201
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Zhu RG, Xiao HY, Zhang Z, Lai Y. Compound-specific δ 15N composition of free amino acids in moss as indicators of atmospheric nitrogen sources. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14347. [PMID: 30254224 PMCID: PMC6156404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Haplocladium microphyllum moss samples were collected in Nanchang, China. Free amino acid (FAA) concentrations and N isotope compositions (δ15NFAA) in the samples were determined and compared with the bulk N concentrations and δ15Nbulk values. The aim was to determine whether δ15NFAA values in moss (which are very variable) indicate the sources of atmospheric N. The δ15NFAA values among individual FAA varied widely (from -19.3‰ to +16.1‰), possibly because of the different sources of N and isotope fractionation in amino acids metabolic pathways. Total 15N-enrichment for the individual FAAs was equal to total 15N-depletion relative to δ15Nbulk. The concentration-weighted mean δ15N value for total FAAs (TFAA) (δ15NTFAA) was -3.1‰ ± 3.2‰, which was similar to δ15Nbulk (-4.0‰ ± 2.9‰). We concluded that a N isotope balance occurred during amino acid metabolism and that little isotope disparity occurred between the concentration-weighted TFAA and bulk N. We concluded that δ15NTFAA ≈ δ15Nbulk ≈ δ15Nsource. The mean δ15Nalanine (-4.1‰), δ15Nglutamate (-4.2‰), and δ15Nlysine (-4.0‰) were similar to the mean δ15Nbulk, which we attributed to little isotope fractionation occurring during their in situ the metabolic pathways. This suggests that δ15Nalanine, δ15Nglutamate, and δ15Nlysine in moss can be used to indicate the sources of atmospheric N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Guo Zhu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
- College of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Hua-Yun Xiao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
- College of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
- College of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
- College of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
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202
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Abstract
Despite evidence from experimental grasslands that plant diversity increases biomass production and soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, it remains unclear whether this is true in natural ecosystems, especially under climatic variations and human disturbances. Based on field observations from 6,098 forest, shrubland, and grassland sites across China and predictions from an integrative model combining multiple theories, we systematically examined the direct effects of climate, soils, and human impacts on SOC storage versus the indirect effects mediated by species richness (SR), aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), and belowground biomass (BB). We found that favorable climates (high temperature and precipitation) had a consistent negative effect on SOC storage in forests and shrublands, but not in grasslands. Climate favorability, particularly high precipitation, was associated with both higher SR and higher BB, which had consistent positive effects on SOC storage, thus offsetting the direct negative effect of favorable climate on SOC. The indirect effects of climate on SOC storage depended on the relationships of SR with ANPP and BB, which were consistently positive in all biome types. In addition, human disturbance and soil pH had both direct and indirect effects on SOC storage, with the indirect effects mediated by changes in SR, ANPP, and BB. High soil pH had a consistently negative effect on SOC storage. Our findings have important implications for improving global carbon cycling models and ecosystem management: Maintaining high levels of diversity can enhance soil carbon sequestration and help sustain the benefits of plant diversity and productivity.
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203
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Zhou F, Cui J, Zhou J, Yang J, Li Y, Leng Q, Wang Y, He D, Song L, Gao M, Zeng J, Chan A. Increasing atmospheric deposition nitrogen and ammonium reduced microbial activity and changed the bacterial community composition of red paddy soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:776-784. [PMID: 29602116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition nitrogen (ADN) increases the N content in soil and subsequently impacts microbial activity of soil. However, the effects of ADN on paddy soil microbial activity have not been well characterized. In this study, we studied how red paddy soil microbial activity responses to different contents of ADN through a 10-months ADN simulation on well managed pot experiments. Results showed that all tested contents of ADN fluxes (27, 55, and 82kgNha-1 when its ratio of NH4+/NO3--N (RN) was 2:1) enhanced the soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and 27kgNha-1 ADN had maximum effects while comparing with the fertilizer treatment. Generally, increasing of both ADN flux and RN (1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 with the ADN flux of 55kgNha-1) had similar reduced effects on microbial activity. Furthermore, both ADN flux and RN significantly reduced soil bacterial alpha diversity (p<0.05) and altered bacterial community structure (e.g., the relative abundances of genera Dyella and Rhodoblastus affiliated to Proteobacteria increased). Redundancy analysis demonstrated that ADN flux and RN were the main drivers in shaping paddy soil bacteria community. Overall, the results have indicated that increasing ADN flux and ammonium reduced soil microbial activity and changed the soil bacterial community. The finding highlights how paddy soil microbial community response to ADN and provides information for N management in paddy soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - John Yang
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65201, USA
| | - Yong Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiangmei Leng
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yangqing Wang
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Dongyi He
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Min Gao
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Andy Chan
- Division of Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
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204
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Impacts of a High Nitrogen Load on Foliar Nutrient Status, N Metabolism, and Photosynthetic Capacity in a Cupressus lusitanica Mill. Plantation. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9080483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At present, anthropogenic nitrogen deposition has dramatically increased worldwide and has shown negative impacts on temperate/boreal forest ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how an elevated N load affects plant growth in the relatively N-rich subtropical forests of Southern China. To address this question, a study was conducted in a six-year-old Cupressus lusitanica Mill. plantation at the Scientific Research and Teaching Base of Nanjing Forestry University, with N addition levels of N0 (0 kg ha−1 year−1), N1 (24 kg ha−1 year−1), N2 (48 kg ha−1 year−1), N3 (72 kg ha−1 year−1), N4 (96 kg ha−1 year−1), and N5 (120 kg ha−1 year−1). Leaf physiological traits associated with foliar nutrient status, photosynthetic capacity, pigment, and N metabolites were measured. The results showed that (1) N addition led to significant effects on foliar N, but had no marked effects on K concentration. Furthermore, remarkable increases of leaf physiological traits including foliar P, Ca, Mg, and Mn concentration; photosynthetic capacity; pigment; and N metabolites were always observed under low and middle-N supply. (2) High N supply notably decreased foliar P, Ca, and Mg concentration, but increased foliar Mn content. Regarding the chlorophyll, photosynthetic capacity, and N metabolites, marked declines were also observed under high N inputs. (3) Redundancy analysis showed that the net photosynthesis rate was positively correlated with foliar N, P, Ca, Mg, and Mn concentration; the Mn/Mg ratio; and concentrations of chlorophyll and N metabolites, while the net photosynthesis rate was negatively correlated with foliar K concentration and N/P ratios. These findings suggest that excess N inputs can promote nutrient imbalances and inhibit the photosynthetic capacity of Cupressus lusitanica Mill., indicating that high N deposition could threaten plant growth in tropical forests in the future. Meanwhile, further study is merited to track the effects of high N deposition on the relationship between foliar Mn accumulation and photosynthesis in Cupressus lusitanica Mill.
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205
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Cook EM, Sponseller R, Grimm NB, Hall SJ. Mixed method approach to assess atmospheric nitrogen deposition in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:617-630. [PMID: 29705717 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Arid and semi-arid ecosystems (aridlands) cover a third of Earth's terrestrial surface and contain organisms that are sensitive to low level atmospheric pollutants. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) inputs to aridlands are likely to cause changes in plant community composition, fire frequency, and carbon cycling and storage. However, few studies have documented long-term rates of atmospheric N inputs in aridlands because dry deposition is technically difficult to quantify, and extensive sampling is needed to capture fluxes with spatially and temporally heterogeneous rainfall patterns. Here, we quantified long-term spatial and temporal patterns of inorganic N deposition in protected aridland ecosystems across an extensive urban-rural gradient using multiple sampling methods. We compared long-term rates of N deposition from ion-exchange resin (IER) collectors (bulk and throughfall, 2006-2015), wet-dry bucket collectors (2006-2015), and dry deposition from the inferential method using passive samplers (2010-2012). From mixed approaches with IER collectors and inferential methods, we determined that 7.2 ± 0.4 kgNha-1y-1 is deposited to protected Sonoran Desert within metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona and 6.1 ± 0.3 kgNha-1y-1 in nearby desert ecosystems. Regional scale models overestimated deposition rates for our sampling period by 60% and misidentified hot spots of deposition across the airshed. By contrast, the easy-deployment IER throughfall collectors showed minimal spatial variation across the urban-rural gradient and underestimated deposition fluxes by 54%, largely because of underestimated dry deposition in throughfall. However, seasonal sampling of the IER collectors over 10 years allowed us to capture significant seasonal variation in N deposition and the importance of precipitation timing. These results, derived from the longest, spatially and temporally explicit dataset in drylands, highlight the need for long-term, mixed methods to estimate atmospheric nutrient enrichment to aridlands in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Cook
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Ryan Sponseller
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nancy B Grimm
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Sharon J Hall
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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206
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Continuous applications of biochar to rice: Effects on nitrogen uptake and utilization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11461. [PMID: 30061619 PMCID: PMC6065394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving soil quality is critical for increasing rice yield, and biochar could be a beneficial soil amendment for high yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects of continuous (repeated seasonal) applications of biochar on nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization in rice. A fixed field experiment was done in Yongan Town, Hunan Province, China, in six continuous seasons (the early and late rice-growing seasons from 2015 to 2017). Results showed that biochar application did not significantly affect soil N uptake in the first four seasons. The effect of biochar application on fertilizer N uptake was not significant in three of the first four seasons. In the fifth and sixth seasons, biochar application resulted in 14–26% increases in soil N uptake but 19–26% decreases in fertilizer N uptake. Soil N availability did not explain the increased soil N uptake with biochar application. The decreased fertilizer N uptake with biochar application was attributed to both decreased fertilizer N availability and increased N loss through ammonia volatilization. As a consequence of a compensation between the increased soil N uptake and the decreased fertilizer N uptake, the effect of biochar application on total N uptake was not significant in the fifth and sixth seasons. However, biochar application led to 7–11% increases in internal N use efficiency in the fifth and sixth seasons and 6% increase in grain yield in the sixth season. Our study suggests that the effects of repeated seasonal applications of biochar on N uptake and utilization in rice depend on the duration of biochar application. Longer continuous applications of biochar can increase internal N use efficiency and grain yield in rice with insignificant change in total N uptake.
