201
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Younas M, Psomas C, Reynes C, Cezar R, Kundura L, Portales P, Merle C, Atoui N, Fernandez C, Le Moing V, Barbuat C, Moranne O, Sotto A, Sabatier R, Fabbro P, Vincent T, Dunyach-Remy C, Winter A, Reynes J, Lavigne JP, Corbeau P. Microbial Translocation Is Linked to a Specific Immune Activation Profile in HIV-1-Infected Adults With Suppressed Viremia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2185. [PMID: 31572392 PMCID: PMC6753629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent immune activation in virologically suppressed HIV-1 patients, which may be the consequence of various factors including microbial translocation, is a major cause of comorbidities. We have previously shown that different profiles of immune activation may be distinguished in virological responders. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a particular profile might be the consequence of microbial translocation. To this aim, we measured 64 soluble and cell surface markers of inflammation and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell, B cell, monocyte, NK cell, and endothelial activation in 140 adults under efficient antiretroviral therapy, and classified patients and markers using a double hierarchical clustering analysis. We also measured the plasma levels of the microbial translocation markers bacterial DNA, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), intestinal-fatty acid binding protein, and soluble CD14. We identified five different immune activation profiles. Patients with an immune activation profile characterized by a high percentage of CD38+CD8+ T-cells and a high level of the endothelial activation marker soluble Thrombomodulin, presented with higher LBP mean (± SEM) concentrations (33.3 ± 1.7 vs. 28.7 ± 0.9 μg/mL, p = 0.025) than patients with other profiles. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the immune activation profiles we described are the result of different etiological factors. We propose a model, where particular causes of immune activation, as microbial translocation, drive particular immune activation profiles responsible for particular comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Younas
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-Montpellier University, UMR9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Christina Psomas
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-Montpellier University, UMR9002, Montpellier, France.,Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Reynes
- Institute for Functional Genomics, Montpellier University, UMR5203, Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Cezar
- Immunology Department, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Lucy Kundura
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-Montpellier University, UMR9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Portales
- Immunology Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Merle
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadine Atoui
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Fernandez
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Le Moing
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRD UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudine Barbuat
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | | | - Albert Sotto
- Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Robert Sabatier
- Institute for Functional Genomics, Montpellier University, UMR5203, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascale Fabbro
- Medical Informatics Department, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Thierry Vincent
- Immunology Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- U1047, INSERM, Microbiology University Hospital Nîmes, Montpellier University, Nîmes, France
| | - Audrey Winter
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-Montpellier University, UMR9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Reynes
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRD UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- U1047, INSERM, Microbiology University Hospital Nîmes, Montpellier University, Nîmes, France
| | - Pierre Corbeau
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-Montpellier University, UMR9002, Montpellier, France.,Immunology Department, University Hospital, Nîmes, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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202
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Iacob S, Iacob DG. Infectious Threats, the Intestinal Barrier, and Its Trojan Horse: Dysbiosis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1676. [PMID: 31447793 PMCID: PMC6692454 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecosystem of the gut microbiota consists of diverse intestinal species with multiple metabolic and immunologic activities and it is closely connected with the intestinal epithelia and mucosal immune response, with which it builds a complex barrier against intestinal pathogenic bacteria. The microbiota ensures the integrity of the gut barrier through multiple mechanisms, either by releasing antibacterial molecules (bacteriocins) and anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids or by activating essential cell receptors for the immune response. Experimental studies have confirmed the role of the intestinal microbiota in the epigenetic modulation of the gut barrier through posttranslational histone modifications and regulatory mechanisms induced by epithelial miRNA in the epithelial lumen. Any quantitative or functional changes of the intestinal microbiota, referred to as dysbiosis, alter the immune response, decrease epithelial permeability and destabilize intestinal homeostasis. Consequently, the overgrowth of pathobionts (Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli) favors intestinal translocations with Gram negative bacteria or their endotoxins and could trigger sepsis, septic shock, secondary peritonitis, or various intestinal infections. Intestinal infections also induce epithelial lesions and perpetuate the risk of bacterial translocation and dysbiosis through epithelial ischemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the decline of protective anaerobic bacteria (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and inadequate release of immune modulators (such as butyrate) affects the release of antimicrobial peptides, de-represses microbial virulence factors and alters the innate immune response. As a result, intestinal germs modulate liver pathology and represent a common etiology of infections in HIV immunosuppressed patients. Antibiotic and antiretroviral treatments also promote intestinal dysbiosis, followed by the selection of resistant germs which could later become a source of infections. The current article addresses the strong correlations between the intestinal barrier and the microbiota and discusses the role of dysbiosis in destabilizing the intestinal barrier and promoting infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Iacob
- Infectious Diseases Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases "Prof. Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Gabriela Iacob
- Infectious Diseases Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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203
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Moran LM, McLaurin KA, Booze RM, Mactutus CF. Neurorestoration of Sustained Attention in a Model of HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:169. [PMID: 31447657 PMCID: PMC6691343 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the sustained prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in the post-combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era, as well as the increased prevalence of older HIV-1 seropositive individuals, there is a critical need to develop adjunctive therapeutics targeted at preserving and/or restoring neurocognitive function. To address this knowledge gap, the present study examined the utility of S-Equol (SE), a phytoestrogen produced by gut microbiota, as an innovative therapeutic strategy. A signal detection operant task with varying signal durations (1,000, 500, 100 ms) was utilized to assess sustained attention in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) and control animals. During the signal detection pretest assessment, HIV-1 Tg animals displayed profound deficits in stimulus-response learning and sustained attention relative to control animals. Subsequently, between 6 and 8 months of age, HIV-1 Tg and control animals were treated with a daily oral dose of either placebo or SE (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg) and a posttest assessment was conducted in the signal detection operant task with varying signal durations. In HIV-1 Tg animals, a linear decrease in the number of misses at 100 ms was observed as SE dose increased, suggesting a dose response with the most effective dose at 0.2 mg SE, approximating controls. Comparison of the number of misses across signal durations at the pretest and posttest revealed a preservation of neurocognitive function in HIV-1 Tg animals treated with 0.2 mg SE; an effect that was in sharp contrast to the neurocognitive decline observed in HIV-1 Tg animals treated with placebo. The results support the utility of 0.2 mg SE as a potential efficacious neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative therapeutic for sustained attention, in the absence of any adverse peripheral effects, in the HIV-1 Tg rat. Thus, the present study highlights the critical need for further in vivo studies to elucidate the full potential and generalizability of phytoestrogen treatment for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landhing M Moran
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Kristen A McLaurin
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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204
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Alzahrani J, Hussain T, Simar D, Palchaudhuri R, Abdel-Mohsen M, Crowe SM, Mbogo GW, Palmer CS. Inflammatory and immunometabolic consequences of gut dysfunction in HIV: Parallels with IBD and implications for reservoir persistence and non-AIDS comorbidities. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:522-531. [PMID: 31327693 PMCID: PMC6710907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa is critical for maintaining the integrity and functions of the gut. Disruption of this barrier is a hallmark and a risk factor for many intestinal and chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and HIV infection are characterized by microbial translocation and systemic inflammation. Despite the clinical overlaps between HIV and IBD, significant differences exist such as the severity of gut damage and mechanisms of immune cell homeostasis. Studies have supported the role of metabolic activation of immune cells in promoting chronic inflammation in HIV and IBD. This inflammatory response persists in HIV+ persons even after long-term virologic suppression by antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we review gut dysfunction and microbiota changes during HIV infection and IBD, and discuss how this may induce metabolic reprogramming of monocytes, macrophages and T cells to impact disease outcomes. Drawing from parallels with IBD, we highlight how factors such as lipopolysaccharides, residual viral replication, and extracellular vesicles activate biochemical pathways that regulate immunometabolic processes essential for HIV persistence and non-AIDS metabolic comorbidities. This review highlights new mechanisms and support for the use of immunometabolic-based therapeutics towards HIV remission/cure, and treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Alzahrani
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tabinda Hussain
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Simar
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Suzanne M Crowe
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Clovis S Palmer
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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205
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Nijmeijer BM, Geijtenbeek TBH. Negative and Positive Selection Pressure During Sexual Transmission of Transmitted Founder HIV-1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1599. [PMID: 31354736 PMCID: PMC6635476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual transmission of HIV-1 consists of processes that exert either positive or negative selection pressure on the virus. The sum of these selection pressures lead to the transmission of only one specific HIV-1 strain, termed the transmitted founder virus. Different dendritic cell subsets are abundantly present at mucosal sites and, interestingly, these DC subsets exert opposite pressure on viral selection during sexual transmission. In this review we describe receptors and cellular compartments in DCs that are involved in HIV-1 communication leading to either viral restriction by the host or further dissemination to establish a long-lived reservoir. We discuss the current understanding of host antiretroviral restriction factors against HIV-1 and specifically against the HIV-1 transmitted founder virus. We will also discuss potential clinical implications for exploiting these intrinsic restriction factors in developing novel therapeutic targets. A better understanding of these processes might help in developing strategies against HIV-1 infections by targeting dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadien M Nijmeijer
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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206
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Herrera S, Martínez-Sanz J, Serrano-Villar S. HIV, Cancer, and the Microbiota: Common Pathways Influencing Different Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1466. [PMID: 31316514 PMCID: PMC6610485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection exerts profound and perhaps irreversible damage to the gut mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, resulting in long-lasting changes in the signals required for the coordination of commensal colonization and in perturbations at the compositional and functional level of the gut microbiota. These abnormalities in gut microbial communities appear to affect clinical outcomes, including T-cell recovery, vaccine responses, HIV transmission, cardiovascular disease, and cancer pathogenesis. For example, the microbial signature associated with HIV infection has been shown to induce tryptophan catabolism, affect the butyrate synthesis pathway, impair anti-tumoral immunity and affect oxidative stress, which have also been linked to the pathogenesis of cancer. Furthermore, some of the taxa that are depleted in subjects with HIV have proved to modulate the anti-tumor efficacy of various chemotherapies and immunotherapeutic agents. The aim of this work is to provide a broad overview of recent advances in our knowledge of how HIV might affect the microbiota, with a focus on the pathways shared with cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Herrera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Sanz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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207
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We aim to provide an in-depth review of recent literature highlighting the role of inflammation involving the adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscles, and gastrointestinal tract in the development of metabolic complications among persons living with HIV (PLWH). RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in PLWH have demonstrated a significant association between circulating inflammatory markers and development of insulin resistance and metabolic complications. In adipose tissue, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression inhibits adipocyte insulin signaling, which alters lipid and glucose homeostasis. Increased lipolysis and lipogenesis elevate levels of circulating free fatty acids and promote ectopic fat deposition in liver and skeletal muscles. This leads to lipotoxicity characterized by a pro-inflammatory response with worsening insulin resistance. Finally, HIV is associated with gastrointestinal tract inflammation and changes in the gut microbiome resulting in reduced diversity, which is an additional risk factor for diabetes. Metabolic complications in PLWH are in part due to chronic, multisite tissue inflammation resulting in dysregulation of glucose and lipid trafficking, utilization, and storage.
