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Koranyi L, Bourey RE, James D, Mueckler M, Fiedorek FT, Permutt MA. Glucose transporter gene expression in rat brain: Pretranslational changes associated with chronic insulin-induced hypoglycemia, fasting, and diabetes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 2:244-52. [PMID: 19912805 DOI: 10.1016/1044-7431(91)90051-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/1991] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Steady-state levels of the major glucose transporter gene (GLUT-1) of the brain were evaluated under three conditions that induced chronic changes in plasma glucose and insulin in adult rats: (i) repeated injection of insulin for 5 days, resulting in plasma glucose levels of 60-70 mg/dl for at least 3 days; (ii) fasting for 3 days; and (iii) moderate streptozotocin-induced diabetes of 1 week duration. Brain GLUT-1 mRNA was measured by dot blot hybridization with a HepG2/erythrocyte (GLUT1) [(32)P]cRNA probe, and GLUT-1 protein by immunoblot analysis with a polyclonal antibody (11493). Insulin injection resulted in hypoglycemia, increased GLUT-1 mRNA (143 +/- 15%, P < 0.05), and increased GLUT-1 protein (141 +/- 6%, P < 0.05). The increase in GLUT-1 mRNA was specific for brain, as no change was observed in liver or kidney. Fasting resulted in mild hypoglycemia, lower plasma insulin, increased GLUT-1 mRNA (131 +/- 17%, P < 0.05 vs control), and no change in GLUT-1 protein (125 +/- 9%, N.S.). Mild streptozotocin diabetes resulted in hyperglycemia, undetectable plasma insulin, decreased GLUT-1 mRNA (65 +/- 6%, P < 0.05 vs control), and no change in GLUT-1 protein (84 +/- 9%, N.S.). A negative correlation (r = -0.61, P < .0001) between GLUT-1 mRNA levels in brain and plasma glucose concentrations was observed among the three experimental groups and control animals, suggesting that the plasma glucose concentration may be at least one determinant of GLUT-1 levels in rat brain. The importance of these results is the finding that GLUT-1 gene expression in rat brain is regulated in vivo by the nutritional and endocrine status of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Koranyi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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202
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Nichols R. Isolation and expression of the Drosophila drosulfakinin neural peptide gene product, DSK-I. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 3:342-7. [PMID: 19912877 DOI: 10.1016/1044-7431(92)90031-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/1992] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila drosulfakinin (dsk) gene encodes the cholecystokinin homologues drosulfakinin-I (DSK-I) and drosulfakinin-II (DSK-II). The naturally occurring DSKI peptide was isolated from an extract of adult flies and its sequence determined by automated Edman degradation and sequence-specific radioimmunoassay. The dsk cDNA is expressed during the larval, pupal, and adult stages of development and is an abundant adult head transcript. Sequence-specific DSK antibodies localized DSK expression in the Drosophila larval central nervous system to medial neurosecretory cells and projections that extend from the neurons anteriorly into the brain and posteriorly down the ventral ganglion. The availability of the dsk transcript, sequence-specific DSK antibodies and the application of molecular genetics provide the opportunity to elucidate the role(s) of Drosophila CCK homologues in brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nichols
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA
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203
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Cytokine Detection and Modulation in Acute Graft vs. Host Disease in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 3:33-40. [PMID: 18472921 PMCID: PMC2367011 DOI: 10.1155/s0962935194000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/1993] [Accepted: 11/17/1993] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A murine model for acute lethal graft vs. host disease (GVHD) was
used to study the role that a number of cytokines play in the development of lethal GVHD. In this study we focused on the role of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Lethally irradiated (C57BL × CBA)F1 mice were reconstituted either with 107 allogeneic BALB/c spleen cells or with a similar number of syngeneic cells, as a control. A significant rise in serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels was found in allogeneically reconstituted mice. This is in contrast to the
syngeneic control group in which no rise was seen. Serum IL-2 and IL-4 levels were below the detection limit. In the supernatant of Con A stimulated spleen cells from allogeneically reconstituted mice
IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α concentrations were increased. The
expression of mRNA for cytokines as detected by reverse
transcription PCR was studied in spleen cells. In the allogeneic
reconstituted mice the mRNA expression of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6,
IFN-γ and TNF-α displayed faster kinetics compared with
that in syngeneic reconstituted mice. The effect of treatment with
recombinant cytokines, antibodies to cytokines and to cytokine
receptors on the development of GVHD was investigated.
Administration of recombinant IL-2 to allogeneically reconstituted
mice strongly increased the morbidity and mortality whereas
injection of IL-1α and TNF-α did not influence survival.
Administration of antibodies against IL-2 or the IL-2 receptor
decreased the morbidity and mortality. Anti-IL-6, anti-IFN-γ,
and anti-TNF-α mAB, on the other hand, did not affect the
morbidity and mortality of GVHD. The results of this study suggest
successive waves of cytokine-secreting cell populations consistent
with the induction of an inflammatory response in the development of
acute GVH disease.
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204
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Brannan JL, Holman PJ, Olafson PU, Pruett JH, Riggs PK. Evaluation of methods for the isolation of high quality RNA from bovine and cervine hide biopsies. J Parasitol 2012; 99:19-23. [PMID: 22924936 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3132.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular investigations of the ruminant response to ectoparasites at the parasite-host interface are critically dependent upon the quality of RNA. The complexity of ruminant skin decreases the capacity to obtain high quality RNA from biopsy samples, which directly affects the reliability of data produced by gene expression experiments. Two methods for isolating total RNA from skin were compared and the use of 4M guanidinium isothiocyanate (GITC) during frozen storage of the specimens was evaluated. In addition, the best procedure for RNA isolation from bovine skin punch biopsies was also tested on white-tailed deer skin biopsies. Skin biopsy punches were collected and frozen prior to pulverization for RNA isolation. Total RNA quantity and integrity were determined by spectrophotometry and capillary electrophoresis technology, respectively. Significantly increased total RNA yield (P < 0.05) and higher integrity (P < 0.05) were obtained with a TRI Reagent® isolation method. Freezing and subsequent storage of bovine skin punch biopsies in 4 M GITC did not affect the amount or integrity of total RNA recovered by either RNA isolation method. However, quantity and integrity of total RNA extracted with the TRI Reagent method were again significantly higher than with the alternate technique, confirming it as the superior method. The TRI Reagent isolation method also yielded high quality total RNA from white-tailed deer skin punch biopsies, suggesting the usefulness of this method for obtaining RNA of a quality suitable for gene expression studies in other ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L Brannan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA
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205
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Abstract
Kv7 (KCNQ) potassium channel openers (enhancers) decrease neuropathic pain in experimental models. Here we show that C-fibers, and their associated small-diameter neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (both IB4- and TrkA-positive), expressed Kv7.5. In contrast, C-fibers did not express detectable levels of Kv7.2 or Kv7.3, which are instead localized to nodes of Ranvier and the cell bodies of large sensory neurons. These data suggest that Kv7.5 provides the primary M current in nociceptive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih H King
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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206
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Simplified and versatile method for isolation of high-quality RNA from pancreas. Biotechniques 2012; 52:332-4. [PMID: 22578126 DOI: 10.2144/0000113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of high-quality RNA from pancreas is challenging because the organ contains large quantities of RNases and undergoes autolysis upon harvest. Here we present a simplified perfusion method of the pancreas using an RNase inhibitor. The technique consistently yields high-quality RNA from stored pancreas samples suitable for molecular biology applications, including quantitative RT-PCR. Yields are comparable to RNA isolated from pancreas immediately, but superior to RNA isolated from stored samples that were snap-frozen or immersed in an RNase inhibitor solution. In addition, when compared to the previously reported in situ ductal perfusion technique, our method does not cause histological artifacts.