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207
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Aanderud ZT, Saurey S, Ball BA, Wall DH, Barrett JE, Muscarella ME, Griffin NA, Virginia RA, Barberán A, Adams BJ. Stoichiometric Shifts in Soil C:N:P Promote Bacterial Taxa Dominance, Maintain Biodiversity, and Deconstruct Community Assemblages. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1401. [PMID: 30018601 PMCID: PMC6037766 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalances in C:N:P supply ratios may cause bacterial resource limitations and constrain biogeochemical processes, but the importance of shifts in soil stoichiometry are complicated by the nearly limitless interactions between an immensely rich species pool and a multiple chemical resource forms. To more clearly identify the impact of soil C:N:P on bacteria, we evaluated the cumulative effects of single and coupled long-term nutrient additions (i.e., C as mannitol, N as equal concentrations NH4+ and NO3-, and P as Na3PO4) and water on communities in an Antarctic polar desert, Taylor Valley. Untreated soils possessed relatively low bacterial diversity, simplified organic C sources due to the absence of plants, limited inorganic N, and excess soil P potentially attenuating links between C:N:P. After 6 years of adding resources, an alleviation of C and N colimitation allowed one rare Micrococcaceae, an Arthrobacter species, to dominate, comprising 47% of the total community abundance and elevating soil respiration by 136% relative to untreated soils. The addition of N alone reduced C:N ratios, elevated bacterial richness and diversity, and allowed rare taxa relying on ammonium and nitrite for metabolism to become more abundant [e.g., nitrite oxidizing Nitrospira species (Nitrosomonadaceae), denitrifiers utilizing nitrite (Gemmatimonadaceae) and members of Rhodobacteraceae with a high affinity for ammonium]. Based on community co-occurrence networks, lower C:P ratios in soils following P and CP additions created more diffuse and less connected communities by disrupting 73% of species interactions and selecting for taxa potentially exploiting abundant P. Unlike amended nutrients, water additions alone elicited no lasting impact on communities. Our results suggest that as soils become nutrient rich a wide array of outcomes are possible from species dominance and the deconstruction of species interconnectedness to the maintenance of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Aanderud
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Sabrina Saurey
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Becky A. Ball
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Diana H. Wall
- Department of Biology, School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - John E. Barrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Mario E. Muscarella
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Natasha A. Griffin
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Ross A. Virginia
- Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Albert Barberán
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Byron J. Adams
- Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, and Monte L. Bean Museum, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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208
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Zhang Y, Mathur R, Bash JO, Hogrefe C, Xing J, Roselle SJ. Long-term trends in total inorganic nitrogen and sulfur deposition in the U.S. from 1990 to 2010. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:9091-9106. [PMID: 30079084 PMCID: PMC6069975 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-9091-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Excess deposition (including both wet and dry deposition) of nitrogen and sulfur are detrimental to ecosystems. Recent studies have investigated the spatial patterns and temporal trends of nitrogen and sulfur wet deposition, but few studies have focused on dry deposition due to the scarcity of dry deposition measurements. Here, we use long-term model simulations from the coupled WRF-CMAQ model covering the period from 1990 to 2010 to study changes in spatial distribution as well as temporal trends in total (TDEP), wet (WDEP) and dry deposition (DDEP) of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and sulfur (TSO4). We first evaluate the model's performance in simulating WDEP over the U.S. by comparing the model results with observational data from the U.S. National Atmospheric Deposition Program. The coupled model generally underestimates the WDEP of both TIN (including both the oxidized nitrogen deposition-TNO3, and the reduced nitrogen deposition-NHX) and TSO4, with better performance in the eastern U.S. than the western U.S. TDEP of both TIN and TSO4 show significant decreases over the U.S., especially in the east due to the large emission reductions that occurred in that region. The decreasing trends of TIN TDEP are caused by decrease of TNO3, and the increasing trends of TIN deposition over the Great Plains and Tropical Wet Forests regions are caused by increases in NH3 emissions although it should be noted that these increasing trends are not significant. TIN WDEP shows decreasing trends throughout the U.S., except for the Marine West Coast Forest region. TIN DDEP shows significant decreasing trends in the region of Eastern Temperate Forests, Northern Forests, Mediterranean California and Marine West Coast Forest, and significant increasing trends in the region of Tropical Wet Forests, Great Plains and Southern Semi-arid Highlands. For the other three regions (North American Deserts, Temperate Sierras and Northwestern Forested Mountains), the decreasing or increasing trends were not significant. Both the WDEP and DDEP of TSOx have decreases across the U.S., with a larger decreasing trend in the DDEP than that in the WDEP. Across the U.S. during the 1990-2010 period, DDEP of TIN accounted for 58-65% of TDEP of TIN. TDEP of TIN over the U.S. was dominated by deposition of TNO3 during the first decade, which then shifts to reduced nitrogen (NHX) dominance after 2003 resulting from combination of NOx emission reductions and NH3 emission increases. The sulfur DDEP is usually higher than the sulfur WDEP until recent years, as the sulfur DDEP has a larger decreasing trend than WDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zhang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellowship Participant at US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jesse O. Bash
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shawn J. Roselle
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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209
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Zhou X, Bowker MA, Tao Y, Wu L, Zhang Y. Chronic nitrogen addition induces a cascade of plant community responses with both seasonal and progressive dynamics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:99-108. [PMID: 29335179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Short-lived herbaceous plants provide a useful model to rapidly reveal how multiple generations of plants in natural plant communities of sensitive desert ecosystems will be affected by N deposition. We monitored dynamic responses of community structure, richness, evenness, density and biomass of herbaceous plants to experimental N addition (2:1 NH4+:NO3- added at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6 and 24gNm-2a-1) in three seasons in each of three years in the Gurbantunggut desert, a typical temperate desert of central Asia. We found clear rate-dependent and season-dependent effects of N deposition on each of these variables, in most cases becoming more obvious through time. N addition reduced plant richness, leading to a loss of about half of the species after three generations in the highest N application level. Evenness and density were relatively insensitive to all but the greatest levels of N addition for two generations, but negative effects emerged in the third generation. Biomass, both above and below ground, was non-linearly affected by N deposition. Low and intermediate levels of N deposition often increased biomass, whereas the highest level suppressed biomass. Stimulatory effects of intermediate N addition disappeared in the third generation. All of these responses are strongly interrelated in a cascade of changes. Notably, changes in biomass due to N deposition were mediated by declines in richness and evenness, and other changes in community structure, rather than solely being the direct outcome of release from limitation. The interrelationships between N deposition and the different plant community attributes change not only seasonally, but also progressively change through time. These temporal changes appear to be largely independent of interannual or seasonal climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Zhou
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Matthew A Bowker
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
| | - Ye Tao
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
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210
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Wang X, Sui X, Liu Y, Xiang L, Zhang T, Fu J, Li A, Yang P. N-P fertilization did not reduce AMF abundance or diversity but alter AMF composition in an alpine grassland infested by a root hemiparasitic plant. PLANT DIVERSITY 2018; 40:117-126. [PMID: 30175292 PMCID: PMC6114256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization has been shown to have suppressive effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and root hemiparasites separately in numerous investigations, but its effects on AMF in the presence of root hemiparasites remain untested. In view of the contrasting nutritional effects of AMF and root hemiparasites on host plants, we tested the hypothesis that fertilization may not show strong suppressive effects on AMF when a plant community was infested by abundant hemiparasitic plants. Plants and soil samples were collected from experimental field plots in Bayanbulak Grassland, where N and P fertilizers had been applied for three continuous years for control against a spreading root hemiparasite, Pedicularis kansuensis. Shoot and root biomass of each plant functional group were determined. Root AMF colonization levels, soil spore abundance, and extraradical hyphae length density were measured for three soil depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm). Partial 18S rRNA gene sequencing was used to detect AMF diversity and community composition. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between relative abundance of different AMF genera and environmental factors using Spearman's correlation method. In contrast to suppressive effects reported by many previous studies, fertilization showed no significant effects on AMF root colonization or AMF species diversity in the soil. Instead, a marked increase in soil spore abundance and extraradical hyphae length density were observed. However, fertilization altered relative abundance and AMF composition in the soil. Our results support the hypothesis that fertilization does not significantly influence the abundance and diversity of AMF in a plant community infested by P. kansuensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiaolin Sui
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Juanjuan Fu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Airong Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Peizhi Yang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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211
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Zhang J, Yan X, Su F, Li Z, Wang Y, Wei Y, Ji Y, Yang Y, Zhou X, Guo H, Hu S. Long-term N and P additions alter the scaling of plant nitrogen to phosphorus in a Tibetan alpine meadow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:440-448. [PMID: 29291558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen and phosphorus are two important nutrient elements for plants. The current paradigm suggests that the scaling of plant tissue N to P is conserved across environments and plant taxa because these two elements are coupled and coordinately change with each other following a constant allometric trajectory. However, this assumption has not been vigorously examined, particularly in changing N and P environments. We propose that changes in relative availability of N and P in soil alter the N to P relationship in plants. Taking advantage of a 4-yr N and P addition experiment in a Tibetan alpine meadow, we examined changes in plant N and P concentrations of 14 common species. Our results showed that while the scaling of N to P under N additions was similar to the previously reported pattern with a uniform 2/3 slope of the regression between log N and log P, it was significantly different under P additions with a smaller slope. Also, graminoids had different responses from forbs. These results indicate that the relative availability of soil N and P is an important determinant regulating the N and P concentrations in plants. These findings suggest that alterations in the N to P relationships may not only alter plant photosynthate allocation to vegetative or reproductive organs, but also regulate the metabolic and growth rate of plant and promote shifts in plant community composition in a changing nutrient loading environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xuebin Yan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Fanglong Su