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208
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Sindberg GM, Callen SE, Banerjee S, Meng J, Hale VL, Hegde R, Cheney PD, Villinger F, Roy S, Buch S. Morphine Potentiates Dysbiotic Microbial and Metabolic Shifts in Acute SIV Infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:200-214. [PMID: 30242614 PMCID: PMC6917429 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pathogenesis has been closely linked with microbial translocation, which is believed to drive inflammation and HIV replication. Opioid drugs have been shown to worsen this symptom, leading to a faster progression of HIV infection to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The interaction of HIV and opioid drugs has not been studied at early stages of HIV, particularly in the gut microbiome where changes may precede translocation events. This study modeled early HIV infection by examining Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected primates at 21 days or less both independently and in the context of opioid use. Fecal samples were analyzed both for 16S analysis of microbial populations as well as metabolite profiles via mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that changes are minor in SIV treated animals in the time points examined, however animals treated with morphine and SIV had significant changes in their microbial communities and metabolic profiles. This occurred in a time-independent fashion with morphine regardless of how long the animal had morphine in its system. Globally, the observed changes support that microbial dysbiosis is occurring in these animals at an early time, which likely contributes to the translocation events observed later in SIV/HIV pathogenesis. Additionally, metabolic changes were predictive of specific treatment groups, which could be further developed as a diagnostic tool or future intervention target to overcome and slow the progression of HIV infection to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Sindberg
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Shannon E Callen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Vanessa L Hale
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Hegde
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Paul D Cheney
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, USA.
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209
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Crakes KR, Jiang G. Gut Microbiome Alterations During HIV/SIV Infection: Implications for HIV Cure. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1104. [PMID: 31191468 PMCID: PMC6539195 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut mucosal damage, associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV) infection, is characterized by depletion in CD4+ T cells and persistent immune activation as a result of early epithelial barrier disruption and systemic translocation of microbial products. Unique approaches in studying both HIV infection in human patients and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques have provided critical evidence for the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV/AIDS. While there is vast resemblance between SIV and HIV infection, the development of gut dysbiosis attributed to HIV infection in chronically infected patients has not been consistently reported in SIV infection in the non-human primate model of AIDS, raising concerns for the translatability of gut microbiome studies in rhesus macaques. This review outlines our current understanding of gut microbial signatures across various stages of HIV versus SIV infection, with an emphasis on the impact of microbiome-based therapies in restoring gut mucosal immunity as well as their translational potential to supplement current HIV cure efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katti R. Crakes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Guochun Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Global Health & Infectious Diseases, UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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210
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Rocafort M, Noguera-Julian M, Rivera J, Pastor L, Guillén Y, Langhorst J, Parera M, Mandomando I, Carrillo J, Urrea V, Rodríguez C, Casadellà M, Calle ML, Clotet B, Blanco J, Naniche D, Paredes R. Evolution of the gut microbiome following acute HIV-1 infection. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:73. [PMID: 31078141 PMCID: PMC6511141 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rhesus macaques, simian immunodeficiency virus infection is followed by expansion of enteric viruses but has a limited impact on the gut bacteriome. To understand the longitudinal effects of HIV-1 infection on the human gut microbiota, we prospectively followed 49 Mozambican subjects diagnosed with recent HIV-1 infection (RHI) and 54 HIV-1-negative controls for 9-18 months and compared them with 98 chronically HIV-1-infected subjects treated with antiretrovirals (n = 27) or not (n = 71). RESULTS We show that RHI is followed by increased fecal adenovirus shedding, which persists during chronic HIV-1 infection and does not resolve with ART. Recent HIV-1 infection is also followed by transient non-HIV-specific changes in the gut bacterial richness and composition. Despite early resilience to change, an HIV-1-specific signature in the gut bacteriome-featuring depletion of Akkermansia, Anaerovibrio, Bifidobacterium, and Clostridium-previously associated with chronic inflammation, CD8+ T cell anergy, and metabolic disorders, can be eventually identified in chronically HIV-1-infected subjects. CONCLUSIONS Recent HIV-1 infection is associated with increased fecal shedding of eukaryotic viruses, transient loss of bacterial taxonomic richness, and long-term reductions in microbial gene richness. An HIV-1-associated microbiome signature only becomes evident in chronically HIV-1-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntsa Rocafort
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier Rivera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lucía Pastor
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Yolanda Guillén
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jost Langhorst
- Integrative Gastroenterology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Chair for Integrative Medicine and translationale Gastroenterology, Klinikum Bamberg, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Mariona Parera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Inacio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Casadellà
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Luz Calle
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Denise Naniche
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain.
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Distinct gut microbiota profile in antiretroviral therapy-treated perinatally HIV-infected patients associated with cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers. AIDS 2019; 33:1001-1011. [PMID: 30946154 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persistent inflammation and higher risk to develop cardiovascular diseases still represent a major complication for HIV-infected patients despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated the correlation between the gut microbiota profile, markers of inflammation, vascular endothelial activation (VEA) and microbial translocation (MT) in perinatally HIV-infected patients (PHIV) under ART. DESIGN Cross-sectional study including 61 ART-treated PHIV (age range 3-30 years old) and 71 age-matched healthy controls. Blood and stool sample were collected at the same time and analyzed for gut microbiota composition and plasma biomarkers. METHODS Gut microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA targeted-metagenomics. Soluble markers of MT, inflammation and VEA were quantified by ELISA or Luminex assay. Markers of immune activation were analyzed by flow cytometry on CD4 and CD8T cells. RESULTS We identified two distinct gut microbiota profiles (groups A and B) among PHIV. No different clinical parameters (age, sex, ethnicity, clinical class), dietary and sexual habits were found between the groups. The group A showed a relative dominance of Akkermansia muciniphila, whereas gut microbiota of group B was characterized by a higher biodiversity. The analysis of soluble markers revealed a significantly higher level of soluble E-selectine (P = 0.0296), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (P = 0.0028), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (P = 0.0230), IL-6 (P = 0.0247) and soluble CD14 (P = 0.0142) in group A compared with group B. CONCLUSION Distinctive gut microbiota profiles are differently associated with inflammation, microbial translocation and VEA. Future studies are needed to understand the role of A. muciniphila and risk to develop cardiovascular diseases in PHIV.
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212
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Wang Z, Qi Q. Gut microbial metabolites associated with HIV infection. Future Virol 2019; 14:335-347. [PMID: 31263508 PMCID: PMC6595475 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection has been associated with alterations in gut microbiota and related microbial metabolite production. However, the mechanisms of how these functional microbial metabolites may affect HIV immunopathogenesis and comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and other metabolic diseases, remain largely unknown. Here we review the current understanding of gut microbiota and related metabolites in the context of HIV infection. We focus on several bacteria-produced metabolites, including tryptophan catabolites, short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and discuss their implications in HIV infection and comorbidities. We also prospect future studies using integrative multiomics approaches to better understand host-microbiota-metabolites interactions in HIV infection, and facilitate integrative medicine utilizing the microbiota in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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213
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Biomarkers of aging in HIV: inflammation and the microbiome. Eur Geriatr Med 2019; 10:175-182. [PMID: 34652744 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-018-0145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE HIV-infected subjects present increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and T cell activation in the peripheral blood despite suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy which renders them susceptible to premature aging. The purpose of the present work was to review existing evidence on the ways in which the anatomical and microbiological abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract can represent a major cause of organ disease in HIV infection. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the Pubmed database for articles published from 2014 to 2018. We included studies on inflammatory/activation biomarkers associated with cardiovascular and bone disease, neurocognitive impairment and serious non-AIDS events in HIV-infected subjects. We also included researches which linked peripheral inflammation/activation to the anatomical, immune and microbiological alterations of the gastrointestinal tract. RESULTS Recent literature data confirm the association between non-infectious comorbidities and inflammation in HIV infection which may be driven by gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, specifically microbial translocation and dysbiosis. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence on the possible role of metabolic functions of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of premature aging in the HIV-infected population. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers need to be validated for their use in the management of HIV infection. Compounds which counteract microbial translocation, inflammation and dysbiosis have been investigated as alternative therapeutic strategies in viro-suppressed HIV-infected individuals, but appear to have limited efficacy, probably due to the multifactorial pathogenesis of non-infectious comorbidities in this setting.
