VvWRKY1 grapevines. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed that three genes putatively involved in jasmonic acid signalling pathway were overexpressed in the transgenic grapes. The ability of VvWRKY1 to trans-activate the promoters of these genes was demonstrated by transient expression in grape protoplasts. The resistance to the causal agent of downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola, was enhanced in the transgenic plants. These results show that VvWRKY1 can increase resistance of grapevine against the downy mildew through transcriptional reprogramming leading to activation of the jasmonic acid signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Marchive
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- INRA, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Céline Léon
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- INRA, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Christian Kappel
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- INRA, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Coutos-Thévenot
- Univ. Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Physiologie Moléculaire du Transport de Sucres, Bat. B31, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Serge Delrot
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- INRA, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Virginie Lauvergeat
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- INRA, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- * E-mail:
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222
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Herde M, Koo AJK, Howe GA. Elicitation of jasmonate-mediated defense responses by mechanical wounding and insect herbivory. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1011:51-61. [PMID: 23615987 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-414-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many plant immune responses to biotic stress are mediated by the wound hormone jasmonate (JA). Functional and mechanistic studies of the JA signaling pathway often involve plant manipulations that elicit JA production and subsequent changes in gene expression in local and systemic tissues. Here, we describe a simple mechanical wounding procedure to effectively trigger JA responses in the Arabidopsis thaliana rosette. For comparison, we also present a plant-insect bioassay to elicit defense responses with the chewing insect Trichoplusia ni. This latter procedure can be used to determine the effect of JA-regulated defenses on growth and development of insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Herde
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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223
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Cevik V, Kazan K. Agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves for co-localization of regulatory proteins involved in jasmonate signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1011:199-208. [PMID: 23615998 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-414-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play important roles in many cellular processes, including the regulation of phytohormone signaling pathways. Identification of interacting partners of key proteins involved in the cellular signaling control can provide potentially unexpected insights into the molecular events occurring in any signaling pathway. Over the years, various techniques have been developed to examine protein-protein interactions, but, besides certain advantages, most of them have various pitfalls, such as yielding nonspecific interactions. Therefore, additional information obtained through different methods may be needed to substantiate protein-protein interaction data. One of these techniques involves the co-localization of proteins suspected to interact in the same subcellular compartment. In this chapter, we describe a method for co-expression of proteins associated with jasmonate signaling in Nicotiana benthamiana for studies such as co-localization.
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224
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Zhang X, Wu Q, An C. RGLG3 and RGLG4, novel ubiquitin ligases modulating jasmonate signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1709-11. [PMID: 23073017 PMCID: PMC3578915 DOI: 10.4161/psb.22144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
JAs are important hormones for plant development and defense, and JA signaling is regulated by diverse mechanisms. We have recently identified two RING-type ubiquitin ligases, RGLG3 and RGLG4, as essential JA signaling regulators. In this addendum, we discuss some characters of RGLG3 and RGLG4, which further support their important roles in JA pathway. RGLG3 and RGLG4 didn't interact with known key factors of the core JA pathway, rather, it might target on unknown protein that negatively regulated JA signaling. RGLG3 and RGLG4 expression was suppressed by SA treatment in an NPR1-independent manner, and rglg3 rglg4 moderated SA-inhibited JA-responsive PDF1.2 expression, suggesting RGLG3 and RGLG4 took roles in SA-JA antagonism. RGLG3 and RGLG4 could be important players of a regulatory network and coordinated diverse signals to modulate JA signaling.
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225
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Transcription factor-dependent nuclear localization of a transcriptional repressor in jasmonate hormone signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20148-53. [PMID: 23169619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210054109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) plays an important role in regulating growth, development and immunity. A key step in JA signaling is ligand-dependent assembly of a coreceptor complex consisting of the F-box protein COI1 and JAZ transcriptional repressors. Assembly of this receptor complex results in proteasome-mediated degradation of JAZ repressors, which at resting state bind to and repress the MYC transcription factors. Although the JA receptor complex is believed to function within the nucleus, how this receptor complex enters the nucleus and, more generally, the cell biology of jasmonate signaling are not well understood. In this study, we conducted mutational analysis of the C termini (containing the conserved Jas motif) of two JAZ repressors, JAZ1 and JAZ9. These analyses unexpectedly revealed different subcellular localization patterns of JAZ1ΔJas and JAZ9ΔJas, which were associated with differential interaction of JAZ1ΔJas and JAZ9ΔJas with MYC2 and differential repressor activity in vivo. Importantly, physical interaction with MYC2 appears to play an active role in the nuclear targeting of JAZ1 and JAZ9, and the nuclear localization of JAZ9 was compromised in myc2 mutant plants. We identified a highly conserved arginine residue in the Jas motif that is critical for coupling MYC2 interaction with nuclear localization of JAZ9 and JAZ9 repressor function in vivo. Our results suggest a model for explaining why some JAZΔJas proteins, but not others, confer constitutive JA-insensitivity when overexpressed in plants. Results also provide evidence for a transcription factor-dependent mechanism for nuclear import of a cognate transcriptional repressor JAZ9 in plants.