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yangguang Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xianhui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Shuijin Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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212
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CLARK CHRISTOPHERM, PHELAN JENNIFER, DORAISWAMY PRAKASH, BUCKLEY JOHN, CAJKA JAMESC, DENNIS ROBINL, LYNCH JASON, NOLTE CHRISTOPHERG, SPERO TANYAL. Atmospheric deposition and exceedances of critical loads from 1800-2025 for the conterminous United States. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:978-1002. [PMID: 29714821 PMCID: PMC8637495 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) has increased dramatically over pre-industrial levels, with many potential impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Quantitative thresholds, termed "critical loads" (CLs), have been developed to estimate the deposition rate above which damage is thought to occur. However, there remains no comprehensive comparison of when, where, and over what time periods individual CLs have been exceeded. We addressed this knowledge gap by combining several published data sources for historical and contemporary deposition, and overlaying these on six CL types from the National Critical Loads Database (NCLDv2.5; terrestrial acidification, aquatic acidification, lichen, nitrate leaching, plant community composition, and forest-tree health) to examine exceedances from 1800 to 2011. We expressed CLs as the minimum, 10th, and 50th percentiles within 12-km grid cells. Minimum CLs were relatively uniform across the country (200-400 eq·ha-1 ·yr-1 ), and have been exceeded for decades beginning in the early 20th century. The area exceeding minimum CLs peaked in the 1970s and 1980s, exposing 300,000 to 3 million km2 (depending on the CL type) to harmful levels of deposition, with a total area exceeded of 5.8 million km2 (~70% of the conterminous United States). Since then, deposition levels have dropped, especially for S, with modest reductions in exceedance by 2011 for all CL types, totaling 5.2 million km2 in exceedance. The 10th and 50th percentile CLs followed similar trends, but were not consistently available at the 12-km grid scale. We also examined near-term future deposition and exceedances in 2025 under current air quality regulations, and under various scenarios of climate change and additional nitrogen management controls. Current regulations were projected to reduce exceedances of any CL from 5.2 million km2 in 2011 to 4.8 million km2 in 2025. None of the additional N management or climate scenarios significantly affected areal exceedances, although exceedance severity declined. In total, it is clear that many CLs have been exceeded for decades, and are likely to remain so in the short term under current policies. Additionally, we suggest many areas for improvement to enhance our understanding of deposition and its effects to support informed decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHRISTOPHER M. CLARK
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (8623-P), Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington DC 20460 USA
| | - JENNIFER PHELAN
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - PRAKASH DORAISWAMY
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - JOHN BUCKLEY
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - JAMES C. CAJKA
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - ROBIN L. DENNIS
- Retired. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - JASON LYNCH
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington DC 20460 USA
| | - CHRISTOPHER G. NOLTE
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
| | - TANYA L. SPERO
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
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213
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Zhang H, Li W, Adams HD, Wang A, Wu J, Jin C, Guan D, Yuan F. Responses of Woody Plant Functional Traits to Nitrogen Addition: A Meta-Analysis of Leaf Economics, Gas Exchange, and Hydraulic Traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29875787 PMCID: PMC5974508 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been found to significantly affect plant growth and physiological performance in terrestrial ecosystems. Many individual studies have investigated how N addition influences plant functional traits, however these investigations have usually been limited to a single species, and thereby do not allow derivation of general patterns or underlying mechanisms. We synthesized data from 56 papers and conducted a meta-analysis to assess the general responses of 15 variables related to leaf economics, gas exchange, and hydraulic traits to N addition among 61 woody plant species, primarily from temperate and subtropical regions. Results showed that under N addition, leaf area index (+10.3%), foliar N content (+7.3%), intrinsic water-use efficiency (+3.1%) and net photosynthetic rate (+16.1%) significantly increased, while specific leaf area, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate did not change. For plant hydraulics, N addition significantly increased vessel diameter (+7.0%), hydraulic conductance in stems/shoots (+6.7%), and water potential corresponding to 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50, +21.5%; i.e., P50 became less negative), while water potential in leaves (-6.7%) decreased (became more negative). N addition had little effect on vessel density, hydraulic conductance in leaves and roots, or water potential in stems/shoots. N addition had greater effects on gymnosperms than angiosperms and ammonium nitrate fertilization had larger effects than fertilization with urea, and high levels of N addition affected more traits than low levels. Our results demonstrate that N addition has coupled effects on both carbon and water dynamics of woody plants. Increased leaf N, likely fixed in photosynthetic enzymes and pigments leads to higher photosynthesis and water use efficiency, which may increase leaf growth, as reflected in LAI results. These changes appear to have downstream effects on hydraulic function through increases in vessel diameter, which leads to higher hydraulic conductance, but lower water potential and increased vulnerability to embolism. Overall, our results suggest that N addition will shift plant function along a tradeoff between C and hydraulic economies by enhancing C uptake while simultaneously increasing the risk of hydraulic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Henry D. Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Anzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Changjie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Dexin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Fenghui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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214
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Wang CH, Wang M, Jia RZ, Guo H. Thalli Growth, Propagule Survival, and Integrated Physiological Response to Nitrogen Stress of Ramalina calicaris var. japonica in Shennongjia Mountain (China). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:568. [PMID: 29868046 PMCID: PMC5953340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, effects of nitrogen (N) availability on growth, survival of Ramalina calicaris var. japonica, and whether it respond nitrogen stress in an integrated physiological way was evaluated. Thalli growth and propagule survival, thalli N and phosphorus (P) content, and activity of phosphomonoesterase (PME) of R. calicaris var. japonica were determined in a field experiment. Its differentiate adsorption in ammonia and nitrate, the activity of glutamine synthetase (GSA) and nitrate reductase (NRA) also were investigated in a series of indoor experiments. The results showed that N deposition significantly decreased the growth and survival of this lichen, and the N sensitivity threshold was suggested at 6.0 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1. When the N deposition increased from 8.59 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1 to 14.24, 20.49, 32.99 and 57.99 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1, the growth rates of lichen thalli decreased by 26.47, 39.01, 52.18 and 60.3%, respectively; Whereas the survival rate of the lichen propagules decreased from 92.8% of control (0.0 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1) to 10.7% of 50.0 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1, when they were treated with 0.00, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1 deposition. Compared with an adequate adsorption of ammonium N, no nitrate adsorption occurred when thalli was submerged in solution lower than 0.4 mM. Our results also suggested that thalli total nitrogen, N:P ratio increased with N availability, and the activity of PME was significantly correlated with thalli total nitrogen. These all indicated that phosphorus limitation occurred when R. calicaris var. japonica treated with higher nitrogen deposition. Compared with slightly effects of NRA, GSA of R. calicaris var. japonica responded nitrogen availability significantly; In addition, GSA and NRA negatively correlated with thalli growth rate and propagule survival significantly. These results indicated that nitrogen stress do decrease growth and survival of R. calicaris var. japonica, and lichen would be impacted by excess nitrogen in a integrated, not a fragmentary way, including nitrogen uptake, assimilation, even nutrient balance of nitrogen and phosphorous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hua Wang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Center of Ecological Protection and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Center of Ecological Protection and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Rao-Zhen Jia
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Center of Ecological Protection and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Center of Ecological Protection and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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215
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216
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Niu D, Yuan X, Cease AJ, Wen H, Zhang C, Fu H, Elser JJ. The impact of nitrogen enrichment on grassland ecosystem stability depends on nitrogen addition level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1529-1538. [PMID: 29054613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition may affect plant biodiversity, subsequently altering ecosystem stability. While a few studies have explored how simulated N deposition affects community stability and its underlying mechanisms, the experimental levels of N addition used are usually higher than current and future N deposition rates. Thus, their results could produce highly uncertain predictions of ecosystem function, especially if the responses to N deposition are nonlinear. We conducted a manipulative experiment that simulated elevated atmospheric N deposition with several N addition levels to evaluate the effect of N deposition on ecosystem stability and its underlying mechanisms in a semiarid grassland in northern China. Here we show that N addition altered community diversity, reducing species richness, evenness, diversity and dominance. In addition, we found that N addition at current N deposition levels had no significant impact on community stability. In contrast, N addition at levels from 4.6 to 13.8gNm-2yr-1 significantly decreased community stability, although community stability for the 13.8gNm-2yr-1 treatment was higher than that for the 4.6gNm-2yr-1 treatment. These results indicate that the response of community stability to N enrichment is nonlinear. This nonlinear change in community stability was positively correlated with species asynchrony, species richness, and species diversity as well as the stability of dominant species and the stability of the grass functional group. Our data suggest a need to re-evaluate the mechanisms responsible for the effects of N deposition on natural ecosystem stability across multiple levels of N enrichment and that additional experimentation with gradients of N loads more similar to future atmospheric N deposition rates is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaobo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | - Haiyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Chunping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Hua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - James J Elser
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 32125, USA.