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214
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Hensley-McBain T, Wu MC, Manuzak JA, Cheu RK, Gustin A, Driscoll CB, Zevin AS, Miller CJ, Coronado E, Smith E, Chang J, Gale M, Somsouk M, Burgener AD, Hunt PW, Hope TJ, Collier AC, Klatt NR. Increased mucosal neutrophil survival is associated with altered microbiota in HIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007672. [PMID: 30973942 PMCID: PMC6459500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal dysfunction predicts and likely contributes to non-infectious comorbidities and mortality in HIV infection and persists despite antiretroviral therapy. However, the mechanisms underlying this dysfunction remain incompletely understood. Neutrophils are important for containment of pathogens but can also contribute to tissue damage due to their release of reactive oxygen species and other potentially harmful effector molecules. Here we used a flow cytometry approach to investigate increased neutrophil lifespan as a mechanism for GI neutrophil accumulation in chronic, treated HIV infection and a potential role for gastrointestinal dysbiosis. We report that increased neutrophil survival contributes to neutrophil accumulation in colorectal biopsy tissue, thus implicating neutrophil lifespan as a new therapeutic target for mucosal inflammation in HIV infection. Additionally, we characterized the intestinal microbiome of colorectal biopsies using 16S rRNA sequencing. We found that a reduced Lactobacillus: Prevotella ratio associated with neutrophil survival, suggesting that intestinal bacteria may contribute to GI neutrophil accumulation in treated HIV infection. Finally, we provide evidence that Lactobacillus species uniquely decrease neutrophil survival and neutrophil frequency in vitro, which could have important therapeutic implications for reducing neutrophil-driven inflammation in HIV and other chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Hensley-McBain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Wu
- Biostatistics and Biomathematics Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Manuzak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Ryan K. Cheu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Andrew Gustin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Connor B. Driscoll
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Alexander S. Zevin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Charlene J. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Coronado
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Elise Smith
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jean Chang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Burgener
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ann C. Collier
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nichole R. Klatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
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215
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Li SX, Sen S, Schneider JM, Xiong KN, Nusbacher NM, Moreno-Huizar N, Shaffer M, Armstrong AJS, Severs E, Kuhn K, Neff CP, McCarter M, Campbell T, Lozupone CA, Palmer BE. Gut microbiota from high-risk men who have sex with men drive immune activation in gnotobiotic mice and in vitro HIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007611. [PMID: 30947289 PMCID: PMC6448819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Men who have sex with men (MSM) have differences in immune activation and gut microbiome composition compared with men who have sex with women (MSW), even in the absence of HIV infection. Gut microbiome differences associated with HIV itself when controlling for MSM, as assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing, are relatively subtle. Understanding whether gut microbiome composition impacts immune activation in HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM has important implications since immune activation has been associated with HIV acquisition risk and disease progression. To investigate the effects of MSM and HIV-associated gut microbiota on immune activation, we transplanted feces from HIV-negative MSW, HIV-negative MSM, and HIV-positive untreated MSM to gnotobiotic mice. Following transplant, 16S rRNA gene sequencing determined that the microbiomes of MSM and MSW maintained distinct compositions in mice and that specific microbial differences between MSM and MSW were replicated. Immunologically, HIV-negative MSM donors had higher frequencies of blood CD38+ HLADR+ and CD103+ T cells and their fecal recipients had higher frequencies of gut CD69+ and CD103+ T cells, compared with HIV-negative MSW donors and recipients, respectively. Significant microbiome differences were not detected between HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM in this small donor cohort, and immune differences between their recipients were trending but not statistically significant. A larger donor cohort may therefore be needed to detect immune-modulating microbes associated with HIV. To investigate whether our findings in mice could have implications for HIV replication, we infected primary human lamina propria cells stimulated with isolated fecal microbiota, and found that microbiota from MSM stimulated higher frequencies of HIV-infected cells than microbiota from MSW. Finally, we identified several microbes that correlated with immune readouts in both fecal recipients and donors, and with in vitro HIV infection, which suggests a role for gut microbiota in immune activation and potentially HIV acquisition in MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam X. Li
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sharon Sen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Schneider
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ka-Na Xiong
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nichole M. Nusbacher
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nancy Moreno-Huizar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael Shaffer
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Abigail J. S. Armstrong
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin Severs
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kristine Kuhn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Charles P. Neff
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Martin McCarter
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Lozupone
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We employed a high-dimensional covariate adjustment method in microbiome analysis to better control for behavioural and clinical confounders, and in doing so examine the effects of HIV on the rectal microbiome. DESIGN Three hundred and eighty-three MSM were grouped into four HIV viremia categories: HIV negative (n = 200), HIV-positive undetectable (HIV RNA < 20 copies/ml; n = 66), HIV-positive suppressed (RNA 20-200 copies/ml; n = 72) and HIV-positive viremic (RNA > 200 copies/ml; n = 45). METHODS We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on rectal swab samples and used inverse probability of treatment-weighted marginal structural models to examine differences in microbial composition by HIV viremia category. RESULTS HIV viremia explained a significant amount of variability in microbial composition in both unadjusted and covariate-adjusted analyses (R = 0.011, P = 0.02). Alterations in bacterial taxa were more apparent with increasing viremia. Relative to the HIV-negative group, HIV-positive undetectable participants showed depletions in Brachyspira, Campylobacter and Parasutterella, while suppressed participants demonstrated depletions in Barnesiella, Brachyspira and Helicobacter. The microbial signature of viremic men was most distinct, showing enrichment in inflammatory genera Peptoniphilus, Porphyromonas and Prevotella and depletion of Bacteroides, Brachyspira and Faecalibacterium, among others. CONCLUSION Our study shows that, after accounting for the influence of multiple confounding factors, HIV is associated with dysbiosis in the gastrointestinal microbiome in a dose-dependent manner. This analytic approach may allow for better identification of true microbial associations by limiting the effects of confounding, and thus improve comparability across future studies.
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217
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Castleman MJ, Dillon SM, Purba CM, Cogswell AC, Kibbie JJ, McCarter MD, Santiago ML, Barker E, Wilson CC. Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria Indirectly Induce IL-22 but Not IFNγ Production From Human Colonic ILC3s via Multiple Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2019; 10:649. [PMID: 30984202 PMCID: PMC6450192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a diverse family of cells that play critical roles in mucosal immunity. One subset of the ILC family, Group 3 ILCs (ILC3s), has been shown to aid in gut homeostasis through the production of IL-22. IL-22 promotes gut homeostasis through its functional effect on the epithelial barrier. When gut epithelial barrier integrity is compromised, such as in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), microbes from the gut lumen translocate into the lamina propria, inducing a multitude of potentially pathogenic immune responses. In murine models of bacterial infection, there is evidence that bacteria can induce pro-inflammatory IFNγ production in ILC3s. However, the impact of diverse translocating bacteria, particularly commensal bacteria, in dictating IFNγ versus IL-22 production by human gut ILC3s remains unclear. Here, we utilized an in vitro human lamina propria mononuclear cell (LPMC) model to evaluate ILC3 cytokine production in response to a panel of enteric Gram-positive and Gram-negative commensal and pathogenic bacteria and determined potential mechanisms by which these cytokine responses were induced. The percentages of IL-22-producing ILC3s, but not IFNγ-producing ILC3s, were significantly increased after LPMC exposure to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative commensal or pathogenic bacterial stimuli. Stimulation of IL-22 production from ILC3s was not through direct recognition of bacterial antigen by ILC3s, but rather required the help of accessory cells within the LPMC population. CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells generated IL-23 and IL-1β in response to enteric bacteria and contributed to ILC3 production of IL-22. Furthermore, ligation of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44 on ILC3s in response to bacteria stimulation also significantly increased the percentage of IL-22-producing ILC3s. Overall, these data demonstrate that human gut microbiota, including commensal bacteria, indirectly modulate colonic ILC3 function to induce IL-22, but additional signals are likely required to induce IFNγ production by colonic ILC3s in the setting of inflammation and microbial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christine M. Purba
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew C. Cogswell
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jon J. Kibbie
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Martin D. McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
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218
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Villanueva-Millán MJ, Pérez-Matute P, Recio-Fernández E, Lezana Rosales JM, Oteo JA. Characterization of gut microbiota composition in HIV-infected patients with metabolic syndrome. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:299-309. [PMID: 30924020 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) per se or its separated components in HIV-infected patients contributes to an accelerated aging and increased cardiovascular risk. Gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis has been linked with chronic inflammation associated with MS in a general non-infected population. However, no studies concerning GM have been performed in HIV-infected patients with MS. The aim of this study was to analyze bacterial translocation, inflammation, and GM composition in HIV-infected patients with and without MS. A total of 51 HIV-infected patients were recruited and classified according to the presence of MS (40 patients without MS and 11 with MS). Markers of bacterial translocation, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk were measured and GM was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene deep sequencing. No differences were observed among both HIV-infected groups in the bacterial translocation markers LBP and sCD14. A tendency to increase the inflammatory markers IL-6 (p = 0.069) and MCP-1 (p = 0.067) was observed in those patients suffering from MS. An increase in the cardiovascular risk markers PAI-1 (p = 0.007) and triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio (p < 0.0001) was also found in the MS group. No significant changes were observed at phylum level although a decrease in the abundance of seven genera and seven bacterial species, including some anti-inflammatory bacteria, was observed in HIV-infected patients with MS. To summarize, the presence of MS was not accompanied by major changes in GM, although the reduction observed in some anti-inflammatory bacteria may be clinically useful to develop strategies to minimize inflammation and its future deleterious consequences in these HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Villanueva-Millán
