201
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New Eco-Friendly Synthesized Thermosets from Isoeugenol-Based Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010229. [PMID: 31963401 PMCID: PMC7023557 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin plays a key role in composite matrices and DGEBA is the major precursor used. With the aim of favouring the use of bio resources, epoxy resins can be prepared from lignin. In particular, diglycidyl ether of isoeugenol derivatives are good candidates for the replacement of DGEBA. This article presents an effective and eco-friendly way to prepare epoxy resin derived from isoeugenol (BioIgenox), making its upscale possible. BioIgenox has been totally characterized by NMR, FTIR, MS and elemental analyses. Curing of BioIgenox and camphoric anhydride with varying epoxide function/anhydride molar ratios has allowed determining an optimum ratio near 1/0.9 based on DMA and DSC analyses and swelling behaviours. This thermoset exhibits a Tg measured by DMA of 165 °C, a tensile storage modulus at 40 °C of 2.2 GPa and mean 3-point bending stiffness, strength and strain at failure of 3.2 GPa, 120 MPa and 6.6%, respectively. Transposed to BioIgenox/hexahydrophtalic anhydride, this optimized formulation gives a thermoset with a Tg determined by DMA of 140 °C and a storage modulus at 40 °C of 2.6 GPa. The thermal and mechanical properties of these two thermosets are consistent with their use as matrices for structural or semi-structural composites.
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202
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Memon H, Liu H, Rashid MA, Chen L, Jiang Q, Zhang L, Wei Y, Liu W, Qiu Y. Vanillin-Based Epoxy Vitrimer with High Performance and Closed-Loop Recyclability. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafeezullah Memon
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Muhammad A. Rashid
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qiuran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wanshuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
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203
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The Effect of Extender Particle Size on the Glass Transition Temperature of Model Epoxy Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010196. [PMID: 31940886 PMCID: PMC7023579 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic extenders are important constituents of 2K thermosetting epoxy-amine coatings and their physical properties play an important role in the final properties of the organic coatings. The effects of extender particle size and loading (i.e., the amount of extender in component A or in the total formulation) on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of model epoxy-amine coatings were studied in this work with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The obtained results show that the particle size and loading of feldspar particles (from 25 wt% to 70 wt%) do not influence the glass transition temperature of the model epoxy-amine coating significantly. In general, the smaller the particle size the lower the glass transition temperature of the coating but this depression in Tg seems negligible when seen relative to the change in extender particle size. Similar observations are reported for two model coatings having the same lamda (Λ) value but with silica of very different particle sizes (i.e., nanosilica and micron sized silica).
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204
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Fang Z, Weisenberger MC, Meier MS. Utilization of Lignin-Derived Small Molecules: Epoxy Polymers from Lignin Oxidation Products. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:881-890. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Matthew C. Weisenberger
- Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Mark S. Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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205
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Yuan Y, Shi Y, Yu B, Zhan J, Zhang Y, Song L, Ma C, Hu Y. Facile synthesis of aluminum branched oligo(phenylphosphonate) submicro-particles with enhanced flame retardance and smoke toxicity suppression for epoxy resin composites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 381:121233. [PMID: 31557714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel and submicro-scale aluminum branched oligo(phenylphosphonate) (AHPP) has been successfully synthesized and embedded into a polymeric substrate to improve the fire safety of epoxy resin (EP). The chemical structures of intermediates and target products were characterized using the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Morphology analysis confirmed that all of the as-synthesized AHPP submicro-particles are mutually well-separated. Combustion results demonstrated that the limiting oxygen index value is increased to 30.5% from 23.5% while the PHRR and THR are decreased by ca. 68.1% and 41.2%, respectively for the EP/AHPP-7.5 composite compared to the corresponding values for pure EP. In addition, the binary blends display the satisfying smoke toxicity suppression performance during combustion. The total smoke production and the total CO yield for EP/AHPP-7.5 are dramatically reduced by 62.0% and 32.3%, respectively, which may mainly be ascribed to the catalytic carbonization performance of the polymers and formation of Al2O3 layers on the surface of the char residues. As a result, the findings in this study enabled the submicro-scale phosphorus-containing flame retardant to be a potential candidate as an efficient additive for reducing smoke toxicity of polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Jing Zhan