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217
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Liu XA, Peng Y, Li JJ, Peng PH. Enhanced shoot investment makes invasive plants exhibit growth advantages in high nitrogen conditions. BRAZ J BIOL 2018. [PMID: 29538482 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.169578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resource amendments commonly promote plant invasions, raising concerns over the potential consequences of nitrogen (N) deposition; however, it is unclear whether invaders will benefit from N deposition more than natives. Growth is among the most fundamental inherent traits of plants and thus good invaders may have superior growth advantages in response to resource amendments. We compared the growth and allocation between invasive and native plants in different N regimes including controls (ambient N concentrations). We found that invasive plants always grew much larger than native plants in varying N conditions, regardless of growth- or phylogeny-based analyses, and that the former allocated more biomass to shoots than the latter. Although N addition enhanced the growth of invasive plants, this enhancement did not increase with increasing N addition. Across invasive and native species, changes in shoot biomass allocation were positively correlated with changes in whole-plant biomass; and the slope of this relationship was greater in invasive plants than native plants. These findings suggest that enhanced shoot investment makes invasive plants retain a growth advantage in high N conditions relative to natives, and also highlight that future N deposition may increase the risks of plant invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- X A Liu
- Ecological Resources and Landscape Research Institute, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, CHN, China
| | - Y Peng
- Ecological Resources and Landscape Research Institute, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, CHN, China
| | - J J Li
- Ecological Resources and Landscape Research Institute, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, CHN, China
| | - P H Peng
- Ecological Resources and Landscape Research Institute, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, CHN, China
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218
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Wang X, Agathokleous E, Qu L, Fujita S, Watanabe M, Tamai Y, Mao Q, Koyama A, Koike T. Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on ectomycorrhizae community structure in hybrid larch and its parents grown in volcanic ash soil: The role of phosphorous. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:905-915. [PMID: 29055594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid industrial development and modern agricultural practices, increasing nitrogen (N) deposition can cause nutrient imbalance in immature volcanic ash soil commonly found in Japan. Larch species, widely distributed in northeast Eurasia, are associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi which play a critical role in nutrient acquisition for their hosts. In this study, we investigated species richness and diversity of ECM fungi associated with a hybrid larch (F1) and its parents, Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica) and Japanese larch (L. kaempferi), under simulated N deposition (0 and 100kgha-1yr-1) with/without phosphorous (P) (0 and 50kgha-1yr-1). Seedlings planted in immature volcanic ash with low nutrient availability were subjected to the N and P treatments for fifteen months. We found that response of ECM community structure to the increased nutrient availability depended on host genotypes. Nutrient addition significantly affected ECM structure in Japanese larch, but no such significant effect was found for Dahurian larch. Effects of the nutrient addition to ECM fungal community in F1 were intermediate. F1 was tolerant to high N loading, which was due to consistent, relatively high association with Suillus sp. and Hebeloma sp. F1 showed heterosis in relative biomass, which was most apparent under high N treatments. This co-variation of ECM fungal community structure and F1 biomass in response to N loading suggest that ECM community structure might play an important role in host growth. The present findings indicate effects of N deposition on ECM fungal community structure can depend on larch species, thus it is challenging to predict general trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Laiye Qu
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Saki Fujita
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamai
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Qiaozhi Mao
- College of Resource and Environment, Southeast University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Akihiro Koyama
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
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219
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Zheng Z, Ma P, Li J, Ren L, Bai W, Tian Q, Sun W, Zhang W. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with two dominant species differ in their responses to long‐term nitrogen addition in temperate grasslands. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyThe Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Pengfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyThe Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyThe Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Lifei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyThe Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wenming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyThe Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Research Network of Global Change BiologyBeijing Institutes of Life ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Inner Mongolia Research Center for PratacultureChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qiuying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyThe Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation EcologyMinistry of EducationInstitute of Grassland ScienceNortheast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Wen‐Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyThe Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Research Network of Global Change BiologyBeijing Institutes of Life ScienceChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Inner Mongolia Research Center for PratacultureChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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220
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Stevens CJ, David TI, Storkey J. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in terrestrial ecosystems: Its impact on plant communities and consequences across trophic levels. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas I. David
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster University Lancaster UK
- Sustainable Agriculture SciencesRothamsted Research Harpenden UK
| | - Jonathan Storkey
- Sustainable Agriculture SciencesRothamsted Research Harpenden UK
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221
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McDonnell TC, Reinds GJ, Sullivan TJ, Clark CM, Bonten LTC, Mol-Dijkstra JP, Wamelink GWW, Dovciak M. Feasibility of coupled empirical and dynamic modeling to assess climate change and air pollution impacts on temperate forest vegetation of the eastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:902-914. [PMID: 29253831 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in climate and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition caused pronounced changes in soil conditions and habitat suitability for many plant species over the latter half of the previous century. Such changes are expected to continue in the future with anticipated further changing air temperature and precipitation that will likely influence the effects of N deposition. To investigate the potential long-term impacts of atmospheric N deposition on hardwood forest ecosystems in the eastern United States in the context of climate change, application of the coupled biogeochemical and vegetation community model VSD+PROPS was explored at three sites in New Hampshire, Virginia, and Tennessee. This represents the first application of VSD+PROPS to forest ecosystems in the United States. Climate change and elevated (above mid-19th century) N deposition were simulated to be important factors for determining habitat suitability. Although simulation results suggested that the suitability of these forests to support the continued presence of their characteristic understory plant species might decline by the year 2100, low data availability for building vegetation response models with PROPS resulted in uncertain results at the extremes of simulated N deposition. Future PROPS model development in the United States should focus on inclusion of additional foundational data or alternate candidate predictor variables to reduce these uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C McDonnell
- E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., PO Box 609, Corvallis OR 97339, USA.
| | - G J Reinds
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - T J Sullivan
- E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., PO Box 609, Corvallis OR 97339, USA.
| | - C M Clark
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington DC, 20460, USA.
| | - L T C Bonten
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - J P Mol-Dijkstra
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - G W W Wamelink
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M Dovciak
- State University of New York, College of Environmental Science & Forestry, Syracuse NY, USA.