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd floor, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-Matute
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd floor, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - Emma Recio-Fernández
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd floor, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - José-Miguel Lezana Rosales
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd floor, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Oteo
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiota and Metabolism Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd floor, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario San Pedro, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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Shenoy MK, Fadrosh DW, Lin DL, Worodria W, Byanyima P, Musisi E, Kaswabuli S, Zawedde J, Sanyu I, Chang E, Fong S, McCauley K, Davis JL, Huang L, Lynch SV. Gut microbiota in HIV-pneumonia patients is related to peripheral CD4 counts, lung microbiota, and in vitro macrophage dysfunction. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:37. [PMID: 30857553 PMCID: PMC6413461 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia is common and frequently fatal in HIV-infected patients, due to rampant, systemic inflammation and failure to control microbial infection. While airway microbiota composition is related to local inflammatory response, gut microbiota has been shown to correlate with the degree of peripheral immune activation (IL6 and IP10 expression) in HIV-infected patients. We thus hypothesized that both airway and gut microbiota are perturbed in HIV-infected pneumonia patients, that the gut microbiota is related to peripheral CD4+ cell counts, and that its associated products differentially program immune cell populations necessary for controlling microbial infection in CD4-high and CD4-low patients. To assess these relationships, paired bronchoalveolar lavage and stool microbiota (bacterial and fungal) from a large cohort of Ugandan, HIV-infected patients with pneumonia were examined, and in vitro tests of the effect of gut microbiome products on macrophage effector phenotypes performed. While lower airway microbiota stratified into three compositionally distinct microbiota as previously described, these were not related to peripheral CD4 cell count. In contrast, variation in gut microbiota composition significantly related to CD4 cell count, lung microbiota composition, and patient mortality. Compared with patients with high CD4+ cell counts, those with low counts possessed more compositionally similar airway and gut microbiota, evidence of microbial translocation, and their associated gut microbiome products reduced macrophage activation and IL-10 expression and increased IL-1β expression in vitro. These findings suggest that the gut microbiome is related to CD4 status and plays a key role in modulating macrophage function, critical to microbial control in HIV-infected patients with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera K Shenoy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Current address: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Douglas W Fadrosh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Din L Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - William Worodria
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Byanyima
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Musisi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvia Kaswabuli
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josephine Zawedde
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ingvar Sanyu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emily Chang
- HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Serena Fong
- HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn McCauley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - J Lucian Davis
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laurence Huang
- HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Kang Y, Cai Y. Altered Gut Microbiota in HIV Infection: Future Perspective of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:229-235. [PMID: 29877092 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection progressively destroys CD4+ mononuclear cells, leading to profound cellular immune deficiency that manifests as life-threatening opportunistic infections and malignancies (i.e., AIDS). Gut microbiota plays key roles in the modulation of host metabolism and gene expression, maintenance of epithelial integrity, and mediation of inflammatory and immunity. Hence, the normal intestinal microbiota plays a major role in the maintenance of health and disease prevention. In fact, a large number of studies have shown that the alteration of the gut microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, metabolic diseases, anorexia nervosa, autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, cancer, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, accumulating evidence has shed light on the association of dysbiosis of gut microbiota with HIV infection. Hence, the modification of gut microbiota may be a potential therapeutic tool. Fecal microbiota transplantation may improve the conditions of patients with HIV infection by manipulating the human intestinal bacteria. However, the relevant research is very limited, and a large amount of scientific research work needs to be done in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Kang
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- 2 Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yue Cai
- 1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- 3 Genetics and Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Williams B, Weber K, Chlipala G, Evans C, Morack R, French A. HIV Status Does Not Affect Rectal Microbiome Composition, Diversity, or Stability over Time: A Chicago Women's Interagency HIV Study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:260-266. [PMID: 30618262 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear whether differences in gut microbiota noted between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals are driven by HIV or sexual behavior. We evaluated rectal swab microbiota of HIV-infected and uninfected women with similar demographic, neighborhood, and diet characteristics enrolled in the Chicago Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). DNA was amplified for sequencing of fragments of bacterial small subunit (SSU or 16S) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. HIV-infected and uninfected women did not differ by Shannon diversity index (p = .14), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot of Bray-Curtis indices (p = .488, r = 0.0027), or copy number of individual taxa. Both groups demonstrated marked microbiome stability over time (p = .889).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Ruth M. Rothstein Core Center of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathleen Weber
- Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, Illinois
| | - George Chlipala
- Center for Research Informatics, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charlesnika Evans
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Hines, Illinois
| | - Ralph Morack
- Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Audrey French
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Ruth M. Rothstein Core Center of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois
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The Acute Influence of Acid Suppression with Esomeprazole on Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Brain Gene Expression Profiles in a Murine Model of Restraint Stress. Neuroscience 2019; 398:206-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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223
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Zhang F, Yang J, Ji Y, Sun M, Shen J, Sun J, Wang J, Liu L, Shen Y, Zhang R, Chen J, Lu H. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Is Not Independently Associated With Neurocognitive Impairment in People Living With HIV. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3352. [PMID: 30761121 PMCID: PMC6362426 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis, which has been linked to many neurological diseases, is common in HIV infection. However, its role in the pathogenesis of neurocognitive impairment is still not established. In this study, a total of 85 HIV infected subjects, naïve to antiretroviral therapy, were classified into two groups—those with HIV-associated neurological diseases (HAND) and those without, using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Fecal samples were collected from all subjects and microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Subjects with HAND were older (P < 0.001), with lower levels of education (P = 0.002), lower CD4 T-cell counts (P = 0.032), and greater heterosexual preference (P < 0.001), than those without HAND. Gut microbiota from subjects with HAND showed significantly lower α-diversity compared to gut microbiota from subjects without HAND (Shannon index, P = 0.003). To exclude confounding bias, 25 subjects from each group, with comparable age, gender, CD4 T-cell count, educational level and sexual preference were further analyzed. The two groups showed comparable α-diversity (for SOB index, Shannon index, Simpson index, ACE index, and Chao index, all with P-value > 0.05) and β-diversity (ANOSIM statistic = 0.010, P = 0.231). There were no significant differences in microbiota composition between the two groups after the correction for a false discovery rate. Consistently, microbiota from the two groups presented similar predictive functional profiles. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is not independently associated with neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengdi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyang Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjia Ji
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyan Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Shen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangrong Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinzhong Shen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renfang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Increased influenza-specific antibody avidity in HIV-infected women compared with HIV-infected men on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33:33-44. [PMID: 30234599 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is recommended that HIV-infected individuals receive annual influenza vaccination due to their high susceptibility to influenza infection, especially among women. However, there have been few studies investigating sex-related responses to influenza vaccine in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals. METHOD In this study, 26 aviremic ART-treated HIV-infected individuals and 16 healthy controls were enrolled in the current study. Blood was collected prior to vaccination (D0), on days 7-10 (D7) and on days 14-21 (D14) following administration of the 2013-2014 seasonal influenza vaccine. A series of analyses evaluated the serological and cellular responses following influenza vaccination. RESULTS Female HIV-infected individuals had increased influenza-specific antibody avidity relative to male HIV-infected individuals, but similar plasma levels of influenza-specific binding antibodies and neutralizing antibodies. Increased cycling B cells and follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells were observed in female HIV-infected individuals pre and postvaccination compared with male HIV-infected individuals, and cycling Tfh cells were directly correlated with influenza-specific antibody avidity. Moreover, plasma testosterone levels were inversely correlated with antibody avidity index. The magnitude of microbial translocation [plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] level was directly correlated with influenza-specific antibody avidity. Circulating 16S rDNA microbiome showed that enrichment of specific species within Proteobacteria was associated with influenza-specific antibody avidity. These results, including differences based on sex and correlations, were only observed in HIV-infected individuals but not in the healthy controls. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated sex differences in influenza-specific antibody avidity in ART-treated HIV disease, and provides valuable information on vaccination strategy in the ART-treated HIV-infected population.
