201
|
El-Sayed A. Advances in rabies prophylaxis and treatment with emphasis on immunoresponse mechanisms. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:8-15. [PMID: 30255072 PMCID: PMC6149183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable fatal disease in man and most mammals. Although rabies is recorded in 150 territories and is responsible for at least 60,000 human deaths every year worldwide, it is a neglected tropical problem. Most of the rabies free countries are considered to be fragile free as the disease may re-emerge easily through wild mammals. For the performance of effective rabies eradication programs, a complex set of strategies and activities is required. At the time, a joint project of WHO-OIE-FAO which was announced in 2015, plans to control animal-human-ecosystems rabies interface. For effective rabies control, prophylactic policies must be applied. These include various educational outreaches for farmers and people living in endemic areas, enforced legislation for responsible dog ownership, control programs for the free-ranging stray dog and cat populations, field large-scale vaccination campaigns, and the development of new vaccine delivery strategies for both humans and animals. The present work presents the advances in the development of new safe, effective and economic vaccines for domestic dogs, and oral vaccines for the control of the disease in wild animals. It presents also some therapeutic protocols used for the treatment of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Marosi A, Dufkova L, Forró B, Felde O, Erdélyi K, Širmarová J, Palus M, Hönig V, Salát J, Tikos R, Gyuranecz M, Růžek D, Martina B, Koraka P, Osterhaus ADME, Bakonyi T. Combination therapy of rabies-infected mice with inhibitors of pro-inflammatory host response, antiviral compounds and human rabies immunoglobulin. Vaccine 2018; 37:4724-4735. [PMID: 29805091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that inhibitors of pro-inflammatory molecular cascades triggered by rabies infection in the central nervous system (CNS) can enhance survival in mouse model and that certain antiviral compounds interfere with rabies virus replication in vitro. In this study different combinations of therapeutics were tested to evaluate their effect on survival in rabies-infected mice, as well as on viral load in the CNS. C57Bl/6 mice were infected with Silver-haired bat rabies virus (SHBRV)-18 at virus dose approaching LD50 and LD100. In one experimental group daily treatments were initiated 4 h before-, in other groups 48 or 96 h after challenge. In the first experiment therapeutic combination contained inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor-α (infliximab), caspase-1 (Ac-YVAD-cmk), and a multikinase inhibitor (sorafenib). In the treated groups there was a notable but not significant increase of survival compared to the virus infected, non-treated mice. The addition of human rabies immunoglobulins (HRIG) to the combination in the second experiment almost completely prevented mortality in the pre-exposure treatment group along with a significant reduction of viral titres in the CNS. Post-exposure treatments also greatly improved survival rates. As part of the combination with immunomodulatory compounds, HRIG had a higher impact on survival than alone. In the third experiment the combination was further supplemented with type-I interferons, ribavirin and favipiravir (T-705). As a blood-brain barrier opener, mannitol was also administered. This treatment was unable to prevent lethal consequences of SHBRV-18 infection; furthermore, it caused toxicity in treated mice, presumably due to interaction among the components. In all experiments, viral loads in the CNS were similar in mice that succumbed to rabies regardless of treatment. According to the findings, inhibitors of detrimental host response to rabies combined with antibodies can be considered among the possible therapeutic and post-exposure options in human rabies cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- András Marosi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23 - 25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lucie Dufkova
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Forró
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Felde
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Erdélyi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, 1149 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jana Širmarová
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Palus
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hönig
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Salát
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Réka Tikos
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23 - 25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Byron Martina
- Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Penelope Koraka
- Viroscience Lab, Erasmus Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 80 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, The Netherlands; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Tamás Bakonyi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23 - 25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Schneider MC, Pereira LRM. Substantial reductions in rabies, but still a lot to be done. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2018; 5:e957-e958. [PMID: 28911756 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
204
|
Abstract
Over 20,000 rabies deaths occur annually in India, representing one-third of global human rabies. The Indian state of Tamil Nadu has pioneered a "One Health" committee to address the challenge of rabies in dogs and humans. Currently, rabies control in Tamil Nadu involves postexposure vaccination of humans after dog bites, whereas potential supplemental approaches include canine vaccination and sterilization. We developed a data-driven rabies transmission model fit to human rabies autopsy data and human rabies surveillance data from Tamil Nadu. Integrating local estimates for canine demography and costs, we predicted the impact of canine vaccination and sterilization on human health outcomes and evaluated cost-effectiveness according to the WHO criteria for India, which correspond to thresholds of $1,582 and $4,746 per disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for very cost-effective and cost-effective strategies, respectively. We found that highly feasible strategies focused on stray dogs, vaccinating as few as 7% of dogs annually, could very cost-effectively reduce human rabies deaths by 70% within 5 y, and a modest expansion to vaccinating 13% of stray dogs could cost-effectively reduce human rabies by almost 90%. Through integration over parameter uncertainty, we find that, for a cost-effectiveness threshold above $1,400 per DALY, canine interventions are at least 95% likely to be optimal. If owners are willing to bring dogs to central point campaigns at double the rate that campaign teams can capture strays, expanded annual targets become cost-effective. This case study of cost-effective canine interventions in Tamil Nadu may have applicability to other settings in India and beyond.
Collapse
|
205
|
Wohlers A, Lankau EW, Oertli EH, Maki J. Challenges to controlling rabies in skunk populations using oral rabies vaccination: A review. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:373-385. [PMID: 29633545 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlling rabies in skunk populations is an important public health concern in many parts of the United States due to the potential for skunk rabies outbreaks in urban centres and the possible role for skunks in raccoon rabies variant circulation. Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programmes have supported wildlife rabies control efforts globally but using ORV to control rabies in skunk populations has proven more challenging than with other target species, like foxes, coyotes and raccoons. A review of published studies found that some ORV constructs are immunogenic in skunks and protect against virulent rabies virus challenges, especially when delivered by direct installation into the oral cavity. However, in field ORV programmes using currently available vaccine-bait formats and distribution methods targeting other rabies reservoir species, skunks often fail to seroconvert. Field effectiveness of ORV in skunks appears to be limited by poor bait uptake or inadequate ingestion of vaccine rather than from poor vaccine efficacy. Observations of captive skunks revealed vaccine spillage when handling and biting into baits such that modification of bait formats might improve field effectiveness. In addition, a dose-response relationship between bait distribution density and post-baiting seroconversion among skunks was observed across the limited number of field studies. Additional research is needed to identify opportunities to modify ORV baits and distribution strategies to improve the viability of ORV as a rabies control strategy in skunks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Wohlers
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Athens, GA, USA
| | - E W Lankau
- LandCow Consulting, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Ronin Institute, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | | | - J Maki
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Exhaustive Exercise Does Not Affect Humoral Immunity and Protection after Rabies Vaccination in a Mouse Model. Virol Sin 2018; 33:241-248. [PMID: 29594957 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is one of the most dangerous and widespread zoonosis and is characterized by severe neurological signs and a high case-mortality rate of nearly 100%. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent rabies in humans and animals. In this study, the relationship between exhaustive exercise and the humoral immune response after immunization with inactivated rabies vaccine was investigated in a mouse model with one-time exhaustive exercise. It was found that compared with the mice with no exercise after vaccination, no significant differences were found in those with exhaustive exercise after vaccination on body-weight changes, virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers, antibody subtypes and survivor ratio after lethal rabies virus (RABV) challenge. This study indicated that exhaustive exercise does not reduce the effects of the rabies inactivated vaccine.
Collapse
|
207
|
Koraka P, Martina BEE, van den Ham HJ, Zaaraoui-Boutahar F, van IJcken W, Roose J, van Amerongen G, Andeweg A, Osterhaus ADME. Analysis of Mouse Brain Transcriptome After Experimental Duvenhage Virus Infection Shows Activation of Innate Immune Response and Pyroptotic Cell Death Pathway. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:397. [PMID: 29615985 PMCID: PMC5869263 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an important neglected disease, characterized by invariably fatal encephalitis. Several studies focus on understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of the prototype lyssavirus rabies virus (RABV) infection, and little is known about the pathogenesis of rabies caused by other lyssaviruses. We sought to characterize the host response to Duvenhage virus infection and compare it with responses observed during RABV infection by gene expression profiling of brains of mice with the respective infections. We found in both infections differentially expressed genes leading to increased expression of type I interferons (IFNs), chemokines, and proinflammatory cytokines. In addition several genes of the IFN signaling pathway are up-regulated, indicating a strong antiviral response and activation of the negative feedback mechanism to limit type I IFN responses. Furthermore we provide evidence that in the absence of significant neuronal apoptotic death, cell death of neurons is mediated via the pyroptotic pathway in both infections. Taken together, we have identified several genes and/or pathways for both infections that could be used to explore novel approaches for intervention strategies against rabies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Koraka
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Byron E E Martina
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wilfred van IJcken
- Erasmus Centre for Genomics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jouke Roose
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Arno Andeweg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Albertus D M E Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, Netherlands.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Cote A, Guagliardo SAJ, Tran CH, Said MA, Pickens V, Musgrave K, Wallace R. Notes from the Field: Assessing Rabies Risk After a Mass Bat Exposure at a Research Facility in a National Park - Wyoming, 2017. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2018; 67:313-314. [PMID: 29543789 PMCID: PMC5857193 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6710a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
209
|
Utilisation of Chimeric Lyssaviruses to Assess Vaccine Protection against Highly Divergent Lyssaviruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030130. [PMID: 29543715 PMCID: PMC5869523 DOI: 10.3390/v10030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyssaviruses constitute a diverse range of viruses with the ability to cause fatal encephalitis known as rabies. Existing human rabies vaccines and post exposure prophylaxes (PEP) are based on inactivated preparations of, and neutralising antibody preparations directed against, classical rabies viruses, respectively. Whilst these prophylaxes are highly efficient at neutralising and preventing a productive infection with rabies virus, their ability to neutralise other lyssaviruses is thought to be limited. The remaining 15 virus species within the lyssavirus genus have been divided into at least three phylogroups that generally predict vaccine protection. Existing rabies vaccines afford protection against phylogroup I viruses but offer little to no protection against phylogroup II and III viruses. As such, work involving sharps with phylogroup II and III must be considered of high risk as no PEP is thought to have any effect on the prevention of a productive infection with these lyssaviruses. Whilst rabies virus itself has been characterised in a number of different animal models, data on the remaining lyssaviruses are scarce. As the lyssavirus glycoprotein is considered to be the sole target of neutralising antibodies we generated a vaccine strain of rabies using reverse genetics expressing highly divergent glycoproteins of West Caucasian Bat lyssavirus and Ikoma lyssavirus. Using these recombinants, we propose that recombinant vaccine strain derived lyssaviruses containing heterologous glycoproteins may be a suitable surrogate for wildtype viruses when assessing vaccine protection for the lyssaviruses.