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Deng O, Zhang S, Deng L, Zhang C, Fei J. Wet nitrogen deposition across the urban-intensive agricultural-rural transect of a small urban area in southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:7866-7874. [PMID: 29297165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the spatial and temporal variation of the flux of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is essential for assessment of its impact on ecosystems. However, little attention has been paid to the variability of N deposition across urban-intensive agricultural-rural transects. A continuous 2-year observational study (from January 2015 to December 2016) was conducted to determine wet N deposition across the urban-intensive agricultural-rural transect of a small urban area in southwest China. Significantly spatial and temporal variations were found in the research area. Along the urban-intensive agricultural-rural transect, the TN and NH4+-N deposition first increased and then decreased, and the NO3--N and dissolved organic N (DON) deposition decreased continuously. Wet N deposition was mainly affected by the districts of agro-facilities, roads and build up lands. Wet NH4+-N deposition had non-seasonal emission sources including industrial emissions and urban excretory wastes in urban districts and seasonal emission sources such as fertilizer and manure volatilization in the other districts. However, wet NO3--N deposition had seasonal emission sources such as industrial emissions and fireworks in urban district and non-seasonal emission sources such as transportation in the other districts. Deposition of DON was likely to have had similar sources to NO3--N deposition in rural district, and high-temperature-dependent sources in urban and intensive agricultural districts. Considering the annual wet TN deposition in the intensive agricultural district was about 11.1% of the annual N fertilizer input, N fertilizer rates of crops should be reduced in this region to avoid the excessive application, and the risk of N emissions to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouping Deng
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liangji Deng
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Fei
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
- Center of Land Acquisition and Consolidation in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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223
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Melts I, Lanno K, Sammul M, Uchida K, Heinsoo K, Kull T, Laanisto L. Fertilising semi-natural grasslands may cause long-term negative effects on both biodiversity and ecosystem stability. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Melts
- Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S); The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kaire Lanno
- Chair of Biodiversity and Nature Tourism; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
| | - Marek Sammul
- Chair of Natural Resources; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - Kei Uchida
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences; Yokohama National University; Yokohama Japan
| | - Katrin Heinsoo
- Chair of Biodiversity and Nature Tourism; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
| | - Tiiu Kull
- Chair of Biodiversity and Nature Tourism; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
| | - Lauri Laanisto
- Chair of Biodiversity and Nature Tourism; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
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224
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Huang J, Yu H, Liu J, Luo C, Sun Z, Ma K, Kang Y, Du Y. Phosphorus addition changes belowground biomass and C:N:P stoichiometry of two desert steppe plants under simulated N deposition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3400. [PMID: 29467375 PMCID: PMC5821873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported that increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition broadens N:phosphorus (P) in both soils and plant leaves and potentially intensifies P limitation for plants. However, few studies have tested whether P addition alleviates N-induced P limitation for plant belowground growth. It is also less known how changed N:P in soils and leaves affect plant belowground stoichiometry, which is significant for maintaining key belowground ecological processes. We conducted a multi-level N:P supply experiment (varied P levels combined with constant N amount) for Glycyrrhiza uralensis (a N fixing species) and Pennisetum centrasiaticum (a grass) from a desert steppe in Northwest China during 2011–2013. Results showed that increasing P addition increased the belowground biomass and P concentrations of both species, resulting in the decreases in belowground carbon (C):P and N:P. These results indicate that P inputs alleviated N-induced P limitation and hence stimulated belowground growth. Belowground C:N:P stoichiometry of both species, especially P. centrasiaticum, tightly linked to soil and green leaf C:N:P stoichiometry. Thus, the decoupling of C:N:P ratios in both soils and leaves under a changing climate could directly alter plant belowground stoichiometry, which will in turn have important feedbacks to primary productivity and C sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juying Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.,Ningxia (China-Arab) Key Laboratory of Resource Assessment and Environment Regulation in Arid Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Ningxia (China-Arab) Key Laboratory of Resource Assessment and Environment Regulation in Arid Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China. .,College of Resources and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Jili Liu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.,Ningxia (China-Arab) Key Laboratory of Resource Assessment and Environment Regulation in Arid Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Chengke Luo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.,Ningxia (China-Arab) Key Laboratory of Resource Assessment and Environment Regulation in Arid Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Zhaojun Sun
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.,Ningxia (China-Arab) Key Laboratory of Resource Assessment and Environment Regulation in Arid Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China.,College of Resources and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Kaibo Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yangmei Kang
- College of Resources and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Yaxian Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
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225
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Du Y, Han H, Wang Y, Zhong M, Hui D, Niu S, Wan S. Plant functional groups regulate soil respiration responses to nitrogen addition and mowing over a decade. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Du
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hongyan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan University Henan China
| | - Yanfen Wang
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mingxing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan University Henan China
| | - Dafeng Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan University Henan China
- Department of Biological SciencesTennessee State University Nashville TN USA
| | - Shuli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan University Henan China
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226
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Xu RT, Pan SF, Chen J, Chen GS, Yang J, Dangal SRS, Shepard JP, Tian HQ. Half-Century Ammonia Emissions From Agricultural Systems in Southern Asia: Magnitude, Spatiotemporal Patterns, and Implications for Human Health. GEOHEALTH 2018; 2:40-53. [PMID: 32158999 PMCID: PMC7007080 DOI: 10.1002/2017gh000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Much concern has been raised about the increasing threat to air quality and human health due to ammonia (NH3) emissions from agricultural systems, which is associated with the enrichment of reactive nitrogen (N) in southern Asia (SA), home of more than 60% the world's population (i.e., the people of West, central, East, South, and Southeast Asia). Southern Asia consumed more than half of the global synthetic N fertilizer and was the dominant region for livestock waste production since 2004. Excessive N application could lead to a rapid increase of NH3 in the atmosphere, resulting in severe air and water pollution in this region. However, there is still a lack of accurate estimates of NH3 emissions from agricultural systems. In this study, we simulated the agricultural NH3 fluxes in SA by coupling the Bidirectional NH3 exchange module (Bi-NH3) from the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model with the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model. Our results indicated that NH3 emissions were 21.3 ± 3.9 Tg N yr-1 from SA agricultural systems with a rapidly increasing rate of ~0.3 Tg N yr-2 during 1961-2014. Among the emission sources, 10.8 Tg N yr-1 was released from synthetic N fertilizer use, and 10.4 ± 3.9 Tg N yr-1 was released from manure production in 2014. Ammonia emissions from China and India together accounted for 64% of the total amount in SA during 2000-2014. Our results imply that the increased NH3 emissions associated with high N inputs to croplands would likely be a significant threat to the environment and human health unless mitigation efforts are applied to reduce these emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. T. Xu
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - S. F. Pan
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - J. Chen
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of EngineeringAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - G. S. Chen
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - J. Yang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - S. R. S. Dangal
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - J. P. Shepard
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - H. Q. Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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227
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Xuan W, Ting WX, Zhu LC, Mei NY. Nitrogen deposition changes the distribution of key plant species in the meadow steppe in Hulunbeier, China. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/rj16075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Improved understanding of how nutrient levels affect the distribution of plants can provide important insights into the potential impacts of increasing global nitrogen (N) deposition. We used point pattern analyses to examine the impact of nutrient addition on heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of the three main plant species of the meadow steppe community of Hulunbeier, Inner Mongolia: Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel (aka Aneurotepidimu chinense), a rhizamotous grass; Stipa baicalensis Rasher, a bunch grass; and Artemisia tanacetifolia Linn, a rhizamotous forb. The six treatments tested added nitrogen N in three different concentrations, N with phosphorus (P), P alone and a Control. Although the three plant species were randomly distributed at the start of the experiment in 2011, the spatial distribution of some species in some treatments had changed at the end of 3 years of nutrient addition. There was a significant increase in aggregation of L. chinensis at fine scales of analysis from application of N and P in tandem. However, S. baicalensis and A. tanacetifolia distributions remained random under all treatments. Positive associations of L. chinensis with S. baicalensis and with A. tanacetifolia were apparent at the lowest concentration of added N, 2.5 g N m–2 year–1, which represented an approximate doubling of global N deposition. These associations, which represent clustering among individuals of these species were also apparent where only P was applied. Negative associations, representing dispersion, were prevalent with higher N concentrations. The results indicate that increases in global N deposition up to about double current levels may have a positive influence on meadow steppe communities by increasing the niche overlap of different species. However, increases beyond that level may trigger substantial ecological change through increased competition for other, more limited, environmental resources, and disassociation between plants of the different dominant species. Our findings suggest that studies of the spatial patterning of plant communities can contribute to understanding the potential impacts of climate change.