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225
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Liu J, Johnson R, Dillon S, Kroehl M, Frank DN, Tuncil YE, Zhang X, Ir D, Robertson CE, Seifert S, Higgins J, Hamaker B, Wilson CC, Erlandson KM. Among older adults, age-related changes in the stool microbiome differ by HIV-1 serostatus. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:583-594. [PMID: 30685386 PMCID: PMC6413415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 infection and physiological aging are independently linked to elevated systemic inflammation and changes in enteric microbial communities (dysbiosis). However, knowledge of the direct effect of HIV infection on the aging microbiome and potential links to systemic inflammation is lacking. Methods In a cross-sectional study of older people living with HIV (PLWH) (median age 61.5 years, N = 14) and uninfected controls (median 58 years, n = 22) we compared stool microbiota, levels of microbial metabolites (short-chain fatty acid levels, SCFA) and systemic inflammatory biomarkers by HIV serostatus and age. Findings HIV and age were independently associated with distinct changes in the stool microbiome. For example, abundances of Enterobacter and Paraprevotella were higher and Eggerthella and Roseburia lower among PLWH compared to uninfected controls. Age-related microbiome changes also differed by HIV serostatus. Some bacteria with inflammatory potential (e.g. Escherichia) increased with age among PLWH, but not controls. Stool SCFA levels were similar between the two groups yet patterns of associations between individual microbial taxa and SCFA levels differed. Abundance of various genera including Escherichia and Bifidobacterium positively associated with inflammatory biomarkers (e.g. soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors) among PLWH, but not among controls. Interpretation The age effect on the gut microbiome and associations between microbiota and microbial metabolites or systemic inflammation differed based on HIV serostatus, raising important implications for the impact of therapeutic interventions, dependent on HIV serostatus or age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachel Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Miranda Kroehl
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yunus E Tuncil
- Food Engineering Department, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey; Department of Food Science, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Diana Ir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles E Robertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sharon Seifert
- Department of Pharmacology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Janine Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bruce Hamaker
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Cara C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Kristine M Erlandson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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226
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Machiavelli A, Duarte RTD, Pires MMDS, Zárate-Bladés CR, Pinto AR. The impact of in utero HIV exposure on gut microbiota, inflammation, and microbial translocation. Gut Microbes 2019; 10:599-614. [PMID: 30657007 PMCID: PMC6748604 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1560768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) children represent a growing population and show a significantly higher number of infectious diseases, several immune alterations, compromised growth, and increased mortality rates when compared to HIV-unexposed children. Considering the impact that the gut microbiota has on general host homeostasis and immune system development and modulation, we hypothesized that HEU children present altered gut microbiota that is linked to the increased morbidity and the immune system disorders faced by them. Our experiments revealed no differences in beta and alpha diversity of the gut microbiota between HEU and unexposed children or between HIV-infected and uninfected mothers. However, there were differences in the abundance of several taxa from the gut microbiota between HEU and unexposed children and between HIV-infected and uninfected mothers. Functional prediction based on 16S rRNA sequences also indicated differences between HEU and unexposed children and between infected and uninfected mothers. In addition, we detected no differences between HEU and unexposed children in relation to weight, weight-for-age z scores, albumin serum levels, or microbial translocation and inflammation markers. In summary, HIV-infected mothers and their HIV-exposed children present alterations in the abundance of several taxa in the gut microbiome and the predicted functional metagenome when compared to uninfected mothers and unexposed children. Knowledge about the gut microbiome of HEU children in different settings is essential in order to determine better treatments for this susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Machiavelli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rubens T. Delgado Duarte
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Maria M. de Souza Pires
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil,Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Zárate-Bladés
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aguinaldo R. Pinto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil,CONTACT Aguinaldo R. Pinto Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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227
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Fitzgerald FC, Lhomme E, Harris K, Kenny J, Doyle R, Kityo C, Shaw LP, Abongomera G, Musiime V, Cook A, Brown JR, Brooks A, Owen-Powell E, Gibb DM, Prendergast AJ, Sarah Walker A, Thiebaut R, Klein N. Microbial Translocation Does Not Drive Immune Activation in Ugandan Children Infected With HIV. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:89-100. [PMID: 30107546 PMCID: PMC6284549 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Immune activation is associated with morbidity and mortality during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, despite receipt of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated whether microbial translocation drives immune activation in HIV-infected Ugandan children. Methods Nineteen markers of immune activation and inflammation were measured over 96 weeks in HIV-infected Ugandan children in the CHAPAS-3 Trial and HIV-uninfected age-matched controls. Microbial translocation was assessed using molecular techniques, including next-generation sequencing. Results Of 249 children included, 142 were infected with HIV; of these, 120 were ART naive, with a median age of 2.8 years (interquartile range [IQR], 1.7-4.0 years) and a median baseline CD4+ T-cell percentage of 20% (IQR, 14%-24%), and 22 were ART experienced, with a median age of 6.5 years (IQR, 5.9-9.2 years) and a median baseline CD4+ T-cell percentage of 35% (IQR, 31%-39%). The control group comprised 107 children without HIV infection. The median increase in the CD4+ T-cell percentage was 17 percentage points (IQR, 12-22 percentage points) at week 96 among ART-naive children, and the viral load was <100 copies/mL in 76% of ART-naive children and 91% of ART-experienced children. Immune activation decreased with ART use. Children could be divided on the basis of immune activation markers into the following 3 clusters: in cluster 1, the majority of children were HIV uninfected; cluster 2 comprised a mix of HIV-uninfected children and HIV-infected ART-naive or ART-experienced children; and in cluster 3, the majority were ART naive. Immune activation was low in cluster 1, decreased in cluster 3, and persisted in cluster 2. Blood microbial DNA levels were negative or very low across groups, with no difference between clusters except for Enterobacteriaceae organisms (the level was higher in cluster 1; P < .0001). Conclusion Immune activation decreased with ART use, with marker clustering indicating different activation patterns according to HIV and ART status. Levels of bacterial DNA in blood were low regardless of HIV status, ART status, and immune activation status. Microbial translocation did not drive immune activation in this setting. Clinical Trials Registration ISRCTN69078957.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edouard Lhomme
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, ISPED
- Statistics in System Biology and Translational Medicine (SISTM Team), INRIA Research Centre
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Kathryn Harris
- Microbiology, Virology, and Infection Prevention and Control, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, GOS National Health Service Foundation Trust
| | - Julia Kenny
- Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation Programme
| | - Ronan Doyle
- Microbiology, Virology, and Infection Prevention and Control, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, GOS National Health Service Foundation Trust
| | | | - Liam P Shaw
- Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation Programme
| | | | | | - Adrian Cook
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL
| | - Julianne R Brown
- Microbiology, Virology, and Infection Prevention and Control, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, GOS National Health Service Foundation Trust
| | - Anthony Brooks
- University College London (UCL) Genomics, UCL Great Ormond Street (GOS) Institute of Child Health
| | | | - Diana M Gibb
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Rodolphe Thiebaut
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, ISPED
- Statistics in System Biology and Translational Medicine (SISTM Team), INRIA Research Centre
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Nigel Klein
- Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation Programme
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Role of the Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1118:253-269. [PMID: 30747427 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severe neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorder with elusive etiology and obscure pathophysiology. Cognitive inabilities, impaired communication, repetitive behavior pattern, and restricted social interaction and communication lead to a debilitating situation in autism. The pattern of co-occurrence of medical comorbidities is most intriguing in autism, compared to any other neurodevelopmental disorders. They have an elevated comorbidity burden among which most frequently are seizures, psychiatric illness, and gastrointestinal disorders. The gut microbiota is believed to play a pivotal role in human health and disease through involvement in physiological homoeostasis, immunological development, glutathione metabolism, amino acid metabolism, etc., which in a reasonable way explain the role of gut-brain axis in autism. Branded as a neurodevelopmental disorder with psychiatric impairment and often misclassified as a mental disorder, many experts in the field think that a therapeutic solution to autism is unlikely to emerge. As the pathophysiology is still elusive, taking into account of the various symptoms that are concurrent in autism is important. Gastrointestinal problems that are seen associated with most of the autism cases suggest that it is not just a psychiatric disorder as many claim but have a physiological base, and alleviating the gastrointestinal problems could help alleviating the symptoms by bringing out the much needed overall improvement in the affected victims. A gut disorder akin to Crohn's disease is, sometimes, reported in autistic children, an extremely painful gastrointestinal disease which is named as autistic enterocolitis. This disturbed situation hypothesized to be initiated by dysbiosis or microbial imbalance could in turn perturb the coordination of microbiota-gut-brain axis which is important in human mental health as goes the popular dictum: "fix your gut, fix your brain."
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229
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Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Disease in the Setting of HIV Infection. Can J Cardiol 2018; 35:238-248. [PMID: 30825947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the initial reports of increased cardiovascular (CV) disease in the setting of advanced AIDS were reported approximately 30 years ago, advances in antiretroviral therapy and immediate initiation of therapy on diagnosis have transformed what was once a deadly infectious disease into a chronic health condition. Accordingly, the types of CV diseases occurring in HIV have shifted from pericardial effusions and dilated cardiomyopathy to atherosclerosis and heart failure. The underlying pathophysiology of HIV-associated CV disease remains poorly understood, partly because of the rapidly evolving nature of HIV treatment and because clinical endpoints take many years to develop. The gut plays an important role in the early pathogenesis of HIV infection as HIV preferentially infects CD4+ T cells, 80% of which are located in gut mucosa. The loss of these T cells damages gut mucosa resulting in increased gut permeability and microbial translocation, which incites chronic inflammation and immune activation. Antiretroviral therapy does not cure HIV infection and immune abnormalities persist. These abnormalities correlate with mortality and CV events. The effects of antiretroviral therapy on CV risk are complex; treatment reduces inflammation and other markers of CV risk but induces lipid abnormalities, most commonly hypertriglyceridemia. On a molecular level, monocytes/macrophages, platelet reactivity, and immune cell activation, which play a role in the general population, may be heightened in the setting of HIV and contribute to HIV-associated atherosclerosis. Chronic inflammation represents an inviting therapeutic target in HIV, as it does in uninfected persons with atherosclerosis.