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207
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Singh RS, Kumar S. A protocol to remove colored metabolites and other inhibitors from plant tissues to facilitate RNA isolation suitable for downstream applications. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1303-7. [PMID: 22736512 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This work developed a protocol to remove colored metabolites and other interfering substances to facilitate RNA isolation. These metabolites otherwise hinder RNA isolation and downstream applications. The developed protocol used sodium dodecyl sulphate, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, and ethanol in a definite ratio that removed the said metabolites from the tissue and aided isolation of RNA using the existing methods. The protocol was developed for red colored roots of Arnebia euchroma and was extended to other colored tissues [rhizome of Rheum australe (Himalayan Rhubarb) and taproot of Daucus carota (purple carrot)] with success. Without inclusion of our protocol, the existing methods could not isolate good quality RNA from these tissues. RNA isolated by the developed protocol had A(260/280) ratio of 1.88-1.93, A(260/230) ratio of 1.94-2.0, and RNA integrity number of 6.3-8.0. RNA was amenable to downstream applications such as reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and primer extension assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Singh
- Div of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
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208
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Suda A, Kaiya H, Nikaido H, Shiozawa S, Mishiro K, Ando H. Identification and gene expression analyses of ghrelin in the stomach of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 178:89-97. [PMID: 22569173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Full length cDNA and gene encoding ghrelin precursor and mature ghrelin peptide were identified from the stomach of Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, which has unique metabolic physiology and high commercial value at fishery markets. Quantitative expression analysis was conducted for the gastric ghrelin and pepsinogen 2 genes during the early stage of somatic growth from the underyearling to yearling fish. The full length cDNA of bluefin tuna ghrelin precursor has a length of 470bp and the deduced precursor is composed of 107 amino acids. The ghrelin gene is 1.9kbp in length and has a 4 exon-3 intron structure. The major form of mature ghrelin in the stomach was an octanoylated 20-amino acid peptide with C-terminal amidation, while overall 12 different forms of ghrelin peptides, including short form of 18-amino acid peptide and seven kinds of acyl modifications were identified. The expression profiles of the gastric ghrelin and pepsinogen 2 genes showed no significant changes related to the early growth stages. The present results suggest that digestive physiology has already been functional in this growth stage of the juvenile bluefin tuna and ghrelin may have a role in the sustained digestive and metabolic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Suda
- Laboratory of Advanced Animal and Marine Bioresources, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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209
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Abdel Aziz MT, El-Asmar MF, El-Ibrashy IN, Rezq AM, Al-Malki AL, Wassef MA, Fouad HH, Ahmed HH, Taha FM, Hassouna AA, Morsi HM. Effect of novel water soluble curcumin derivative on experimental type- 1 diabetes mellitus (short term study). Diabetol Metab Syndr 2012; 4:30. [PMID: 22762693 PMCID: PMC3533893 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-4-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus type 1 is an autoimmune disorder caused by lymphocytic infiltration and beta cells destruction. Curcumin has been identified as a potent inducer of heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a redoxsensitive inducible protein that provides protection against various forms of stress. A novel water soluble curcumin derivative (NCD) has been developed to overcome low in vivo bioavailability of curcumin. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the anti diabetic effects of the "NCD" and its effects on diabetes-induced ROS generation and lipid peroxidation in experimental type- 1 diabetes mellitus. We also examine whether the up regulation of HO-1 accompanied by increased HO activity mediates these antidiabetic and anti oxidant actions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into control group, control group receiving curcumin derivative, diabetic group, diabetic group receiving curcumin derivative and diabetic group receiving curcumin derivative and HO inhibitor ZnPP. Type-1 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Curcumin derivative was given orally for 45 days. At the planned sacrification time (after 45 days), fasting blood samples were withdrawn for estimation of plasma glucose, plasma insulin and lipid profile . Animals were sacrificed; pancreas, aorta and liver were excised for the heme oxygenase - 1 expression, activity and malondialdehyde estimation. RESULTS NCD supplementation to diabetic rats significantly lowered the plasma glucose by 27.5% and increased plasma insulin by 66.67%. On the other hand, the mean plasma glucose level in the control group showed no significant difference compared to the control group receiving the oral NCD whereas, NCD supplementation to the control rats significantly increased the plasma insulin by 47.13% compared to the control. NCD decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol levels. Also, it decreased lipid peroxides (malondialdehyde) in the pancreas, aorta and liver. CONCLUSION The (NCD) by its small dose possesses antidiabetic actions and that heme oxygenase induction seems to play an important role in its anti-diabetic effects. NCD also improves the lipid profile and oxidative status directly, proved by decreasing lipid peroxides (malondialdehyde) in pancreas, liver & aorta. The new water soluble curcumin derivative still retains the essential potencies of natural curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T Abdel Aziz
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F El-Asmar
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim N El-Ibrashy
- Internal Medicine Department Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ameen M Rezq
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman L Al-Malki
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Wassef
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Fouad
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Ahmed
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma M Taha
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira A Hassouna
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba M Morsi
- Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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210
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Liu XG, Xu H, Zhang JY, Liang GW, Liu YT, Guo AG. Effect of low temperature on chlorophyll biosynthesis in albinism line of wheat (Triticum aestivum) FA85. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:384-94. [PMID: 22380525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The 'stage albinism line of winter wheat' FA85 exhibits a severe block in chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis with prolonged low-temperature treatment. The correlations between leaf color and low temperature provide more comprehensive understanding of low temperature as an environmental signal that regulate the metabolic changes in the entire Chl-synthesizing pathway. In this study, we investigated differences in Chl biosynthesis between leaves of Aibian1 and FA85 by measuring their Chl precursors and heme content, transcripts for key genes of Chl biosynthesis and key enzyme activities. With prolonged low-temperature treatment, the Chl content gradually decreased, but Chl precursors, including protoporphyrin IX, Mg-protoporphyrin IX and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), simultaneously accumulated. Parallel to the decline in Chl content, the protoporphyrin IX distribution toward Chl synthesis was less than that in heme synthesis in the leaves of FA85. Corresponding to the change of protoporphyrin IX distribution, the relative changes in magnesium chelatase (EC 6.6.1.1) and ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1) activities in the leaves of FA85 also indirectly reflected channeling of the metabolic flow into heme rather than Chl. A drastic loss in the transcripts for Pchlide oxidoreductase (EC 1.3.1.33) and Chl synthase (EC 2.5.1.62) accounted for a decrease in the metabolic flux and the re-direction of metabolites. The high-level accumulations of Chl precursors and traces of Chl in the leaves of FA85 suggest that a severe block between the steps from Pchlide to Chl formation during Chl biosynthesis is partially derived from the transcriptional downregulation of Pchlide oxidoreductase and Chl synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Gang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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211
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Long T, Vanderstraete M, Cailliau K, Morel M, Lescuyer A, Gouignard N, Grevelding CG, Browaeys E, Dissous C. SmSak, the second Polo-like kinase of the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni: conserved and unexpected roles in meiosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40045. [PMID: 22768216 PMCID: PMC3386946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are a family of conserved regulators of a variety of events throughout the cell cycle, expanded from one Plk in yeast to five Plks in mammals (Plk1-5). Plk1 is the best characterized member of the Plk family, homolog to the founding member Polo of Drosophila, and plays a major role in cell cycle progression by triggering G2/M transition. Plk4/Sak (for Snk (Serum-inducible kinase) akin kinase) is a unique member of the family, structurally distinct from other Plk members, with essential functions in centriole duplication. The genome of the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni contains only two Plk genes encoding SmPlk1 and SmSak. SmPlk1 has been shown already to be required for gametogenesis and parasite reproduction. In this work, in situ hybridization indicated that the structurally conserved Plk4 protein, SmSak, was largely expressed in schistosome female ovary and vitellarium. Expression of SmSak in Xenopus oocytes confirmed its Plk4 conserved function in centriole amplification. Moreover, analysis of the function of SmSak in meiosis progression of G2-blocked Xenopus oocytes indicated that, in contrast to SmPlk1, SmSak cannot induce G2/M transition in the absence of endogenous Plk1 (Plx1). Unexpectedly, meiosis progression was spontaneously observed in Plx1-depleted oocytes co-expressing SmSak and SmPlk1. Molecular interaction between SmSak and SmPlk1 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation of both proteins. These data indicate that Plk1 and Plk4 proteins have the potential to interact and cross-activate in cells, thus attributing for the first time a potential role of Plk4 proteins in meiosis/mitosis entry. This unexpected role of SmSak in meiosis could be relevant to further consider the function of this novel Plk in schistosome reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thavy Long
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS-UMR 8204, University Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mathieu Vanderstraete
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS-UMR 8204, University Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Katia Cailliau
- EA 4479, IFR 147, Universite Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Marion Morel
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS-UMR 8204, University Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Arlette Lescuyer
- EA 4479, IFR 147, Universite Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Nadege Gouignard
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS-UMR 8204, University Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Edith Browaeys
- EA 4479, IFR 147, Universite Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Colette Dissous
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS-UMR 8204, University Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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212
