201
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Bollen S, Leddin M, Andrade-Navarro MA, Mah N. CAFE: an R package for the detection of gross chromosomal abnormalities from gene expression microarray data. Bioinformatics 2014; 30:1484-5. [PMID: 24451624 PMCID: PMC4016701 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary: The current methods available to detect chromosomal abnormalities from DNA microarray expression data are cumbersome and inflexible. CAFE has been developed to alleviate these issues. It is implemented as an R package that analyzes Affymetrix *.CEL files and comes with flexible plotting functions, easing visualization of chromosomal abnormalities. Availability and implementation: CAFE is available from https://bitbucket.org/cob87icW6z/cafe/ as both source and compiled packages for Linux and Windows. It is released under the GPL version 3 license. CAFE will also be freely available from Bioconductor. Contact:sander.h.bollen@gmail.com or nancy.mah@mdc-berlin.de Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Bollen
- Computational Biology and Data Mining Group, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 98, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands and Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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202
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Zaninovic N, Zhan Q, Rosenwaks Z. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1154:121-44. [PMID: 24782008 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0659-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by their absolute or relative lack of specialization their ability for self-renewal, as well as their ability to generate differentiated progeny through cellular lineages with one or more branches. The increased availability of embryonic tissue and greatly improved derivation methods have led to a large increase in the number of hESC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikica Zaninovic
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA,
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203
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Weissbein U, Benvenisty N, Ben-David U. Quality control: Genome maintenance in pluripotent stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 204:153-63. [PMID: 24446481 PMCID: PMC3897183 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201310135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) must maintain their proper genomic content in order to preserve appropriate self-renewal and differentiation capacities. However, their prolonged in vitro propagation, as well as the environmental culture conditions, present serious challenges to genome maintenance. Recent work has been focused on potential means to alleviate the genomic insults experienced by PSCs, and to detect them as soon as they arise, in order to prevent the detrimental consequences of these genomic aberrations on PSC application in basic research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Weissbein
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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204
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Crompton JG, Clever D, Vizcardo R, Rao M, Restifo NP. Reprogramming antitumor immunity. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:178-85. [PMID: 24661777 PMCID: PMC4373650 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine holds great promise in replacing tissues and organs lost to degenerative disease and injury. Application of the principles of cellular reprogramming for the treatment of cancer, however, is not well established. Here, we present an overview of cellular reprogramming techniques used in regenerative medicine, and within this context, envision how the scope of regenerative medicine may be expanded to treat metastatic cancer by revitalizing an exhausted and senescent immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Crompton
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK; Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Clever
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
| | - Raul Vizcardo
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mahendra Rao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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205
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Bershteyn M, Hayashi Y, Desachy G, Hsiao EC, Sami S, Tsang KM, Weiss LA, Kriegstein AR, Yamanaka S, Wynshaw-Boris A. Cell-autonomous correction of ring chromosomes in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2014; 507:99-103. [PMID: 24413397 PMCID: PMC4030630 DOI: 10.1038/nature12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ring chromosomes are structural aberrations commonly associated with birth defects, mental disabilities and growth retardation. Rings form after fusion of the long and short arms of a chromosome, and are sometimes associated with large terminal deletions. Owing to the severity of these large aberrations that can affect multiple contiguous genes, no possible therapeutic strategies for ring chromosome disorders have been proposed. During cell division, ring chromosomes can exhibit unstable behaviour leading to continuous production of aneuploid progeny with low viability and high cellular death rate. The overall consequences of this chromosomal instability have been largely unexplored in experimental model systems. Here we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient fibroblasts containing ring chromosomes with large deletions and found that reprogrammed cells lost the abnormal chromosome and duplicated the wild-type homologue through the compensatory uniparental disomy (UPD) mechanism. The karyotypically normal iPSCs with isodisomy for the corrected chromosome outgrew co-existing aneuploid populations, enabling rapid and efficient isolation of patient-derived iPSCs devoid of the original chromosomal aberration. Our results suggest a fundamentally different function for cellular reprogramming as a means of 'chromosome therapy' to reverse combined loss-of-function across many genes in cells with large-scale aberrations involving ring structures. In addition, our work provides an experimentally tractable human cellular system for studying mechanisms of chromosomal number control, which is of critical relevance to human development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bershteyn