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230
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Libertucci J, Young VB. The role of the microbiota in infectious diseases. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:35-45. [PMID: 30546094 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human body is colonized by a diverse community of microorganisms collectively referred to as the microbiota. Here, we describe how the human microbiota influences susceptibility to infectious diseases using examples from the respiratory, gastrointestinal and female reproductive tract. We will discuss how interactions between the host, the indigenous microbiota and non-native microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can alter the outcome of infections. This Review Article will highlight the complex mechanisms by which the microbiota mediates colonization resistance, both directly and indirectly, against infectious agents. Strategies for the therapeutic modulation of the microbiota to prevent or treat infectious diseases will be discussed, and we will review potential therapies that directly target the microbiota, including prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Libertucci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vincent B Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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231
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Kaur US, Shet A, Rajnala N, Gopalan BP, Moar P, D H, Singh BP, Chaturvedi R, Tandon R. High Abundance of genus Prevotella in the gut of perinatally HIV-infected children is associated with IP-10 levels despite therapy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17679. [PMID: 30518941 PMCID: PMC6281660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal HIV infection is characterized by faster HIV disease progression and higher initial rate of HIV replication compared to adults. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has greatly reduced HIV replication to undetectable levels, there is persistent elevated inflammation associated with HIV disease progression. Alteration of gut microbiota is associated with increased inflammation in chronic adult HIV infection. Here, we aim to study the gut microbiome and its role in inflammation in treated and untreated HIV-infected children. Examination of fecal microbiota revealed that perinatally infected children living with HIV had significantly higher levels of genus Prevotella that persisted despite ART. These children also had higher levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14), a marker of microbial translocation, and IP-10 despite therapy. The Prevotella positively correlated with IP-10 levels in both treated and untreated HIV-infected children, while genus Prevotella and species Prevotella copri was inversely associated with CD4 count. Relative abundance of genus Prevotella and species Prevotella copri showed positive correlation with sCD14 in ART-suppressed perinatally HIV-infected children. Our study suggests that gut microbiota may serve as one of the driving forces behind the persistent inflammation in children despite ART. Reshaping of microbiota using probiotics may be recommended as an adjunctive therapy along with ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvinder S Kaur
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Shet
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Niharika Rajnala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Bindu Parachalil Gopalan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Preeti Moar
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu D
- Department of Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Host Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Armstrong AJS, Shaffer M, Nusbacher NM, Griesmer C, Fiorillo S, Schneider JM, Preston Neff C, Li SX, Fontenot AP, Campbell T, Palmer BE, Lozupone CA. An exploration of Prevotella-rich microbiomes in HIV and men who have sex with men. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:198. [PMID: 30396369 PMCID: PMC6219090 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiome characteristics associated with HIV infection are of intense research interest but a deep understanding has been challenged by confounding factors across studied populations. Notably, a Prevotella-rich microbiome described in HIV-infected populations is now understood to be common in men who have sex with men (MSM) regardless of HIV status, but driving factors and potential health implications are unknown. RESULTS Here, we further define the MSM-associated gut microbiome and describe compositional differences between the fecal microbiomes of Prevotella-rich MSM and non-MSM that may underlie observed pro-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, we show relatively subtle gut microbiome changes in HIV infection in MSM and women that include an increase in potential pathogens that is ameliorated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Lastly, using a longitudinal cohort, we describe microbiome changes that happen after ART initiation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an in-depth characterization of microbiome differences that occur in a US population infected with HIV and demonstrates the degree to which these differences may be driven by lifestyle factors, ART, and HIV infection itself. Understanding microbiome compositions that occur with sexual behaviors that are high risk for acquiring HIV and untreated and ART-treated HIV infection will guide the investigation of immune and metabolic functional implications to ultimately target the microbiome therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J. S. Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Michael Shaffer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Nichole M. Nusbacher
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Christine Griesmer
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Suzanne Fiorillo
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Jennifer M. Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - C. Preston Neff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Sam X. Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Andrew P. Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Thomas Campbell
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Catherine A. Lozupone
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
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Tincati C, Ancona G, Marchetti G. The fecal microbiome directly drives immune activation in HIV infection. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:S45. [PMID: 30613620 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.09.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Tincati
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Presidio San Paolo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ancona
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Presidio San Paolo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Marchetti
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Presidio San Paolo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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234
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Lombardi VC, De Meirleir KL, Subramanian K, Nourani SM, Dagda RK, Delaney SL, Palotás A. Nutritional modulation of the intestinal microbiota; future opportunities for the prevention and treatment of neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory disease. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 61:1-16. [PMID: 29886183 PMCID: PMC6195483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system. Mounting evidence supports the premise that the intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in its function and has led to the more common and perhaps more accurate term gut-microbiota-brain axis. Numerous studies have identified associations between an altered microbiome and neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases. In most cases, it is unknown if these associations are cause or effect; notwithstanding, maintaining or restoring homeostasis of the microbiota may represent future opportunities when treating or preventing these diseases. In recent years, several studies have identified the diet as a primary contributing factor in shaping the composition of the gut microbiota and, in turn, the mucosal and systemic immune systems. In this review, we will discuss the potential opportunities and challenges with respect to modifying and shaping the microbiota through diet and nutrition in order to treat or prevent neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C Lombardi
- Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0552, Reno, NV, 89557, USA; University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0357, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Kenny L De Meirleir
- Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0552, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Krishnamurthy Subramanian
- Nevada Center for Biomedical Research, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0552, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Sam M Nourani
- University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0357, Reno, NV, 89557, USA; Advanced Therapeutic, General Gastroenterology & Hepatology Digestive Health Associates, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Ruben K Dagda
- University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 1664 N. Virginia St. MS 0318, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | | | - András Palotás
- Kazan Federal University, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, (Volga Region) 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan, 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation; Asklepios-Med (private medical practice and research center), Kossuth Lajos sgt. 23, Szeged, H-6722, Hungary.
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235
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Gut microbiota and plasma metabolites associated with diabetes in women with, or at high risk for, HIV infection. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:392-400. [PMID: 30366816 PMCID: PMC6286648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota alteration has been implicated in HIV infection and metabolic disorders. The relationship between gut microbiota and diabetes has rarely been studied in HIV-infected individuals, who have excess risk of metabolic disorders. METHODS Our study during 2015-2016 enrolled predominantly African Americans and Hispanics in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. We studied 28 women with long-standing HIV infection under antiretroviral therapy and 20 HIV-uninfected, but at high risk of infection, women (16 HIV+ and 6 HIV- with diabetes). Fecal samples were analyzed by sequencing prokaryotic16S rRNA gene. Plasma metabolomics profiling was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. FINDINGS No significant differences in bacterial α- or β-diversity were observed by diabetes or HIV serostatus (all P > .1). Relative abundances of four genera (Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Sneathia, and Adlercreutzia) were lower in women with diabetes compared to those without diabetes (all P < .01). In women with diabetes, plasma levels of several metabolites in tryptophan catabolism (e,g., kynurenine/tryptophan ratio), branched-chain amino acid and proline metabolism pathways were higher, while glycerophospholipids were lower (all P < .05). Results were generally consistent between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women, and no significant modification effects by HIV serostatus were observed (all Pinteraction > 0.05). Anaerococcus, known to produce butyrate which is involved in anti-inflammation and glucose metabolism, showed an inverse correlation with kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (r = -0.38, P < .01). INTERPRETATION Among women with or at high risk for HIV infection, diabetes is associated with gut microbiota and plasma metabolite alteration, including depletion of butyrate-producing bacterial population along with higher tryptophan catabolism. FUND: NHLBI (K01HL129892, R01HL140976) and FMF.