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Ho JR, Chapeaublanc E, Kirkwood L, Nicolle R, Benhamou S, Lebret T, Allory Y, Southgate J, Radvanyi F, Goud B. Deregulation of Rab and Rab effector genes in bladder cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39469. [PMID: 22724020 PMCID: PMC3378553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that Rab GTPases, key regulators of intracellular transport in eukaryotic cells, play an important role in cancer. We analysed the deregulation at the transcriptional level of the genes encoding Rab proteins and Rab-interacting proteins in bladder cancer pathogenesis, distinguishing between the two main progression pathways so far identified in bladder cancer: the Ta pathway characterized by a high frequency of FGFR3 mutation and the carcinoma in situ pathway where no or infrequent FGFR3 mutations have been identified. A systematic literature search identified 61 genes encoding Rab proteins and 223 genes encoding Rab-interacting proteins. Transcriptomic data were obtained for normal urothelium samples and for two independent bladder cancer data sets corresponding to 152 and 75 tumors. Gene deregulation was analysed with the SAM (significant analysis of microarray) test or the binomial test. Overall, 30 genes were down-regulated, and 13 were up-regulated in the tumor samples. Five of these deregulated genes (LEPRE1, MICAL2, RAB23, STXBP1, SYTL1) were specifically deregulated in FGFR3-non-mutated muscle-invasive tumors. No gene encoding a Rab or Rab-interacting protein was found to be specifically deregulated in FGFR3-mutated tumors. Cluster analysis showed that the RAB27 gene cluster (comprising the genes encoding RAB27 and its interacting partners) was deregulated and that this deregulation was associated with both pathways of bladder cancer pathogenesis. Finally, we found that the expression of KIF20A and ZWINT was associated with that of proliferation markers and that the expression of MLPH, MYO5B, RAB11A, RAB11FIP1, RAB20 and SYTL2 was associated with that of urothelial cell differentiation markers. This systematic analysis of Rab and Rab effector gene deregulation in bladder cancer, taking relevant tumor subgroups into account, provides insight into the possible roles of Rab proteins and their effectors in bladder cancer pathogenesis. This approach is applicable to other group of genes and types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R. Ho
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Chapeaublanc
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Kirkwood
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Remy Nicolle
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- Université d'Evry, iSSB, Evry, France
| | - Simone Benhamou
- CNRS, UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U946, Paris, France
| | | | - Yves Allory
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques, Département de Pathologie, Créteil, France
- INSERM, Unité 955, Créteil, France
| | - Jennifer Southgate
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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213
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Hamidi T, Algül H, Cano CE, Sandi MJ, Molejon MI, Riemann M, Calvo EL, Lomberk G, Dagorn JC, Weih F, Urrutia R, Schmid RM, Iovanna JL. Nuclear protein 1 promotes pancreatic cancer development and protects cells from stress by inhibiting apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2092-103. [PMID: 22565310 DOI: 10.1172/jci60144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the lowest survival rate of all cancers and shows remarkable resistance to cell stress. Nuclear protein 1 (Nupr1), which mediates stress response in the pancreas, is frequently upregulated in pancreatic cancer. Here, we report that Nupr1 plays an essential role in pancreatic tumorigenesis. In a mouse model of pancreatic cancer with constitutively expressed oncogenic Kras(G12D), we found that loss of Nupr1 protected from the development of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs). Further, in cultured pancreatic cells, nutrient deprivation activated Nupr1 expression, which we found to be required for cell survival. We found that Nupr1 protected cells from stress-induced death by inhibiting apoptosis through a pathway dependent on transcription factor RelB and immediate early response 3 (IER3). NUPR1, RELB, and IER3 proteins were coexpressed in mouse PanINs from Kras(G12D)-expressing pancreas. Moreover, pancreas-specific deletion of Relb in a Kras(G12D) background resulted in delayed in PanIN development associated with a lack of IER3 expression. Thus, efficient PanIN formation was dependent on the expression of Nupr1 and Relb, with likely involvement of IER3. Finally, in patients with PDAC, expression of NUPR1, RELB, and IER3 was significantly correlated with a poor prognosis. Cumulatively, these results reveal a NUPR1/RELB/IER3 stress-related pathway that is required for oncogenic Kras(G12D)-dependent transformation of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewfik Hamidi
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM UMR 1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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Wu X, Peppi M, Vengalil MJ, Maheras KJ, Southwood CM, Bradley M, Gow A. Transgene-mediated rescue of spermatogenesis in Cldn11-null mice. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:139, 1-11. [PMID: 22378758 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.096230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins comprise a large family of tight junction (TJ) proteins that are often expressed broadly during development and in adult tissues and constitute the physical barriers that occlude the paracellular space in polarized epithelia. In mouse testis, the integrity of TJs is critical to normal spermatogenesis and is dependent on CLDN11 expression. In the current study, we have generated multiple transgenic mouse lines in which steady-state levels of transgene-derived Cldn11 mRNA are up to fourfold greater than endogenous gene expression. Spermatogenesis in all founder mice harboring two copies of the endogenous Cldn11 gene is normal. These animals breed well, indicating that transgene overexpression, at least at the level of mRNA, is well tolerated by Sertoli cells. In addition, we demonstrate that the promoter/enhancer of the transgene, comprising 5 kb of genomic sequence upstream of exon 1 of the mouse Cldn11 gene, is sufficient to rescue azoospermia in Cldn11-null mice. Finally, using transient transgenic mice, we narrow the location of Sertoli cell-specific cis regulatory elements to a 2-kb region upstream of the Cldn11 transcription start site. Together, these data provide essential information for further investigation of the biological regulation of CLDN11 TJs in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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215
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Aguila HL, Mun SH, Kalinowski J, Adams DJ, Lorenzo JA, Lee SK. Osteoblast-specific overexpression of human interleukin-7 rescues the bone mass phenotype of interleukin-7-deficient female mice. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1030-42. [PMID: 22258693 PMCID: PMC3361560 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 is a critical cytokine for lymphoid development and a direct inhibitor of in vitro osteoclastogenesis in murine bone marrow cultures. To explore the role of IL-7 in bone, we generated transgenic mouse lines bearing the 2.3-kb rat collagen 1α1 promoter driving the expression of human IL-7 specifically in osteoblasts. In addition, we crossed these mice with IL-7-deficient mice to determine if the alterations in lymphopoiesis, bone mass, and osteoclast formation observed in the IL-7 knockout (KO) mice could be rescued by osteoblast-specific overexpression of IL-7. Here, we show that mice overexpressing human IL-7 in the osteoblast lineage showed increased trabecular bone volume in vivo by µCT and decreased osteoclast formation in vitro. Furthermore, targeted overexpression of IL-7 in osteoblasts rescued the osteopenic bone phenotype and B-cell development of IL-7 KO mice but did not have an effect on T lymphopoiesis, which occurs in the periphery. The bone phenotypes in IL-7 KO mice and targeted IL-7-overexpressing mouse models were observed only in females. These results likely reflect both direct inhibitory effects of IL-7 on osteoclastogenesis in vivo and sex-specific differences in responses to IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector L. Aguila
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Se Hwan Mun
- UCONN Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Judith Kalinowski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Douglas J. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Joseph A. Lorenzo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Sun-Kyeong Lee
- UCONN Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
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216
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Underwood MA, Kananurak A, Coursodon CF, Adkins-Reick CK, Chu H, Bennett SH, Wehkamp J, Castillo PA, Leonard BC, Tancredi DJ, Sherman MP, Dvorak B, Bevins CL. Bifidobacterium bifidum in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis: antimicrobial peptide and protein responses. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:546-51. [PMID: 22322385 PMCID: PMC3619207 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease of premature infants. Probiotics decrease the risk of NEC in clinical and experimental studies. Antimicrobial peptides protect the gut against noxious microbes and shape the commensal microbiota, but their role in NEC remains unclear. METHODS To investigate the expression of antimicrobial peptides in experimental NEC and the impact of probiotics on their expression, premature rats were divided into three groups: dam fed (DF), hand fed with formula (FF), or hand fed with formula containing Bifidobacterium bifidum (FF + BIF). All groups were exposed to asphyxia and cold stress. RESULTS Like in human ontogeny, the rat pup has low expression of Paneth cell antimicrobials, which increases rapidly during normal development. The expression of lysozyme, secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)), pancreatic-associated proteins 1 and 3 mRNA was elevated in the FF group with a high incidence of NEC, as compared with the DF and FF + BIF groups where the disease was attenuated. DISCUSSION We conclude that induction of antimicrobial peptides occurs in experimental NEC similar to that reported in human disease and is attenuated when disease is averted by probiotic B. bifidum. The induction of antimicrobial peptides is likely an adaptive mucosal response that is often not sufficient to prevent disease in the premature gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.
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217
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Lenka SK, Boutaoui N, Paulose B, Vongpaseuth K, Normanly J, Roberts SC, Walker EL. Identification and expression analysis of methyl jasmonate responsive ESTs in paclitaxel producing Taxus cuspidata suspension culture cells. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:148. [PMID: 22530557 PMCID: PMC3489508 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taxol® (paclitaxel) promotes microtubule assembly and stabilization and therefore is a potent chemotherapeutic agent against wide range of cancers. Methyl jasmonate (MJ) elicited Taxus cell cultures provide a sustainable option to meet the growing market demand for paclitaxel. Despite its increasing pharmaceutical importance, the molecular genetics of paclitaxel biosynthesis is not fully elucidated. This study focuses on identification of MJ responsive transcripts in cultured Taxus cells using PCR-based suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to identify genes involved in global pathway control. Results Six separate SSH cDNA libraries of paclitaxel-accumulating Taxus cuspidata P991 cell lines were constructed at three different post-elicitation time points (6h, 18h and 5 day) to identify genes that are either induced or suppressed in response to MJ. Sequencing of 576 differentially screened clones from the SSH libraries resulted in 331 unigenes. Functional annotation and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of up-regulated EST libraries showed enrichment of several known paclitaxel biosynthetic genes and novel transcripts that may be involved in MJ-signaling, taxane transport, or taxane degradation. Macroarray analysis of these identified genes unravelled global regulatory expression of these transcripts. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of a set of 12 candidate genes further confirmed the MJ-induced gene expression in a high paclitaxel accumulating Taxus cuspidata P93AF cell line. Conclusions This study elucidates the global temporal expression kinetics of MJ responsive genes in Taxus suspension cell culture. Functional characterization of the novel genes identified in this study will further enhance the understanding of paclitaxel biosynthesis, taxane transport and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram K Lenka
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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218
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Hatic H, Kane MJ, Saykally JN, Citron BA. Modulation of transcription factor Nrf2 in an in vitro model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1188-96. [PMID: 22201269 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts approximately 1.4 million people in the United States and TBIs have been labeled a major cause of death and disability on a global scale. Regulatory responses in a variety of neuronal loss conditions have supported the protective involvement of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor. Nrf2 regulates antioxidant enzyme genes, and an increase in Nrf2 expression may counteract oxidative damage that results from TBI. Elevated Nrf2 may ultimately act through the upregulation of downstream target genes such as thioredoxin (Trx) and heat-shock protein-70 (HSP70) and this may reduce neuronal loss. We performed multiple mild biaxial stretch injuries to neuroblastoma cells in culture, and examined the effects of the Nrf2 activator, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ). We also compared the stretch injury to oxidative insult. We confirmed that Trx and HSP70 were upregulated by treatment with tBHQ. We observed that tBHQ protected neurons from either insult, and that this was evident by different measures of cell viability and a decrease in annexin V binding. Neuronal health after insult was improved approximately 50% by tBHQ, indicating that neurons exposed to TBI in vitro can be protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Hatic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Research and Development 151, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, Florida 33744-4125, USA