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228
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Zhang Y, Mathur R, Bash JO, Hogrefe C, Xing J, Roselle SJ. Long-term trends in total inorganic nitrogen and sulfur deposition in the U.S. from 1990 to 2010. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:9091-9106. [PMID: 30079084 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-90912018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Excess deposition (including both wet and dry deposition) of nitrogen and sulfur are detrimental to ecosystems. Recent studies have investigated the spatial patterns and temporal trends of nitrogen and sulfur wet deposition, but few studies have focused on dry deposition due to the scarcity of dry deposition measurements. Here, we use long-term model simulations from the coupled WRF-CMAQ model covering the period from 1990 to 2010 to study changes in spatial distribution as well as temporal trends in total (TDEP), wet (WDEP) and dry deposition (DDEP) of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and sulfur (TSO4). We first evaluate the model's performance in simulating WDEP over the U.S. by comparing the model results with observational data from the U.S. National Atmospheric Deposition Program. The coupled model generally underestimates the WDEP of both TIN (including both the oxidized nitrogen deposition-TNO3, and the reduced nitrogen deposition-NHX) and TSO4, with better performance in the eastern U.S. than the western U.S. TDEP of both TIN and TSO4 show significant decreases over the U.S., especially in the east due to the large emission reductions that occurred in that region. The decreasing trends of TIN TDEP are caused by decrease of TNO3, and the increasing trends of TIN deposition over the Great Plains and Tropical Wet Forests regions are caused by increases in NH3 emissions although it should be noted that these increasing trends are not significant. TIN WDEP shows decreasing trends throughout the U.S., except for the Marine West Coast Forest region. TIN DDEP shows significant decreasing trends in the region of Eastern Temperate Forests, Northern Forests, Mediterranean California and Marine West Coast Forest, and significant increasing trends in the region of Tropical Wet Forests, Great Plains and Southern Semi-arid Highlands. For the other three regions (North American Deserts, Temperate Sierras and Northwestern Forested Mountains), the decreasing or increasing trends were not significant. Both the WDEP and DDEP of TSOx have decreases across the U.S., with a larger decreasing trend in the DDEP than that in the WDEP. Across the U.S. during the 1990-2010 period, DDEP of TIN accounted for 58-65% of TDEP of TIN. TDEP of TIN over the U.S. was dominated by deposition of TNO3 during the first decade, which then shifts to reduced nitrogen (NHX) dominance after 2003 resulting from combination of NOx emission reductions and NH3 emission increases. The sulfur DDEP is usually higher than the sulfur WDEP until recent years, as the sulfur DDEP has a larger decreasing trend than WDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zhang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellowship Participant at US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jesse O Bash
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shawn J Roselle
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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229
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Hao T, Song L, Goulding K, Zhang F, Liu X. Cumulative and partially recoverable impacts of nitrogen addition on a temperate steppe. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:237-248. [PMID: 29113017 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been shown to decrease biodiversity and change nutrient cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. However, our understanding of ecological responses to chronic N addition and ecological recovery of grassland from N enrichment is limited. Here we present evidence from an 11-year grassland experiment with a range of N addition rates (0, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 480 kg N·ha-1 ·yr-1 ) in Inner Mongolia, China. Chronic N addition led to a reduction in species richness, Shannon diversity index, and soil pH and an increase in aboveground biomass, foliar N, and soil mineral N. High N addition rates (240 and 480 kg N·ha-1 ·yr-1 ) showed significant effects in the first and second years, which stabilized over time. Nitrogen addition at low rates (30 and 60 kg N·ha-1 ·yr-1 ) took longer (e.g., three years or more) to achieve significant effects. The negative impacts of high N addition (480 kg N·ha-1 ·yr-1 ) were reduced and species richness, Shannon diversity index, and soil pH showed a limited but rapid recovery with the cessation of N addition. Our findings suggest serious and cumulative impacts of N addition on plant and soil communities but the potential for partial system recovery over time if N inputs decline or cease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Hao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE and Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Prevention and Remediation, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ling Song
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Keith Goulding
- Sustainable Agricultural Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE and Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Prevention and Remediation, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE and Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Pollution Prevention and Remediation, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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230
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Xu W, Zhao Y, Liu X, Dore AJ, Zhang L, Liu L, Cheng M. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Yangtze River basin: Spatial pattern and source attribution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:546-555. [PMID: 28993022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River basin is one of the world's hotspots for nitrogen (N) deposition and likely plays an important role in China's riverine N output. Here we constructed a basin-scale total dissolved inorganic N (DIN) deposition (bulk plus dry) pattern based on published data at 100 observational sites between 2000 and 2014, and assessed the relative contributions of different reactive N (Nr) emission sectors to total DIN deposition using the GEOS-Chem model. Our results show a significant spatial variation in total DIN deposition across the Yangtze River basin (33.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1 on average), with the highest fluxes occurring mainly in the central basin (e.g., Sichuan, Hubei and Hunan provinces, and Chongqing municipality). This indicates that controlling N deposition should build on mitigation strategies according to local conditions, namely, implementation of stricter control of Nr emissions in N deposition hotspots but moderate control in the areas with low N deposition levels. Total DIN deposition in approximately 82% of the basin area exceeded the critical load of N deposition for semi-natural ecosystems along the basin. On the basin scale, the dominant source of DIN deposition is fertilizer use (40%) relative to livestock (11%), industry (13%), power plant (9%), transportation (9%), and others (18%, which is the sum of contributions from human waste, residential activities, soil, lighting and biomass burning), suggesting that reducing NH3 emissions from improper fertilizer (including chemical and organic fertilizer) application should be a priority in curbing N deposition. This, together with distinct spatial variations in emission sector contributions to total DIN deposition also suggest that, in addition to fertilizer, major emission sectors in different regions of the basin should be considered when developing synergistic control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cropland Pollution Control and Remediation, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuanhong Zhao
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cropland Pollution Control and Remediation, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Anthony J Dore
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Miaomiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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231
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Watson EB, Szura K, Powell E, Maher N, Wigand C. Cultural Eutrophication Is Reflected in the Stable Isotopic Composition of the Eastern Mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:177-184. [PMID: 29415115 PMCID: PMC6775774 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.05.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic ecosystems, biological indicators are used in concert with nutrient concentration data to identify habitat impairments related to cultural eutrophication. This approach has been less commonly implemented in coastal areas due to the dominance of physical conditions in structuring biological assemblage data. Here, we describe the use of the stable isotopic composition of (Say), the eastern mudsnail, as an indicator of cultural eutrophication for 40 locations in coastal estuaries in New York. We found N enrichment in mudsnail tissue where watersheds had high population densities, land use patterns were more urbanized, and when sampling sites were adjacent to wastewater treatment plant discharges. Stable carbon isotopes were responsive to salinity and watershed forest cover, with more saline sites reflecting a predominantly C or algal carbon isotopic signature and more forested sites a lighter isotopic signature reflecting greater inputs of C terrestrial detrital carbon. Mudsnail nitrogen isotopic composition had a high level of separation between more affected and pristine watersheds (from 6.6 to 14.1‰), highlighting its utility as an indicator. We thus propose that stable isotope values of estuarine biota, such as the eastern mudsnail, can be used in concert with water quality data to identify areas where improvements in water quality are needed and can also be used to identify sources of detrital carbon to estuarine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Burke Watson
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth & Environmental Sciences and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katelyn Szura
- Biology Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Elisabeth Powell
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth & Environmental Sciences and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Maher
- The Nature Conservancy Long Island Chapter, Uplands Farm Sanctuary, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Cathleen Wigand
- Atlantic Ecology Division, ORD-NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
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232
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Jing X, Chen X, Tang M, Ding Z, Jiang L, Li P, Ma S, Tian D, Xu L, Zhu J, Ji C, Shen H, Zheng C, Fang J, Zhu B. Nitrogen deposition has minor effect on soil extracellular enzyme activities in six Chinese forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:806-815. [PMID: 28711842 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil extracellular enzymes play a key role in mediating a range of forest ecosystem functions (i.e., carbon and nutrients cycling and biological productivity), particularly in the face of atmospheric N deposition that has been increasing at an unprecedented rate globally. However, most studies have focused only on surface soils in a single ecosystem. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the effect of simulated N deposition on the activities and ratios of soil enzymes changes with soil depth across six forest ecosystems in eastern China. We collected soil samples from three blocks×four soil depths (0-10cm, 10-20cm, 20-40cm and 40-60cm)×three N treatment levels (control, 50 and 100kgNha-1year-1) at each of the six forest ecosystems. We measured the activities of seven soil enzymes involved in C-, N- and P-cycling. We found that 4-5years of N addition had no significant effect on the activities and ratios of these enzymes in most cases. The interactions among N addition, site and soil depth on soil enzyme activities were not significant, except that acid phosphatase activity showed site-specific responses to N addition. Our findings suggest that the activities of soil enzymes involved in C- and N-cycling generally do not track simulated N deposition in the six forest ecosystems. Further work on plant, soil and microbial characteristics is needed to better understand the mechanisms of soil enzyme activities in response to N deposition in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jing
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mao Tang
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zongju Ding
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Suhui Ma
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Tian
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Longchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jianxiao Zhu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengjun Ji
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haihua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Chengyang Zheng
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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233
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Harvey E, MacDougall AS. Non-interacting impacts of fertilization and habitat area on plant diversity via contrasting assembly mechanisms. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Harvey
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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234
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Chang CT, Wang CP, Huang JC, Wang LJ, Liu CP, Lin TC. Trends of two decadal precipitation chemistry in a subtropical rainforest in East Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:88-98. [PMID: 28662430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-term monitoring of precipitation chemistry provides a great opportunity to examine the evolution of air pollutant emissions and effectiveness of air pollution control measures. We evaluated the characteristics and trends of precipitation chemistry at both annual and seasonal scales based on the records of 1994-2013 at Fushan Experimental Forest (FEF) of northeastern Taiwan. The results showed that 77% of the weekly precipitation had pH<5.0. The two-decadal average annual pH was 4.62, without a significant inter-annual trend, possibly due to the concurrent declines of both acidic pollutants and base cations. There was a significant positive relationship between [SO42-+NO3-] and [Ca2++NH4+] indicating that their deposition was likely dominated by NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, Ca(NO3)2, and CaSO4. There was a significant negative relationship between precipitation pH and the difference between [SO42-+NO3-] and [Ca2++NH4+], not just [SO42-+NO3-], suggesting that precipitation acidity was not solely determined by acidic pollutants but by the balance between acidic pollutants and base cations. We also found temporal decreases of Ca2+ and NH4+ concentrations in precipitation which contributed to the low acid neutralization capacity of precipitation. Annual deposition of NO3- and SO42- was 23 and 55kgha-1yr-1, which is much higher than most forest sites in the industrialized countries suggesting that acid deposition is still a major environmental issue in Taiwan. Annual deposition of NH4+, Ca2+ and NO3- showed significant decreasing trends during the 20-year period, which was mostly due to the decreases in the summer deposition associated with air pollution mitigation strategies. Winter deposition showed no decreasing patterns for the same period. The high contribution to annual acid deposition from autumn-winter and spring rains (50%) associated with northeast monsoon implies that long-range transport of anthropogenic emissions from East Asia played a key role on acid depositions at FEF and possibly many areas in the region. Therefore, intergovernmental cooperation is urgently needed to effectively mitigate the threat of acid deposition in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Te Chang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ping Wang
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nanhai Rd., Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Jih Wang
- School of Forestry & Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Pin Liu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 40254, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Chiu Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Ting-Chow Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 11677, Taiwan.