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226
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Pieterse CM, Van der Does D, Zamioudis C, Leon-Reyes A, Van Wees SC. Hormonal Modulation of Plant Immunity. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2012; 28:489-521. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1753] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corné M.J. Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; , , ,
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dieuwertje Van der Does
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; , , ,
| | - Christos Zamioudis
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; , , ,
| | - Antonio Leon-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Agrícola y de Alimentos, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Saskia C.M. Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; , , ,
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227
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Zhang X, Wu Q, Ren J, Qian W, He S, Huang K, Yu X, Gao Y, Huang P, An C. Two novel RING-type ubiquitin ligases, RGLG3 and RGLG4, are essential for jasmonate-mediated responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:808-22. [PMID: 22898498 PMCID: PMC3461557 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.203422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) regulate various stress responses and development processes in plants, and the JA pathway is tightly controlled. In this study, we report the functional characterization of two novel RING-type ubiquitin ligases, RING DOMAIN LIGASE3 (RGLG3) and RGLG4, in modulating JA signaling. Both RGLG3 and RGLG4 possessed ubiquitin ligase activities and were widely distributed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) tissues. Altered expression of RGLG3 and RGLG4 affected methyl JA-inhibited root growth and JA-inductive gene expression, which could be suppressed by the coronatine insensitive1 (coi1) mutant. rglg3 rglg4 also attenuated the inhibitory effect of JA-isoleucine-mimicking coronatine on root elongation, and consistently, rglg3 rglg4 was resistant to the coronatine-secreting pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000, suggesting that RGLG3 and RGLG4 acted in response to the coronatine and promoted JA-mediated pathogen susceptibility. In addition, rglg3 rglg4 repressed wound-stunted plant growth, wound-stimulated expression of JA-responsive genes, and wound-induced JA biosynthesis, indicating their roles in JA-dependent wound response. Furthermore, both RGLG3 and RGLG4 responded to methyl JA, P. syringae pv tomato DC3000, and wounding in a COI1-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicate that the ubiquitin ligases RGLG3 and RGLG4 are essential upstream modulators of JA signaling in response to various stimuli.
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Kelley DR, Estelle M. Ubiquitin-mediated control of plant hormone signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:47-55. [PMID: 22723083 PMCID: PMC3440220 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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229
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Çevik V, Kidd BN, Zhang P, Hill C, Kiddle S, Denby KJ, Holub EB, Cahill DM, Manners JM, Schenk PM, Beynon J, Kazan K. MEDIATOR25 acts as an integrative hub for the regulation of jasmonate-responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:541-55. [PMID: 22822211 PMCID: PMC3440227 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.202697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The PHYTOCHROME AND FLOWERING TIME1 gene encoding the MEDIATOR25 (MED25) subunit of the eukaryotic Mediator complex is a positive regulator of jasmonate (JA)-responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Based on the function of the Mediator complex as a bridge between DNA-bound transcriptional activators and the RNA polymerase II complex, MED25 has been hypothesized to function in association with transcriptional regulators of the JA pathway. However, it is currently not known mechanistically how MED25 functions to regulate JA-responsive gene expression. In this study, we show that MED25 physically interacts with several key transcriptional regulators of the JA signaling pathway, including the APETALA2 (AP2)/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) transcription factors OCTADECANOID-RESPONSIVE ARABIDOPSIS AP2/ERF59 and ERF1 as well as the master regulator MYC2. Physical interaction detected between MED25 and four group IX AP2/ERF transcription factors was shown to require the activator interaction domain of MED25 as well as the recently discovered Conserved Motif IX-1/EDLL transcription activation motif of MED25-interacting AP2/ERFs. Using transcriptional activation experiments, we also show that OCTADECANOID-RESPONSIVE ARABIDOPSIS AP2/ERF59- and ERF1-dependent activation of PLANT DEFENSIN1.2 as well as MYC2-dependent activation of VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEIN1 requires a functional MED25. In addition, MED25 is required for MYC2-dependent repression of pathogen defense genes. These results suggest an important role for MED25 as an integrative hub within the Mediator complex during the regulation of JA-associated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Çevik
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom.