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236
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Fulcher JA, Hussain SK, Cook R, Li F, Tobin NH, Ragsdale A, Shoptaw S, Gorbach PM, Aldrovandi GM. Effects of Substance Use and Sex Practices on the Intestinal Microbiome During HIV-1 Infection. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1560-1570. [PMID: 29982500 PMCID: PMC6692862 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection alters the human intestinal microbiome; however, behavioral factors driving these changes remain poorly defined. Here we examine the effects of substance use and sex behavior on the microbiome during HIV-1 infection. Methods Archival rectal swab specimens, urine drug test results, and responses to substance use and sex behavior questionnaires were obtained from 37 HIV-positive participants at 2 time points, separated by 6 months, in a cohort examining the effects of substance use in men who have sex with men (MSM). Microbiome profiling was performed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, and associations with behavioral factors were examined using 0-inflated negative binomial regression. Further analysis of selected variables of interest was performed using propensity scores to account for multiple confounders. Results Using permutational multivariate analysis of variance, we found that receptive anal intercourse, methamphetamine use, and marijuana use were among the most important drivers of microbiome variation. Propensity score-adjusted analyses revealed that methamphetamine use and marijuana use displayed unique associations; methamphetamine use was associated with an increased abundance of Porphyromonas and Granulicatella organisms and a decreased abundance of Ruminococcus, Collinsella, and Parabacteroides organisms, whereas marijuana use was associated with an increased abundance of Ruminococcus, Clostridium cluster IV, Solobacterium, and Fusobacterium organisms and a decreased abundance of Acidaminococcus, Prevotella, Dialister, Anaerostipes, and Dorea organisms. Conclusions Drug use and sex behavior are important factors associated with intestinal dysbiosis during chronic HIV-1 infection among young MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Fulcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shehnaz K Hussain
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ryan Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fan Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy Ragsdale
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven Shoptaw
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pamina M Gorbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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237
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Fukui Y, Aoki K, Ishii Y, Tateda K. The palatine tonsil bacteriome, but not the mycobiome, is altered in HIV infection. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:127. [PMID: 30290791 PMCID: PMC6173881 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial flora in several organs of HIV-infected individuals have been characterized; however, the palatine tonsil bacteriome and mycobiome and their relationship with each other remain unclear. Determining the palatine tonsil microbiome may provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of oral and systemic complications in HIV-infected individuals. We conducted a cross-sectional study to characterize the palatine tonsil microbiome in HIV-infected individuals. Results Palatine tonsillar swabs were collected from 46 HIV-infected and 20 HIV-uninfected individuals. The bacteriome and mycobiome were analyzed by amplicon sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. The palatine tonsil bacteriome of the HIV-infected individuals differed from that of HIV-uninfected individuals in terms of the decreased relative abundances of the commensal genera Neisseria and Haemophilus. At the species level, the relative abundances and presence of Capnocytophaga ochracea, Neisseria cinerea, and Selenomonas noxia were higher in the HIV-infected group than those in the HIV-uninfected group. In contrast, fungal diversity and composition did not differ significantly between the two groups. Microbial intercorrelation analysis revealed that Candida and Neisseria were negatively correlated with each other in the HIV-infected group. HIV immune status did not influence the palatine tonsil microbiome in the HIV-infected individuals. Conclusions HIV-infected individuals exhibit dysbiotic changes in their palatine tonsil bacteriome, independent of immunological status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1274-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Fukui
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Aoki
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
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238
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Haaland RE, Fountain J, Hu Y, Holder A, Dinh C, Hall L, Pescatore NA, Heeke S, Hart CE, Xu J, Hu Y, Kelley CF. Repeated rectal application of a hyperosmolar lubricant is associated with microbiota shifts but does not affect PrEP drug concentrations: results from a randomized trial in men who have sex with men. J Int AIDS Soc 2018; 21:e25199. [PMID: 30378274 PMCID: PMC6207839 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) is highly effective in preventing HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). The effects of consistent personal lubricant use in the rectum on tissue PrEP drug concentrations and the rectal microbiota are unknown. We investigated rectal PrEP drug concentrations and the microbiota in MSM before and after repeated rectal application of a hyperosmolar lubricant. METHODS We randomized 60 HIV-negative MSM to apply 4 mL of hyperosmolar rectal lubricant daily (n = 20), take daily oral TDF/FTC (n = 19), or both (n = 21) for seven days. Blood, rectal biopsies and rectal secretions were collected via rigid sigmoidoscopy before and on day 8 after product use. Tenofovir (TFV) and FTC as well as their intracellular metabolites tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP), FTC-triphosphate (FTC-TP) were measured by HPLC-mass spectrometry. Rectal mucosal microbiota was sequenced with 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. RESULTS Seven days of lubricant application was not associated with differences in PrEP drug concentrations in rectal tissue or secretions. Lubricant use was associated with a decrease in the relative abundance of the Bacteroides genus (p = 0.01) and a non-significant increase in the Prevotella genus (p = 0.09) in the rectum. PrEP drug concentrations in rectal tissue and secretions were not associated with microbiota composition or diversity either before or after lubricant use. CONCLUSIONS Repeated rectal application of a hyperosmolar lubricant does not affect mucosal PrEP drug concentrations but is associated with changes in the rectal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Haaland
- Division of HIV/AIDS PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jeffrey Fountain
- Division of HIV/AIDS PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Yingtian Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and BioinformaticsRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Angela Holder
- Division of HIV/AIDS PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Chuong Dinh
- Division of HIV/AIDS PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - LaShonda Hall
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineThe Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine CenterEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Nicole A Pescatore
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineThe Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine CenterEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Sheila Heeke
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineThe Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine CenterEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Clyde E Hart
- Division of HIV/AIDS PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of BiostatisticsSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Yi‐Juan Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and BioinformaticsRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Colleen F Kelley
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineThe Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine CenterEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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239
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Lee SC, Chua LL, Yap SH, Khang TF, Leng CY, Raja Azwa RI, Lewin SR, Kamarulzaman A, Woo YL, Lim YAL, Loke P, Rajasuriar R. Enrichment of gut-derived Fusobacterium is associated with suboptimal immune recovery in HIV-infected individuals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14277. [PMID: 30250162 PMCID: PMC6155144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the gut microbiota profile among HIV-infected individuals with diverse immune recovery profiles following long-term suppressive ART and investigated the relationship between the altered bacteria with markers of immune dysfunction. The microbiota profile of rectal swabs from 26 HIV-infected individuals and 20 HIV-uninfected controls were examined. Patients were classified as suboptimal responders, sIR (n = 10, CD4 T-cell <350 cells/ul) and optimal responders, oIR (n = 16, CD4 T-cell >500 cells/ul) after a minimum of 2 years on suppressive ART. Canonical correlation analysis(CCA) and multiple regression modelling were used to explore the association between fecal bacterial taxa abundance and immunological profiles in optimal and suboptimal responders. We found Fusobacterium was significantly enriched among the HIV-infected and the sIR group. CCA results showed that Fusobacterium abundance was negatively correlated with CD4 T-cell counts, but positively correlated with CD4 T-cell activation and CD4 Tregs. Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, baseline CD4 T-cell count, antibiotic exposure and MSM status indicated that higher Fusobacterium relative abundance was independently associated with poorer CD4 T-cell recovery following ART. Enrichment of Fusobacterium was associated with reduced immune recovery and persistent immune dysfunction following ART. Modulating the abundance of this bacterial taxa in the gut may be a viable intervention to improve immune reconstitution in our setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ching Lee
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ling Ling Chua
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hwei Yap
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tsung Fei Khang
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Centre for Data Analytics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chan Yoon Leng
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raja Iskandar Raja Azwa
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital; Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yin Ling Woo
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai Lian Lim
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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240
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Lim SH, Methé BA, Knoll BM, Morris A, Obaro SK. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in sickle cell disease in Africa: is increased gut permeability the missing link? J Transl Med 2018; 16:239. [PMID: 30165857 PMCID: PMC6116559 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella usually induces self-limiting gastroenteritis. However, in many parts of Africa, especially in individuals who are malnourished, infected with malaria, or have sickle cell disease, the organism causes serious and potentially fatal systemic infections. Since the portal of entry of non-typhoidal Salmonella into the systemic circulation is by way of the intestine, we argue that an increased gut permeability plays a vital role in the initiation of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in these patients. Here, we will appraise the evidence supporting a breach in the intestinal barrier and propose the mechanisms for the increased risks for invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seah H Lim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, New York Medical College, Hawthorne, NY, USA. .,Westchester Medical Center Cancer Institute, 19 Bradhurst Avenue, Suite 2575S, Hawthorne, NY, 10532, USA.
| | - Barbara A Methé
- Center for Microbiome in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Bettina M Knoll
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Hawthorne, NY, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Center for Microbiome in Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Stephen K Obaro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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241
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Type I/II Interferon in HIV-1-Infected Patients: Expression in Gut Mucosa and in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Its Modification upon Probiotic Supplementation. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1738676. [PMID: 30186879 PMCID: PMC6109550 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1738676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of type I and II interferon (IFN) was evaluated in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-1-positive patients on long-term, suppressive, antiretroviral therapy before and after probiotic supplementation. IFNα subtypes and IFNβ were expressed at higher levels in GALT compared to PBMC, whereas an opposite trend of expression was recorded for IFNγ. An increase of IFNα6, IFNα10, IFNα14, IFNα17, and IFNα21 and a decrease of IFNγ were observed in both anatomical sites after probiotic supplementation.
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242
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Vázquez-Castellanos JF, Serrano-Villar S, Jiménez-Hernández N, Soto Del Rio MD, Gayo S, Rojo D, Ferrer M, Barbas C, Moreno S, Estrada V, Rattei T, Latorre A, Moya A, Gosalbes MJ. Interplay between gut microbiota metabolism and inflammation in HIV infection. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1964-1976. [PMID: 29789624 PMCID: PMC6052150 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection causes a disruption of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, driving a shift in the composition of gut microbiota. A deeper understanding of the metabolic changes and how they affect the interplay with the host is needed. Here, we assessed functional modifications of HIV-associated microbiota by combining metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses. The transcriptionally active microbiota was well-adapted to the inflamed environment, overexpressing pathways related to resistance to oxidative stress. Furthermore, gut inflammation was maintained by the Gram-negative nature of the HIV-associated microbiota and underexpression of anti-inflammatory processes, such as short chain fatty acid biosynthesis or indole production. We performed co-occurrence and metabolic network analyses that showed relevance in the microbiota structure of both taxonomic and metabolic HIV-associated biomarkers. The Bayesian network revealed the most determinant pathways for maintaining the structure stability of the bacterial community. In addition, we identified the taxa's contribution to metabolic activities and their interactions with host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F Vázquez-Castellanos
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Jiménez-Hernández
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Soto Del Rio
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Piedmont, Italy
| | - Sara Gayo
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - David Rojo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
- CSIC, Institute of Catalysis, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Estrada
- HIV Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomas Rattei
- Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- Integrative Systems Biology Institute (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain.
- Integrative Systems Biology Institute (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
| | - María José Gosalbes
- Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research of Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain.
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A compartmentalized type I interferon response in the gut during chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with immunopathogenesis. AIDS 2018; 32:1599-1611. [PMID: 29762170 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Type I interferon (IFN-I) responses confer both protective and pathogenic effects in persistent virus infections. IFN-I diversity, stage of infection and tissue compartment may account for this dichotomy. The gut is a major site of early HIV-1 replication and microbial translocation, but the nature of the IFN-I response in this compartment remains unclear. DESIGN Samples were obtained from two IRB-approved cross-sectional studies. The first study included individuals with chronic, untreated HIV-1 infection (n = 24) and age/sex-balanced uninfected controls (n = 14). The second study included antiretroviral-treated, HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 15) and uninfected controls (n = 15). METHODS The expression of 12 IFNα subtypes, IFNβ and antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and colon biopsies using real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing. In untreated HIV-1-infected individuals, associations between IFN-I responses and gut HIV-1 RNA levels as well as previously established measures of colonic and systemic immunological indices were determined. RESULTS IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5 and IFNα8 were upregulated in PBMCs during untreated chronic HIV-1 infection, but IFNβ was undetectable. By contrast, IFNβ was upregulated and all IFNα subtypes were downregulated in gut tissue. Gut ISG levels positively correlated with gut HIV-1 RNA and immune activation, microbial translocation and inflammation markers. Gut IFN-I responses were not significantly different between HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral treatment and uninfected controls. CONCLUSION The IFN-I response is compartmentalized during chronic untreated HIV-1 infection, with IFNβ being more predominant in the gut. Gut IFN-I responses are associated with immunopathogenesis, and viral replication is likely a major driver of this response.