- School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
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206
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Mo R, Song L, Hu J, Sheng X, Zhang X. An acid-degradable biobased epoxy-imine adaptable network polymer for the fabrication of responsive structural color film. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01821b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A reprocessable, acid-degradable epoxy-imine network polymer was fabricated based on an epoxide of vanillin, and it was used to prepare a composite film with structural color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Mo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P.R. China
| | - Liujun Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P.R. China
| | - Jin Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Sheng
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering
- School of Materials and Energy
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xinya Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P.R. China
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207
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Wong SS, Shu R, Zhang J, Liu H, Yan N. Downstream processing of lignin derived feedstock into end products. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5510-5560. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides critical analysis on various downstream processes to convert lignin derived feedstock into fuels, chemicals and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sie Shing Wong
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University
- International Campus of Tianjin University
- Fuzhou 350207
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Riyang Shu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter
- School of Materials and Energy
| | - Jiaguang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane
- Lincoln
- UK
| | - Haichao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Ning Yan
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University
- International Campus of Tianjin University
- Fuzhou 350207
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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208
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Mora AS, Tayouo R, Boutevin B, David G, Caillol S. A perspective approach on the amine reactivity and the hydrogen bonds effect on epoxy-amine systems. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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209
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Tao Y, Fang L, Dai M, Wang C, Sun J, Fang Q. Sustainable alternative to bisphenol A epoxy resin: high-performance recyclable epoxy vitrimers derived from protocatechuic acid. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00545b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of epoxy vitrimers were prepared based on protocatechuic acid, which showed better thermal and mechanical properties than commercial BPA-based epoxy resins. The vitrimers can be reprocessed in high efficiency and degraded in NaOH solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Linxuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Menglu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Qiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
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210
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Yuan Y, Yu B, Shi Y, Mao L, Xie J, Pan H, Liu Y, Wang W. Insight into Hyper-Branched Aluminum Phosphonate in Combination with Multiple Phosphorus Synergies for Fire-Safe Epoxy Resin Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010064. [PMID: 31906381 PMCID: PMC7023559 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP) has widespread applications in thermosetting materials with great versatility and desirable properties such as high electrical resistivity and satisfactory mechanical properties. At present, 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) is widely applied to EP matrix for high flame resistance. Nevertheless, EP/DOPO composites acquire highly toxic decomposition products and smoke particles produced during combustion due to the gaseous fire-inhibition mechanism, which will be a major problem. To address this concern, an effective hyper-branched aluminum phosphonate (AHPP) was rationally designed and then coupled with DOPO into EP matrix to fabricate the fire-safe epoxy resin composites. On the basis of the results, significant increment in limiting oxygen index value (an achievement of 32% from 23.5% for pristine EP) and reduction in peak heat release rate and total heat release (59.4% and 45.6%) with the DOPO/AHPP ratio of 2:1 were recorded. During the cone calorimeter test, both the smoke production and total CO yield of EP-4 composite with the DOPO/AHPP ratio of 1:2 were dramatically decreased by 42.7% and 53.6%, which was mainly associated with the excellent catalytic carbonization of AHPP submicro-particles for EP composite. Future applications of submicro-scaled flame-retardant with various phosphorus oxidation states will have good prospects for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Long Mao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianda Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Haifeng Pan
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China;
| | - Yuejun Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.W.)