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219
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Ishibashi Y, Tawaratsumida T, Kondo K, Kasa S, Sakamoto M, Aoki N, Zheng SH, Yuasa T, Iwaya-Inoue M. Reactive oxygen species are involved in gibberellin/abscisic acid signaling in barley aleurone cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1705-14. [PMID: 22291200 PMCID: PMC3320179 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signal molecules for a variety of processes in plants. However, many questions about the roles of ROS in plants remain to be clarified. Here, we report the role of ROS in gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone cells. The production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a type of ROS, was induced by GA in aleurone cells but suppressed by ABA. Furthermore, exogenous H2O2 appeared to promote the induction of α-amylases by GA. In contrast, antioxidants suppressed the induction of α-amylases. Therefore, H2O2 seems to function in GA and ABA signaling, and in regulation of α-amylase production, in aleurone cells. To identify the target of H2O2 in GA and ABA signaling, we analyzed the interrelationships between H2O2 and DELLA proteins Slender1 (SLN1), GA-regulated Myb transcription factor (GAmyb), and ABA-responsive protein kinase (PKABA) and their roles in GA and ABA signaling in aleurone cells. In the presence of GA, exogenous H2O2 had little effect on the degradation of SLN1, the primary transcriptional repressor mediating GA signaling, but it promoted the production of the mRNA encoding GAMyb, which acts downstream of SLN1 and involves induction of α-amylase mRNA. Additionally, H2O2 suppressed the production of PKABA mRNA, which is induced by ABA:PKABA represses the production of GAMyb mRNA. From these observations, we concluded that H2O2 released the repression of GAMyb mRNA by PKABA and consequently promoted the production of α-amylase mRNA, thus suggesting that the H2O2 generated by GA in aleurone cells is a signal molecule that antagonizes ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Ishibashi
- Crop Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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220
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Petruzziello-Pellegrini TN, Yuen DA, Page AV, Patel S, Soltyk AM, Matouk CC, Wong DK, Turgeon PJ, Fish JE, Ho JJD, Steer BM, Khajoee V, Tigdi J, Lee WL, Motto DG, Advani A, Gilbert RE, Karumanchi SA, Robinson LA, Tarr PI, Liles WC, Brunton JL, Marsden PA. The CXCR4/CXCR7/SDF-1 pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2012. [PMID: 22232208 DOI: 10.1172/jci57313)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a potentially life-threatening condition. It often occurs after gastrointestinal infection with E. coli O157:H7, which produces Shiga toxins (Stx) that cause hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal injury. Stx-mediated changes in endothelial phenotype have been linked to the pathogenesis of HUS. Here we report our studies investigating Stx-induced changes in gene expression and their contribution to the pathogenesis of HUS. Stx function by inactivating host ribosomes but can also alter gene expression at concentrations that minimally affect global protein synthesis. Gene expression profiling of human microvascular endothelium treated with Stx implicated a role for activation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 by their shared cognate chemokine ligand (stromal cell-derived factor-1 [SDF-1]) in Stx-mediated pathophysiology. The changes in gene expression required a catalytically active Stx A subunit and were mediated by enhanced transcription and mRNA stability. Stx also enhanced the association of CXCR4, CXCR7, and SDF1 mRNAs with ribosomes. In a mouse model of Stx-mediated pathology, we noted changes in plasma and tissue content of CXCR4, CXCR7, and SDF-1 after Stx exposure. Furthermore, inhibition of the CXCR4/SDF-1 interaction decreased endothelial activation and organ injury and improved animal survival. Finally, in children infected with E. coli O157:H7, plasma SDF-1 levels were elevated in individuals who progressed to HUS. Collectively, these data implicate the CXCR4/CXCR7/SDF-1 pathway in Stx-mediated pathogenesis and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for prevention and/or treatment of complications associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection.
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221
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Li J, Hakata Y, Takeda E, Liu Q, Iwatani Y, Kozak CA, Miyazawa M. Two genetic determinants acquired late in Mus evolution regulate the inclusion of exon 5, which alters mouse APOBEC3 translation efficiency. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002478. [PMID: 22275865 PMCID: PMC3262013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like editing complex 3 (mA3), an intracellular antiviral factor, has 2 allelic variations that are linked with different susceptibilities to beta- and gammaretrovirus infections among various mouse strains. In virus-resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice, mA3 transcripts are more abundant than those in susceptible BALB/c mice both in the spleen and bone marrow. These strains of mice also express mA3 transcripts with different splicing patterns: B6 mice preferentially express exon 5-deficient (Δ5) mA3 mRNA, while BALB/c mice produce exon 5-containing full-length mA3 mRNA as the major transcript. Although the protein product of the Δ5 mRNA exerts stronger antiretroviral activities than the full-length protein, how exon 5 affects mA3 antiviral activity, as well as the genetic mechanisms regulating exon 5 inclusion into the mA3 transcripts, remains largely uncharacterized. Here we show that mA3 exon 5 is indeed a functional element that influences protein synthesis at a post-transcriptional level. We further employed in vitro splicing assays using genomic DNA clones to identify two critical polymorphisms affecting the inclusion of exon 5 into mA3 transcripts: the number of TCCT repeats upstream of exon 5 and the single nucleotide polymorphism within exon 5 located 12 bases upstream of the exon 5/intron 5 boundary. Distribution of the above polymorphisms among different Mus species indicates that the inclusion of exon 5 into mA3 mRNA is a relatively recent event in the evolution of mice. The widespread geographic distribution of this exon 5-including genetic variant suggests that in some Mus populations the cost of maintaining an effective but mutagenic enzyme may outweigh its antiviral function. Susceptibility to acutely leukemogenic Friend virus (FV) retrovirus infection varies among different mouse strains and is governed by several genetic factors, one of which is allelic variations at the mouse Apobec3 locus. FV-resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice express higher amounts of Apobec3 transcripts than susceptible BALB/c mice. We previously showed that the differences in N-terminal amino acid sequences between B6 and BALB/c APOBEC3 proteins partly account for the distinct antiretroviral activities. In addition, B6 and BALB/c mice express major Apobec3 transcripts of different sizes: the exon 5-lacking and the full-length transcripts, respectively. Here we asked if exon 5 has any role in the antiviral activity of mouse APOBEC3 and found that the presence of this exon resulted in a profound decrease in the efficiency of protein synthesis without affecting the mRNA expression levels. We also identified two genomic polymorphisms that control the inclusion of exon 5 into the Apobec3 message: the number of TCCT repeats in intron 4 and a single nucleotide polymorphism within exon 5. The distribution of these functional polymorphisms among Mus species and wild mouse populations indicates that the exon 5 inclusion occurred recently in Mus evolution, and the full-length variant may have selective advantages in some mouse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hakata
- Department of Immunology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (MM)
| | - Eri Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Qingping Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Department of Infection and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Christine A. Kozak
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Department of Immunology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (MM)
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Samanta P, Sadhukhan S, Das S, Joshi A, Sen SK, Basu A. Isolation of RNA from field-grown jute (Corchorus capsularis) plant in different developmental stages for effective downstream molecular analysis. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 49:109-15. [PMID: 21327574 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Jute (Corchorus capsularis), as a natural fibre producing plant species, ranks next to cotton only. Today, biotechnological approach has been considered as most accepted means for any genetic improvement of plant species. However, genetic control of the fibre development in jute has not yet been explored sufficiently for desired genetic improvement. One of the major impediments in exploring the genetic architecture in this crop at molecular level is the availability of good quality RNA from field-grown plant tissues mostly due to the presence of high amount of mucilage and phenolics. Development of a suitable RNA isolation method is becoming essential for deciphering developmental stage-specific gene expression pattern related to fibre formation in this crop species. A combination of modified hot borate buffer followed by isopycnic centrifugation (termed as HBIC) was adopted and found to be the best isolation method yielding sufficient quantity (~350-500 μg/gm fresh tissue) and good quality (A(260/280) ratio 1.88 to 1.91) RNA depending on the developmental stage of stem tissue from field-grown jute plant. The poly A(+) RNA purified from total RNA isolated by the present method was found amenable to efficient RT-PCR and cDNA library construction. The present development of RNA isolation was found to be appropriate for gene expression analysis related to fibre formation in this economically important jute plant in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Samanta
- Advanced Laboratory for Plant Genetic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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223
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Petruzziello-Pellegrini TN, Yuen DA, Page AV, Patel S, Soltyk AM, Matouk CC, Wong DK, Turgeon PJ, Fish JE, Ho JJD, Steer BM, Khajoee V, Tigdi J, Lee WL, Motto DG, Advani A, Gilbert RE, Karumanchi SA, Robinson LA, Tarr PI, Liles WC, Brunton JL, Marsden PA. The CXCR4/CXCR7/SDF-1 pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans and mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:759-76. [PMID: 22232208 DOI: 10.1172/jci57313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a potentially life-threatening condition. It often occurs after gastrointestinal infection with E. coli O157:H7, which produces Shiga toxins (Stx) that cause hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal injury. Stx-mediated changes in endothelial phenotype have been linked to the pathogenesis of HUS. Here we report our studies investigating Stx-induced changes in gene expression and their contribution to the pathogenesis of HUS. Stx function by inactivating host ribosomes but can also alter gene expression at concentrations that minimally affect global protein synthesis. Gene expression profiling of human microvascular endothelium treated with Stx implicated a role for activation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 by their shared cognate chemokine ligand (stromal cell-derived factor-1 [SDF-1]) in Stx-mediated pathophysiology. The changes in gene expression required a catalytically active Stx A subunit and were mediated by enhanced transcription and mRNA stability. Stx also enhanced the association of CXCR4, CXCR7, and SDF1 mRNAs with ribosomes. In a mouse model of Stx-mediated pathology, we noted changes in plasma and tissue content of CXCR4, CXCR7, and SDF-1 after Stx exposure. Furthermore, inhibition of the CXCR4/SDF-1 interaction decreased endothelial activation and organ injury and improved animal survival. Finally, in children infected with E. coli O157:H7, plasma SDF-1 levels were elevated in individuals who progressed to HUS. Collectively, these data implicate the CXCR4/CXCR7/SDF-1 pathway in Stx-mediated pathogenesis and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for prevention and/or treatment of complications associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection.
