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Abstract
A total of 1,734 adults performed two running memory tasks and a battery of cognitive tests representing four cognitive abilities. Simultaneous analyses were used to identify unique relations of each cognitive ability, including fluid intelligence, on the running memory measures. The large sample size allowed powerful analyses of the relations at the level of individual trials, separate list lengths, and different serial positions. The results indicated that the relations of running memory performance with cognitive abilities were remarkably constant from the first to the last trial, across different list lengths, and on successive input positions. It is proposed that an important aspect of fluid intelligence is the ability to cope with novelty and complexity, and that running memory tasks may merely be one of many ways in which those processes can be operationalized.
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202
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Bailey HR, Dunlosky J, Hertzog C. Does strategy training reduce age-related deficits in working memory? Gerontology 2014; 60:346-56. [PMID: 24577079 DOI: 10.1159/000356699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults typically perform worse on measures of working memory (WM) than do young adults; however, age-related differences in WM performance might be reduced if older adults use effective encoding strategies. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current experiment was to evaluate WM performance after training individuals to use effective encoding strategies. METHODS Participants in the training group (older adults: n = 39; young adults: n = 41) were taught about various verbal encoding strategies and their differential effectiveness and were trained to use interactive imagery and sentence generation on a list-learning task. Participants in the control group (older: n = 37; young: n = 38) completed an equally engaging filler task. All participants completed a pre- and post-training reading span task, which included self-reported strategy use, as well as two transfer tasks that differed in the affordance to use the trained strategies - a paired-associate recall task and the self-ordered pointing task. RESULTS Both young and older adults were able to use the target strategies on the WM task and showed gains in WM performance after training. The age-related WM deficit was not greatly affected, however, and the training gains did not transfer to the other cognitive tasks. In fact, participants attempted to adapt the trained strategies for a paired-associate recall task, but the increased strategy use did not benefit their performance. CONCLUSIONS Strategy training can boost WM performance, and its benefits appear to arise from strategy-specific effects and not from domain-general gains in cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Bailey
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo., USA
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203
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Fishburn FA, Norr ME, Medvedev AV, Vaidya CJ. Sensitivity of fNIRS to cognitive state and load. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:76. [PMID: 24600374 PMCID: PMC3930096 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging low-cost noninvasive neuroimaging technique that measures cortical bloodflow. While fNIRS has gained interest as a potential alternative to fMRI for use with clinical and pediatric populations, it remains unclear whether fNIRS has the necessary sensitivity to serve as a replacement for fMRI. The present study set out to examine whether fNIRS has the sensitivity to detect linear changes in activation and functional connectivity in response to cognitive load, and functional connectivity changes when transitioning from a task-free resting state to a task. Sixteen young adult subjects were scanned with a continuous-wave fNIRS system during a 10-min resting-state scan followed by a letter n-back task with three load conditions. Five optical probes were placed over frontal and parietal cortices, covering bilateral dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC), bilateral ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC), frontopolar cortex (FP), and bilateral parietal cortex. Activation was found to scale linearly with working memory load in bilateral prefrontal cortex. Functional connectivity increased with increasing n-back loads for fronto-parietal, interhemispheric dlPFC, and local connections. Functional connectivity differed between the resting state scan and the n-back scan, with fronto-parietal connectivity greater during the n-back, and interhemispheric vlPFC connectivity greater during rest. These results demonstrate that fNIRS is sensitive to both cognitive load and state, suggesting that fNIRS is well-suited to explore the full complement of neuroimaging research questions and will serve as a viable alternative to fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Fishburn
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | - Megan E Norr
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrei V Medvedev
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chandan J Vaidya
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University Washington, DC, USA ; Children's National Medical Center, Children's Research Institute Washington, DC, USA
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204
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Unsworth N, Fukuda K, Awh E, Vogel EK. Working memory and fluid intelligence: capacity, attention control, and secondary memory retrieval. Cogn Psychol 2014; 71:1-26. [PMID: 24531497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several theories have been put forth to explain the relation between working memory (WM) and gF. Unfortunately, no single factor has been shown to fully account for the relation between these two important constructs. In the current study we tested whether multiple factors (capacity, attention control, and secondary memory) would collectively account for the relation. A large number of participants performed multiple measures of each construct and latent variable analyses were used to examine the data. The results demonstrated that capacity, attention control, and secondary memory were uniquely related to WM storage, WM processing, and gF. Importantly, the three factors completely accounted for the relation between WM (both processing and storage) and gF. Thus, although storage and processing make independent contributions to gF, both of these contributions are accounted for by variation in capacity, attention control and secondary memory. These results are consistent with the multifaceted view of WM, suggesting that individual differences in capacity, attention control, and secondary memory jointly account for individual differences in WM and its relation with gF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nash Unsworth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, United States.