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211
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New Epoxy Thermosets Derived from Clove Oil Prepared by Epoxy-Amine Curing. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:polym12010044. [PMID: 31892151 PMCID: PMC7023560 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
New thermosets from a triglycidyl eugenol derivative (3EPOEU) as a renewable epoxy monomer were obtained by an epoxy-amine curing process. A commercially-available Jeffamine® and isophorone diamine, both obtained from renewable resources, were used as crosslinking agents, and the materials obtained were compared with those obtained from a standard diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The evolution of the curing process was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and the materials obtained were characterized by means of calorimetry, thermogravimetry, thermodynamomechanical analysis, stress–strain tests and microindentation. 3EPOEU formulations were slightly less reactive, and the thermosets obtained showed higher Tgs than those prepared from DGEBA, since they had higher crosslinking density than formulations with DGEBA because of the more compact structure and higher functionality of the eugenol derivative. 3EPOEU thermosets showed good thermal stability and mechanical properties. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the triglycidyl derivative of eugenol, 3EPOEU, is a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to DGEBA.
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212
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Zhou P, Zou L, Zha S, Yang A, Jiang S, Guan R. Compatibility and thermal decomposition behavior of acrylic block copolymer modified epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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213
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Safder M, Temelli F, Ullah A. Supercritical CO2 extraction and solvent-free rapid alternative bioepoxy production from spent hens. J CO2 UTIL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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214
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Karami Z, Kabiri K, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ. Non-isocyanate polyurethane thermoset based on a bio-resourced star-shaped epoxy macromonomer in comparison with a cyclocarbonate fossil-based epoxy resin: A preliminary study on thermo-mechanical and antibacterial properties. J CO2 UTIL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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215
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Liu Y, Liu ZZ, Peng WF, Lu Z, Hu JH, Zeng K, Yang G. Inspiration from a new lignin-derived phthalonitrile resin: Unique curing behavior, and thermal properties. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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216
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Meng J, Zeng Y, Chen P, Zhang J, Yao C, Fang Z, Guo K. New ultrastiff bio-furan epoxy networks with high Tg: Facile synthesis to excellent properties. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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217
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He C, Christensen PR, Seguin TJ, Dailing EA, Wood BM, Walde RK, Persson KA, Russell TP, Helms BA. Conformational Entropy as a Means to Control the Behavior of Poly(diketoenamine) Vitrimers In and Out of Equilibrium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:735-739. [PMID: 31614053 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Control of equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermomechanical behavior of poly(diketoenamine) vitrimers is shown by incorporating linear polymer segments varying in molecular weight (MW) and conformational degrees of freedom into the dynamic covalent network. While increasing MW of linear segments yields a lower storage modulus at the rubbery plateau after softening above the glass transition (Tg ), both Tg and the characteristic time of stress relaxation are independently governed by the conformational entropy of the embodied linear segments. Activation energies for bond exchange in the solid state are lower for networks incorporating flexible chains; the network topology freezing temperature decreases with increasing MW of flexible linear segments but increases with increasing MW of stiff segments. Vitrimer reconfigurability is therefore influenced not only by the energetics of bond exchange for a given network density, but also the entropy of polymer chains within the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfei He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center, for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University, of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peter R Christensen
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Trevor J Seguin
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eric A Dailing
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brandon M Wood
- Graduate Group of Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca K Walde
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center, for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University, of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Brett A Helms
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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218
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He C, Christensen PR, Seguin TJ, Dailing EA, Wood BM, Walde RK, Persson KA, Russell TP, Helms BA. Conformational Entropy as a Means to Control the Behavior of Poly(diketoenamine) Vitrimers In and Out of Equilibrium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changfei He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center, for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University, of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Peter R. Christensen
- The Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Trevor J. Seguin
- Energy Technologies Area Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Eric A. Dailing
- The Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Brandon M. Wood
- Graduate Group of Applied Science and Technology University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Rebecca K. Walde
- The Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Materials Science and Engineering Department University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center, for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University, of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Brett A. Helms
- The Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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219