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235
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Early Acacia invasion in a sandy ecosystem enables shading mediated by soil, leaf nitrogen and facilitation. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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236
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Chalmandrier L, Albouy C, Pellissier L. Species pool distributions along functional trade-offs shape plant productivity-diversity relationships. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15405. [PMID: 29133911 PMCID: PMC5684142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grasslands deliver the resources for food production and are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems. These characteristics are often in conflict as increasing yield through fertilization can lead to biodiversity loss. Thus, the challenge in grassland management is to sustain both yield and diversity. Biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments typically reveal a positive relationship between manipulated species diversity and productivity. In contrast, observations of the effect of increasing productivity via fertilization suggest a negative association with biodiversity. Using a mathematical model simulating species co-existence along a resource gradient, we show that trade-offs and species pool structure (size and trait distribution) determines the shape of the productivity-diversity relationship. At a constant resource level, over-yielding drives a positive relationship between biodiversity and productivity. In contrast, along a resource gradient, the shape of the productivity-diversity relationship is determined by the distribution of species along trade-off axes and often resulted in a bell-shaped relationship. In accordance to this theoretical result, we then explain the general trend of plant biodiversity loss with fertilisation in the European flora, by showing empirical evidence that trait distribution of plant species pools throughout Europe is biased toward species preferring poorer soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Chalmandrier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Camille Albouy
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,IFREMER, unit "Ecologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique", rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311, Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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237
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Lind EM, La Pierre KJ, Seabloom EW, Alberti J, Iribarne O, Firn J, Gruner DS, Kay AD, Pascal J, Wright JP, Yang L, Borer ET. Increased grassland arthropod production with mammalian herbivory and eutrophication: a test of mediation pathways. Ecology 2017; 98:3022-3033. [PMID: 28940315 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Increases in nutrient availability and alterations to mammalian herbivore communities are a hallmark of the Anthropocene, with consequences for the primary producer communities in many ecosystems. While progress has advanced understanding of plant community responses to these perturbations, the consequences for energy flow to higher trophic levels in the form of secondary production are less well understood. We quantified arthropod biomass after manipulating soil nutrient availability and wild mammalian herbivory, using identical methods across 13 temperate grasslands. Of experimental increases in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, only treatments including nitrogen resulted in significantly increased arthropod biomass. Wild mammalian herbivore removal had a marginal, negative effect on arthropod biomass, with no interaction with nutrient availability. Path analysis including all sites implicated nutrient content of the primary producers as a driver of increased arthropod mean size, which we confirmed using 10 sites for which we had foliar nutrient data. Plant biomass and physical structure mediated the increase in arthropod abundance, while the nitrogen treatments accounted for additional variation not explained by our measured plant variables. The mean size of arthropod individuals was 2.5 times more influential on the plot-level total arthropod biomass than was the number of individuals. The eutrophication of grasslands through human activity, especially nitrogen deposition, thus may contribute to higher production of arthropod consumers through increases in nutrient availability across trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Lind
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Kimberly J La Pierre
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Juan Alberti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (UNMDP-CONICET), B7602GSD Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Iribarne
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (UNMDP-CONICET), B7602GSD Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jennifer Firn
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | | | - Adam D Kay
- University of St. Thomas, St Paul, Minnesota, 55105, USA
| | - Jesus Pascal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (UNMDP-CONICET), B7602GSD Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Louie Yang
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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238
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Huang M, Jiang P, Shan S, Gao W, Ma G, Zou Y, Uphoff N, Yuan L. Higher yields of hybrid rice do not depend on nitrogen fertilization under moderate to high soil fertility conditions. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 10:43. [PMID: 28936774 PMCID: PMC5608657 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-017-0182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing rice yield with fewer external inputs is critical to ensuring food security, reducing environmental costs, and improving returns. Use of hybrid rice has expanded greatly in China due to its higher yield potential. Meanwhile, large and increasing amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers have been used for expanding rice production in China. It is not clear to what extent the success of hybrid rice in China is associated with N fertilizer inputs. FINDINGS We observed that the higher grain yield with N fertilizer in hybrid rice was driven more by a higher yield without N fertilizer than by increases in grain yield with N fertilizer under moderate to high soil fertility conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that greater application of N fertilizers is not needed to benefit from hybrid rice production under moderate to high soil fertility conditions, and that improving and maintaining soil fertility should be a focus for sustaining hybrid rice production. Moreover, our study also indicates that zero-N testing may be a potentially useful tool to develop hybrid rice with high yield and without requirement of greater external N inputs under moderate to high soil fertility conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops (CICGO), Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- International Programs-College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (IP-CALS), Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA.
| | - Peng Jiang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops (CICGO), Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shuanglü Shan
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops (CICGO), Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops (CICGO), Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Guohui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yingbin Zou
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops (CICGO), Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Norman Uphoff
- International Programs-College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (IP-CALS), Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Longping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, Changsha, 410125, China
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239
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Field CD, Evans CD, Dise NB, Hall JR, Caporn SJM. Long-term nitrogen deposition increases heathland carbon sequestration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:426-435. [PMID: 28340453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The large increases in reactive nitrogen (N) deposition in developed countries since the Industrial Revolution have had a marked impact on ecosystem functioning, including declining species richness, shifts in species composition, and increased N leaching. A potential mitigation of these harmful effects is the action of N as a fertiliser, which, through increasing primary productivity (and subsequently, organic matter production), has the potential to increase ecosystem carbon (C) storage. Here we report the response of an upland heath to 10years of experimental N addition. We find large increases in plant and soil C and N pools, with N-driven C sequestration rates in the range of 13-138kgCkg-1. These rates are higher than those previously found in forest and lowland heath, mainly due to higher C sequestration in the litter layer. C sequestration is highest at lower N treatments (10, 20, and 40kgNha-1yr-1 above ambient), with evidence of saturation at the highest N treatment, reflecting a physiologically aged Calluna vulgaris (Calluna) canopy. To maintain these rates of sequestration, the Calluna canopy should be managed to maximise it's time in the building phase. Scaling our results across UK heathlands, this equates to an additional 0.77Mt CO2e per annum extra C sequestered into plant litter and the top 15cm of heathland soil as a result of N deposition. The bulk of this is found in the litter and organic soil horizons that hold an average of 23% and 54% of soil C, respectively. This additional C represents around 0.44% of UK annual anthropogenic GHG emissions. When considered in the context of falling biodiversity and altered species composition in heathland, policy focus should remain on reducing N emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Field
- School of Science and Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Chris D Evans
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Nancy B Dise
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Jane R Hall
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Simon J M Caporn
- School of Science and Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
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240
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Zhang Y, Loreau M, He N, Zhang G, Han X. Mowing exacerbates the loss of ecosystem stability under nitrogen enrichment in a temperate grassland. Funct Ecol 2017; 31:1637-1646. [PMID: 28867865 PMCID: PMC5575818 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Global reactive nitrogen (N) is projected to further increase in the coming years. Previous studies have demonstrated that N enrichment weakens the temporal stability of the ecosystem and the primary productivity through decreased biodiversity and species asynchrony. Mowing is a globally common practise in grasslands; and infrequent mowing can maintain or increase plant diversity under N enrichment conditions. However, it is unclear how infrequent mowing affects ecosystem stability in the face of N enrichment. 2. By independently manipulating the frequency (twice vs. monthly additions per year) and rate (i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 50 g N m-2 year-1) of NH4NO3 inputs and mowing (unmown vs. mown) over 3 years (2011-2013) in a temperate grassland of northern China, we aimed to examine the interactive effects of N enrichment and mowing on ecosystem stability. 3. The results show that mowing maintained a positive relationship between species richness and ecosystem stability despite N addition, but that it exacerbated the negative effects of N addition on ecosystem stability. Mowing increased mean primary productivity and plant species richness, but it also increased the synchrony of population fluctuations and the variability of primary productivity under N enrichment, thereby contributing to a decline in the ecosystem stability. 4. Thus, our study reveals that infrequent mowing can buffer the negative effects of N enrichment on biodiversity to some extent and further increase the primary productivity, but it exacerbates the loss of ecosystem stability with N enrichment, thereby threatening local and/or semiarid regional food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS and Paul Sabatier University, Moulis 09200, France
| | - Nianpeng He
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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241
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Clark CM, Bell MD, Boyd JW, Compton JE, Davidson EA, Davis C, Fenn ME, Geiser L, Jones L, Blett TF. Nitrogen‐induced terrestrial eutrophication: cascading effects and impacts on ecosystem services. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Clark
- National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. EPA Washington D.C. 20460 USA
| | - Michael D. Bell
- Air Resources Division National Park Service Lakewood Colorado 80225 USA
| | | | - Jana E. Compton
- Western Ecology Division Office of Research and Development U.S. EPA Corvallis Oregon 97333 USA
| | - Eric A. Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Frostburg Maryland 21532 USA
| | - Christine Davis
- Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards U.S. EPA Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Mark E. Fenn
- Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Riverside California 92607 USA
| | - Linda Geiser
- Washington Office‐Water Wildlife Fish Air and Rare Plants USDA Forest Service Washington D.C. 20250 USA
| | - Laurence Jones
- Environment Centre Wales Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Deiniol Road Bangor LL57 2UW United Kingdom
| | - Tamara F. Blett
- Air Resources Division National Park Service Lakewood Colorado 80225 USA
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242
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Earth System Model Needs for Including the Interactive Representation of Nitrogen Deposition and Drought Effects on Forested Ecosystems. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8080267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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243
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A decade of insights into grassland ecosystem responses to global environmental change. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:118. [PMID: 28812706 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earth's biodiversity and carbon uptake by plants, or primary productivity, are intricately interlinked, underlie many essential ecosystem processes, and depend on the interplay among environmental factors, many of which are being changed by human activities. While ecological theory generalizes across taxa and environments, most empirical tests of factors controlling diversity and productivity have been observational, single-site experiments, or meta-analyses, limiting our understanding of variation among site-level responses and tests of general mechanisms. A synthesis of results from ten years of a globally distributed, coordinated experiment, the Nutrient Network (NutNet), demonstrates that species diversity promotes ecosystem productivity and stability, and that nutrient supply and herbivory control diversity via changes in composition, including invasions of non-native species and extinction of native species. Distributed experimental networks are a powerful tool for tests and integration of multiple theories and for generating multivariate predictions about the effects of global changes on future ecosystems.