Collapse
|
210
|
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most important infectious diseases of cattle with respect to animal health and economic impact. Its stealthy nature, prolonged transient infections, and the presence of persistently infected (PI) animals as efficient reservoirs were responsible for its ubiquitous presence in cattle populations worldwide. Whereas it was initially thought that the infection was impossible to control, effective systematic control strategies have emerged over the last 25 years. The common denominators of all successful control programs were systematic control, removal of PI animals, movement controls for infected herds, strict biosecurity, and surveillance. Scandinavian countries, Austria, and Switzerland successfully implemented these control programs without using vaccination. Vaccination as an optional and additional control tool was used by e.g., Germany, Belgium, Ireland, and Scotland. The economic benefits of BVD control programs had been assessed in different studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Moennig
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
A pathological study of the tongues of rabid dogs in the Philippines. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1615-1621. [PMID: 29500569 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
During rabies virus infections, the minor salivary glands are one of the important organs for virus replication and excretion into the oral cavity. However, details of pathological findings and viral antigen distribution in the minor salivary glands remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted pathological tests on the tongues of 71 rabid dogs in the Philippines; the minor salivary glands (von Ebner's glands, lingual glands), circumvallate papilla, autonomic ganglia, and skeletal muscles were evaluated. Inflammatory changes were observed in the von Ebner's glands of 20/71 dogs, in the circumvallate papilla of 10/71, and in the tongue muscle of 1/71. Conversely, no morphological changes were observed in the lingual glands and autonomic ganglia. Viral antigens were detected via immunohistochemistry-based methods in the cytoplasm of the acinar epithelium in the von Ebner's glands of all 71 dogs. Virus particles were confirmed in the intercellular canaliculi and acinar lumen via electron microscopy. In the autonomic ganglia, viral antigens were detected in 67/71 rabid dogs. Viral antigens were detected in the taste buds of all 71 dogs, and were distributed mainly in type II and III taste bud cells. In tongue muscle fibers, viral antigens were detected in 11/71 dogs. No virus antigens were detected in lingual glands. These findings suggest that rabies virus descends in the tongue along the glossopharyngeal nerve after proliferation in the brain, and von Ebner's glands and taste buds are one of the portals of virus excretion into the saliva in rabid dogs.
Collapse
|
212
|
Qin Y, Smith TG, Jackson F, Gallardo-Romero NF, Morgan CN, Olson V, Hutson CL, Wu X. Revisiting rabies virus neutralizing antibodies through infecting BALB/c mice with live rabies virus. Virus Res 2018; 248:39-43. [PMID: 29471052 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the production of rabies virus (RABV) neutralizing antibody after virus infection through a mouse model. The BALB/c mice from different age groups (three, five, seven week old) were intramuscularly inoculated with live rabies virus (TX coyote 323R). Without pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), we found there is a decreased fatality with increased age of animals, the mortalities are 60%, 50%, and 30%, respectively. Interestingly, through assay of rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT), direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), the results showed that all the animals that succumbed to rabies challenge, except one, developed circulating neutralizing antibodies, and all the healthy animals, except two, did not generate virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA). Our animal study suggests that the induction of VNA was an indicator of infection progression in the central nervous system (CNS) and speculate that RABV neutralizing antibodies did not cross the blood-brain barrier of the CNS for those diseased animals. We hypothesize that early release of viral antigens from damaged nerve tissue might potentially be a benefit for survivors, and we also discuss several other aspects of the interaction of RABV and its neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Qin
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Chronic Viral Diseases Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Todd G Smith
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Felix Jackson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Nadia F Gallardo-Romero
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Clint N Morgan
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Victoria Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Christina L Hutson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Xianfu Wu
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Marosi A, Forgách P, Gyuranecz M, Sulyok KM, Bakonyi T. Evaluation of in vitro inhibitory potential of type-I interferons and different antiviral compounds on rabies virus replication. Vaccine 2018; 37:4663-4672. [PMID: 29459063 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Five different compounds were tested for their in vitro inhibitory effect against RABV multiplication in mouse neuroblastoma (N2A) cell line. N2A cells were infected with the fixed RABV strain CVS-11 one hour prior to adding antivirals or their respective combinations. The infectious titre of RABV as well as the quantity of viral RNA was determined in the cell culturing medium after 48 h. All five tested compounds (mouse interferon (IFN)-α and -β, ribavirin, favipiravir (T-705) and sorafenib) reduced viral replication in a concentration-dependent manner: IFN-β and sorafenib both provided 73.71% relative inhibition of viral replication in the highest non-cytotoxic concentration, while ribavirin caused 48.07%, IFN-α caused 44.87% and favipiravir caused 35.25% relative inhibition, respectively. When applied in combination, their antiviral activity was not synergistic, but a pronounced inhibition was detected when IFN-β was combined with sorafenib, ribavirin, or favipiravir. The highest antiviral effect was caused by the combination of IFN-β and sorafenib (77.19% relative inhibition). In other combinations there was an antagonistic effect detected in the reduction of viral replication. The results demonstrate that these compounds can be promising candidates for a potential combination treatment of rabies, noting that some combinations are not favourable in vitro, which makes thorough in vivo studies necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- András Marosi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23-25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Petra Forgách
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23-25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga M Sulyok
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bakonyi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23-25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Etheart MD, Kligerman M, Augustin PD, Blanton JD, Monroe B, Fleurinord L, Millien M, Crowdis K, Fenelon N, Wallace RM. Effect of counselling on health-care-seeking behaviours and rabies vaccination adherence after dog bites in Haiti, 2014-15: a retrospective follow-up survey. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2018; 5:e1017-e1025. [PMID: 28911750 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haiti has an integrated bite case management (IBCM) programme to counsel animal-bite victims on the risk of rabies and appropriate treatment, as well as the Haiti Animal Rabies Surveillance Program (HARSP) to examine the animals. We assessed the usefulness of the IBCM programme to promote best practices for rabies prophylaxis after exposure in a low-income rabies-endemic setting. METHODS We did a retrospective follow-up survey of randomly selected bite victims who were counselled by Haiti's IBCM programme between May 15, 2014, and Sept 15, 2015. We classified participants by HARSP decisions of confirmed, probable, suspected, or non-rabies exposures. We compared health-care outcomes in people who sought medical care before IBCM counselling with those in people who sought care after counselling. We used decision trees to estimate the probability of actions taken in the health-care system, and thereby human deaths. FINDINGS During the study period, 1478 dog bites were reported to HARSP for assessment. 37 (3%) were confirmed exposures, 76 (5%) probable exposures, 189 (13%) suspected exposures, and 1176 (80%) non-rabies exposures. 115 of these cases were followed up in the survey. IBCM counselling was associated with a 1·2 times increase in frequency of bite victims seeking medical care and of 2·4 times increase in vaccination uptake. We estimated that there would be four human rabies deaths among the 1478 people assessed by IBCM during the survey period, and 11 in the absence of this programme, which would equate to a 65% decrease in rabies deaths. Among three people dead at the time of the follow-up survey, one was deemed to be due to rabies after a probable rabies exposure. INTERPRETATION Adherence to medical providers' recommendations might be improved through counselling provided by IBCM programmes. FUNDING None.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Dominique Etheart
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Haiti, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
| | | | | | - Jesse D Blanton
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin Monroe
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ludder Fleurinord
- Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Max Millien
- Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | | | - Ryan MacLaren Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Pfaff F, Müller T, Freuling CM, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Nadin-Davis S, Robardet E, Cliquet F, Vuta V, Hostnik P, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Höper D. In-depth genome analyses of viruses from vaccine-derived rabies cases and corresponding live-attenuated oral rabies vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 37:4758-4765. [PMID: 29439868 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Live-attenuated rabies virus strains such as those derived from the field isolate Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) have been used extensively and very effectively as oral rabies vaccines for the control of fox rabies in both Europe and Canada. Although these vaccines are safe, some cases of vaccine-derived rabies have been detected during rabies surveillance accompanying these campaigns. In recent analysis it was shown that some commercial SAD vaccines consist of diverse viral populations, rather than clonal genotypes. For cases of vaccine-derived rabies, only consensus sequence data have been available to date and information concerning their population diversity was thus lacking. In our study, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyze 11 cases of vaccine-derived rabies, and compared their viral population diversity to the related oral rabies vaccines using pairwise Manhattan distances. This extensive deep sequencing analysis of vaccine-derived rabies cases observed during oral vaccination programs provided deeper insights into the effect of accidental in vivo replication of genetically diverse vaccine strains in the central nervous system of target and non-target species under field conditions. The viral population in vaccine-derived cases appeared to be clonal in contrast to their parental vaccines. The change from a state of high population diversity present in the vaccine batches to a clonal genotype in the affected animal may indicate the presence of a strong bottleneck during infection. In conclusion, it is very likely that these few cases are the consequence of host factors and not the result of the selection of a more virulent genotype. Furthermore, this type of vaccine-derived rabies leads to the selection of clonal genotypes and the selected variants were genetically very similar to potent SAD vaccines that have undergone a history of in vitro selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Christine Fehlner-Gardiner
- Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Malzéville, France.