| | - Keisuke Fukuda
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, United States
| | - Edward Awh
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, United States
| | - Edward K Vogel
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, United States
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205
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Mojzisch A, Krumm S, Schultze T. Do High Working Memory Groups Perform Better? JOURNAL OF PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1027/1866-5888/a000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research shows that individual differences in working memory capacity play a pivotal role for a large number of higher order cognitive tasks. Surprisingly, however, the impact of individual differences in working memory capacity on group performance has received little attention. In this conceptual article, we focus on three typical group tasks (group idea generation, group decision making, group judgment) and, for each task, provide an analysis of how individual differences in working memory capacity might affect group performance. Our key idea is that group interaction is a cognitively demanding task as group members have to continuously monitor the ongoing conversation, hold their ideas in memory, integrate the information put forth by others, and update their mental representations accordingly. Therefore, individual differences in working memory capacity are presumed to have a profound impact on how people process information during group interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Krumm
- Institute of Psychology, Free University Berlin, Germany
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206
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Abstract
Cognitive psychology offers an important contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying intelligence. In this paper, we synthesize the research showing that, among the different cognitive mechanisms associated with intelligence, working memory has a particularly high explanatory power, especially when considered in its active component involving not only the maintenance (as in short-term memory) but also the manipulation of information. The paper considers two main implications of this finding for the applied and clinical fields. For a start, we examine how intelligence tests take into consideration working memory. Secondly, we consider the highly debated literature on the effects of working memory training on intellectual performance. Theoretical and applied implications for the relationship between working memory and intelligence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Cornoldi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - David Giofrè
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
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207
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Williams DM, Jarrold C, Grainger C, Lind SE. Diminished time-based, but undiminished event-based, prospective memory among intellectually high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder: relation to working memory ability. Neuropsychology 2013; 28:30-42. [PMID: 24128041 PMCID: PMC3906801 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to carry out an intended action. Working memory is the ability to store information in mind while processing potentially distracting information. The few previous studies of PM in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have yielded inconsistent findings. Studies of working memory ability in ASD have suggested a selective impairment of “visual working memory.” However, it remains unclear whether any such impairment is the result of diminished (domain-specific; visual/verbal) storage capacity or diminished (domain-general) processing capacity. We aim to clarify these issues and explore the relation between PM and working memory in ASD. Method: Seventeen adults with ASD and 17 age- and IQ-matched comparison participants completed experimental measures of both event-based (perform action x when event y occurs) and time-based (perform action a at time b) PM, plus a self-report measure of PM skills. Participants also completed a working memory test battery. Results: Participants with ASD self-reported diminished PM skill, and showed diminished performance on the time-based, but not event-based, PM task. On the working memory test battery, visual but not verbal storage capacity was diminished among participants with ASD, as was processing ability. Whereas visual storage was associated with event-based PM task performance among comparison participants, verbal storage was associated among ASD participants. Conclusions: ASD appears to involve a selective deficit in time-based PM and a selective difficulty with aspects of working memory that depend on the storage of visual information. However, event-based PM may be achieved through compensatory strategies in ASD.