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Sag J, Goedderz D, Kukla P, Greiner L, Schönberger F, Döring M. Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:E3746. [PMID: 31627395 PMCID: PMC6833091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Daniela Goedderz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kukla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Lara Greiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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220
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Omonov TS, Patel V, Curtis JM. The Development of Epoxidized Hemp Oil Prepolymers for the Preparation of Thermoset Networks. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tolibjon S. Omonov
- Lipid Chemistry Group (LCG), Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (AFNS)University of Alberta, 3‐60D South Academic Building (SAB) Edmonton Alberta T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Vinay Patel
- Lipid Chemistry Group (LCG), Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (AFNS)University of Alberta, 3‐60D South Academic Building (SAB) Edmonton Alberta T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Curtis
- Lipid Chemistry Group (LCG), Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (AFNS)University of Alberta, 3‐60D South Academic Building (SAB) Edmonton Alberta T6G 2P5 Canada
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221
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Synthesis of Pluri-Functional Amine Hardeners from Bio-Based Aromatic Aldehydes for Epoxy Amine Thermosets. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183285. [PMID: 31505884 PMCID: PMC6766844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the current amine hardeners are petro-sourced and only a few studies have focused on the research of bio-based substitutes. Hence, in an eco-friendly context, our team proposed the design of bio-based amine monomers with aromatic structures. This work described the use of the reductive amination with imine intermediate in order to obtain bio-based pluri-functional amines exhibiting low viscosity. The effect of the nature of initial aldehyde reactant on the hardener properties was studied, as well as the reaction conditions. Then, these pluri-functional amines were added to petro-sourced (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, DGEBA) or bio-based (diglycidyl ether of vanillin alcohol, DGEVA) epoxy monomers to form thermosets by step growth polymerization. Due to their low viscosity, the epoxy-amine mixtures were easily homogenized and cured more rapidly compared to the use of more viscous hardeners (<0.6 Pa s at 22 °C). After curing, the thermo-mechanical properties of the epoxy thermosets were determined and compared. The isophthalatetetramine (IPTA) hardener, with a higher number of amine active H, led to thermosets with higher thermo-mechanical properties (glass transition temperatures (Tg and Tα) were around 95 °C for DGEBA-based thermosets against 60 °C for DGEVA-based thermosets) than materials from benzylamine (BDA) or furfurylamine (FDA) that contained less active hydrogens (Tg and Tα around 77 °C for DGEBA-based thermosets and Tg and Tα around 45 °C for DGEVA-based thermosets). By comparing to industrial hardener references, IPTA possesses six active hydrogens which obtain high cross-linked systems, similar to industrial references, and longer molecular length due to the presence of two alkyl chains, leading respectively to high mechanical strength with lower Tg.
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222
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Phthalonitrile Resins Derived from Vanillin: Synthesis, Curing Behavior, and Thermal Properties. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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223
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Li Y, Li C, Sun XS. Isothermal Curing Kinetics of Epoxidized Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Triacylglycerols. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Li
- Department of Grain Science and IndustryKansas State University Manhattan KS 66506 USA
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Grain Science and IndustryKansas State University Manhattan KS 66506 USA
| | - Xiuzhi Susan Sun
- Department of Grain Science and IndustryKansas State University Manhattan KS 66506 USA
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224
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Zhang Y, Pang H, Wei D, Li J, Li S, Lin X, Wang F, Liao B. Preparation and characterization of chemical grouting derived from lignin epoxy resin. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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225
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Impacts of multi-element flame retardants on flame retardancy, thermal stability, and pyrolysis behavior of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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226
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Yang B, Mao Y, Zhang Y, Bian G, Zhang L, Wei Y, Jiang Q, Qiu Y, Liu W. A novel liquid imidazole-copper (II) complex as a thermal latent curing agent for epoxy resins. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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227
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaworski C. Capricho
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Fox
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Nishar Hameed
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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228
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Han M, You S, Wang Y, Zhang K, Yang S. Synthesis of Highly Thermally Stable Daidzein-Based Main-Chain-Type Benzoxazine Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081341. [PMID: 31412564 PMCID: PMC6723207 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, main-chain-type benzoxazine resins have been extensively investigated due to their excellent comprehensive properties for many potential applications. In this work, two new types of main-chain benzoxazine polymers were synthesized from daidzein, aromatic/aliphatic diamine, and paraformaldehyde. Unlike the approaches used synthesizing traditional main-chain-type benzoxazine polymers, the precursors derived from daidzein can undergo a further cross-linking polymerization in addition to the ring-opening polymerization of the oxazine ring. The structures of the new polymers were then studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the molecular weights were determined by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). We also monitored the polymerization process by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in situ FT-IR. In addition, the thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of the resulting polybenzoxazines were investigated using TGA and microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC). The polybenzoxazines obtained in this study exhibited a very high thermal stability and low flammability, with a Tg value greater than 400 °C, and a heat release capacity (HRC) value lower than 30 J/(g K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Han