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230
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Thaler JS, Humphrey PT, Whiteman NK. Evolution of jasmonate and salicylate signal crosstalk. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:260-70. [PMID: 22498450 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of land plants approximately 470 million years ago created a new adaptive zone for natural enemies (attackers) of plants. In response to attack, plants evolved highly effective, inducible defense systems. Two plant hormones modulating inducible defenses are salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Current thinking is that SA induces resistance against biotrophic pathogens and some phloem feeding insects and JA induces resistance against necrotrophic pathogens, some phloem feeding insects and chewing herbivores. Signaling crosstalk between SA and JA commonly manifests as a reciprocal antagonism and may be adaptive, but this remains speculative. We examine evidence for and against adaptive explanations for antagonistic crosstalk, trace its phylogenetic origins and provide a hypothesis-testing framework for future research on the adaptive significance of SA-JA crosstalk.
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231
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Plant hormone jasmonate prioritizes defense over growth by interfering with gibberellin signaling cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E1192-200. [PMID: 22529386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201616109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants must effectively defend against biotic and abiotic stresses to survive in nature. However, this defense is costly and is often accompanied by significant growth inhibition. How plants coordinate the fluctuating growth-defense dynamics is not well understood and remains a fundamental question. Jasmonate (JA) and gibberellic acid (GA) are important plant hormones that mediate defense and growth, respectively. Binding of bioactive JA or GA ligands to cognate receptors leads to proteasome-dependent degradation of specific transcriptional repressors (the JAZ or DELLA family of proteins), which, at the resting state, represses cognate transcription factors involved in defense (e.g., MYCs) or growth [e.g. phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs)]. In this study, we found that the coi1 JA receptor mutants of rice (a domesticated monocot crop) and Arabidopsis (a model dicot plant) both exhibit hallmark phenotypes of GA-hypersensitive mutants. JA delays GA-mediated DELLA protein degradation, and the della mutant is less sensitive to JA for growth inhibition. Overexpression of a selected group of JAZ repressors in Arabidopsis plants partially phenocopies GA-associated phenotypes of the coi1 mutant, and JAZ9 inhibits RGA (a DELLA protein) interaction with transcription factor PIF3. Importantly, the pif quadruple (pifq) mutant no longer responds to JA-induced growth inhibition, and overexpression of PIF3 could partially overcome JA-induced growth inhibition. Thus, a molecular cascade involving the COI1-JAZ-DELLA-PIF signaling module, by which angiosperm plants prioritize JA-mediated defense over growth, has been elucidated.
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232
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Cerrudo I, Keller MM, Cargnel MD, Demkura PV, de Wit M, Patitucci MS, Pierik R, Pieterse CM, Ballaré CL. Low red/far-red ratios reduce Arabidopsis resistance to Botrytis cinerea and jasmonate responses via a COI1-JAZ10-dependent, salicylic acid-independent mechanism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:2042-52. [PMID: 22371506 PMCID: PMC3320205 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.193359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Light is an important modulator of plant immune responses. Here, we show that inactivation of the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) by a low red/far-red ratio (R:FR), which is a signal of competition in plant canopies, down-regulates the expression of defense markers induced by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, including the genes that encode the transcription factor ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 (ERF1) and the plant defensin PLANT DEFENSIN1.2 (PDF1.2). This effect of low R:FR correlated with a reduced sensitivity to jasmonate (JA), thus resembling the antagonistic effects of salicylic acid (SA) on JA responses. Low R:FR failed to depress PDF1.2 mRNA levels in a transgenic line in which PDF1.2 transcription was up-regulated by constitutive expression of ERF1 in a coronatine insensitive1 (coi1) mutant background (35S::ERF1/coi1). These results suggest that the low R:FR effect, in contrast to the SA effect, requires a functional SCFCOI1-JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) JA receptor module. Furthermore, the effect of low R:FR depressing the JA response was conserved in mutants impaired in SA signaling (sid2-1 and npr1-1). Plant exposure to low R:FR ratios and the phyB mutation markedly increased plant susceptibility to B. cinerea; the effect of low R:FR was (1) independent of the activation of the shade-avoidance syndrome, (2) conserved in the sid2-1 and npr1-1 mutants, and (3) absent in two RNA interference lines disrupted for the expression of the JAZ10 gene. Collectively, our results suggest that low R:FR ratios depress Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) immune responses against necrotrophic microorganisms via a SA-independent mechanism that requires the JAZ10 transcriptional repressor and that this effect may increase plant susceptibility to fungal infection in dense canopies.