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224
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Romero-López C, Barroso-delJesus A, Menendez P, Berzal-Herranz A. Analysis of mRNA abundance and stability by ribonuclease protection assay. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 809:491-503. [PMID: 22113296 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-376-9_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression is a multi-step process, which proceeds from DNA through RNA to protein. The tight regulation of this process is essential for overall cellular integrity and physiological homeostasis. Regulation of the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels has emerged as a crucial event in the modulation of the expression of genetic information. The mechanisms by which this process occurs have been extensively studied and begin to be much better understood. They involve a network of complex pathways that use intrinsic features of the target mRNA, like stability, to control its relative abundance in the cytoplasm. Thus, the analysis of the mRNA stability and abundance is essential to properly undertake gene expression studies. This chapter describes the ribonuclease protection assay, a widely accepted approach to evaluate the quality and amount of a target mRNA. This technique displays a higher sensitivity than classical Northern blot analysis and may be used either individually or in combination with other quantitative methods, such as quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, as complementary procedures rendering more complete and reliable information on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Romero-López
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av del Conocimiento s/n, Granada, Spain
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225
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Koeda S, Hosokawa M, Kang BC, Tanaka C, Choi D, Sano S, Shiina T, Doi M, Yazawa S. Defense response of a pepper cultivar cv. Sy-2 is induced at temperatures below 24°C. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2012; 125:137-145. [PMID: 21424609 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors that influence plant growth and development. Recent studies imply that plants show various responses to non-extreme ambient temperatures. Previously, we have found that a pepper cultivar cv. Sy-2 (Capsicum chinense) shows developmental defects at temperatures below 24°C. In this study, to gain new insights into the temperature sensitivity of cv. Sy-2, temperature-sensitive genes were screened using microarray techniques. At restrictive temperature of 20°C, almost one-fourth of the 411 up-regulated genes were defense related or predicted to be defense related. Further expression analyses of several defense-related genes showed that defense-related genes in cv. Sy-2 were constitutively expressed at temperatures below 24°C. Moreover, accumulation of high level of salicylic acid (SA) in cv. Sy-2 grown at 20°C suggests that the defense response is activated in the absence of pathogens. To confirm that the defense response is induced in cv. Sy-2 below 24°C, we evaluated the resistance to biotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and necrotrophic fungal pathogen Cercospora capsici. Cv. Sy-2 showed enhanced resistance to X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, but not to C. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Koeda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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226
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Okayama H. Functional cDNA expression cloning: pushing it to the limit. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2012; 88:102-119. [PMID: 22450538 PMCID: PMC3365248 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.88.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The 1970s and the following decade are the era of the birth and early development of recombinant DNA technologies, which have entirely revolutionized the modern life science by providing tools that enable us to know the structures of genes and genomes and to dissect their components and understand their functions at the molecular and submolecular levels. One major objective of the life sciences is to achieve molecular and chemical understandings of the functions of genes and their encoded proteins, which are responsible for the manifestation of all biological phenomena in organisms. In the early 1980s, I developed, together with Paul Berg, a new technique that enables the cloning of full-length complementary DNAs (cDNAs) on the basis of their functional expression in a given cell of interest. I review the development, application and future implications in the life sciences of this gene-cloning technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Okayama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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227
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Cameron S, Schwartz A, Sultan S, Schaefer IM, Hermann R, Rave-Fränk M, Hess CF, Christiansen H, Ramadori G. Radiation-induced damage in different segments of the rat intestine after external beam irradiation of the liver. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 92:243-58. [PMID: 22227376 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The out-of-field effects on the intestine, caused by radiation treatment of a parenchymatous organ, have not previously been studied. METHODS A single dose of 25Gy was administered percutaneously to the liver of male Wistar rats after a planning CT-scan. Sham-irradiated animals served as controls. At 1, 6, 24, 96h, 1.5 and 3months the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and distal colon were removed, washed and deep-frozen or prepared for paraffin staining. RESULTS All animals survived the treatment. Epithelial cell damage occurred in all small-intestinal segments. However, prolonged denudation of the villi together with destruction of the crypt lining was only observed in the ileum, resulting in deficient regeneration. In the colon, changes were minor. Radiation mucositis with granulocyte (MP0+) infiltration was seen from 1 to 24h in the duodenum and jejunum, when ED1+ macrophages, CD3+ T-lymphocytes, and CD34+ hematopoietic precursor cells were recruited, accompanied by an increase in the chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP3α and Il-8. In the ileum, early granulocyte infiltration was delayed but continuous. Recruitment of macrophages and lymphocytes was deficient and induction of chemokines as of the adhesion molecules PECAM-1, ICAM-1 was lacking. CONCLUSION Post-irradiation damage to the ileum was delayed and followed by an altered repair process with structural changes of the villi. The observed changes might result from a higher sensitivity to oxidative stress mechanisms with subsequent damage of the regenerative capacity of the crypt-villus axis, accompanied by a sustained "inflammatory response" and vascular damage with a lack of regeneratory cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Cameron
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Clinic of the Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37099 Göttingen, Germany
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Sonderegger FL, Ma Y, Maylor-Hagan H, Brewster J, Huang X, Spangrude GJ, Zachary JF, Weis JH, Weis JJ. Localized production of IL-10 suppresses early inflammatory cell infiltration and subsequent development of IFN-γ-mediated Lyme arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1381-93. [PMID: 22180617 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-10 is a nonredundant inflammatory modulator that suppresses arthritis development in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected mice. Infected C57BL/6 (B6) IL-10(-/-) mice were previously found to have a prolonged IFN-inducible response in joint tissue. Infection of B6 IL-10 reporter mice identified macrophages and CD4(+) T cells as the primary sources of IL-10 in the infected joint tissue, suggesting that early local production of IL-10 dampened the proarthritic IFN response. Treatment of B6 IL-10(-/-) mice with anti-IFN-γ reduced the increase in arthritis severity and suppressed IFN-inducible transcripts to wild-type levels, thereby linking dysregulation of IFN-γ to disease in the B6 IL-10(-/-) mouse. Arthritis in B6 IL-10(-/-) mice was associated with elevated numbers of NK cell, NKT cell, α/β T cell, and macrophage infiltration of the infected joint. FACS lineage sorting revealed NK cells and CD4(+) T cells as sources of IFN-γ in the joint tissue of B6 IL-10(-/-) mice. These findings suggest the presence of a positive-feedback loop in the joint tissue of infected B6 IL-10(-/-) mice, in which production of inflammatory chemokines, infiltration of IFN-γ-producing cells, and additional production of inflammatory cytokines result in arthritis. This mechanism of arthritis is in contrast to that seen in C3H/He mice, in which arthritis development is linked to transient production of type I IFN and develops independently of IFN-γ. Due to the sustained IFN response driven by NK cells and T cells, we propose the B6 IL-10(-/-) mouse as a potential model to study the persistent arthritis observed in some human Lyme disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lynn Sonderegger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Corneal epithelium expresses a variant of P2X(7) receptor in health and disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28541. [PMID: 22163032 PMCID: PMC3232242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Improper wound repair of the corneal epithelium can alter refraction of light resulting in impaired vision. We have shown that ATP is released after injury, activates purinergic receptor signaling pathways and plays a major role in wound closure. In many cells or tissues, ATP activates P2X(7) receptors leading to cation fluxes and cytotoxicity. The corneal epithelium is an excellent model to study the expression of both the full-length P2X(7) form (defined as the canonical receptor) and its truncated forms. When Ca(2+) mobilization is induced by BzATP, a P2X(7) agonist, it is attenuated in the presence of extracellular Mg(2+) or Zn(2+), negligible in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+), and inhibited by the competitive P2X7 receptor inhibitor, A438079. BzATP enhanced phosphorylation of ERK. Together these responses indicate the presence of a canonical or full-length P2X(7) receptor. In addition BzATP enhanced epithelial cell migration, and transfection with siRNA to the P2X(7) receptor reduced cell migration. Furthermore, sustained activation did not induce dye uptake indicating the presence of truncated or variant forms that lack the ability to form large pores. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis revealed a P2X(7) splice variant. Western blots identified a full-length and truncated form, and the expression pattern changed as cultures progressed from monolayer to stratified. Cross-linking gels demonstrated the presence of homo- and heterotrimers. We examined epithelium from age matched diabetic and non-diabetic corneas patients and detected a 4-fold increase in P2X(7) mRNA from diabetic corneal epithelium compared to non-diabetic controls and an increased trend in expression of P2X(7)variant mRNA. Taken together, these data indicate that corneal epithelial cells express full-length and truncated forms of P2X(7), which ultimately allows P2X(7) to function as a multifaceted receptor that can mediate cell proliferation and migration or cell death.