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Sijia You
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Shengfu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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229
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Pronoitis C, Hua G, Hakkarainen M, Odelius K. Biobased Polyamide Thermosets: From a Facile One-Step Synthesis to Strong and Flexible Materials. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pronoitis
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geng Hua
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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230
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Carré C, Ecochard Y, Caillol S, Avérous L. From the Synthesis of Biobased Cyclic Carbonate to Polyhydroxyurethanes: A Promising Route towards Renewable Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3410-3430. [PMID: 31099968 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
With a global production of around 18 million tons (6th among all polymers) and a wide range of applications, such as rigid and soft foams, elastomers, coatings, and adhesives, polyurethanes (PUs) are a major polymer family. Nevertheless, they present important environmental and health issues. Recently, new and safer PUs, called non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs), have become a promising alternative to replace conventional PUs. Sustainable routes towards NIPUs are discussed herein from the perspective of green chemistry. The main focus is on the reaction between biobased carbonates and amines, which offers an interesting pathway to renewable polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs). An overview of different routes for the synthesis of PHUs draws attention to the green synthesis of cyclic carbonate (CC) compounds and the aminolysis reaction. Current state-of-the-art of different biobased building blocks for the synthesis of PHUs focuses on CC compounds. Three classes of compounds are defined according to the feedstock: 1) vegetable fats and oils, 2) starch and sugar resources, and 3) wood derivatives. Finally, biobased PHU properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Carré
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Yvan Ecochard
- ICGM, UMR 5253-CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau, 34296, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, UMR 5253-CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau, 34296, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- ICGM, UMR 5253-CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau, 34296, Montpellier, France
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231
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Livi S, Lins LC, Capeletti LB, Chardin C, Halawani N, Baudoux J, Cardoso MB. Antibacterial surface based on new epoxy-amine networks from ionic liquid monomers. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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232
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Jian RK, Ai YF, Xia L, Zhao LJ, Zhao HB. Single component phosphamide-based intumescent flame retardant with potential reactivity towards low flammability and smoke epoxy resins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:529-539. [PMID: 30877866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To develop a low flammability and smoke epoxy resin, benzothiazole-based phosphamide (DOP-ABZ) was prepared through the reaction of 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide (DOP) and 2-aminobenzothiazole (ABZ). Intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) epoxy thermosets (EP) with different loadings of DOP-ABZ were prepared according to the assigned curing procedure. The thermal stability of IFR-EP decreased as compared to that of EP, but the flame retardancy of IFR-EP were greatly improved. EP/20 wt% DOP-ABZ passed UL-94 V-0 rating and got a high LOI value of 28.3%. Meanwhile, cone calorimeter tests showed that the heat release rate greatly decreased from 1139.7 kW/m2 of EP to 238.9 kW/m2, and the productions of smoke/toxic gases including CO and CO2 were also remarkably reduced. Furthermore, the mechanical strength of EP/17.5 wt% DOP-ABZ was enhanced to some extent, i.e. tensile strength increased from 71 MPa of EP to 81 MPa, flexural strength from 98 to 119 MPa, and impact strength from 22 to 32 kJ/m2. Finally, the flame-retardant mechanism was disclosed that DOP-ABZ produced phosphorus-containing acids so as to dehydrate and carbonize epoxy macromolecules leading to the formation of graphitized chars. Meanwhile, the nitrogen/sulfur-containing intermediates simultaneously released noncombustible gases to expand the as-formed char, and then interrupt the combustion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Kun Jian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Yuan-Fang Ai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Long Xia
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Li-Jing Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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233
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Effect of an Anhydride Excess on the Curing Kinetics and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Synthetic and Biogenic Epoxy Resins. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/5029153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work analyzes the effect of the anhydride excess on the nonisothermal curing kinetics and on the final properties of synthetic and biobased epoxy resins. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) were crosslinked using methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA) as a curing agent and 1-methylimidazole (1MI) as an initiator. It was shown that the ESO/MTHPA/1MI system reacts slower than the DGEBA/MTHPA/1MI system, giving place to a more significant evaporation of the curing agent during the reaction. As a result, an excess of anhydride improves the final thermal properties of the ESO/MTHPA/1MI network, contrary to the behavior observed for DGEBA/MTHPA/1MI. The knowledge of the kinetics of the curing process and the optimal amount of the curing agent for each system is of critical importance for a more efficient processing of these materials.