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233
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Wager A, Browse J. Social Network: JAZ Protein Interactions Expand Our Knowledge of Jasmonate Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:41. [PMID: 22629274 PMCID: PMC3355530 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Members of the family of JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins are key regulators of the jasmonate (JA) hormonal response. The 12-member family is characterized by three conserved domains, an N-terminal domain, a TIFY-containing ZINC-FINGER EXPRESSED IN INFLORESCENCE MERISTEM domain, and a C-terminal Jas domain. JAZ proteins regulate JA-responsive gene transcription by inhibiting DNA-binding transcription factors in the absence of JA. JAZ proteins interact in a hormone-dependent manner with CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1), the recognition component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, SCF(COI1), resulting in the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of JAZs via the 26S proteasome pathway. Since their discovery in 2007, JAZ proteins have been implicated in protein-protein interactions with multiple transcription factors. These studies have shed light on the mechanism by which JAZs repress transcription, are targeted for degradation, modulate the JA signaling response, and participate in crosstalk with other hormone signaling pathways. In this review, we will take a close look at the recent discoveries made possible by the characterization JAZ protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Wager
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
| | - John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
- *Correspondence: John Browse, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. e-mail:
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234
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Friedel S, Usadel B, von Wirén N, Sreenivasulu N. Reverse engineering: a key component of systems biology to unravel global abiotic stress cross-talk. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:294. [PMID: 23293646 PMCID: PMC3533172 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the global abiotic stress response is an important stepping stone for the development of universal stress tolerance in plants in the era of climate change. Although co-occurrence of several stress factors (abiotic and biotic) in nature is found to be frequent, current attempts are poor to understand the complex physiological processes impacting plant growth under combinatory factors. In this review article, we discuss the recent advances of reverse engineering approaches that led to seminal discoveries of key candidate regulatory genes involved in cross-talk of abiotic stress responses and summarized the available tools of reverse engineering and its relevant application. Among the universally induced regulators involved in various abiotic stress responses, we highlight the importance of (i) abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) hormonal cross-talks and (ii) the central role of WRKY transcription factors (TF), potentially mediating both abiotic and biotic stress responses. Such interactome networks help not only to derive hypotheses but also play a vital role in identifying key regulatory targets and interconnected hormonal responses. To explore the full potential of gene network inference in the area of abiotic stress tolerance, we need to validate hypotheses by implementing time-dependent gene expression data from genetically engineered plants with modulated expression of target genes. We further propose to combine information on gene-by-gene interactions with data from physical interaction platforms such as protein-protein or TF-gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetlana Friedel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nese Sreenivasulu, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. e-mail:
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235
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Koo AJK, Howe GA. Catabolism and deactivation of the lipid-derived hormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:19. [PMID: 22639640 PMCID: PMC3355578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The oxylipin hormone jasmonate controls myriad processes involved in plant growth, development, and immune function. The discovery of jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile) as the major bioactive form of the hormone highlights the need to understand biochemical and cell biological processes underlying JA-Ile homeostasis. Among the major metabolic control points governing the accumulation of JA-Ile in plant tissues are the availability of jasmonic acid, the immediate precursor of JA-Ile, and oxidative enzymes involved in catabolism and deactivation of the hormone. Recent studies indicate that JA-Ile turnover is mediated by a ω-oxidation pathway involving members of the CYP94 family of cytochromes P450. This discovery opens new opportunities to genetically manipulate JA-Ile levels for enhanced resistance to environmental stress, and further highlights ω-oxidation as a conserved pathway for catabolism of lipid-derived signals in plants and animals. Functional characterization of the full complement of CYP94 P450s promises to reveal new pathways for jasmonate metabolism and provide insight into the evolution of oxylipin signaling in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. K. Koo
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gregg A. Howe
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- *Correspondence: Gregg A. Howe, Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, 122 Plant Biology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA. e-mail:
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