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guillaume Desachy
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF, CA, USA
| | - Edward C. Hsiao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Institute for Human Genetics, CA, UCSF
| | - Salma Sami
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Tsang
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF, CA, USA
| | - Lauren A. Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF, CA, USA
| | - Arnold R. Kriegstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA
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206
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Liang G, Zhang Y. Genetic and epigenetic variations in iPSCs: potential causes and implications for application. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 13:149-59. [PMID: 23910082 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to reprogram somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the field of regenerative medicine. However, recent studies on the genetic and epigenetic variations in iPSCs have raised concerns that these variations may compromise the utility of iPSCs. In this Perspective, we review the current understanding of genetic and epigenetic variations in iPSCs, trace their causes, discuss the implications of these variations for iPSC applications, and propose approaches to cope with these variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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207
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Chen KG, Mallon BS, Johnson KR, Hamilton RS, McKay RDG, Robey PG. Developmental insights from early mammalian embryos and core signaling pathways that influence human pluripotent cell growth and differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2014; 12:610-21. [PMID: 24603366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have two potentially attractive applications: cell replacement-based therapies and drug discovery. Both require the efficient generation of large quantities of clinical-grade stem cells that are free from harmful genomic alterations. The currently employed colony-type culture methods often result in low cell yields, unavoidably heterogeneous cell populations, and substantial chromosomal abnormalities. Here, we shed light on the structural relationship between hPSC colonies/embryoid bodies and early-stage embryos in order to optimize current culture methods based on the insights from developmental biology. We further highlight core signaling pathways that underlie multiple epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), cellular heterogeneity, and chromosomal instability in hPSCs. We also analyze emerging methods such as non-colony type monolayer (NCM) and suspension culture, which provide alternative growth models for hPSC expansion and differentiation. Furthermore, based on the influence of cell-cell interactions and signaling pathways, we propose concepts, strategies, and solutions for production of clinical-grade hPSCs, stem cell precursors, and miniorganoids, which are pivotal steps needed for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kory R Johnson
- Information Technology and Bioinformatics Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca S Hamilton
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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208
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Sart S, Schneider YJ, Li Y, Agathos SN. Stem cell bioprocess engineering towards cGMP production and clinical applications. Cytotechnology 2014; 66:709-22. [PMID: 24500393 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells and pluripotent stem cells, are becoming an indispensable tool for various biomedical applications including drug discovery, disease modeling, and tissue engineering. Bioprocess engineering, targeting large scale production, provides a platform to generate a controlled microenvironment that could potentially recreate the stem cell niche to promote stem cell proliferation or lineage-specific differentiation. This survey aims at defining the characteristics of stem cell populations currently in use and the present-day limits in their applications for therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, a bioprocess engineering strategy based on bioreactors and 3-D cultures is discussed in order to achieve the improved stem cell yield, function, and safety required for production under current good manufacturing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer St, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
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209
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Titmarsh DM, Ovchinnikov DA, Wolvetang EJ, Cooper-White JJ. Full factorial screening of human embryonic stem cell maintenance with multiplexed microbioreactor arrays. Biotechnol J 2014; 8:822-34. [PMID: 23813764 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in regenerative medicine applications relies on control of cell fate decisions by exogenous factors. This control can be hindered by the use of undefined culture components, poorly understood autocrine/paracrine effects, spatiotemporal variations in microenvironmental composition inherent to static culture formats, and signal cross-talk between multiple factors. We recently described microbioreactor arrays that provide a full factorial spectrum of exogenous factors, and allow gradual accumulation of paracrine factors through serial culture chambers. We combined these with defined biochemical conditions, and