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Malzéville, France.
| | - Vlad Vuta
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, University of Agronomic Study and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Peter Hostnik
- Virology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Tian B, Zhou M, Yang Y, Yu L, Luo Z, Tian D, Wang K, Cui M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Lab-Attenuated Rabies Virus Causes Abortive Infection and Induces Cytokine Expression in Astrocytes by Activating Mitochondrial Antiviral-Signaling Protein Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2011. [PMID: 29403485 PMCID: PMC5785723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient disease but remains endemic in most parts of the world and causes approximately 59,000 deaths annually. The mechanism through which the causative agent, rabies virus (RABV), evades the host immune response and infects the host central nervous system (CNS) has not been completely elucidated thus far. Our previous studies have shown that lab-attenuated, but not wild-type (wt), RABV activates the innate immune response in the mouse and dog models. In this present study, we demonstrate that lab-attenuated RABV causes abortive infection in astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the CNS. Furthermore, we found that lab-attenuated RABV produces more double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) than wt RABV, which is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) or melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). Activation of mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), the common adaptor molecule for RIG-I and MDA5, results in the production of type I interferon (IFN) and the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes, which suppress RABV replication and spread in astrocytes. Notably, lab-attenuated RABV replicates in a manner identical to that of wt RABV in MAVS−/− astrocytes. It was also found that lab-attenuated, but not wt, RABV induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines via the MAVS- p38/NF-κB signaling pathway. These inflammatory cytokines increase the blood–brain barrier permeability and thus enable immune cells and antibodies infiltrate the CNS parenchyma, resulting in RABV control and elimination. In contrast, wt RABV restricts dsRNA production and thus evades innate recognition by RIG-I/MDA5 in astrocytes, which could be one of the mechanisms by which wt RABV evades the host immune response in resident CNS cells. Our findings suggest that astrocytes play a critical role in limiting the replication of lab-attenuated RABV in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dayong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Evans JS, Selden D, Wu G, Wright E, Horton DL, Fooks AR, Banyard AC. Antigenic site changes in the rabies virus glycoprotein dictates functionality and neutralizing capability against divergent lyssaviruses. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:169-180. [PMID: 29300155 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyssavirus infection has a near 100 % case fatality rate following the onset of clinical disease, and current rabies vaccines confer protection against all reported phylogroup I lyssaviruses. However, there is little or no protection against more divergent lyssaviruses and so investigation into epitopes within the glycoprotein (G) that dictate a neutralizing response against divergent lyssaviruses is warranted. Importantly, the facilities required to work with these pathogens, including wild-type and mutated forms of different lyssaviruses, are scarcely available and, as such, this type of study is inherently difficult to perform. The relevance of proposed immunogenic antigenic sites within the lyssavirus glycoprotein was assessed by swapping sites between phylogroup-I and -II glycoproteins. Demonstrable intra- but limited inter-phylogroup cross-neutralization was observed. Pseudotype viruses (PTVs) presenting a phylogroup-I glycoprotein containing phylogroup-II antigenic sites (I, II III or IV) were neutralized by antibodies raised against phylogroup-II PTV with the site II (IIb, aa 34-42 and IIa, aa 198-200)-swapped PTVs being efficiently neutralized, whilst site IV-swapped PTV was poorly neutralized. Specific antibodies raised against PTV-containing antigenic site swaps between phylogroup-I and -II glycoproteins neutralized phylogroup-I PTVs efficiently, indicating an immunodominance of antigenic site II. Live lyssaviruses containing antigenic site-swapped glycoproteins were generated and indicated that specific residues within the lyssavirus glycoprotein dictate functionality and enable differential neutralizing antibody responses to lyssaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Evans
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Bourne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - D Selden
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Bourne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - G Wu
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Bourne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - E Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - D L Horton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, GU2 7AX, UK
| | - A R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Bourne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - A C Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Bourne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Mazeri S, Gibson AD, Meunier N, Bronsvoort BM, Handel IG, Mellanby RJ, Gamble L. Barriers of attendance to dog rabies static point vaccination clinics in Blantyre, Malawi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006159. [PMID: 29324737 PMCID: PMC5783422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a devastating yet preventable disease that causes around 59,000 human deaths annually. Almost all human rabies cases are caused by bites from rabies-infected dogs. A large proportion of these cases occur in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Annual vaccination of at least 70% of the dog population is recommended by the World Health Organisation in order to eliminate rabies. However, achieving such high vaccination coverage has proven challenging, especially in low resource settings. Despite being logistically and economically more feasible than door-to-door approaches, static point (SP) vaccination campaigns often suffer from low attendance and therefore result in low vaccination coverage. Here, we investigated the barriers to attendance at SP offering free rabies vaccinations for dogs in Blantyre, Malawi. We analysed data for 22,924 dogs from a city-wide vaccination campaign in combination with GIS and household questionnaire data using multivariable logistic regression and distance estimation techniques. We found that distance plays a crucial role in SP attendance (i.e. for every km closer the odds of attending a SP point are 3.3 times higher) and that very few people are willing to travel more than 1.5 km to bring their dog for vaccination. Additionally, we found that dogs from areas with higher proportions of people living in poverty are more likely to be presented for vaccination (ORs 1.58-2.22). Furthermore, puppies (OR 0.26), pregnant or lactating female dogs (OR 0.60) are less likely to be presented for vaccination. Owners also reported that they did not attend an SP because they were not aware of the campaign (27%) or they could not handle their dog (19%). Our findings will inform the design of future rabies vaccination programmes in SSA which may lead to improved vaccination coverage achieved by SP alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Gibson
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Natascha Meunier
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Barend M.deC Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Abstract
Effective methods to increase awareness of preventable infectious diseases are key components of successful control programmes. Rabies is an example of a disease with significant impact, where public awareness is variable. A recent awareness campaign in a rabies endemic region of Azerbaijan provided a unique opportunity to assess the efficacy of such campaigns. A cluster cross-sectional survey concerning rabies was undertaken following the awareness campaign in 600 households in 38 randomly selected towns, in districts covered by the campaign and matched control regions. This survey demonstrated that the relatively simple awareness campaign was effective at improving knowledge of rabies symptoms and vaccination schedules. Crucially, those in the awareness campaign group were also 1·4 times more likely to report that they had vaccinated their pets, an essential component of human rabies prevention. In addition, low knowledge of appropriate post-exposure treatment and animal sources of rabies provide information useful for future public awareness campaigns in the region and other similar areas.
Collapse
|
220
|
Rodríguez-Nevado C, Lam TTY, Holmes EC, Pagán I. The impact of host genetic diversity on virus evolution and emergence. Ecol Lett 2017; 21:253-263. [PMID: 29207441 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that biodiversity has an important impact on parasite evolution and emergence. The vast majority of studies in this area have only considered the diversity of species within an environment as an overall measure of biodiversity, overlooking the role of genetic diversity within a particular host species. Although theoretical models propose that host genetic diversity in part shapes that of the infecting parasite population, and hence modulates the risk of parasite emergence, this effect has seldom been tested empirically. Using Rabies virus (RABV) as a model parasite, we provide evidence that greater host genetic diversity increases both parasite genetic diversity and the likelihood of a host being a donor in RABV cross-species transmission events. We conclude that host genetic diversity may be an important determinant of parasite evolution and emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez-Nevado
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria), Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Tommy T-Y Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria), Madrid, 28223, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Um J, Chun BC, Lee YS, Hwang KJ, Yang DK, Park JS, Kim SY. Development and evaluation of an anti-rabies virus phosphoprotein-specific monoclonal antibody for detection of rabies neutralizing antibodies using RFFIT. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006084. [PMID: 29267277 PMCID: PMC5755941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a major public health problem with a fatality rate close to 100%; however, complete prevention can be achieved through pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis. The rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) is one of the recommended testing methods to determine the production of neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. Here, we report the development of a new monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed to react specifically with Rabies virus (RABV) phosphoprotein (P protein), and the evaluation of its applicability to the RFFIT and its effectiveness as a diagnostic reagent for human rabies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The mAb KGH P 16B8 was produced to target the P protein of the Korean KGH RABV strain. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was conducted to detect various strains of RABV in various cell lines. Alexa-conjugated KGH P 16B8 (16B8-Alexa) was developed for the RFFIT. The IFA test could detect RABV up to a 1:2,500 dilution, with a detection limit comparable to that of a commercial diagnostic reagent. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the RFFIT using 16B8-Alexa in 414 clinical specimens were 98.67%, 99.47%, 99.55%, and 98.42%, respectively. The results of the RFFIT with 16B8-Alexa were strongly correlated with those obtained using an existing commercial diagnostic reagent (r = 0.995, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The mAb developed in this study shows high sensitivity and specificity, confirming its clinical utility with the RFFIT to measure the rabies neutralizing antibody titer and establish a diagnosis in human. Thus, 16B8-Alexa is expected to serve as an alternative diagnostic reagent that is widely accessible, with potentially broad applications beyond those of the RFFIT in Korea. Further studies with 16B8-Alexa should provide insight into the immunological mechanism of the P protein of Korean RABV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Um
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Informatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Chun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Informatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Seon Lee
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Jam Hwang
- Pathogen Resource TF, Center for Infectious Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Yang
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, MAFRA, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sun Park