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Xu L, Lv J, Ling L, Wang P, Song P, Su R, Zhu G. Altered nucleic acid partitioning during phenol extraction or silica adsorption by guanidinium and potassium salts. Anal Biochem 2011; 419:309-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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231
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A characterization of Tetrahymena mRNA by in vitro translation: The effects of culture growth on the recruitment of poly (A)(+) and poly (A)(-) RNA. Eur J Protistol 2011. [PMID: 23195657 DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(89)80058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNA was extracted from exponentially growing and from stationary cultures of Tetrahymena thermophila. It was separated into polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated fractions which were used as templates in a rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesizing system. The translated proteins were analysed by one and by two dimensional electrophoresis. Our experiments were intended to answer the question to which extent the abundance and the specificity of mRNA facilitates or accompanies the passage of cells through one culture growth cycle. As illustrated by the identification of 113 proteins very few differences between translated messages accompany the transition to the stationary phase, the most obvious feature being a change in the intracellular location of translation activities. These data are discussed with special reference to the prevailing occupation of Tetrahymena which is biomass production.
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Albertoni GA, Arnoni CP, Barboza Araujo PR, Andrade SS, Carvalho FO, Castello Girão MJB, Schor N, Barreto JA. Magnetic bead technology for viral RNA extraction from serum in blood bank screening. Braz J Infect Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(11)70249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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233
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Bühling F, Kouadio M, Chwieralski CE, Kern U, Hohlfeld JM, Klemm N, Friedrichs N, Roth W, Deussing JM, Peters C, Reinheckel T. Gene targeting of the cysteine peptidase cathepsin H impairs lung surfactant in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26247. [PMID: 22022579 PMCID: PMC3192174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 11 human cysteine cathepsins are proteases mainly located in the endolysosomal compartment of all cells and within the exocytosis pathways of some secretory cell types. Cathepsin H (Ctsh) has amino- and endopeptidase activities. In vitro studies have demonstrated Ctsh involvement in the processing and secretion of the pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B). Furthermore, Ctsh is highly expressed in the secretory organelles of alveolar type II pneumocytes where the surfactant proteins are processed. Methodology/Principal Findings Hence, we generated Ctsh null mice by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells to investigate the role of this protease in surfactant processing in vivo. The targeting construct contains a ß-galactosidase (lacZ) reporter enabling the visualisation of Ctsh expression sites. Ctsh-deficiency was verified by northern blot, western blot, and measurement of the Ctsh aminopeptidase activity. Ctsh−/− mice show no gross phenotype and their development is normal without growth retardation. Broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) from Ctsh−/− mice contained lower levels of SP-B indicating reduced SP-B secretion. The BAL phospholipid concentration was not different in Ctsh+/+ and Ctsh−/− mice, but measurement of surface tension by pulsating bubble surfactometry revealed an impairment of the tension reducing function of lung surfactant of Ctsh−/− mice. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that cathepsin H is involved in the SP-B production and reduced SP-B levels impair the physical properties of the lung surfactant. However, Ctsh defiency does not reproduce the severe phenotype of SP-B deficient mice. Hence, other proteases of the secretory pathway of type II pneumocytes, i.e. cathepsins C or E, are still able to produce surfactant of sufficient quality in absence of Ctsh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bühling
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Martin Kouadio
- Institut of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Caroline E. Chwieralski
- Insitute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Kern
- Institut of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens M. Hohlfeld
- Division of Immunology, Allergology and Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Klemm
- Institut of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Friedrichs
- Institut of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wera Roth
- Institut of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan M. Deussing
- Institut of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Peters
- Institut of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institut of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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PFAFFL MW, LANGE IG, DAXENBERGER A, MEYER HHD. Tissue-specific expression pattern of estrogen receptors (ER): Quantification of ERα and ERβ mRNA with real-time RT-PCR. APMIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2001.tb05811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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235
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Toutges MJ, Santoso A. Cloning and molecular characterization of an ornithine decarboxylase gene and its expression during embryonic development of the housefly, Musca domestica. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 78:87-103. [PMID: 21928394 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We are interested in identifying targets that may be used to develop new control products for the common housefly, Musca domestica, a vector of disease for many vertebrates. One such target, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), is an embryonic enzyme involved in the regulation of polyamines and is a critical enzyme during M. domestica development. In this study, the cDNA for ODC from M. domestica was cloned, sequenced, and characterized. The full-length cDNA was 1,337-bp, consistent with a single band of approximately 1.35 kb obtained by northern analysis. The open-reading frame contains 1,191 bp, yielding a deduced polypeptide of 396 amino acid residues with a predicted mass of 44,618 Da. The deduced M. domestica ODC protein was homologous to other ODC proteins. mRNA expression profiles analyzed by real-time PCR indicated that the ODC transcript is temporally regulated throughout embryogenesis. Sequence data and Southern blot analysis suggests that there were likely only one or two closely linked copies of the M. domestica ODC gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Toutges
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA.
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Pittoni P, Tripodo C, Piconese S, Mauri G, Parenza M, Rigoni A, Sangaletti S, Colombo MP. Mast cell targeting hampers prostate adenocarcinoma development but promotes the occurrence of highly malignant neuroendocrine cancers. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5987-97. [PMID: 21896641 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are c-Kit-expressing cells, best known for their primary involvement in allergic reactions, but recently reappraised as important players in either cancer promotion or inhibition. Here, we assessed the role of MCs in prostate tumor development. In prostate tumors from both tumor-prone transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice and human patients, MCs are specifically enriched and degranulated in areas of well-differentiated (WD) adenocarcinoma but not around poorly differentiated (PD) foci that coexist in the same tumors. We derived novel TRAMP tumor cell lines, representative of WD and PD variants, and through pharmacologic stabilization or genetic ablation of MCs in recipients mice, we showed that MCs promote WD adenocarcinoma growth but are dispensable for PD tumors. WD tumors rely on MCs for matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9) provision, as reconstitution of MC-deficient mice with wild-type but not MMP-9(-/-) MCs was sufficient to promote their growth. In contrast, PD tumors are MMP-9 self-competent, consistently with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Such a dual source of MMP-9 was confirmed in human tumors, suggesting that MCs could be a good target for early-stage prostate cancer. Interestingly, in testing whether MC targeting could block or delay tumorigenesis in tumor-prone TRAMP mice, we observed a high incidence of early and aggressive tumors, characterized by a neuroendocrine (NE) signature and c-Kit expression. Taken together, these data underscore the contribution of MCs in tumor progression and uncover a new, opposite role of MCs in protecting against the occurrence of aggressive NE variants in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pittoni
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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237
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Ishibashi Y, Yamaguchi H, Yuasa T, Iwaya-Inoue M, Arima S, Zheng SH. Hydrogen peroxide spraying alleviates drought stress in soybean plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1562-7. [PMID: 21377755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To ascertain the effect of exogenously applied hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on drought stress, we examined whether the spraying of soybean leaves with H2O2 would alleviate the symptoms of drought stress. Pre-treatment by spraying leaves with H2O2 delayed foliar wilting caused by drought stress compared to leaves sprayed with distilled water (DW). Additionally, the relative water content of drought-stressed leaves pre-treated with H2O2 was higher than that of leaves pre-treated with DW. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of H2O2 spraying on photosynthetic parameters and on the biosynthesis of oligosaccharides related to water retention in leaves during drought stress. Under conditions of drought stress, the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of leaves pre-treated with H2O2 were higher than those of leaves pre-treated with DW. In contrast to DW spraying, H2O2 spraying immediately caused an increase in the mRNA levels of d-myo-inositol 3-phosphate synthase 2 (GmMIPS2) and galactinol synthase (GolS), which encode key enzymes for the biosynthesis of oligosaccharides known to help plants tolerate drought stress. In addition, the levels of myo-inositol and galactinol were higher in H2O2-treated leaves than in DW-treated leaves. These results indicated that H2O2 spraying enabled the soybean plant to avoid drought stress through the maintenance of leaf water content, and that this water retention was caused by the promotion of oligosaccharide biosynthesis rather than by rapid stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Ishibashi
- Coastal Bioenvironment Center, Saga University, Karatsu, Saga 840-0021, Japan.