in situ reporter gene- and immunofluorescence-based readouts to create an hPSC screening platform with enhanced data throughput and microenvironmental control. HES3-EOS-C(3+)-EiP reporter hESCs were screened against FGF-2, TGF-β1, and retinoic acid in a modified mTeSR-1 medium background. Differential pluripotency marker expression reflected mTeSR-1's maintenance capacity, and differentiation in response to removal of maintenance factors or addition of retinoic acid. Interestingly, pluripotency marker expression was downregulated progressively through serial chambers. Since downstream chambers are exposed to greater levels of paracrine factors under continuous flow, this effect is thought to result from secreted factors that negatively influence pluripotency. The microbioreactor array platform decodes factor interplay, and has a broad application in deciphering microenvironmental control of cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M Titmarsh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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210
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Donnelly N, Storchová Z. Dynamic karyotype, dynamic proteome: buffering the effects of aneuploidy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:473-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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211
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Effects of antioxidants on the quality and genomic stability of induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3779. [PMID: 24445363 PMCID: PMC3896906 DOI: 10.1038/srep03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of antioxidants on the quality and genomic stability of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were investigated with two human iPS cell lines (201B7 and 253G1). Cells used in this study were expanded from a single colony of each cell line with the addition of proprietary antioxidant supplement or homemade antioxidant cocktail in medium, and maintained in parallel for 2 months. The cells grew well in all culture conditions and kept “stemness”. Although antioxidants modestly decreased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, there were no differences in the expression of 53BP1 and pATM, two critical molecules related with DNA damage and repair, under various culture conditions. CGH analysis showed that the events of genetic aberrations were decreased only in the 253G1 iPS cells with the addition of homemade antioxidant cocktail. Long-term culture will be necessary to confirm whether low dose antioxidants improve the quality and genomic stability of iPS cells.
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212
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Sun Y, Yang Y, Zeng S, Tan Y, Lu G, Lin G. Identification of proteins related to epigenetic regulation in the malignant transformation of aberrant karyotypic human embryonic stem cells by quantitative proteomics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85823. [PMID: 24465727 PMCID: PMC3895013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have demonstrated that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) tend to develop genomic alterations and progress to a malignant state during long-term in vitro culture. This raises concerns of the clinical safety in using cultured hESCs. However, transformed hESCs might serve as an excellent model to determine the process of embryonic stem cell transition. In this study, ITRAQ-based tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify normal and aberrant karyotypic hESCs proteins from simple to more complex karyotypic abnormalities. We identified and quantified 2583 proteins, and found that the expression levels of 316 proteins that represented at least 23 functional molecular groups were significantly different in both normal and abnormal hESCs. Dysregulated protein expression in epigenetic regulation was further verified in six pairs of hESC lines in early and late passage. In summary, this study is the first large-scale quantitative proteomic analysis of the malignant transformation of aberrant karyotypic hESCs. The data generated should serve as a useful reference of stem cell-derived tumor progression. Increased expression of both HDAC2 and CTNNB1 are detected as early as the pre-neoplastic stage, and might serve as prognostic markers in the malignant transformation of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Yixuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sicong Zeng
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yueqiu Tan
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (G. Lin); (G. Lu)
| | - Ge Lin
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (G. Lin); (G. Lu)
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213
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Josephson R. Molecular cytogenetics: making it safe for human embryonic stem cells to enter the clinic. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 7:395-406. [PMID: 17620047 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.4.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative therapies based on transplantation of cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are currently being prepared for clinical trials. Unfortunately, recent evidence indicates that many kinds of changes can occur to hESC during expansion in culture, and alterations to the growth control mechanisms may be required to establish hESC lines at all. Changes in the genome and epigenome can affect the validity of in vitro and animal studies, and put transplant recipients at increased risk of cancer. New molecular cytogenetic technologies enable us to examine the whole human genome with ever-finer resolution. This review describes several techniques for whole-genome analysis and the information they can provide about hESC lines. Adoption of high-resolution genotyping into routine characterization may prevent highly discouraging clinical outcomes.