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244
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Conradi T, Temperton VM, Kollmann J. Resource availability determines the importance of niche-based versus stochastic community assembly in grasslands. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Conradi
- Restoration Ecology, Dept of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical Univ. of Munich; Freising Germany
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Dept of Bioscience, Aarhus Univ.; Ny Munkegade 116 DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Vicky M. Temperton
- Ecosystem Functioning and Services, Inst. of Ecology, Leuphana Univ. of Lüneburg; Lüneburg Germany
| | - Johannes Kollmann
- Restoration Ecology, Dept of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical Univ. of Munich; Freising Germany
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245
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Increased soil nutrition and decreased light intensity drive species loss after eight years grassland enclosures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44525. [PMID: 28344355 PMCID: PMC5366805 DOI: 10.1038/srep44525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enclosures (fenced, grazing or clipping) within a certain period of years are the most common tools for restoration of degraded grasslands in temperate regions. Short-term enclosures can improve biodiversity and productivity by effectively relieving grazing pressure, while long-term enclosures can reduce species diversity. We therefore carried out a field experiment to investigate the specific causes of the reduced species diversity in Hulunbeier grassland of northern China. After eight years of enclosure, the significantly increased soil available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AvP) in enclosure community reduced nitrogen (N) limitation but most vegetation was still N limited. Many environmental factors led to decreased species richness, but increased soil AN and decreased light intensity at the community bottom were the most significant ones. Community density decreased independently of soil nutrition but significantly related to decreased species richness. Density of dominant canopy species increased, while dominant understory species decreased during assemblage-level thinning; therefore, the random-loss hypothesis was not supported. The dominant understory species responded to lower light availability by increasing their height, leaf area, and chlorophyll content. Moreover, our results were expected to provide some specific guidance for the restoration mode selection of degraded grasslands in northern China.
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246
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Ratajczak Z, D'Odorico P, Collins SL, Bestelmeyer BT, Isbell FI, Nippert JB. The interactive effects of press/pulse intensity and duration on regime shifts at multiple scales. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zak Ratajczak
- Environmental Science University of Virginia Clark Hall Charlottesville Virginia 29903 USA
| | - Paolo D'Odorico
- Environmental Science University of Virginia Clark Hall Charlottesville Virginia 29903 USA
- National Socio‐Environmental Synthesis Center University of Maryland Annapolis Maryland 21401 USA
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Brandon T. Bestelmeyer
- USDA‐ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada Basin LTER New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Forest I. Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Jesse B. Nippert
- Division of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas 66506 USA
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247
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Prager CM, Naeem S, Boelman NT, Eitel JUH, Greaves HE, Heskel MA, Magney TS, Menge DNL, Vierling LA, Griffin KL. A gradient of nutrient enrichment reveals nonlinear impacts of fertilization on Arctic plant diversity and ecosystem function. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2449-2460. [PMID: 28405308 PMCID: PMC5383475 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid environmental change at high latitudes is predicted to greatly alter the diversity, structure, and function of plant communities, resulting in changes in the pools and fluxes of nutrients. In Arctic tundra, increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability accompanying warming is known to impact plant diversity and ecosystem function; however, to date, most studies examining Arctic nutrient enrichment focus on the impact of relatively large (>25x estimated naturally occurring N enrichment) doses of nutrients on plant community composition and net primary productivity. To understand the impacts of Arctic nutrient enrichment, we examined plant community composition and the capacity for ecosystem function (net ecosystem exchange, ecosystem respiration, and gross primary production) across a gradient of experimental N and P addition expected to more closely approximate warming-induced fertilization. In addition, we compared our measured ecosystem CO 2 flux data to a widely used Arctic ecosystem exchange model to investigate the ability to predict the capacity for CO 2 exchange with nutrient addition. We observed declines in abundance-weighted plant diversity at low levels of nutrient enrichment, but species richness and the capacity for ecosystem carbon uptake did not change until the highest level of fertilization. When we compared our measured data to the model, we found that the model explained roughly 30%-50% of the variance in the observed data, depending on the flux variable, and the relationship weakened at high levels of enrichment. Our results suggest that while a relatively small amount of nutrient enrichment impacts plant diversity, only relatively large levels of fertilization-over an order of magnitude or more than warming-induced rates-significantly alter the capacity for tundra CO 2 exchange. Overall, our findings highlight the value of measuring and modeling the impacts of a nutrient enrichment gradient, as warming-related nutrient availability may impact ecosystems differently than single-level fertilization experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Case M Prager
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY USA
| | - Shahid Naeem
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY USA
| | - Natalie T Boelman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Columbia University New York NY USA; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Palisades NY USA
| | - Jan U H Eitel
- Geospatial Laboratory for Environmental Dynamics Department of Natural Resources and Society University of Idaho Moscow ID USA; McCall Outdoor Science School University of Idaho McCall ID USA
| | - Heather E Greaves
- Geospatial Laboratory for Environmental Dynamics Department of Natural Resources and Society University of Idaho Moscow ID USA
| | - Mary A Heskel
- Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole MA USA
| | - Troy S Magney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Duncan N L Menge
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY USA
| | - Lee A Vierling
- Geospatial Laboratory for Environmental Dynamics Department of Natural Resources and Society University of Idaho Moscow ID USA; McCall Outdoor Science School University of Idaho McCall ID USA
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY USA; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Columbia University New York NY USA; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Palisades NY USA
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Nitrogen addition and clonal integration alleviate water stress of dependent ramets of Indocalamus decorus under heterogeneous soil water environment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44524. [PMID: 28295023 PMCID: PMC5353745 DOI: 10.1038/srep44524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Water and nitrogen are two of the most important factors for plant growth and development. However, little is known about effects of N on water translocation between connected bamboo ramets. We performed experiment connected Indocalamus decorus ramets in adjacent pots with different soil water contents and three N levels. We determined antioxidase activities, concentration of osmotic adjustment products, O2·−, MDA and photosynthetic pigments, and electrolyte leakage rate in paired unit. When N supply to supporting ramets increased, their electrolyte leakage rates and contents of O2·− and MDA significantly increased, while antioxidase activities and contents of osmotic adjustment products and photosynthetic pigments in connected dependent ramets increased markedly as their electrolyte leakage rates and contents of O2·− and MDA decreased greatly. When N addition to dependent ramets increased, antioxidant enzyme activity and contents of osmotic adjustment products and photosynthetic pigments decreased in both ramets, but electrolyte leakage rates and O2·− and MDA contents increased significantly. Therefore, N addition to either supporting or dependent ramets can improve water integration among I. decorus ramets. N addition to supporting ramets promotes water translocation and alleviates water stress of dependent ramets, but N addition to dependent ramets exacerbates drought stress damage to dependent ramets.
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249
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Seabloom EW, Kinkel L, Borer ET, Hautier Y, Montgomery RA, Tilman D. Food webs obscure the strength of plant diversity effects on primary productivity. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:505-512. [PMID: 28295970 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant diversity experiments generally find that increased diversity causes increased productivity; however, primary productivity is typically measured in the presence of a diverse food web, including pathogens, mutualists and herbivores. If food web impacts on productivity vary with plant diversity, as predicted by both theoretical and empirical studies, estimates of the effect of plant diversity on productivity may be biased. We experimentally removed arthropods, foliar fungi and soil fungi from the longest-running plant diversity experiment. We found that fungi and arthropods removed a constant, large proportion of biomass leading to a greater reduction of total biomass in high diversity plots. As a result, the effect of diversity on measured plant productivity was much higher in the absence of fungi and arthropods. Thus, diversity increases productivity more than reported in previous studies that did not control for the effects of heterotrophic consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Seabloom
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of MN, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Linda Kinkel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of MN, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of MN, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Yann Hautier
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of MN, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584, CH, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Tilman
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of MN, St. Paul, MN, USA
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250
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Yang Y, Xi X, Zhong X, Eisenhauer N, Sun S. N addition suppresses the performance of grassland caterpillars ( Gynaephora alpherakjj
) by decreasing ground temperature. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yangheshan Yang
- Department of Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing 210046 China
| | - Xinqiang Xi
- Department of Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing 210046 China
| | - Xintong Zhong
- Department of Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing 210046 China
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Institute for Biology; Leipzig University; Johannisallee 21 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University; 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing 210046 China
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
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