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234
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Ecochard Y, Decostanzi M, Negrell C, Sonnier R, Caillol S. Cardanol and Eugenol Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Monomers for Thermostable Networks. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091818. [PMID: 31083463 PMCID: PMC6540237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy materials have attracted attention for many applications that require fireproof performance; however, the utilization of hazardous reagents brings about potential damage to human health. Eugenol and cardanol are renewable, harmless resources (according to ECHA) that allow the achievement of synthesis of novel phosphorylated epoxy monomers to be used as reactive flame retardants. These epoxy building blocks are characterized by 1H NMR and 31P NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and reacted with a benzylic diamine to give bio-based flame-retardant thermosets. Compared to DGEBA (Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether)-based material, these biobased thermosets differ by their cross-linking ratio, the nature of the phosphorylated function and the presence of an aliphatic chain. Eugenol has led to thermosets with higher glass transition temperatures due to a higher aromatic density. The flame-retardant properties were tested by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. These analyses demonstrated the efficiency of phosphorus by reducing significantly the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the total heat release (THR) and the effective heat of combustion (EHC). Moreover, the cone calorimeter test exhibited an intumescent phenomenon with the residues of phosphorylated eugenol thermosets. Lastly, the higher flame inhibition potential was highlighted for the phosphonate thermoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Ecochard
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
| | - Mélanie Decostanzi
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
| | - Claire Negrell
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- C2MA, IMT ⁻ Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France.
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
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235
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John G, Nagarajan S, Vemula PK, Silverman JR, Pillai C. Natural monomers: A mine for functional and sustainable materials – Occurrence, chemical modification and polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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236
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High Tg and thermostable phytic Acid−Cured polynorbornene-based polymer by a Palladium(Ⅱ) complex bearing iminophenyl oxazolinylphenylamines ligand. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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237
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Direct insight into the kinetics of the high-pressure step-growth polymerization of DGEBA/aniline model system. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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238
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Ultrasound-Assisted Heterogeneous Synthesis of Bio-Based Oligo-Isosorbide Glycidyl Ethers: Towards Greener Epoxy Precursors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091643. [PMID: 31027338 PMCID: PMC6539049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution of toxic precursors such as bisphenol A by renewable and safer molecules has become a major challenge. To overcome this challenge, the 12 principles of green chemistry should be taken into account in the development of future sustainable chemicals and processes. In this context, this paper reports the highly efficient synthesis of oligo-isosorbide glycidyl ethers from bio-based starting materials by a rapid one-pot heterogeneous ultrasound-assisted synthesis. It was demonstrated that the use of high-power ultrasound in solvent-free conditions with sodium hydroxide microbeads led for the first time to a fully epoxidated prepolymer with excellent epoxy equivalent weight (EEW). The structure of the epoxy precursor was characterized by FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The efficiency of the ultrasound-assisted synthesis was attributed to the physical effects caused by micro-jets on the surface of the solid sodium hydroxide microspheres following the asymmetrical collapse of cavitation bubbles.