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208
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Johnson MK, McMahon RP, Robinson BM, Harvey AN, Hahn B, Leonard CJ, Luck SJ, Gold JM. The relationship between working memory capacity and broad measures of cognitive ability in healthy adults and people with schizophrenia. Neuropsychology 2013; 27:220-9. [PMID: 23527650 DOI: 10.1037/a0032060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Working memory (WM) capacity, typically measured with cognitively complex span tasks, is correlated with higher order cognitive abilities in healthy adults. The goals of this study were to determine whether a more focused measure of visual WM storage capacity would show similar higher order ability correlations in healthy adults and in people with schizophrenia (PSZ), thereby demonstrating the importance of simple storage capacity; determine whether the illness alters the pattern of correlations across cognitive domains; and evaluate whether between-groups differences in WM capacity could account for the generalized cognitive impairment in PSZ. METHOD Ninety-nine PSZ and 77 healthy controls (HCs) completed a visual WM change-localization task, the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). RESULTS PSZ performed more poorly than HCs on all cognitive measures. The between-groups effect size for WM capacity was large (d = 1.11). WM robustly correlated with WASI and MCCB performance, with no significant differences in the magnitude or pattern of correlations across groups. When the groups were pooled, WM capacity correlated at r = .68 with MCCB composite score and at r = .56 with WASI estimated Full Scale IQ. WM capacity accounted for approximately 40% of the between-groups variance across the WASI and MCCB. CONCLUSIONS A simple measure of WM storage capacity is robustly associated with the higher order cognitive abilities assessed by the WASI and MCCB in HCs and PSZ. WM capacity reduction may be a critical determinant of the general cognitive impairment in PSZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Johnson
- Baltimore VA Mental Health Care System, Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (VA Capital Health Care Network), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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209
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Fasfous AF, Hidalgo-Ruzzante N, Vilar-López R, Catena-Martínez A, Pérez-García M. Cultural differences in neuropsychological abilities required to perform intelligence tasks. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 28:784-90. [PMID: 24055883 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/act074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different studies have demonstrated that culture has a basic role in intelligence tests performance. Nevertheless, the specific neuropsychological abilities used by different cultures to perform an intelligence test have never been explored. In this study, we examine the differences between Spaniards and Moroccans in the neuropsychological abilities utilized to perform the Beta III as a non-verbal intelligence test. The results showed that the Spaniard group obtained a higher IQ than the Moroccan group in the Beta III. Moreover, the neuropsychological abilities that predicted scores for the Beta III were dependent on the country of origin and were different for each subtest. Besides showing the cultural effect on non-verbal intelligence test performance, our results suggest that a single test may measure different functions, depending on the subject's cultural background.
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210
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Smith AM, Spiegler KM, Sauce B, Wass CD, Sturzoiu T, Matzel LD. Voluntary aerobic exercise increases the cognitive enhancing effects of working memory training. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:626-35. [PMID: 24036169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increases in performance on tests of attention and learning are often observed shortly after a period of aerobic exercise, and evidence suggests that humans who engage in regular exercise are partially protected from age-related cognitive decline. However, the cognitive benefits of exercise are typically short-lived, limiting the practical application of these observations. Here, we explored whether physical exercise might induce lasting changes in general cognitive ability if that exercise was combined with working memory training, which is purported to broadly impact cognitive performance. Mice received either exercise treatment (6 weeks of voluntary running wheel access), working memory training (in a dual radial-arm maze), both treatments, or various control treatments. After this period of exercise, working memory training was initiated (alternating with days of exercise), and continued for several weeks. Upon completion of these treatments, animals were assessed (2-4 weeks later) for performance on four diverse learning tasks, and the aggregate performance of individual animals across all four learning tasks was estimated. Working memory training alone promoted small increases in general cognitive performance, although any beneficial effects of exercise alone had dissipated by the time of learning assessments. However, the two treatments in combination more than doubled the improvement in general cognitive performance supported by working memory training alone. Unlike the transient effects that acute aerobic exercise can have on isolated learning tasks, these results indicate that an acute period of exercise combined with working memory training can have synergistic and lasting impact on general cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Smith
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
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211
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Giofrè D, Mammarella IC, Cornoldi C. The structure of working memory and how it relates to intelligence in children. INTELLIGENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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212
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Wang T, Ren X, Altmeyer M, Schweizer K. An account of the relationship between fluid intelligence and complex learning in considering storage capacity and executive attention. INTELLIGENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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213
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Cornoldi C, Orsini A, Cianci L, Giofrè D, Pezzuti L. Intelligence and working memory control: Evidence from the WISC-IV administration to Italian children. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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214
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Wilhelm O, Hildebrandt A, Oberauer K. What is working memory capacity, and how can we measure it? Front Psychol 2013; 4:433. [PMID: 23898309 PMCID: PMC3721021 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A latent variable study examined whether different classes of working-memory tasks measure the same general construct of working-memory capacity (WMC). Data from 270 subjects were used to examine the relationship between Binding, Updating, Recall-N-back, and Complex Span tasks, and the relations of WMC with secondary memory measures, indicators of cognitive control from two response-conflict paradigms (Simon task and Eriksen flanker task), and fluid intelligence. Confirmatory factor analyses support the concept of a general WMC factor. Results from structural-equation modeling show negligible relations of WMC with response-conflict resolution, and very strong relations of WMC with secondary memory and fluid intelligence. The findings support the hypothesis that individual differences in WMC reflect the ability to build, maintain and update arbitrary bindings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
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215
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216
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Intégration relationnelle en mémoire de travail et intelligence fluide chez l’enfant. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2013. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503313002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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217
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Abstract
Working memory (WM) is fundamental to many aspects of human life, including learning, speech and text comprehension, prospection and future planning, and explicit "system 2" forms of reasoning, as well as overlapping heavily with fluid general intelligence. WM has been intensively studied for many decades, and there is a growing consensus about its nature, its components, and its signature limits. Remarkably, given its central importance in human life, there has been very little comparative investigation of WM abilities across species. Consequently, much remains unknown about the evolution of this important human capacity. Some questions can be tentatively answered from the existing comparative literature. Even studies that were not intended to do so can nonetheless shed light on the WM capacities of nonhuman animals. However, many questions remain.