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology & Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Fooks AR, Cliquet F, Finke S, Freuling C, Hemachudha T, Mani RS, Müller T, Nadin-Davis S, Picard-Meyer E, Wilde H, Banyard AC. Rabies. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3:17091. [PMID: 29188797 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a life-threatening neglected tropical disease: tens of thousands of cases are reported annually in endemic countries (mainly in Africa and Asia), although the actual numbers are most likely underestimated. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by infection with viruses of the Lyssavirus genus, which are transmitted via the saliva of an infected animal. Dogs are the most important reservoir for rabies viruses, and dog bites account for >99% of human cases. The virus first infects peripheral motor neurons, and symptoms occur after the virus reaches the central nervous system. Once clinical disease develops, it is almost certainly fatal. Primary prevention involves dog vaccination campaigns to reduce the virus reservoir. If exposure occurs, timely post-exposure prophylaxis can prevent the progression to clinical disease and involves appropriate wound care, the administration of rabies immunoglobulin and vaccination. A multifaceted approach for human rabies eradication that involves government support, disease awareness, vaccination of at-risk human populations and, most importantly, dog rabies control is necessary to achieve the WHO goal of reducing the number of cases of dog-mediated human rabies to zero by 2030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute of Infection &Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Disease-Health Science Centre, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (WHO Collaborating Centre for Control, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Rabies in Carnivores), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Henry Wilde
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Marston DA, Banyard AC, McElhinney LM, Freuling CM, Finke S, de Lamballerie X, Müller T, Fooks AR. The lyssavirus host-specificity conundrum-rabies virus-the exception not the rule. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 28:68-73. [PMID: 29182939 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lyssaviruses are a diverse range of viruses which all cause the disease rabies. Of the 16 recognized species, only rabies viruses (RABV) have multiple host reservoirs. Although lyssaviruses are capable of infecting all mammals, onward transmission in a new host population requires adaptation of the virus, in a number of stages with both host and virus factors determining the outcome. Due to an absence of recorded non-RABV host shifts, RABV data is extrapolated to draw conclusions for all lyssaviruses. In this article, we have focused on evidence of host shifts in the same insectivorous bat reservoir species in North America (RABV) and Europe (EBLV-1, EBLV-2 and BBLV). How RABV has successfully crossed species barriers and established infectious cycles in new hosts to be the global multi-host pathogen it is today, whilst other lyssaviruses appear restricted in host species is explored in this review. It hypothesized that RABV is the exception, rather than the rule, in this fascinating genus of viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses & Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom; UMR 'Émergence des Pathologies Virales' (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses & Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- Wildlife Zoonoses & Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, (FLI), Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, (FLI), Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR 'Émergence des Pathologies Virales' (EPV: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Müller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, (FLI), Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses & Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Sadeuh-Mba SA, Momo JB, Besong L, Loul S, Njouom R. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relatedness of dog-derived Rabies Viruses circulating in Cameroon between 2010 and 2016. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006041. [PMID: 29084223 PMCID: PMC5679643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is enzootic among dog populations in some parts of Cameroon and the risk of human rabies is thought to be steadily high in these regions. However, the molecular epidemiology of circulating Rabies Virus (RABV) has been hardly considered in Cameroon as well as in most neighboring central African countries. To address this fundamental gap, 76 nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences of dog-derived RABV were obtained from 100 brain specimens sampled in Cameroon from 2010 to 2016. Studied sequences were subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses with reference strains retrieved from databases. The 71 studied Africa-1 isolates displayed 93.5–100% nucleotide (nt) and 98.3–100% amino-acid (aa) identities to each other while, the 5 studied Africa-2 isolates shared 99.4–99.7% sequence similarities at nt and aa levels. Maximum Likelihood based phylogenies inferred from nucleotide sequences confirmed all studied RABV isolates as members of the dog-related species 1 of the Lyssavirus genus. Individual isolates could be unambiguously assigned as either the Africa-1 subclade of the Cosmopolitan clade or the Africa 2 clade. The Africa-1 subclade appeared to be more prevalent and diversified. Indeed, 70 studied isolates segregated into 3 distinct circulating variants within Africa-1a lineage while a unique isolate was strikingly related to the Africa-1b lineage known to be prevalent in the neighboring Central African Republic and eastern Africa. Interestingly, all five Africa-2 isolates fell into the group-E lineage even though they appeared to be loosely related to databases available reference RABV; including those previously documented in Cameroon. This study uncovered the co-circulation of several Africa-1 and Africa-2 lineages in the southern regions of Cameroon. Striking phylogenetic outcasts to the geographic differentiation of RABV variants indicated that importation from close regions or neighboring countries apparently contributes to the sustainment of the enzootic cycle of domestic rabies in Cameroon. Rabies has been repeatedly reported among dog populations in Cameroon, especially in Yaounde, its capital city. However, the relative rates and genetic variability of Rabies Virus (RABV) variants circulating among dog populations in Cameroon are still to be documented. This study aimed to estimate the frequency and genetic diversity of RABV isolates originating from rabid dogs in the southern regions of Cameroon from 2010 to 2016. Overall, 76 of the 100 dog-derived RABV isolates sampled in Cameroon from 2010 to 2016 were successfully characterized. Our findings revealed that studied isolates belonged to the dog-related species 1 of the Lyssavirus genus, specifically 70 Africa-1a, 1 Africa-1b and 5 Africa-2 group-E lineages. The general phylogenetic pattern suggested an in-country geographic differentiation of the circulating RABV variants. This apparent geographic differentiation was contradicted by striking outcasts indicating importation from close or distant regions. Overall, this study uncovered the co-circulation of several Africa-1 and Africa-2 lineages in some southern regions of Cameroon, thus providing base-line molecular data that would be of interest for future stages of implementation of the rabies surveillance and control plan that is being setup in Cameroon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Alain Sadeuh-Mba
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Centre region, Cameroon
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Jean Blaise Momo
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Centre region, Cameroon
| | - Laura Besong
- Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries (MINEPIA), Yaounde, Centre region, Cameroon
| | - Sévérin Loul
- Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries (MINEPIA), Yaounde, Centre region, Cameroon
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Centre region, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Wallace R, Etheart M, Ludder F, Augustin P, Fenelon N, Franka R, Crowdis K, Dely P, Adrien P, Pierre-Louis J, Osinubi M, Orciari L, Vigilato M, Blanton J, Patel R, Lowrance D, Liverdieu A, Coetzer A, Boone J, Lindenmayer J, Millien M. The Health Impact of Rabies in Haiti and Recent Developments on the Path Toward Elimination, 2010-2015. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:76-83. [PMID: 29064363 PMCID: PMC5676638 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Haiti, a Caribbean country of 10.5 million people, is estimated to have the highest
burden of canine-mediated human rabies deaths in the Western Hemisphere, and one of
the highest rates of human rabies deaths in the world. Haiti is also the poorest
country in the Western Hemisphere and has numerous economic and health priorities
that compete for rabies-control resources. As a result, primary rabies-control
actions, including canine vaccination programs, surveillance systems for human and
animal rabies, and appropriate postbite treatment, have not been fully implemented at
a national scale. After the 2010 earthquake that further hindered the development of
public health program infrastructure and services, the U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention worked with the Ministry of Public Health and Population and
key health development partners (including the Pan-American Health Organization) to
provide technical expertise and funding for general disease surveillance systems,
laboratory capacity, and selected disease control programs; including rabies. In
2011, a cross-ministerial rabies consortium was convened with participation from
multiple international rabies experts to develop a strategy for successful rabies
control in Haiti. The consortium focused on seven pillars: 1) enhancement of
laboratory diagnostic capacity, 2) development of comprehensive animal surveillance
system, 3) development of comprehensive human rabies surveillance system, 4)
educational outreach, 5) sustainable human rabies biologics supply, 6) achievement of
sustained canine vaccination rates of ≥ 70%, and 7) finalization of a national
rabies control strategy. From 2010 until 2015, Haiti has seen improvements in the
program infrastructure for canine rabies control. The greatest improvements were seen
in the area of animal rabies surveillance, in support of which an internationally
recognized rabies laboratory was developed thereby leading to an 18-fold increase in
the detection of rabid animals. Canine rabies vaccination practices also improved,
from a 2010 level of approximately 12% to a 2015 dog population coverage level
estimated to be 45%. Rabies vaccine coverage is still below the goal of 70%, however,
the positive trend is encouraging. Gaps exist in the capacity to conduct national
surveillance for human rabies cases and access to human rabies vaccine is lacking in
many parts of the country. However, control has improved over the past 5 years as a
result of the efforts of Haiti’s health and agriculture sectors with
assistance from multiple international organizations. Haiti is well situated to
eliminate canine-mediated human rabies deaths in the near future and should serve as
a great example to many developing countries struggling with similar barriers and
limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wallace
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Melissa Etheart
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Fleurinord Ludder
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Rural Development, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Pierre Augustin
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Rural Development, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Richard Franka
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Patrick Dely
- Directorate of Epidemiology, Laboratory, and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Paul Adrien
- Directorate of Epidemiology, Laboratory, and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - J Pierre-Louis
- Directorate of Public Sanitation and Public Education, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Haiti
| | - Modupe Osinubi
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lillian Orciari
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jesse Blanton
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Roopal Patel
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - David Lowrance
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Andrecy Liverdieu
- Directorate of Epidemiology, Laboratory, and Research, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Andre Coetzer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.,Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - John Boone
- Humane Society International, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - M Millien
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Rural Development, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Krishnasamy V, Mauldin MR, Wise ME, Wallace R, Whitlock L, Basler C, Morgan C, Grissom D, Worley S, Stanek D, DeMent J, Yager P, Carson W, Condori RE, Nakazawa Y, Walker C, Li Y, Wynens C, Wellman A, Ellison J, Pieracci E. Notes from the Field: Postexposure Prophylaxis for Rabies After Consumption of a Prepackaged Salad Containing a Bat Carcass — Florida, 2017. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 66:1154-1155. [PMID: 29073123 PMCID: PMC5689098 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6642a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
227
|