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239
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Kugler S, Ossowicz P, Malarczyk-Matusiak K, Wierzbicka E. Advances in Rosin-Based Chemicals: The Latest Recipes, Applications and Future Trends. Molecules 2019; 24:E1651. [PMID: 31035500 PMCID: PMC6539233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the publications about rosin-based chemicals has been compiled. Rosin, or colophony, is a natural, abundant, cheap and non-toxic raw material which can be easily modified to obtain numerous useful products, which makes it an excellent subject of innovative research, attracting growing interest in recent years. The last extensive review in this research area was published in 2008, so the current article contains the most promising, repeatable achievements in synthesis of rosin-derived chemicals, published in scientific literature from 2008 to 2018. The first part of the review includes low/medium molecule weight compounds: Especially intermediates, resins, monomers, curing agents, surfactants, medications and biocides. The second part is about macromolecules: mainly elastomers, polymers for biomedical applications, coatings, adhesives, surfactants, sorbents, organosilicons and polysaccharides. In conclusion, a critical evaluation of the publications in terms of data completeness has been carried out with an indication of the most promising directions of rosin-based chemicals development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Kugler
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pulaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Paula Ossowicz
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pulaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Kornelia Malarczyk-Matusiak
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pulaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Wierzbicka
- Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland.
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240
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Yu Y, Pang C, Jiang X, Yang Z, Ma J, Gao H. Copolycarbonates Based on a Bicyclic Diol Derived from Citric Acid and Flexible 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol: From Synthesis to Properties. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:454-459. [PMID: 35651131 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Octahydro-2,5-pentalenediol (OPD), is a compelling citric acid-based bicyclic diol with excellent rigidity and thermal stability. Herein, a series of copolycarbonates (co-PCs) were synthesized, starting from OPD, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM), and diphenyl carbonate (DPC). All polycarbonates are amorphous with glass transition temperatures increased when increasing the content in OPD units. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed the sub Tg β-relaxations at low temperatures originating from the CHDM conformational transition, indicative of the possibility of impact-resistance. Morphological analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed the toughening mechanism under tensile was shear yielding of the matrix triggered by internal cavitation. The incorporation of OPD steadily increased the Young's modulus, from 482 to 757 MPa, with the OPD fraction increased from 0 to 30 mol %. As the OPD content further increased, a "ductile-to-brittle" transition occurred due to the low number-average molecular weight (Mn) and the low entangled strand density (high entanglement molecular weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui West Road 391, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chengcai Pang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui West Road 391, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xueshuang Jiang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui West Road 391, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui West Road 391, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jianbiao Ma
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui West Road 391, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui West Road 391, Tianjin 300384, China
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241
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Wang H, Gupta A, Kim BS. Photo-crosslinked polymer networks based on graphene-functionalized soybean oil and their properties. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nair SS, Dartiailh C, Levin DB, Yan N. Highly Toughened and Transparent Biobased Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040612. [PMID: 30960595 PMCID: PMC6523465 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobased nanofillers, such as cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), have been widely used as reinforcing fillers for various polymers due to their high mechanical properties and potential for sustainable production. In this study, CNF-based composites with a commercial biobased epoxy resin were prepared and characterized to determine the morphology, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. The addition of 18–23 wt % of CNFs to epoxy significantly increased the modulus, strength and strain of the resulting composites. The addition of fibrils led to an overall increase in strain energy density or modulus of toughness by almost 184 times for the composites compared to the neat epoxy. The addition of CNFs did not affect the high thermal stability of epoxy. The presence of nanofibrils had a strong reinforcing effect in both glassy and glass transition region of the composites. A significant decrease in intensity in tan δ peak for the epoxy matrix occurred with the addition of CNFs, indicating a high interaction between fibrils and epoxy during the phase transition. The presence of highly crystalline and high aspect ratio CNFs (23 wt %) decreased the water vapour permeability of the neat epoxy resin by more than 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S Nair
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Christopher Dartiailh
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, E2-376 Engineering and Information Technology Complex (EITC), 75 Chancellors Circle, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada.