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218
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Thompson TW, Waskom ML, Garel KLA, Cardenas-Iniguez C, Reynolds GO, Winter R, Chang P, Pollard K, Lala N, Alvarez GA, Gabrieli JDE. Failure of working memory training to enhance cognition or intelligence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63614. [PMID: 23717453 PMCID: PMC3661602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid intelligence is important for successful functioning in the modern world, but much evidence suggests that fluid intelligence is largely immutable after childhood. Recently, however, researchers have reported gains in fluid intelligence after multiple sessions of adaptive working memory training in adults. The current study attempted to replicate and expand those results by administering a broad assessment of cognitive abilities and personality traits to young adults who underwent 20 sessions of an adaptive dual n-back working memory training program and comparing their post-training performance on those tests to a matched set of young adults who underwent 20 sessions of an adaptive attentional tracking program. Pre- and post-training measurements of fluid intelligence, standardized intelligence tests, speed of processing, reading skills, and other tests of working memory were assessed. Both training groups exhibited substantial and specific improvements on the trained tasks that persisted for at least 6 months post-training, but no transfer of improvement was observed to any of the non-trained measurements when compared to a third untrained group serving as a passive control. These findings fail to support the idea that adaptive working memory training in healthy young adults enhances working memory capacity in non-trained tasks, fluid intelligence, or other measures of cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Thompson
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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219
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Boosting brain functions: Improving executive functions with behavioral training, neurostimulation, and neurofeedback. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 88:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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220
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Weiss LG, Keith TZ, Zhu J, Chen H. WAIS-IV and Clinical Validation of the Four- and Five-Factor Interpretative Approaches. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282913478030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fourth edition of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) is a revised and substantially updated version of its predecessor. The purposes of this research were to determine the constructs measured by the test and the consistency of measurement across large normative and clinical samples. Competing higher order WAIS-IV four- and five-factor models were analyzed using the WAIS-IV’s sample of 1,800 normative adults and 411 clinical adults. When all 15 WAIS-IV subtests were considered, both four- and five-factor models were suitable, but the five-factor model provided a better fit. The WAIS-IV PRI differentiated into two composites as follows: POI(Gv) consisting of Block Design, Visual Puzzles and Picture Completion; and FRI(Gf) consisting Matrix Reasoning, Arithmetic and Figure Weights. The five-factor solution included Quantitative Reasoning (RQ), consisting of Arithmetic and Figure Weights, as a narrow ability subsumed under FRI(Gf). Arithmetic, Vocabulary, and Figure Weights subtests had the highest g loadings. Cancellation had the lowest g loading. The WAIS-IV generally demonstrated full factor invariance between clinical and nonclinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianjun Zhu
- Pearson Clinical Assessment San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hsinyi Chen
- National Taiwan Normal University Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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221
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Weiss LG, Keith TZ, Zhu J, Chen H. WISC-IV and Clinical Validation of the Four- and Five-Factor Interpretative Approaches. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282913478032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the constructs measured by the WISC-IV and the consistency of measurement across large normative and clinical samples. Competing higher order four- and five-factor models were analyzed using the WISC-IV normative sample and clinical subjects. The four-factor solution is the model published with the test manual. In the five-factor model, the POI differentiated into a visual-spatial factor (consisting of Block Design and Picture Completion) and a fluid reasoning factor (consisting of Matrix Reasoning and Picture Concepts, with and Arithmetic). The five-factor solution included Inductive Reasoning (IR), consisting of Matrix Reasoning and Picture Concepts, as a narrow ability subsumed under the FRI (Gf). When all 15 WISC-IV subtests were considered, both four- and five-factor models were suitable and showed close model-data fit. Further, both models generally demonstrated full factorial invariance between clinical and nonclinical samples. Interpretation of the fifth factor is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianjun Zhu
- Pearson Clinical Assessment, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hsinyi Chen
- National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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222
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Guastello AD, Guastello SJ, Guastello DD. Personality trait theory and multitasking performance: implications for ergonomic design. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2012.762063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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223