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Auguy F, Abdel-Lateif K, Doumas P, Badin P, Guerin V, Bogusz D, Hocher V. Activation of the isoflavonoid pathway in actinorhizal symbioses. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:690-696. [PMID: 32480924 DOI: 10.1071/fp11014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of flavonoids in the actinorhizal nodulation process resulting from the interaction between the tropical tree Casuarina glauca Sieb. ex Spreng. and the actinomycete Frankia. Eight C. glauca genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis: chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), isoflavone reductase (IFR), flavonoid-3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), flavonoid 3',5' hydroxylase (F3'5'H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and flavonol synthase (FLS), were identified from a unigene database and gene expression patterns were monitored by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) during the nodulation time course. Results showed that FLS and F3'5'H transcripts accumulated in mature nodules whereas CHI and IFR transcripts accumulated preferentially early after inoculation with Frankia. Comparison of IFR and CHI expression in inoculated plants and in control plants cultivated with or without nitrogen confirmed that early expression of IFR is specifically linked to symbiosis. Taken together, these data suggest for the first time that isoflavonoids are implicated in actinorhizal nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Auguy
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Khalid Abdel-Lateif
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Patrick Doumas
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pablo Badin
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Vanessa Guerin
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Hocher
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Capalbo G, Müller-Kuller T, Ottmann OG, Hoelzer D, Scheuring UJ. HIV-1 infection suppresses expression of host cell cycle-associated gene PDS5A. Intervirology 2011; 55:263-75. [PMID: 21865657 DOI: 10.1159/000328323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To unravel the interplay between HIV-1 and its host cell, the effect of HIV-1 infection on cellular gene expression was investigated. METHODS HIV-1(SF33)-infected and uninfected H9 T cells were screened by differential display and RNase protection assay. The finding (PDS5A) was confirmed in HIV-1(Lai)-infected P4-CCR5 HeLa cells, which were also examined after PDS5A siRNA knockdown in regard to HIV-1 replication by quantitative RT-PCR, p24 ELISA and LTR-driven β-galactosidase expression. The PDS5A knockdown effect on cellular gene expressions was studied by microarray analysis. PDS5A tissue expression was determined by Northern blotting. RESULTS Regulator of cohesion maintenance, homolog A (PDS5A) was found to be down-regulated by HIV-1. When PDS5A was suppressed by siRNA, HIV-1 replication was unaffected. PDS5A was found to be highly expressed in skeletal muscle tissue, and to lesser degrees in pancreas, heart, placenta, lung, kidney, liver and brain. Microarray analysis of PDS5A knockdown revealed 91 differential gene products over-representing cell cycle, transport and protein stability regulation, including 4 genes (PP2A, RANTES, PCAF, TCF7L2) previously reported to interact with HIV-1. CONCLUSION The data show a downregulation of proliferation-associated host gene PDS5A and suggest a role of PDS5A in HIV-1-induced cellular pathogenesis but not viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Capalbo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Infectious Diseases, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Abe H, Narusaka Y, Sasaki I, Hatakeyama K, Shin-I S, Narusaka M, Fukami-Kobayashi K, Matsumoto S, Kobayashi M. Development of full-length cDNAs from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa Subsp. pekinensis) and identification of marker genes for defence response. DNA Res 2011; 18:277-89. [PMID: 21745830 PMCID: PMC3158467 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsr018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis belongs to the Brassicaceae family and plays an important role as a model plant for which researchers have developed fine-tuned genome resources. Genome sequencing projects have been initiated for other members of the Brassicaceae family. Among these projects, research on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) started early because of strong interest in this species. Here, we report the development of a library of Chinese cabbage full-length cDNA clones, the RIKEN BRC B. rapa full-length cDNA (BBRAF) resource, to accelerate research on Brassica species. We sequenced 10 000 BBRAF clones and confirmed 5476 independent clones. Most of these cDNAs showed high homology to Arabidopsis genes, but we also obtained more than 200 cDNA clones that lacked any sequence homology to Arabidopsis genes. We also successfully identified several possible candidate marker genes for plant defence responses from our analysis of the expression of the Brassica counterparts of Arabidopsis marker genes in response to salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. We compared gene expression of these markers in several Chinese cabbage cultivars. Our BBRAF cDNA resource will be publicly available from the RIKEN Bioresource Center and will help researchers to transfer Arabidopsis-related knowledge to Brassica crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Abe
- Experimental Plant Division, Department of Biological Systems, RIKEN BioResource Center, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Bourgis F, Kilaru A, Cao X, Ngando-Ebongue GF, Drira N, Ohlrogge JB, Arondel V. Comparative transcriptome and metabolite analysis of oil palm and date palm mesocarp that differ dramatically in carbon partitioning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12527-32. [PMID: 21709233 PMCID: PMC3145713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106502108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil palm can accumulate up to 90% oil in its mesocarp, the highest level observed in the plant kingdom. In contrast, the closely related date palm accumulates almost exclusively sugars. To gain insight into the mechanisms that lead to such an extreme difference in carbon partitioning, the transcriptome and metabolite content of oil palm and date palm were compared during mesocarp development. Compared with date palm, the high oil content in oil palm was associated with much higher transcript levels for all fatty acid synthesis enzymes, specific plastid transporters, and key enzymes of plastidial carbon metabolism, including phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase. Transcripts representing an ortholog of the WRI1 transcription factor were 57-fold higher in oil palm relative to date palm and displayed a temporal pattern similar to its target genes. Unexpectedly, despite more than a 100-fold difference in flux to lipids, most enzymes of triacylglycerol assembly were expressed at similar levels in oil palm and date palm. Similarly, transcript levels for all but one cytosolic enzyme of glycolysis were comparable in both species. Together, these data point to synthesis of fatty acids and supply of pyruvate in the plastid, rather than acyl assembly into triacylglycerol, as a major control over the storage of oil in the mesocarp of oil palm. In addition to greatly increasing molecular resources devoted to oil palm and date palm, the combination of temporal and comparative studies illustrates how deep sequencing can provide insights into gene expression patterns of two species that lack genome sequence information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Bourgis
- Université de Bordeaux Ségalen, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aruna Kilaru
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Xia Cao
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Georges-Frank Ngando-Ebongue
- Centre de Recherches sur le Palmier à Huile de la Dibamba, Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement, BP243 Douala, Cameroon; and
| | - Noureddine Drira
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - John B. Ohlrogge
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Vincent Arondel
- Université de Bordeaux Ségalen, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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242
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Different physiology of interferon-α/-γ in models of liver regeneration in the rat. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:131-44. [PMID: 21822998 PMCID: PMC3151481 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Liver regeneration may take place after liver injury through replication of hepatocytes or hepatic progenitor cells called oval cells. Interferons (IFN) are natural cytokines with pleiotrophic effects including antiviral and antiproliferative actions. No data are yet available on the physiology and cellular source of natural IFNs during liver regeneration. To address this issue, we have analyzed the levels and biologic activities of IFN-α/IFN-γ in two models of partial hepatectomy. After 2/3rd partial hepatectomy (PH), hepatic levels of IFN-α and IFN-γ declined transiently in contrast to a transient increase of the IFN-γ serum level. After administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene and partial hepatectomy (AAF/PH model), however, both IFN-α and IFN-γ expression were up-regulated in regenerating livers. Again, the IFN-γ serum level was transiently increased. Whereas hepatic IFN-γ was up-regulated early (day 1–5), but not significantly, in the AAF/PH model, IFN-α was significantly up-regulated at later time points in parallel to the peak of oval cell proliferation (days 7–9). Biological activity of IFN-α was shown by activation of IFN-α-specific signal transduction and induction of IFN-α specific-gene expression. We found a significant infiltration of the liver with inflammatory monocyte-like mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) concomitant to the frequency of oval cells. We localized IFN-α production only in MNPs, but not in oval cells. These events were not observed in normal liver regeneration after standard PH. We conclude that IFN-γ functions as an acute-phase cytokine in both models of liver regeneration and may constitute a systemic component of liver regeneration. IFN-α was increased only in the AAF/PH model, and was associated with proliferation of oval cells. However, oval cells seem not to be the source of IFN-α. Instead, inflammatory MNP infiltrating AAF/PH-treated livers produce IFN-α. These inflammatory MNPs may be involved in the regulation of the oval cell compartment through local expression of cytokines, including IFN-α.
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243
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Li H, Bao Y, Zhao Z. Expression of tachykinin receptors inXenopus oocytes injected with poly (A)(+) RNA from cat dorsal root ganglion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 41:139-45. [PMID: 18726197 DOI: 10.1007/bf02882718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/1997] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the types of tachykinin receptors in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons by means ofXenopus oocyte expressing system was studied. Poly(A)(+) RNAs were extracted from cat cervical and lumbar DRG. Two days after injection of Poly (A)(+) RNAs, the oocytes were recorded with the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. In the oocytes injected with DRG poly(A)(+) RNA, [Sar(9), Met(O(2))(11)]-substance P(Sar -SP, 1 mumol/L), neurokinin A (NKA, 1 mumol/L) or [beta-Ala(8)]-neurokinin A((4-10)) (Ala-NKA, 1 mumol/L) produced an inward current comprising a rapid spike and a long sustained oscillatory component for several minutes. Sar-SP induced response was blocked by NK-1 antagonist L-668, 169 (1 mumol/L), but not by NK-2 antagonist L-659, 877(1mumol/L). In contrast, Ala-NKA and NKA responses were only blocked by L-659, 877. The oocytes injected with DH Poly(A)(+)RNA also responded to Sar-SP and NKA with similar inward currents, which were selectively blocked by L-668, 169 and L-659, 877, respectively. These tachykinins-induced responses had a potent desensitization. The present data indicate expression of NK-1 and NK-2 receptors in DRG neurons, suggesting that there may be tachykinin autoreceptors on the nociceptive primary afferent terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Shanghai Brain Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
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244
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Weintraub M, Kalebic T, Helman LJ, Bhatia KG. Disruption of the MyoD/p21 Pathway in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Sarcoma 2011; 1:135-41. [PMID: 18521215 PMCID: PMC2395370 DOI: 10.1080/13577149778218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an embryonal tumor thought to arise from skeletal muscle cells that fail to
differentiate terminally. The majority of RMSs express MyoD, a protein essential to the differentiation of skeletal muscle.
It was recently shown that during myogenesis, MyoD activates the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
(CDKi), p21, which itself plays a critical role in normal muscle development. To investigate the integrity of the MyoD/p21
pathway in RMS, we analyzed p21 and its relationship to MyoD expression in RMS. Methods. A panel of RMS samples was assembled from primary biopsies and from cell lines. Integrity of p21 was analyzed
by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing. Expression of p21 and MyoD was determined by
Northern blot analysis, and the ability of exogenous p21 to arrest the cell cycle of RMS cell line was determined by
transfection studies. Results. Our analysis indicates that although p21 is wild type in RMS, there is an inverse correlation between the levels
of p21 and MyoD in these tumors. Tumors that express significant amounts of MyoD fail to express p21. This does not
appear to be the result of mutations within the potential CACGTG sites present in the p21 promoter region or in the
coding region of p21. An additional group of RMSs express very high levels of p21 but express little, if any, MyoD.