| | - David B Levin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, E2-376 Engineering and Information Technology Complex (EITC), 75 Chancellors Circle, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada.
| | - Ning Yan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Hollande L, Do Marcolino I, Balaguer P, Domenek S, Gross RA, Allais F. Preparation of Renewable Epoxy-Amine Resins With Tunable Thermo-Mechanical Properties, Wettability and Degradation Abilities From Lignocellulose- and Plant Oils-Derived Components. Front Chem 2019; 7:159. [PMID: 30972325 PMCID: PMC6445855 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One-hundred percent renewable triphenol—GTF—(glycerol trihydroferulate) and novel bisphenols—GDFx–(glycerol dihydroferulate) were prepared from lignocellulose-derived ferulic acid and vegetal oil components (fatty acids and glycerol) using highly selective lipase-catalyzed transesterifications. Estrogenic activity tests revealed no endocrine disruption for GDFx bisphenols. Triethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride (TEBAC) mediated glycidylation of all bis/triphenols, afforded innocuous bio-based epoxy precursors GDFxEPO and GTF-EPO. GDFxEPO were then cured with conventional and renewable diamines, and some of them in presence of GTF-EPO. Thermo-mechanical analyses (TGA, DSC, and DMA) and degradation studies in acidic aqueous solutions of the resulting epoxy-amine resins showed excellent thermal stabilities (Td5% = 282–310°C), glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranging from 3 to 62°C, tunable tan α, and tunable degradability, respectively. It has been shown that the thermo-mechanical properties, wettability, and degradability of these epoxy-amine resins, can be finely tailored by judiciously selecting the diamine nature, the GTF-EPO content, and the fatty acid chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Hollande
- URD ABI, CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France.,UMR GENIAL, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Massy, France
| | | | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Domenek
- UMR GENIAL, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Massy, France
| | - Richard A Gross
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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245
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Chen G, Zhang Q, Hu Z, Wang S, Wu K, Shi J, Liang L, Lu M. Liquid crystalline epoxies bearing biphenyl ether and aromatic ester mesogenic units: Synthesis and thermal properties. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1581578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guokang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhuorong Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shan Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liyan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mangeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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246
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Naturally occurring of α,β-diepoxy-containing compounds: origin, structures, and biological activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3249-3264. [PMID: 30852659 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diepoxy-containing compounds are widely distributed in nature. These metabolites are found in plants and marine organisms and are also produced by many microorganisms, fungi, or fungal endophytes. Many of these metabolites are antibiotics and exhibit a wide variety of biological activities. More than 80 α,β-diepoxy-containing compounds are presented in this article, which belong to different classes of chemical compounds including lipids, terpenoids, alkaloids, quinones, hydroquinones, and pyrones. The main activities that characterize α,β-diepoxy-containing compounds are antineoplastic with confidence up to 99%, antifungal with confidence up to 94%, antiinflammatory with confidence up to 92%, or antibacterial with confidence up to 78%. In addition, these metabolites can be used as a lipid metabolism regulator with a certainty of up to 81%, antiviral (Arbovirus) activity with a certainty of up to 71%, or antiallergic activity with confidence up to 69%. These data on the biological activity of diepoxy-containing compounds are of considerable interest to pharmacologists, chemists, and medical professionals who are involved in phytomedicine and related areas of science and industry.
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247
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Valencene as a naturally occurring sesquiterpene monomer for radical copolymerization with maleimide to induce concurrent 1:1 and 1:2 propagation. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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248
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Amine cured double Schiff base epoxy as efficient anticorrosive coating materials for protection of mild steel in 3.5% NaCl medium. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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249
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Guzmán D, Serra A, Ramis X, Fernández-Francos X, De la Flor S. Fully renewable thermosets based on bis-eugenol prepared by thiol-click chemistry. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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250
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Tribot A, Amer G, Abdou Alio M, de Baynast H, Delattre C, Pons A, Mathias JD, Callois JM, Vial C, Michaud P, Dussap CG. Wood-lignin: Supply, extraction processes and use as bio-based material. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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