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Thornton MA, Conway ARA. Working memory for social information: chunking or domain-specific buffer? Neuroimage 2013; 70:233-9. [PMID: 23298748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans possess unique social abilities that set us apart from other species. These abilities may be partially supported by a large capacity for maintaining and manipulating social information. Efficient social working memory might arise from two different sources: chunking of social information or a domain-specific buffer. We test these hypotheses with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) by manipulating sociality and working memory load in an n-back paradigm. We observe (i) an effect of load in the frontoparietal control network, (ii) an effect of sociality in regions associated with social cognition and face processing, and (iii) an interaction within the frontoparietal network such that social load has a smaller effect than nonsocial load. These results support the hypothesis that working memory is more efficient for social information than for nonsocial information, and suggest that chunking, rather than a domain-specific buffer, is the mechanism of this greater efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Thornton
- Princeton University, Department of Psychology, Green Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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224
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PIFFER DAVIDE. Correlation of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism with latitude and a hunter-gather lifestyle suggests culture–gene coevolution and selective pressure on cognition genes due to climate. ANTHROPOL SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.130731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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225
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Conway AR, Kovacs K. Individual Differences in Intelligence and Working Memory. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407237-4.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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226
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Redick TS, Unsworth N, Kelly AJ, Engle RW. Faster, smarter? Working memory capacity and perceptual speed in relation to fluid intelligence. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2012.704359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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227
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228
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Cogmed working memory training: Does the evidence support the claims? JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McVay JC, Kane MJ. Why does working memory capacity predict variation in reading comprehension? On the influence of mind wandering and executive attention. J Exp Psychol Gen 2012; 141:302-320. [PMID: 21875246 PMCID: PMC3387280 DOI: 10.1037/a0025250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Some people are better readers than others, and this variation in comprehension ability is predicted by measures of working memory capacity (WMC). The primary goal of this study was to investigate the mediating role of mind-wandering experiences in the association between WMC and normal individual differences in reading comprehension, as predicted by the executive-attention theory of WMC (e.g., Engle & Kane, 2004). We used a latent-variable, structural-equation-model approach, testing skilled adult readers on 3 WMC span tasks, 7 varied reading-comprehension tasks, and 3 attention-control tasks. Mind wandering was assessed using experimenter-scheduled thought probes during 4 different tasks (2 reading, 2 attention-control). The results support the executive-attention theory of WMC. Mind wandering across the 4 tasks loaded onto a single latent factor, reflecting a stable individual difference. Most important, mind wandering was a significant mediator in the relationship between WMC and reading comprehension, suggesting that the WMC-comprehension correlation is driven, in part, by attention control over intruding thoughts. We discuss implications for theories of WMC, attention control, and reading comprehension.
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231
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Van Dyke JA, Johns CL. Memory Interference as a Determinant of Language Comprehension. LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS COMPASS 2012; 6:193-211. [PMID: 22773927 PMCID: PMC3389825 DOI: 10.1002/lnc3.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The parameters of the human memory system constrain the operation of language comprehension processes. In the memory literature, both decay and interference have been proposed as causes of forgetting; however, while there is a long history of research establishing the nature of interference effects in memory, the effects of decay are much more poorly supported. Nevertheless, research investigating the limitations of the human sentence processing mechanism typically focus on decay-based explanations, emphasizing the role of capacity, while the role of interference has received comparatively little attention. This paper reviews both accounts of difficulty in language comprehension by drawing direct connections to research in the memory domain. Capacity-based accounts are found to be untenable, diverging substantially from what is known about the operation of the human memory system. In contrast, recent research investigating comprehension difficulty using a retrieval-interference paradigm is shown to be wholly consistent with both behavioral and neuropsychological memory phenomena. The implications of adopting a retrieval-interference approach to investigating individual variation in language comprehension are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Van Dyke
- Correspondence address: Julie A. Van Dyke, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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232
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Cognitive processes and math performance: a study with children at third grade of basic education. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10212-012-0121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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233