Furthermore, RD, a RMS cell line which expresses high levels of endogenous p21, undergoes withdrawal from the cell
cycle following forced expression of p21, suggesting that the pathway which would lead to G1
arrest from endogenous p21 activity is defective. Discussion. These data suggest that the interaction between p21 and MyoD is defective in RMS although the precise
nature of the defect remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weintraub
- Pediatric Branch National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Building 10, Room 13N240 Bethesda MD 20892 USA
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245
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Pohjolainen V, Rysä J, Näpänkangas J, Kööbi P, Eräranta A, Ilves M, Serpi R, Pörsti I, Ruskoaho H. Left ventricular periostin gene expression is associated with fibrogenesis in experimental renal insufficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:115-22. [PMID: 21712488 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases are the most important cause of death in patients with impaired kidney function. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), cardiac interstitial fibrosis and cardiovascular calcifications are characteristic of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). Periostin is a fibrogenesis- and calcification-related matricellular protein re-expressed in adult tissues undergoing remodelling in response to pathological stimuli. The role of periostin in CRI-induced LVH is unknown. METHODS Rats were 5/6-nephrectomized (NX), and after 15 weeks of disease progression high-calcium, high-phosphate or paricalcitol treatment was given for 12 weeks. Cardiac tissue and blood samples were taken to study periostin gene expression and to determine factors contributing to its reactivation, respectively. Left ventricular (LV) periostin expression was also examined in response to angiotensin II or arginine(8)-vasopressin (AVP)-induced pressure overload and in spontaneously hypertensive rats. RESULTS CRI resulted in a 6.5-fold increase in LV periostin messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Positive extracellular immunostaining for periostin was detected in areas of infiltrated inflammatory cells and fibrotic lesions. There was a significant correlation between LV periostin mRNA levels and plasma biomarkers of impaired kidney function, LVH, fibrogenesis-related proteins osteopontin and osteoactivin, and anti-calcific matrix Gla protein. Moreover, LV periostin gene expression in CRI correlated positively with systolic blood pressure (BP) and was activated rapidly in response to angiotensin II or AVP infusions. CONCLUSIONS Periostin is involved in fibrotic cardiac remodelling in CRI. The re-expression of periostin is localized to the fibrotic and inflammatory lesions and is most likely the consequence of elevated BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virva Pohjolainen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Biocentre Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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246
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Bordelon H, Adams NM, Klemm AS, Russ PK, Williams JV, Talbot HK, Wright DW, Haselton FR. Development of a low-resource RNA extraction cassette based on surface tension valves. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2161-8. [PMID: 21604768 PMCID: PMC3129697 DOI: 10.1021/am2004009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based diagnostics are highly sensitive and specific, but are easily disrupted by the presence of interferents in biological samples. In a laboratory or hospital setting, the influence of these interferents can be minimized using an RNA or DNA extraction procedure prior to analysis. However, in low-resource settings, limited access to specialized instrumentation and trained personnel presents challenges that impede sample preparation. We have developed a self-contained nucleic acid extraction cassette suitable for operation in a low-resource setting. This simple design contains processing solutions preloaded within a continuous length of 1.6 mm inner diameter Tygon tubing. Processing solutions are separated by air gaps and held in place during processing by the surface tension forces at the liquid-air interface, viz. surface tension valves. Nucleic acids preferentially adsorbed to silica-coated magnetic particles are separated from sample interferents using an external magnet to transfer the nucleic acid biomarker through successive solutions to precipitate, wash and elute in the final cassette solution. The efficiency of the extraction cassette was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) following extraction of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RNA. RNA was recovered from TE buffer or from lysates of RSV infected HEp-2 cells with 55 and 33% efficiency, respectively, of the Qiagen RNeasy kit. Recovery of RSV RNA from RSV infected HEp-2 cells was similar at 30% of the RNeasy kit. An overall limit of detection after extraction was determined to be nearly identical (97.5%) to a laboratory-based commercially available kit. These results indicate that this extraction cassette design has the potential to be an effective sample preparation device suitable for use in a low-resource setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hali Bordelon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Nicholas M. Adams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Amy S. Klemm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Patricia K. Russ
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - H. Keipp Talbot
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - David W. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Frederick R. Haselton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Rick Haselton, Biomedical Engineering, VU Station B - Box 351631, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, Tel: 615-322-6622; Fax: 615-343-7919,
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247
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Devadhasan JP, Kim S, An J. Fish-on-a-chip: a sensitive detection microfluidic system for Alzheimer's disease. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:33. [PMID: 21619660 PMCID: PMC3125339 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics has become an important tool in diagnosing many diseases, including neurological and genetic disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that irreversibly and progressively destroys memory, language ability, and thinking skills. Commonly, detection of AD is expensive and complex. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based microfluidic chip platform is capable of diagnosing AD at an early stage and they are effective tools for the diagnosis with low cost, high speed, and high sensitivity. In this review, we tried to provide basic information on the diagnosis of AD via FISH-based microfluidics. Different sample preparations using a microfluidic chip for diagnosis of AD are highlighted. Moreover, rapid innovations in nanotechnology for diagnosis are explained. This review will provide information on dynamic quantification methods for the diagnosis and treatment of AD. The knowledge provided in this review will help develop new integration diagnostic techniques based on FISH and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine P Devadhasan
- College of Bionanotechnology, Kyungwon University, San 65, Bokjeong-Dong, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 461-701, Republic of Korea
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248
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Berry SM, Alarid ET, Beebe DJ. One-step purification of nucleic acid for gene expression analysis via Immiscible Filtration Assisted by Surface Tension (IFAST). LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1747-53. [PMID: 21423999 PMCID: PMC3244820 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The extraction and purification of nucleic acids from complex samples (e.g. blood, biopsied tissue, cultured cells, food) is an essential prerequisite for many applications in biology including genotyping, transcriptional analysis, systems biology, epigenetic analysis, and virus/bacterial detection. In this report, we describe a new process of nucleic acid extraction that utilizes "pinned" aqueous/organic liquid interfaces in microchannels to streamline the extraction mechanism, replacing all washing steps with a single traverse of an immiscible fluid barrier, termed Immiscible Filtration Assisted by Surface Tension (IFAST). Nucleic acids in biological samples are bound to paramagnetic particles and then drawn across the IFAST device (or array of IFAST devices) using a magnet. While the strength of the IFAST barrier is suitable for separation of nucleic acids from lysate in its current embodiment, its permeability can be selectively adapted by adjusting the surface tensions/energies associated with the cell lysate, the immiscible phase, and the device surface, enabling future expansion to other non-nucleic acid applications. Importantly, processing time is reduced from 15-45 minutes to less than 5 minutes while maintaining purity, yield, and scalability equal to or better than prevailing methods. Operation is extremely simple and no additional lab infrastructure is required. The IFAST technology thus significantly enhances researchers' abilities to isolate and analyze nucleic acids, a process which is critical and ubiquitous in an extensive array of scientific fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Berry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Rm. 6009, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Elaine T. Alarid
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Rm. 6009, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- ; Fax: +1 608-265-6905; Tel: +1 608-262-2260
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249
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Gouignard N, Vanderstraete M, Cailliau K, Lescuyer A, Browaeys E, Dissous C. Schistosoma mansoni: structural and biochemical characterization of two distinct Venus Kinase Receptors. Exp Parasitol 2011; 132:32-9. [PMID: 21616067 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Venus Kinase Receptors (VKRs) are atypical transmembrane proteins composed of an extracellular Venus FlyTrap module linked through a single helix to a tyrosine kinase domain similar to that of insulin receptors. This structure was first described in Schistosoma mansoni, then in a selected range of invertebrates, including many insects. The preferential expression of VKRs in larvae and gonads suggested their role in development and reproduction. While a single vkr gene was consistently found in all genomes, we identified two distinct vkr genes in S. mansoni. Our data indicated that Smvkr1 and Smvkr2 are very similar in structure and likely originated from gene duplication. Both genes are expressed in all the parasite stages and encode homologous proteins with a conserved VKR structure. Recombinant SmVKR1 and SmVKR2 exhibit tyrosine kinase activities dependent on the binding of distinct small ligand molecules. SmVKR1 and SmVKR2 could represent paralogs with different functions in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Gouignard
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS-UMR 8204, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59019 Lille, France
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250
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Tzimagiorgis G, Michailidou EZ, Kritis A, Markopoulos AK, Kouidou S. Recovering circulating extracellular or cell-free RNA from bodily fluids. Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35:580-9. [PMID: 21514265 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The presence of extracellular circulating or cell-free RNA in biological fluids is becoming a promising diagnostic tool for non invasive and cost effective cancer detection. Extracellular RNA or miRNA as biological marker could be used either for the early detection and diagnosis of the disease or as a marker of recurrence patterns and surveillance. In this review article, we refer to the origin of the circulating extracellular RNA, we summarise the data on the biological fluids (serum/plasma, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and bronchial lavage fluid) of patients suffering from various types of malignancies reported to contain a substantial amount of circulating extracellular (or cell-free) RNAs and we discuss the appropriate reagents and methodologies needed to be employed in order to obtain RNA material of high quality and integrity for the majority of the experimental methods used in RNA expression analysis. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the RT-PCR or microarray methodology which are the methods more often employed in procedures of extracellular RNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tzimagiorgis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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