Smith TG, Millien M, Vos A, Fracciterne FA, Crowdis K, Chirodea C, Medley A, Chipman R, Qin Y, Blanton J, Wallace R. Evaluation of immune responses in dogs to oral rabies vaccine under field conditions. Vaccine 2017; 37:4743-4749. [PMID: 29054727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During the 20th century parenteral vaccination of dogs at central-point locations was the foundation of successful canine rabies elimination programs in numerous countries. However, countries that remain enzootic for canine rabies have lower infrastructural development compared to countries that have achieved elimination, which may make traditional vaccination methods less successful. Alternative vaccination methods for dogs must be considered, such as oral rabies vaccine (ORV). In 2016, a traditional mass dog vaccination campaign in Haiti was supplemented with ORV to improve vaccination coverage and to evaluate the use of ORV in dogs. Blisters containing live-attenuated, vaccine strain SPBNGAS-GAS were placed in intestine bait and distributed to dogs by hand. Serum was collected from 107 dogs, aged 3-12 months with no reported prior rabies vaccination, pre-vaccination and from 78/107 dogs (72.9%) 17 days post-vaccination. The rapid florescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) was used to detect neutralizing antibodies and an ELISA to detect rabies binding antibodies. Post-vaccination, 38/41 (92.7%) dogs that received parenteral vaccine had detectable antibody (RFFIT >0.05 IU/mL), compared to 16/27 (59.3%, p < 0.01) dogs that received ORV or 21/27 (77.8%) as measured by ELISA (>40% blocking, p < 0.05). The fate of 291 oral vaccines was recorded; 283 dogs (97.2%) consumed the bait; 272 dogs (93.4%) were observed to puncture the blister, and only 14 blisters (4.8%) could not be retrieved by vaccinators and were potentially left in the environment. Pre-vaccination antibodies (RFFIT >0.05 IU/mL) were detected in 10/107 reportedly vaccine-naïve dogs (9.3%). Parenteral vaccination remains the most reliable method for ensuring adequate immune response in dogs, however ORV represents a viable strategy to supplement existing parental vaccination campaigns in hard-to-reach dog populations. The hand-out model reduces the risk of unintended contact with ORV through minimizing vaccine blisters left in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd G Smith
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Max Millien
- Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Rural Development, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Ad Vos
- IDT-Biologika GmbH, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra Medley
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Richard Chipman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, NH, USA
| | - Yunlong Qin
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jesse Blanton
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ryan Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Wang Z, Liang Q, Zhang Y, Yang J, Li M, Wang K, Cui M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. An optimized HMGB1 expressed by recombinant rabies virus enhances immunogenicity through activation of dendritic cells in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83539-83554. [PMID: 29137362 PMCID: PMC5663534 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies remains an important public health threat, killing approximately 59,000 people worldwide annually, most of which are from the developing countries of Africa and Asia where dog rabies are endemic. Therefore, developing an affordable and efficacious vaccine for dog-mediated rabies control is needful in these countries. Our previous studies indicated that over-expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1α or CCL3) by recombinant rabies virus (rRABV) could enhance the immunogenicity by activating dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, to further characterize the role of activating DCs in RABV immunogenicity, High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a highly conserved and non-histone chromosomal protein that can promote DCs maturation and activation, were investigated. The wild-type HMGB1 (HMGB1wt) and an optimized HMGB1 (HMGB1mut) were individually inserted into the genome of the rRABV strain LBNSE (designated as LBNSE-HMGB1wt and LBNSE-HMGB1mut, respectively), and the effect of over-expression of HMGB1 on the immunogenicity of RABV was investigated. The results demonstrated that LBNSE-HMGB1mut could promote significantly more DCs activation, and the recruitment of follicular helper T, germinal center B and plasma cells in vaccinated mice than those immunized with LBNSE-HMGB1wt or parent virus LBNSE. Further investigations suggested that mice vaccinated with LBNSE-HMGB1mut produced significantly higher level of RABV-neutralizing antibodies and offered a better protection than those vaccinated with LBNSE or LBNSE-HMGB1wt. Taken together, these data provides a better understanding of the mechanism for HMGB1 as a potential adjuvant in enhancing the immunogenicity of RABV, which would contribute to developing more-efficacious rabies vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Stading B, Ellison JA, Carson WC, Satheshkumar PS, Rocke TE, Osorio JE. Protection of bats (Eptesicus fuscus) against rabies following topical or oronasal exposure to a recombinant raccoon poxvirus vaccine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005958. [PMID: 28976983 PMCID: PMC5643138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient neglected tropical disease that causes tens of thousands of human deaths and millions of cattle deaths annually. In order to develop a new vaccine for potential use in bats, a reservoir of rabies infection for humans and animals alike, an in silico antigen designer tool was used to create a mosaic glycoprotein (MoG) gene using available sequences from the rabies Phylogroup I glycoprotein. This sequence, which represents strains more likely to occur in bats, was cloned into raccoonpox virus (RCN) and the efficacy of this novel RCN-MoG vaccine was compared to RCN-G that expresses the glycoprotein gene from CVS-11 rabies or luciferase (RCN-luc, negative control) in mice and big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). Mice vaccinated and boosted intradermally with 1 x 107 plaque forming units (PFU) of each RCN-rabies vaccine construct developed neutralizing antibodies and survived at significantly higher rates than controls. No significant difference in antibody titers or survival was noted between rabies-vaccinated groups. Bats were vaccinated either oronasally (RCN-G, RCN-MoG) with 5x107 PFU or by topical application in glycerin jelly (RCN-MoG, dose 2x108 PFU), boosted (same dose and route) at 46 days post vaccination (dpv), and then challenged with wild-type big brown variant RABV at 65 dpv. Prior to challenge, 90% of RCN-G and 75% of RCN-MoG oronasally vaccinated bats had detectable levels of serum rabies neutralizing antibodies. Bats from the RCN-luc and topically vaccinated RCN-MoG groups did not have measurable antibody responses. The RCN-rabies constructs were highly protective and not significantly different from each other. RCN-MoG provided 100% protection (n = 9) when delivered oronasally and 83% protection (n = 6) when delivered topically; protection provided by the RCN-G construct was 70% (n = 10). All rabies-vaccinated bats survived at a significantly (P ≤ 0.02) higher rate than control bats (12%; n = 8). We have demonstrated the efficacy of a novel, in silico designed rabies MoG antigen that conferred protection from rabies challenge in mice and big brown bats in laboratory studies. With further development, topical or oronasal administration of the RCN-MoG vaccine could potentially mitigate rabies in wild bat populations, reducing spillover of this deadly disease into humans, domestic mammals, and other wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Stading
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - James A. Ellison
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - William C. Carson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tonie E. Rocke
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JEO); (TER)
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JEO); (TER)
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Mu TT, Sein AA, Soe C, Phyu Aung NP, Kyi TT, Hanson J. Rabies in Myanmar: Prevalent, Preventable but not Prioritized. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:989-991. [PMID: 28722601 PMCID: PMC5637611 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of proven measures to prevent the disease, rabies now kills more people in Myanmar than malaria. Although there are challenges in controlling rabies in such a large and culturally diverse country, Myanmar's successful National Malaria Control Program demonstrates what can be achieved with sufficient political, financial, and scientific commitment. Presently, however, Myanmar lacks a comparable program to coordinate the multifaceted approach that is necessary to control rabies. The national government has invested heavily in improving access to postexposure prophylaxis, but there should also be an emphasis on other, more cost-effective strategies, particularly mass canine vaccination, which has been an essential component of successful rabies elimination programs in other countries. Continued health system strengthening is also required to improve primary health care, while decentralization of laboratory diagnostic services is needed to facilitate more timely, rational, and cost-effective use of postexposure prophylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thet Thet Mu
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Aye Aye Sein
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Chit Soe
- University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Tint Tint Kyi
- Department of Medical Care, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Josh Hanson
- University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Phoolcharoen W, Prehaud C, van Dolleweerd CJ, Both L, da Costa A, Lafon M, Ma JK. Enhanced transport of plant-produced rabies single-chain antibody-RVG peptide fusion protein across an in cellulo blood-brain barrier device. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:1331-1339. [PMID: 28273388 PMCID: PMC5595719 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The biomedical applications of antibody engineering are developing rapidly and have been expanded to plant expression platforms. In this study, we have generated a novel antibody molecule in planta for targeted delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Rabies virus (RABV) is a neurotropic virus for which there is no effective treatment after entry into the central nervous system. This study investigated the use of a RABV glycoprotein peptide sequence to assist delivery of a rabies neutralizing single-chain antibody (ScFv) across an in cellulo model of human BBB. The 29 amino acid rabies virus peptide (RVG) recognizes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) at neuromuscular junctions and the BBB. ScFv and ScFv-RVG fusion proteins were produced in Nicotiana benthamiana by transient expression. Both molecules were successfully expressed and purified, but the ScFv expression level was significantly higher than that of ScFv-RVG fusion. Both ScFv and ScFv-RVG fusion molecules had potent neutralization activity against RABVin cellulo. The ScFv-RVG fusion demonstrated increased binding to nAchR and entry into neuronal cells, compared to ScFv alone. Additionally, a human brain endothelial cell line BBB model was used to demonstrate that plant-produced ScFv-RVGP fusion could translocate across the cells. This study indicates that the plant-produced ScFv-RVGP fusion protein was able to cross the in celluloBBB and neutralize RABV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's Hospital Medical SchoolUniversity of LondonLondonUK
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical BotanyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Christophe Prehaud
- Unité de Neuroimmunologie ViraleDépartement de VirologieInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Craig J. van Dolleweerd
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's Hospital Medical SchoolUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Leonard Both
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's Hospital Medical SchoolUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Anaelle da Costa
- Unité de Neuroimmunologie ViraleDépartement de VirologieInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Monique Lafon