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Was CA, Dunlosky J, Bailey H, Rawson KA. The unique contributions of the facilitation of procedural memory and working memory to individual differences in intelligence. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2012; 139:425-33. [PMID: 22321455 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in working memory account for a substantial portion of individual differences in complex cognitive processes (e.g., comprehension) and fluid intelligence. However, a large portion of the variance in fluid intelligence and comprehension is unexplained. The current investigation was conducted to evaluate whether individual differences in the facilitation of procedural memory accounts for unique variance in intelligence not accounted for by working memory. To measure variability in the facilitation of procedural memory, we used a task that required participants to first classify exemplars of two categories; facilitation was then operationalized by subsequent improvements in the speed of classifying new exemplars from those categories (i.e., an operation-specific memory procedure). Three measures of each focal construct (facilitation in procedural memory, working memory, comprehension and fluid intelligence) were administered to 256 participants. We used structural equation modeling to examine the relationships among these latent variables. Working memory did account for variance in fluid intelligence and comprehension, but most important, individual differences in facilitation of procedural memory accounted for unique variance in fluid intelligence and comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Was
- Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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234
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Banas S, Sanchez CA. Working Memory Capacity and Learning Underlying Conceptual Relationships Across Multiple Documents. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Banas
- Cognitive Science and Engineering Program; Arizona State University; Mesa; Arizona; USA
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235
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236
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Redick TS, Broadway JM, Meier ME, Kuriakose PS, Unsworth N, Kane MJ, Engle RW. Measuring Working Memory Capacity With Automated Complex Span Tasks. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in working memory capacity are related to a variety of behaviors both within and outside of the lab. Recently developed automated complex span tasks have contributed to increasing our knowledge concerning working memory capacity by making valid and reliable assessments freely available for use by researchers. Combining the samples from three testing locations yielded data from over 6,000 young adult participants who performed at least one of three such tasks (Operation, Symmetry, and Reading Span). Normative data are presented here for researchers interested in applying cutoffs for their own applications, and information on the validity and reliability of the tasks is also reported. In addition, the data were analyzed as a function of sex and college status. While automated complex span tasks are just one way to measure working memory capacity, the use of a standardized procedure for administration and scoring greatly facilitates comparison across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matt E. Meier
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J. Kane
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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237
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Hagerman R, Lauterborn J, Au J, Berry-Kravis E. Fragile X syndrome and targeted treatment trials. Results Probl Cell Differ 2012; 54:297-335. [PMID: 22009360 PMCID: PMC4114775 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21649-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Work in recent years has revealed an abundance of possible new treatment targets for fragile X syndrome (FXS). The use of animal models, including the fragile X knockout mouse which manifests a phenotype very similar to FXS in humans, has resulted in great strides in this direction of research. The lack of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) in FXS causes dysregulation and usually overexpression of a number of its target genes, which can cause imbalances of neurotransmission and deficits in synaptic plasticity. The use of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) blockers and gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) agonists have been shown to be efficacious in reversing cellular and behavioral phenotypes, and restoring proper brain connectivity in the mouse and fly models. Proposed new pharmacological treatments and educational interventions are discussed in this chapter. In combination, these various targeted treatments show promising preliminary results in mitigating or even reversing the neurobiological abnormalities caused by loss of FMRP, with possible translational applications to other neurodevelopmental disorders including autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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238
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Abstract
Recent experiments in both humans and mice suggest that working memory training improves general cognitive ability. While the prospect of enhancing human and animal intelligence is enticing, several questions remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R A Conway
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Green Hall, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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239
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Blair C, Granger DA, Willoughby M, Mills-Koonce R, Cox M, Greenberg MT, Kivlighan KT, Fortunato CK. Salivary cortisol mediates effects of poverty and parenting on executive functions in early childhood. Child Dev 2011; 82:1970-84. [PMID: 22026915 PMCID: PMC3218241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a predominantly low-income population-based longitudinal sample of 1,292 children followed from birth, higher level of salivary cortisol assessed at ages 7, 15, and 24 months was uniquely associated with lower executive function ability and to a lesser extent IQ at age 3 years. Measures of positive and negative aspects of parenting and household risk were also uniquely related to both executive functions and IQ. The effect of positive parenting on executive functions was partially mediated through cortisol. Typical or resting level of cortisol was increased in African American relative to White participants. In combination with positive and negative parenting and household risk, cortisol mediated effects of income-to-need, maternal education, and African American ethnicity on child cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy Blair
- Pennsylvania State University and New York University, USA.