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The microbial metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide in association with inflammation and microbial dysregulation in three HIV cohorts at various disease stages. AIDS 2018; 32:1589-1598. [PMID: 29620717 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1-infection infers an increased cardiovascular risk where gut dysbiosis and microbial translocation may contribute. We assessed TMAO, a microbial metabolite with atherosclerotic properties, in plasma of HIV-1-infected individuals at different clinical stages in relation to inflammatory markers, cardiovascular events and gut microbiota. METHODS Primary HIV-1-infected (n = 17) and chronic HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 22) were sampled before and after ART-initiation. In the chronic HIV-1-cohort, repeated faecal samples were analysed by 16SrRNA gene sequencing. HIV-1-infected individuals on longstanding ART (n = 101) and healthy HIV-1-negative individuals (n = 60), served as controls. TMAO and markers of immune activation were analysed by LC/MS/MS and immune assays, respectively. RESULTS TMAO levels were lower in untreated HIV-1-infected individuals, increased significantly after ART-initiation (P = 0.040 and P < 0.001) but remained similar to healthy controls. TMAO levels were not affected by ART, immune status or degree of systemic inflammation. Higher TMAO in HIV-1-infected individuals on longstanding ART was not significantly associated with cardiovascular risk (P = 0.38). Additionally, TMAO levels correlated inversely with Bacteroidetes (Rho: -0.62, P = 0.002), and positively with Firmicutes (Rho: 0.65, P = 0.001) but held no correlation to TMA-producing genera. Notably gut dysbiosis at follow-up was more pronounced in patients without increase in TMAO levels after ART characterized by loss of Bacteroidetes (P = 0.023) and significantly elevated LPS levels (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Our data does not support that TMAO is a significant link between gut dysbiosis and inflammation in HIV-1-infection. We propose that HIV-1, microbial composition and ART disparately confound TMAO levels, thus limiting its role as a cardiovascular risk marker in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses the interaction between HIV infection, the gut microbiome, inflammation and immune activation, and HIV reservoirs, along with interventions to target the microbiome and their implications for HIV remission and cure. RECENT FINDINGS Most studies show that HIV-infected adults have a gut microbiome associated with decreased bacterial richness and diversity, and associated systemic inflammation and immune activation. A unique set of individuals, elite controllers, who spontaneously control HIV replication, have a similar microbiome to HIV-uninfected individuals. Conversely, exposure to maternal HIV in infants was shown to alter the gut microbiome, even in infants who escaped perinatal infection. Emerging research highlights the importance of the metabolomics and metaproteomics of the gut microbiome, which may have relevance for HIV remission and cure. Together, these studies illustrate the complexity of the relationship between HIV infection, the gut microbiome, and its systemic effects. SUMMARY Understanding the association of HIV with the microbiome, metabolome, and metaproteome may lead to novel therapies to decrease inflammation and immune activation, and impact HIV reservoir size and vaccine responses. Further research in this area is important to inform HIV remission and cure treatments.
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Altered gut microbiome composition in HIV infection: causes, effects and potential intervention. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2018; 13:73-80. [PMID: 29045252 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aim of this review is to summarize the alterations occurring in gut microbiome composition after HIV infection, and to underline how intestinal dysbiosis can affect immune homeostasis, immune recovery, and persisting immune activation under antiretroviral therapy (ART). Many interventions have been suggested, mostly with inconclusive results. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence showed that gut microbiota from HIV-infected patients harbor reproducible differences compared to uninfected individuals. In this line, there is growing evidence that alterations in gut ecology during HIV infection correlate with persistence of immune defects and chronic inflammation. A reduced microbial diversity in feces of HIV-infected patients is highly associated with microbial translocation and monocyte activation markers; moreover, changes in mucosa-associated bacteria correlate with inflammation and T-cell activation. SUMMARY Studying the human host-microbiota interaction suggests that the consequences of HIV infection on microbial composition can influence immune status in HIV patients. ART induces microbiome changes that are independent of HIV infection, and some imply that ART may enhance dysbiosis. Studies and trials evaluated the effects of administering probiotics and prebiotics, finding a potential benefit on inflammation markers and immune cell activation. Emerging data on fecal microbial transplantation need to be assessed with further studies.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory, non-AIDS comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment and liver disease has become a focus of recent research. Low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture incidence in people living with HIV (PLWH) is also widely reported, however, the relationship between alterations in the gut microbiome and bone disease in PLWH has not been previously reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Murine models that manipulate the gut microbiome, either through breeding of 'germ-free' mice or antibiotic-depleted gut microbiome, show differences in bone mineral density and bone mass in those with altered gut microbiome. This effect is reported to be driven via changes in the gut-immune-skeletal axis, with changes favouring bone resorption. Several inflammatory conditions wherever bone loss is a prominent feature, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, have also reported alterations in the gut microbiome, which are associated with bone loss, again through changes in the gut-immune-skeletal axis. SUMMARY The interplay between the gut microbiome and the immune-skeletal axis in HIV represents a complex relationship. Alterations in the gut microbiome, which induce an activated immune phenotype and inflammatory milieu are associated with non-AIDS comorbidities in PLWH and bone loss in several other conditions characterized by chronic immune activation and inflammation. It is, therefore, likely that there are comparable effects between altered gut microbiome and bone loss in HIV, however, further research is required to better define this relationship in populations of PLWH.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The article describes recent advances in understanding the causes and consequences of microbial translocation in HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus infections. RECENT FINDINGS Persistent microbial translocation contributes to aberrant immune activation in immunodeficiency lentiviral infections and thereby, pathogenesis and mortality. Efforts to delineate the circumstances surrounding translocation have benefited from use of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected nonhuman primates and highlight the overwhelming immunologic diversion caused by translocating microbes. The use of therapeutics aimed at reducing microbial translocation show promise and will benefit from continued research into the mechanisms that promote systemic microbial dissemination in treated and untreated infections. SUMMARY Insights into the source and identity of translocating microbes in lentiviral infections continue to enhance the development of adjunct therapeutics.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to review age-associated alterations in microbiota composition, diversity and functional features in context of immune senescence, chronic inflammation and comorbidities associated with HIV infection. The overall goal is to assess whether modulating the microbiome will likely improve resilience of the immune system and augment return to health. RECENT FINDINGS Alteration in the gut microbiota composition diversity and function occur in HIV and aging. Importantly, butyrate producing bacteria are reduced in both HIV and aging individuals. There is increasing relevance of studying metabolomics in the context of HIV-associated non-AIDS comorbidities and aging. Interventional prospects of probiotics, prebiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation in HIV and aging will provide novel therapeutic approaches. SUMMARY Increasing evidence suggests a significant link in changes in the composition, diversity and functional aspects of intestinal microbiome with normal aging and HIV infection. Data on association of metabolites produced by the microbiome with HIV-associated non-AIDS comorbidities is mounting. The impact of the microbiome alterations on inflammation, immune and organ senescence and mechanisms by which bio-behavioral pathways will exacerbate these outcomes needs to be further evaluated.
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Sui Y, Dzutsev A, Venzon D, Frey B, Thovarai V, Trinchieri G, Berzofsky JA. Influence of gut microbiome on mucosal immune activation and SHIV viral transmission in naive macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1219-1229. [PMID: 29858581 PMCID: PMC6030500 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown whether the gut microbiome affects HIV transmission. In our recent SHIV vaccine study, we found that the naive rhesus macaques from two different sources had significantly different rates of infection against repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge with SHIVSF162P4 virus. Exploring causes, we found that the more susceptible group of seven macaques had significantly more activated CD4+CCR5+Ki67+ T cells in the rectal mucosa than the more resistant group of 11 macaques from a different source. The prevalence of pre-challenge activated rectal CD4 T cells in the naive macaques correlated inversely with the number of challenges required to infect. Because the two naive groups came from different sources, we hypothesized that their microbiomes may differ and might explain the activation difference. Indeed, after sequencing 16s rRNA, we found differences between the two naive groups that correlated with immune activation status. Distinct gut microbiota induced different levels of immune activation ex vivo. Significantly lower ratios of Bacteroides to Prevotella, and significantly lower levels of Firmicutes were found in the susceptible cohort, which were also inversely correlated with high levels of immune activation in the rectal mucosa. Thus, host-microbiome interactions might influence HIV/SIV mucosal transmission through effects on mucosal immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,Corresponding authors: Yongjun Sui, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6716, Fx: 240-541-4453, ; Jay A. Berzofsky, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6148, Fx: 240-541-4452,
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Blake Frey
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vishal Thovarai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,Corresponding authors: Yongjun Sui, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6716, Fx: 240-541-4453, ; Jay A. Berzofsky, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, Ph: 240-760-6148, Fx: 240-541-4452,
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