- Unité de Neuroimmunologie ViraleDépartement de VirologieInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Julian K‐C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's Hospital Medical SchoolUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Chen T, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Yang J, Li M, Wang K, Cui M, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. Recombinant rabies virus expressing IL-15 enhances immunogenicity through promoting the activation of dendritic cells in mice. Virol Sin 2017; 32:317-327. [PMID: 28861771 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies remains a public health threat that kills approximately 59,000 people worldwide each year, most of which are from the developing countries of Africa and Asia where dog rabies are endemic. Therefore, developing an affordable and efficacious vaccine is crucial for rabies control in these countries. Interleukin (IL)-15, an immunoregulatory cytokine, is a pluripotent molecule with therapeutic potential, which targets many cell types and links the innate and adaptive immune system. In this study, IL-15 gene was cloned and inserted into the genome of a recombinant rabies virus (RABV) strain LBNSE (designated as LBNSE-IL15), and the effect of over-expression of IL-15 on the immunogenicity of RABV was investigated. It was found that mice vaccinated with LBNSE-IL15 could induce significantly higher level of virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) than those immunized with LBNSE, resulting in the higher protection after challenge. Further investigation was performed to find out the possible role of IL-15 plays in the process of antibody induction, and it was found that LBNSE-IL15 could enhance the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in immunized mice. Furthermore, the mice immunized with LBNSE-IL15 could promote the TFH cells differentiation and the generation of germinal center B cells and plasma cells. Together, these data indicated that IL-15 could be a potential adjuvant in enhancing the immunogenicity of RABV, contributing to the development of more-efficacious rabies vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Undurraga EA, Meltzer MI, Tran CH, Atkins CY, Etheart MD, Millien MF, Adrien P, Wallace RM. Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of a Novel Integrated Bite Case Management Program for the Control of Human Rabies, Haiti 2014-2015. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1307-1317. [PMID: 28719253 PMCID: PMC5462564 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Haiti has the highest burden of rabies in the Western hemisphere, with 130 estimated annual deaths. We present the cost-effectiveness evaluation of an integrated bite case management program combining community bite investigations and passive animal rabies surveillance, using a governmental perspective. The Haiti Animal Rabies Surveillance Program (HARSP) was first implemented in three communes of the West Department, Haiti. Our evaluation encompassed all individuals exposed to rabies in the study area (N = 2,289) in 2014–2015. Costs (2014 U.S. dollars) included diagnostic laboratory development, training of surveillance officers, operational costs, and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). We used estimated deaths averted and years of life gained (YLG) from prevented rabies as health outcomes. HARSP had higher overall costs (range: $39,568–$80,290) than the no-bite-case-management (NBCM) scenario ($15,988–$26,976), partly from an increased number of bite victims receiving PEP. But HARSP had better health outcomes than NBCM, with estimated 11 additional annual averted deaths in 2014 and nine in 2015, and 654 additional YLG in 2014 and 535 in 2015. Overall, HARSP was more cost-effective (US$ per death averted) than NBCM (2014, HARSP: $2,891–$4,735, NBCM: $5,980–$8,453; 2015, HARSP: $3,534–$7,171, NBCM: $7,298–$12,284). HARSP offers an effective human rabies prevention solution for countries transitioning from reactive to preventive strategies, such as comprehensive dog vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Undurraga
- Health Economics and Modeling Unit, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Martin I Meltzer
- Health Economics and Modeling Unit, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cuc H Tran
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charisma Y Atkins
- Health Economics and Modeling Unit, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Melissa D Etheart
- Haiti Country Office, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Max F Millien
- Direction Production et Santé Animale, Protection Sanitaire, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Développement Rural, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Paul Adrien
- Epidemiology, Laboratorie and Research, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Ryan M Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Ruan S. Spatiotemporal epidemic models for rabies among animals. Infect Dis Model 2017; 2:277-287. [PMID: 29928742 PMCID: PMC6002072 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a serious concern to public health and wildlife management worldwide. Over the last three decades, various mathematical models have been proposed to study the transmission dynamics of rabies. In this paper we provide a mini-review on some reaction-diffusion models describing the spatial spread of rabies among animals. More specifically, we introduce the susceptible-exposed-infectious models for the spatial transmission of rabies among foxes (Murray et al., 1986), the spatiotemporal epidemic model for rabies among raccoons (Neilan and Lenhart, 2011), the diffusive rabies model for skunk and bat interactions (Bonchering et al., 2012), and the reaction-diffusion model for rabies among dogs (Zhang et al., 2012). Numerical simulations on the spatiotemporal dynamics of these models from these papers are presented.
Collapse
|
235
|
Prokaryotic Expression and Monoclonal Antibody Preparation of Rabies Virus Phosphoprotein. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
236
|
Immunological aspects of rabies: a literature review. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3251-3268. [PMID: 28726129 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal disease caused by the neurotropic virus rabies virus (RABV), and it remains an important public health problem globally. It is known that the host immune response is important for control of viral infection and promoting viral clearance. In this context, it is well documented that, in addition to RABV neutralizing antibody, interferons and cell-mediated immunity also have an important role in preventing the establishment of disease. On the other hand, RABV suppresses host immunity through different mechanisms, for example, direct inhibition of host gene expression, sequestration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or modification of cytokine signalling pathways, which hinder the protective host immune responses to RABV infection. Here, we review the immunological aspects of rabies, highlighting innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the host evasion immune mechanisms used by the virus. Finally, we briefly discuss how this knowledge can direct new research and be harnessed for future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
237
|
Coetzer A, Coertse J, Makalo MJ, Molomo M, Markotter W, Nel LH. Epidemiology of Rabies in Lesotho: The Importance of Routine Surveillance and Virus Characterization. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:E30. [PMID: 30270887 PMCID: PMC6082089 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is widespread throughout Africa and Asia, despite the fact that the control and elimination of this disease has been proven to be feasible. Lesotho, a small landlocked country surrounded by South Africa, has been known to be endemic for rabies since the 1980s but the epidemiology of the disease remains poorly understood due to limited sample submission, constrained diagnostic capabilities, and a lack of molecular epidemiological data. Considering the existing challenges experienced in Lesotho, we aimed to evaluate the direct, rapid immunohistochemical test (DRIT) as an alternative to the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test for rabies diagnosis in Lesotho. Towards this aim, extensive training on the implementation and interpretation of the DRIT was hosted in Lesotho in April 2016 before both tests were applied to all samples subjected to routine rabies diagnosis at the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL). We found agreement between the DFA and DRIT assays in 90/96 samples (93.75%). The samples that produced inconsistent results (n = 6) were re-tested a further two times with both assays before being subjected to a real-time qPCR to confirm the diagnosis. Additionally, a statistically significant three-fold increase in the average number of samples submitted per month was observed after the DRIT implementation started, following continuous rabies awareness initiatives amongst the animal health professionals in the country over a 12-month period (p = 0.0279). Partial G-L intergenic regions of selected rabies-positive samples (n = 21) were amplified, sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Molecular epidemiological analyses, that included viruses from neighbouring provinces in South Africa, suggested that at least three independent rabies cycles within Lesotho were implicated in instances of cross-border transmission. This study has evaluated alternative methods for diagnosing and improving rabies surveillance in Lesotho, as well as providing new information that would be of importance in the planning of future disease intervention campaigns, not only in Lesotho, but also in neighbouring South Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Coetzer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control SA NPC, Erasmus Forum A434, South Erasmus Rand, 0181 Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Jessica Coertse
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Mabusetsa Joseph Makalo
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Private Bag A82, 100 Maseru, Lesotho.
| | - Marosi Molomo
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Private Bag A82, 100 Maseru, Lesotho.
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Louis Hendrik Nel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control SA NPC, Erasmus Forum A434, South Erasmus Rand, 0181 Pretoria, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Tyem DA, Dogonyaro BB, Woma TA, Ngoepe EC, Sabeta CT. Sero-Surveillance of Lyssavirus Specific Antibodies in Nigerian Fruit Bats (Eidolon helvum). Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:E26. [PMID: 30270884 PMCID: PMC6082092 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aetiological agent of rabies is a member of the Lyssavirus genus (Rhabdoviridae family, order Mononegavirales). The disease (rabies) is endemic in many parts of Asia and Africa and still remains an important public and veterinary health threat. In Nigeria, there is a dearth of information on the natural infection and/or exposure of bat species to lyssaviruses. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of rabies virus (RABV) neutralizing antibodies in sera obtained from bats from the central Plateau and North-East Bauchi States in Nigeria. Two hundred serum samples were collected from Nigerian fruit bats from six different locations and tested for anti-RABV antibodies using a commercial blocking ELISA. Of the 200 bat serum samples collected, one batch consisting of 111 samples did not meet the validation criteria and hence was not included in the final analysis. Of the remaining 89, only three (3.4%) contained anti-lyssavirus antibodies, demonstrating a low prevalence of lyssavirus antibodies in the study population. In order to further understand the exposure of bat species to phylogroup II lyssaviruses (Lagos bat virus and Mokola virus), the same panel of samples will be tested for neutralizing antibodies to phylogroup II members, viruses that do not cross-neutralize with members of phylogroup I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinchi A Tyem
- National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 1, Vom-Jos Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Banenat B Dogonyaro
- National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 1, Vom-Jos Plateau State, Nigeria.
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, P Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Timothy A Woma
- National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 1, Vom-Jos Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Ernest Chuene Ngoepe
- OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Claude Taurai Sabeta
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, P Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
- OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Suu-Ire RD, Fooks AR, Banyard AC, Selden D, Amponsah-Mensah K, Riesle S, Ziekah MY, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y, Wood JLN, Cunningham AA. Lagos Bat Virus Infection Dynamics in Free-Ranging Straw-Colored Fruit Bats (Eidolon helvum). Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:tropicalmed2030025. [PMID: 30270883 PMCID: PMC6082102 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are key species for ecological function, but they are also reservoirs of zoonotic agents, such as lyssaviruses that cause rabies. Little is known about the maintenance and transmission of lyssaviruses in bats, although the observation of clinically sick bats, both in experimental studies and wild bats, has at least demonstrated that lyssaviruses are capable of causing clinical disease in bat species. Despite this, extensive surveillance for diseased bats has not yielded lyssaviruses, whilst serological surveys demonstrate that bats must be exposed to lyssavirus without developing clinical disease. We hypothesize that there is endemic circulation of Lagos bat virus (LBV) in the straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) in Ghana, West Africa. To investigate this further, longitudinal blood sampling was undertaken quarterly between 2012 and 2014 on wild E. helvum at two sites in Ghana. Serum samples were collected and tested for LBV-neutralizing antibodies using a modified flourescent antibody virus neutralisation (FAVN) assay (n = 294) and brains from moribund or dead bats were tested for antigen and viral RNA (n = 55). Overall, 44.7% of the 304 bats sampled had LBV-neutralising antibodies. None of the brain samples from bats contained lyssavirus antigen or RNA. Together with the results of an earlier serological study, our findings demonstrate that LBV is endemic and circulates within E. helvum in Ghana even though the detection of viral infection in dead bats was unsuccessful. Confirmation that LBV infection is endemic in E. helvum in Ghana is an important finding and indicates that the potential public health threats from LBV warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Suu-Ire
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 571, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
- Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, P. O. Box M 161, Accra, Ghana.
- Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, P.O. Box M239, Accra, Ghana.
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool LP69 7ZX, UK.
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - David Selden
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Kofi Amponsah-Mensah
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 571, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Silke Riesle
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 571, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES, Cambridge, UK.
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - Meyir Y Ziekah
- Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, P. O. Box M 161, Accra, Ghana.
- Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, P.O. Box M239, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 571, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - James L N Wood
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
First Complete Genomic Sequence of a Rabies Virus from the Republic of Tajikistan Obtained Directly from a Flinders Technology Associates Card. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/27/e00515-17. [PMID: 28684566 PMCID: PMC5502847 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00515-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A brain homogenate derived from a rabid dog in the district of Tojikobod, Republic of Tajikistan, was applied to a Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) card. A full-genome sequence of rabies virus (RABV) was generated from the FTA card directly without extraction, demonstrating the utility of these cards for readily obtaining genetic data.
Collapse
|
241
|
Seo W, Servat A, Cliquet F, Akinbowale J, Prehaud C, Lafon M, Sabeta C. Comparison of G protein sequences of South African street rabies viruses showing distinct progression of the disease in a mouse model of experimental rabies. Microbes Infect 2017. [PMID: 28627433 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease and infections generally lead to a fatal encephalomyelitis in both humans and animals. In South Africa, domestic (dogs) and the wildlife (yellow mongoose) host species maintain the canid and mongoose rabies variants respectively. In this study, pathogenicity differences of South African canid and mongoose rabies viruses were investigated in a murine model, by assessing the progression of clinical signs and survivorship. Comparison of glycoprotein gene sequences revealed amino acid differences that may underpin the observed pathogenicity differences. Cumulatively, our results suggest that the canid rabies virus may be more neurovirulent in mice than the mongoose rabies variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonhyo Seo
- OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alexandre Servat
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, OIE and EU Rabies Reference Laboratory, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Malzéville, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, OIE and EU Rabies Reference Laboratory, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Malzéville, France
| | - Jenkins Akinbowale
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christophe Prehaud
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Monique Lafon
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Claude Sabeta
- OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Zhang Y, Vrancken B, Feng Y, Dellicour S, Yang Q, Yang W, Zhang Y, Dong L, Pybus OG, Zhang H, Tian H. Cross-border spread, lineage displacement and evolutionary rate estimation of rabies virus in Yunnan Province, China. Virol J 2017; 14:102. [PMID: 28578663 PMCID: PMC5457581 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is an important but underestimated threat to public health, with most cases reported in Asia. Since 2000, a new epidemic wave of rabies has emerged in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, which borders three countries in Southeast Asia. Method We estimated gene-specific evolutionary rates for rabies virus using available data in GenBank, then used this information to calibrate the timescale of rabies virus (RABV) spread in Asia. We used 452 publicly available geo-referenced complete nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences, including 52 RABV sequences that were recently generated from samples collected in Yunnan between 2008 and 2012. Results The RABV N gene evolutionary rate was estimated to be 1.88 × 10−4 (1.37–2.41 × 10−4, 95% Bayesian credible interval, BCI) substitutions per site per year. Phylogenetic reconstructions show that the currently circulating RABV lineages in Yunnan result from at least seven independent introductions (95% BCI: 6–9 introductions) and represent each of the three main Asian RABV lineages, SEA-1, -2 and -3. We find that Yunnan is a sink location for the domestic spread of RABV and connects RABV epidemics in North China, South China, and Southeast Asia. Cross-border spread from southeast Asia (SEA) into South China, and intermixing of the North and South China epidemics is also well supported. The influx of RABV into Yunnan from SEA was not well-supported, likely due to the poor sampling of SEA RABV diversity. We found evidence for a lineage displacement of the Yunnan SEA-2 and -3 lineages by Yunnan SEA-1 strains, and considered whether this could be attributed to fitness differences. Conclusion Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of the spread of RABV that could facilitate future rabies virus control and prevention efforts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0769-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Bram Vrancken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali, China.
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Wallace RM, Mehal J, Nakazawa Y, Recuenco S, Bakamutumaho B, Osinubi M, Tugumizemu V, Blanton JD, Gilbert A, Wamala J. The impact of poverty on dog ownership and access to canine rabies vaccination: results from a knowledge, attitudes and practices survey, Uganda 2013. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:97. [PMID: 28569185 PMCID: PMC5452361 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a neglected disease despite being responsible for more human deaths than any other zoonosis. A lack of adequate human and dog surveillance, resulting in low prioritization, is often blamed for this paradox. Estimation methods are often employed to describe the rabies burden when surveillance data are not available, however these figures are rarely based on country-specific data. Methods In 2013 a knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey was conducted in Uganda to understand dog population, rabies vaccination, and human rabies risk factors and improve in-country and regional rabies burden estimates. Poisson and multi-level logistic regression techniques were conducted to estimate the total dog population and vaccination coverage. Results Twenty-four villages were selected, of which 798 households completed the survey, representing 4 375 people. Dog owning households represented 12.9% of the population, for which 175 dogs were owned (25 people per dog). A history of vaccination was reported in 55.6% of owned dogs. Poverty and human population density highly correlated with dog ownership, and when accounted for in multi-level regression models, the human to dog ratio fell to 47:1 and the estimated national canine-rabies vaccination coverage fell to 36.1%. This study estimates there are 729 486 owned dogs in Uganda (95% CI: 719 919 – 739 053). Ten percent of survey respondents provided care to dogs they did not own, however unowned dog populations were not enumerated in this estimate. 89.8% of Uganda’s human population was estimated to reside in a community that can support enzootic canine rabies transmission. Conclusions This study is the first to comprehensively evaluate the effect of poverty on dog ownership in Africa. These results indicate that describing a dog population may not be as simple as applying a human: dog ratio, and factors such as poverty are likely to heavily influence dog ownership and vaccination coverage. These modelled estimates should be confirmed through further field studies, however, if validated, canine rabies elimination through mass vaccination may not be as difficult as previously considered in Uganda. Data derived from this study should be considered to improve models for estimating the in-country and regional rabies burden. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0306-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Mehal
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yoshinori Nakazawa
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sergio Recuenco
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Modupe Osinubi
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victor Tugumizemu
- Veterinary Public Health Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jesse D Blanton
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Gilbert
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
244
|
Mindekem R, Lechenne M, Alfaroukh IO, Moto DD, Zinsstag J, Ouedraogo LT, Salifou S. [Evaluation of Knowledge-Attitudes-Practices of the populations in the health districts of Benoye, Laoukassy, Moundou and South N'Djamena towards canine rabies in Chad]. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 27:24. [PMID: 28761600 PMCID: PMC5516672 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.27.24.11464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Canine rabies remains a concern in Africa as well as in Chad. Our study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the populations towards the appropriate management of people exposed to canine rabies and effective fight against it. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive study in four health districts in Chad in July and in September 2015. Data were collected from households recruited by three-stage random sampling by means of a questionnaire. RESULTS We conducted a survey of 2428 individuals having completed at least primary education level (54,12%). The average age was 36 ± 13.50 years. Surveyed individuals were farmers (35,17%), merchants (18,04%), households (12.81%). Rabies was defined as a disease transmitted from the dog to the man (41.43%), an alteration in brain function (41.27%), an undernourishment (10.26%). The cat was little-known to be a reservoir(13.84%) and a vector (19,77%) as well as licking was little-known to be a transmission medium (4.61%) and cat vaccination to be a preventive measure (0.49%). First aid for a bite at home was the traditional practice (47,69%), wounds washing (19.48%) or no action undertaken (20.43%). Households consulted the Health Service (78.50%), the Animal Health Service (5.35%) and the traditional healers (27%). CONCLUSION A communication campaing for implementing first aid at home in the event of a bite, knowledge about the cat as a reservoir and a vector and licking as a transmission medium as well as the promotion of the consultation of veterinary services in the event of a bite are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolande Mindekem
- Ministère de la Santé Publique, Tchad
- Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, Tchad
| | - Monique Lechenne
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Bâle, Suisse
- Université de Bâle, Suisse
| | - Idriss Oumar Alfaroukh
- Coordination Régionale de la Composante Santé Animale du Projet d'Appui au Pastoralisme au Sahel, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Bâle, Suisse
- Université de Bâle, Suisse
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Inactivation of rabies virus. J Virol Methods 2017; 243:109-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
246
|
Beck S, Gunawardena P, Horton DL, Hicks DJ, Marston DA, Ortiz-Pelaez A, Fooks AR, Núñez A. Pathobiological investigation of naturally infected canine rabies cases from Sri Lanka. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:99. [PMID: 28403882 PMCID: PMC5389160 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recommended screening of rabies in ‘suspect’ animal cases involves testing fresh brain tissue. The preservation of fresh tissue however can be difficult under field conditions and formalin fixation provides a simple alternative that may allow a confirmatory diagnosis. The occurrence and location of histopathological changes and immunohistochemical (IHC) labelling for rabies in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) canine brain is described in samples from 57 rabies suspect cases from Sri-Lanka. The presence of Negri bodies and immunohistochemical detection of rabies virus antigen were evaluated in the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and brainstem. The effect of autolysis and artefactual degeneration of the tissue was also assessed. Results Rabies was confirmed in 53 of 57 (93%) cases by IHC. IHC labelling was statistically more abundant in the brainstem. Negri bodies were observed in 32 of 53 (60.4%) of the positive cases. Although tissue degradation had no effect on IHC diagnosis, it was associated with an inability to detect Negri bodies. In 13 cases, a confirmatory Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for rabies virus RNA was undertaken by extracting RNA from fresh frozen tissue, and also attempted using FFPE samples. PCR detection using fresh frozen samples was in agreement with the IHC results. The PCR method from FFPE tissues was suitable for control material but unsuccessful in our field cases. Conclusions Histopathological examination of the brain is essential to define the differential diagnoses of behaviour modifying conditions in rabies virus negative cases, but it is unreliable as the sole method for rabies diagnosis, particularly where artefactual change has occurred. Formalin fixation and paraffin embedding does not prevent detection of rabies virus via IHC labelling even where artefactual degeneration has occurred. This could represent a pragmatic secondary assay for rabies diagnosis in the field because formalin fixation can prevent sample degeneration. The brain stem was shown to be the site with most viral immunoreactivity; supporting recommended sampling protocols in favour of improved necropsy safety in the field. PCR testing of formalin fixed tissue may be successful in certain circumstances as an alternative test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Beck
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK.