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240
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Craig S, Lewandowsky S. Whichever way you choose to categorize, working memory helps you learn. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2011; 65:439-64. [PMID: 22022921 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2011.608854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the relationship between the capacity of a person's working memory and their ability to learn to categorize stimuli. While there is evidence that working memory capacity (WMC) is related to the speed of category learning, it is unknown whether WMC predicts which strategies people use when there are multiple possible solutions to a categorization problem. To explore the relationship between WMC, category learning, and categorization strategy use, 173 participants completed two categorization tasks and a battery of WMC tasks. WMC predicted the speed of category learning, but it did not predict which strategies participants chose to perform categorization. Thus, WMC does not predict which categorization strategies people use but it predicts how well they will use the strategy they select.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Craig
- School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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241
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Perfetti B, Tesse M, Varanese S, Saggino A, Onofrj M. Irrelevant features of a stimulus can either facilitate or disrupt performance in a working memory task: the role of fluid intelligence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26249. [PMID: 22022580 PMCID: PMC3194836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that fluid intelligence (gf) is fundamental to overcome interference due to information of a previously encoded item along a task-relevant domain. However, the biasing effect of task-irrelevant dimensions is still unclear as well as its relation with gf. The present study aimed at clarifying these issues. Gf was assessed in 60 healthy subjects. In a different session, the same subjects performed two versions (letter-detection and spatial) of a three-back working memory task with a set of physically identical stimuli (letters) presented at different locations on the screen. In the letter-detection task, volunteers were asked to match stimuli on the basis of their identity whereas, in the spatial task, they were required to match items on their locations. Cross-domain bias was manipulated by pseudorandomly inserting a match between the current and the three back items on the irrelevant domain. Our findings showed that a task-irrelevant feature of a salient stimulus can actually bias the ongoing performance. We revealed that, at trials in which the current and the three-back items matched on the irrelevant domain, group accuracy was lower (interference). On the other hand, at trials in which the two items matched on both the relevant and irrelevant domains, the group showed an enhancement of the performance (facilitation). Furthermore, we demonstrated that individual differences in fluid intelligence covaries with the ability to override cross-domain interference in that higher gf subjects showed better performance at interference trials than low gf subjects. Altogether, our findings suggest that stimulus features irrelevant to the task can affect cognitive performance along the relevant domain and that gf plays an important role in protecting relevant memory contents from the hampering effect of such a bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Perfetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sophie Davis School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America.
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242
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McVay JC, Kane MJ. Drifting from slow to "D'oh!": working memory capacity and mind wandering predict extreme reaction times and executive control errors. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2011; 38:525-549. [PMID: 22004270 DOI: 10.1037/a0025896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental, individual-differences, and thought-sampling study tested the predictions of executive attention (e.g., Engle & Kane, 2004) and coordinative binding (e.g., Oberauer, Süβ, Wilhelm, & Sander, 2007) theories of working memory capacity (WMC). We assessed 288 subjects' WMC and their performance and mind-wandering rates during a sustained-attention task; subjects completed either a go/no-go version requiring executive control over habit or a vigilance version that did not. We further combined the data with those from McVay and Kane (2009) to (1) gauge the contributions of WMC and attentional lapses to the worst performance rule and the tail, or τ parameter, of reaction time (RT) distributions; (2) assess which parameters from a quantitative evidence-accumulation RT model were predicted by WMC and mind-wandering reports; and (3) consider intrasubject RT patterns--particularly, speeding--as potential objective markers of mind wandering. We found that WMC predicted action and thought control in only some conditions, that attentional lapses (indicated by task-unrelated-thought reports and drift-rate variability in evidence accumulation) contributed to τ, performance accuracy, and WMC's association with them and that mind-wandering experiences were not predicted by trial-to-trial RT changes, and so they cannot always be inferred from objective performance measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C McVay
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Michael J Kane
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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243
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Modeling working memory: a computational implementation of the Time-Based Resource-Sharing theory. Psychon Bull Rev 2011; 18:10-45. [PMID: 21327362 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-010-0020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is a core concept in cognition, predicting about 50% of the variance in IQ and reasoning tasks. A popular test of working memory is the complex span task, in which encoding of memoranda alternates with processing of distractors. A recent model of complex span performance, the Time-Based-Resource-Sharing (TBRS) model of Barrouillet and colleagues, has seemingly accounted for several crucial findings, in particular the intricate trade-off between deterioration and restoration of memory in the complex span task. According to the TBRS, memory traces decay during processing of the distractors, and they are restored by attentional refreshing during brief pauses in between processing steps. However, to date, the theory has been formulated only at a verbal level, which renders it difficult to test and to be certain of its intuited predictions. We present a computational instantiation of the TBRS and show that it can handle most of the findings on which the verbal model was based. We also show that there are potential challenges to the model that await future resolution. This instantiated model, TBRS*, is the first comprehensive computational model of performance in the complex span paradigm. The Matlab model code is available as a supplementary material of this article.