| | - P Gunawardena
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - D L Horton
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - D J Hicks
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - D A Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | | | - A R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - A Núñez
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Gormley AM, Anderson DP, Nugent G. Cost-based optimization of the stopping threshold for local disease surveillance during progressive eradication of tuberculosis from New Zealand wildlife. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:186-196. [PMID: 28391623 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is managed in New Zealand largely via population reduction of the major wildlife disease reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis, the introduced brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula. New Zealand aims to eradicate M. bovis infection from its livestock and wildlife within 40 years, as the culmination of progressive regional eradication programmes. Declarations of regional eradication are decided after extensive possum population control and post-control surveillance; hence, we developed a modelling framework, based on eco-epidemiological simulation data, to provide cost-evaluated options for deciding when to make these declarations. A decision-support framework evaluated potential costs of wildlife surveillance (and recontrol, if required) with respect to the calculated probability of successful eradication of M. bovis from wildlife. This enabled expected costs to be predicted in terms of stopping thresholds, allowing selection of optimal stopping rules based on minimizing costs. We identified factors that could influence optimal stopping values applied during regional eradication. Where vector/disease surveillance was inexpensive (for example, using low-cost detection devices or sentinel wildlife hosts) optimization involved setting a higher rather than lower stopping value, as it would be cheaper to minimize the risk of making a false declaration of eradication than to remedy any such failure. In addition, any cost of recontrol would largely depend on the time to rediscovery of residual M. bovis infection in wildlife, which would in turn be linked to the level of ongoing passive surveillance (with more rapid detection of re-emergent infection among wildlife in farmland situations than in remote forested regions). These two scenarios would favour different optimal stopping rules, as would the consideration of stakeholder confidence and socio-political issues, which are discussed. The framework presented here provides guidance to assess the economics underlying eradication of bovine TB from New Zealand farming; this eliminates reliance upon a pre-determined and uniform stopping rule for ceasing active management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G Nugent
- Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding rabies risk in community members and healthcare professionals: Pétionville, Haiti, 2013. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1624-1634. [PMID: 28290915 PMCID: PMC5426290 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816003125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Haiti has the highest human rabies burden in the Western Hemisphere. There is no published literature describing the public's perceptions of rabies in Haiti, information that is critical to developing effective interventions and government policies. We conducted a knowledge, attitudes and practices survey of 550 community members and 116 health professionals in Pétionville, Haiti in 2013 to understand the perception of rabies in these populations. The majority of respondents (85%) knew that dogs were the primary reservoir for rabies, yet only 1% were aware that bats and mongooses could transmit rabies. Animal bites were recognized as a mechanism of rabies transmission by 77% of the population and 76% were aware that the disease could be prevented by vaccination. Of 172 persons reporting a bite, only 37% sought medical treatment. The annual bite incidence rate in respondents was 0·9%. Only 31% of bite victims reported that they started the rabies vaccination series. Only 38% of respondents reported that their dog had been vaccinated against rabies. The majority of medical professionals recognized that dogs were the main reservoir for rabies (98%), but only 28% reported bats and 14% reported mongooses as posing a risk for rabies infection. Bites were reported as a mechanism of rabies transmission by 73% of respondents; exposure to saliva was reported by 20%. Thirty-four percent of medical professionals reported they would wash a bite wound with soap and water and 2·8% specifically mentioned rabies vaccination as a component of post-bite treatment. The majority of healthcare professionals recommended some form of rabies assessment for biting animals; 68·9% recommended a 14-day observation period, 60·4% recommended a veterinary consultation, and 13·2% recommended checking the vaccination status of the animal. Fewer than 15% of healthcare professionals had ever received training on rabies prevention and 77% did not know where to go to procure rabies vaccine for bite victims. Both study populations had a high level of knowledge about the primary reservoir for rabies and the mode of transmission. However, there is a need to improve the level of knowledge regarding the importance of seeking medical care for dog bites and additional training on rabies prevention for healthcare professionals. Distribution channels for rabies vaccines should be evaluated, as the majority of healthcare providers did not know where rabies vaccines could be obtained. Canine rabies vaccination is the primary intervention for rabies control programmes, yet most owned dogs in this population were not vaccinated.
Collapse
|
249
|
Overexpression of Interleukin-7 Extends the Humoral Immune Response Induced by Rabies Vaccination. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02324-16. [PMID: 28100620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02324-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies continues to present a public health threat in most countries of the world. The most efficient way to prevent and control rabies is to implement vaccination programs for domestic animals. However, traditional inactivated vaccines used in animals are costly and have relatively low efficiency, which impedes their extensive use in developing countries. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop single-dose and long-lasting rabies vaccines. However, little information is available regarding the mechanisms underlying immunological memory, which can broaden humoral responses following rabies vaccination. In this study, a recombinant rabies virus (RABV) that expressed murine interleukin-7 (IL-7), referred to here as rLBNSE-IL-7, was constructed, and its effectiveness was evaluated in a mouse model. rLBNSE-IL-7 induced higher rates of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal center (GC) B cells from draining lymph nodes (LNs) than the parent virus rLBNSE. Interestingly, rLBNSE-IL-7 improved the percentages of long-lived memory B cells (Bmem) in the draining LNs and plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM) for up to 360 days postimmunization (dpi). As a result of the presence of the long-lived PCs, it also generated prolonged virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs), resulting in better protection against a lethal challenge than that seen with rLBNSE. Moreover, consistent with the increased numbers of Bmem and PCs after a boost with rLBNSE, rLBNSE-IL-7-immunized mice promptly produced a more potent secondary anti-RABV neutralizing antibody response than rLBNSE-immunized mice. Overall, our data suggest that overexpressing IL-7 improved the induction of long-lasting primary and secondary antibody responses post-RABV immunization.IMPORTANCE Extending humoral immune responses using adjuvants is an important method to develop long-lasting and efficient vaccines against rabies. However, little information is currently available regarding prolonged immunological memory post-RABV vaccination. In this study, a novel rabies vaccine that expressed murine IL-7 was developed. This vaccine enhanced the numbers of Tfh cells and the GC responses, resulting in upregulated quantities of Bmem and PCs. Moreover, we found that the long-lived PCs that were elicited by the IL-7-expressing recombinant virus (rLBNSE-IL-7) were able to sustain VNA levels much longer than those elicited by the parent rLBNSE virus. Upon reexposure to the pathogen, the longevous Bmem, which maintained higher numbers for up to 360 dpi with rLBNSE-IL-7 compared to rLBNSE, could differentiate into antibody-secreting cells, resulting in rapid and potent secondary production of VNAs. These results suggest that the expression of IL-7 is beneficial for induction of potent and long-lasting humoral immune responses.
Collapse
|
250
|
Deviatkin AA, Lukashev AN, Poleshchuk EM, Dedkov VG, Tkachev SE, Sidorov GN, Karganova GG, Galkina IV, Shchelkanov MY, Shipulin GA. The phylodynamics of the rabies virus in the Russian Federation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171855. [PMID: 28225771 PMCID: PMC5321407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Near complete rabies virus N gene sequences (1,110 nt) were determined for 82 isolates obtained from different regions of Russia between 2008 and 2016. These sequences were analyzed together with 108 representative GenBank sequences from 1977-2016 using the Bayesian coalescent approach. The timing of the major evolutionary events was estimated. Most of the isolates represented the steppe rabies virus group C, which was found over a vast geographic region from Central Russia to Mongolia and split into three groups (C0-C2) with discrete geographic prevalence. A single strain of the steppe rabies virus lineage was isolated in the far eastern part of Russia (Primorsky Krai), likely as a result of a recent anthropogenic introduction. For the first time the polar rabies virus group A2, previously reported in Alaska, was described in the northern part of European Russia and at the Franz Josef Land. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that all currently circulating rabies virus groups in the Russian Federation were introduced within the few last centuries, with most of the groups spreading in the 20th century. The dating of evolutionary events was highly concordant with the historical epidemiological data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei A. Deviatkin
- Federal Budget Institute of Science Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Federal Budget Institute Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Research Institute of Occupational Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N. Lukashev
- Federal Budget Institute Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir G. Dedkov
- Federal Budget Institute of Science Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Research Institute of Occupational Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey E. Tkachev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICBFM SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Gennadiy N. Sidorov
- Institute for Natural Foci Infections, Omsk, Russian Federation
- Omsk State Pedagogical University, Omsk, Russian Federation
| | - Galina G. Karganova
- Federal Budget Institute Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Mikhail Yu. Shchelkanov
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - German A. Shipulin
- Federal Budget Institute of Science Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|