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244
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Blalock LD, McCabe DP. Proactive interference and practice effects in visuospatial working memory span task performance. Memory 2011; 19:83-91. [PMID: 21240750 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2010.537035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the current study the influence of proactive interference (PI) and practice on recall from a visuospatial working memory (WM) task was examined. Participants completed a visuospatial WM span task under either high-PI conditions (a traditional span task) or low-PI conditions (a span task with breaks between trials). Trials of each length (i.e., two to five to-be-remembered items) were equally distributed across three blocks in order to examine practice effects. Recall increased across blocks to a greater extent in the low-PI condition than in the high-PI condition, indicating that reducing PI increased recall from WM. Additionally, in the final block the correlation between fluid intelligence and WM recall was stronger for the high-PI condition than the low-PI condition, indicating that practice reduced the strength of the correlation between span task recall and fluid intelligence, but only in the low-PI condition. These results support current theories that propose that one source of variability in recall from WM span task is the build-up of PI, and that PI build-up is an important contributing factor to the relation between visuospatial WM span task recall and higher-level cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Durrance Blalock
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA.
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245
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Lecerf T, Reverte I, Coleaux L, Maillard F, Favez N, Rossier J. Indice d’aptitude général et indice de compétence cognitive pour le WISC-IV : normes empiriques versus normes statistiques. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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246
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Abstract
Intelligence can be defined as a general mental ability for reasoning, problem solving, and learning. Because of its general nature, intelligence integrates cognitive functions such as perception, attention, memory, language, or planning. On the basis of this definition, intelligence can be reliably measured by standardized tests with obtained scores predicting several broad social outcomes such as educational achievement, job performance, health, and longevity. A detailed understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying this general mental ability could provide significant individual and societal benefits. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies have generally supported a frontoparietal network relevant for intelligence. This same network has also been found to underlie cognitive functions related to perception, short-term memory storage, and language. The distributed nature of this network and its involvement in a wide range of cognitive functions fits well with the integrative nature of intelligence. A new key phase of research is beginning to investigate how functional networks relate to structural networks, with emphasis on how distributed brain areas communicate with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Colom
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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247
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Del Missier F, Mäntylä T, Bruin WB. Decision-making Competence, Executive Functioning, and General Cognitive Abilities. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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248
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Holmes J, Gathercole SE, Dunning DL. Poor working memory: impact and interventions. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2011; 39:1-43. [PMID: 21189804 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374748-8.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joni Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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249
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Holdnack JA, Xiaobin Zhou, Larrabee GJ, Millis SR, Salthouse TA. Confirmatory factor analysis of the WAIS-IV/WMS-IV. Assessment 2011; 18:178-91. [PMID: 21208975 DOI: 10.1177/1073191110393106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition (WAIS-IV) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-fourth edition (WMS-IV) were co-developed to be used individually or as a combined battery of tests. The independent factor structure of each of the tests has been identified; however, the combined factor structure has yet to be determined. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to the WAIS-IV/WMS-IV Adult battery (i.e., age 16-69 years) co-norming sample (n = 900) to test 13 measurement models. The results indicated that two models fit the data equally well. One model is a seven-factor solution without a hierarchical general ability factor: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Processing Speed, Auditory Working Memory, Visual Working Memory, Auditory Memory, and Visual Memory. The second model is a five-factor model composed of Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Processing Speed, Working Memory, and Memory with a hierarchical general ability factor. Interpretative implications for each model are discussed.
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250
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Savage R, Cornish K, Manly T, Hollis C. Cognitive processes in children's reading and attention: The role of working memory, divided attention, and response inhibition. Br J Psychol 2010; 97:365-85. [PMID: 16848949 DOI: 10.1348/000712605x81370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Children experiencing attention difficulties have documented cognitive deficits in working memory (WM), response inhibition and dual tasks. Recent evidence suggests however that these same cognitive processes are also closely associated with reading acquisition. This paper therefore explores whether these variables predicted attention difficulties or reading among 123 children with and without significant attention problems sampled from the school population. Children were screened using current WM and attention task measures. Three factors explained variance in WM and attention tasks. Response inhibition tasks loaded mainly with central executive measures, but a dual processing task loaded with the visual-spatial WM measures. Phonological loop measures loaded independently of attention measures. After controls for age, IQ and attention-group membership, phonological loop and 'central processing' measures both predicted reading ability. A 'visual memory/dual-task' factor predicted attention group membership after controls for age, IQ and reading ability. Results thus suggest that some of the processes previously assumed to be predictive of attention problems may reflect processes involved in reading acquisition. Visual memory and dual-task functioning are, however, purer indices of cognitive difficulty in children experiencing attention problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Savage
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Canada.
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