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214
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Benevento M, Munoz J. Role of mass spectrometry-based proteomics in the study of cellular reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 9:379-99. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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215
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Moradi S, Asgari S, Baharvand H. Concise Review: Harmonies Played by MicroRNAs in Cell Fate Reprogramming. Stem Cells 2014; 32:3-15. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology; University of Science and Culture; ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology; University of Science and Culture; ACECR Tehran Iran
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216
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Chen KG, Mallon BS, McKay RDG, Robey PG. Human pluripotent stem cell culture: considerations for maintenance, expansion, and therapeutics. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:13-26. [PMID: 24388173 PMCID: PMC3915741 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide powerful resources for application in regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical development. In the past decade, various methods have been developed for large-scale hPSC culture that rely on combined use of multiple growth components, including media containing various growth factors, extracellular matrices, 3D environmental cues, and modes of multicellular association. In this Protocol Review, we dissect these growth components by comparing cell culture methods and identifying the benefits and pitfalls associated with each one. We further provide criteria, considerations, and suggestions to achieve optimal cell growth for hPSC expansion, differentiation, and use in future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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217
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Crompton JG, Sukumar M, Restifo NP. Uncoupling T-cell expansion from effector differentiation in cell-based immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:264-276. [PMID: 24329803 PMCID: PMC3915736 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT) is a potentially curative therapy for patients with advanced cancer. Eradication of tumor in mouse models and humans correlates with both a high dose of adoptively transferred cells and cells with a minimally differentiated phenotype that maintain replicative capacity and multipotency. We speculate that response to ACT not only requires transfer of cells with immediate cytolytic effector function to kill the bulk of fast-growing tumor but also transfer of tumor-specific cells that maintain an ability for self-renewal and the capacity to produce a continual supply of cytolytic effector progeny until all malignant cells are eliminated. Current in vitro methods to expand cells to sufficient numbers and still maintain a minimally differentiated phenotype are hindered by the biological coupling of clonal expansion and effector differentiation. Therefore, a better understanding of the physiologic mechanism that couples cell expansion and differentiation in CD8(+) T cells may improve the efficacy of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Crompton
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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218
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Peterson SE, Loring JF. Genomic instability in pluripotent stem cells: implications for clinical applications. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4578-84. [PMID: 24362040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.516419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are known to acquire genomic changes as they proliferate and differentiate. Despite concerns that these changes will compromise the safety of hPSC-derived cell therapy, there is currently scant evidence linking the known hPSC genomic abnormalities with malignancy. For the successful use of hPSCs for clinical applications, we will need to learn to distinguish between innocuous genomic aberrations and those that may cause tumors. To minimize any effects of acquired mutations on cell therapy, we strongly recommend that cells destined for transplant be monitored throughout their preparation using a high-resolution method such as SNP genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Peterson
- From the Department of Chemical Physiology and Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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219
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Shete A, Rao P, Pati D, Merchant F. Spatial quantitation of FISH signals in diploid versus aneuploid nuclei. Cytometry A 2013; 85:339-52. [PMID: 24347051 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the most widely used molecular technique to visualize chromosomal abnormalities. Here, we describe a novel 3D modeling approach to allow precise shape estimation and localization of FISH signals in the nucleus of human embryonic stem cells (hES) undergoing progressive but defined aneuploidy. The hES cell line WA09 acquires an extra copy of chromosome 12 in culture with increasing passages. Both diploid and aneuploid nuclei were analyzed to quantitate the differences in the localization of centromeric FISH signals for chromosome 12 as it transitions from euploidy to aneuploidy. We employed superquadric modeling primitives coupled with principal component analysis to determine the 3D position of FISH signals within the nucleus. A novel aspect of our modeling approach is that it allows comparison of FISH signals across multiple cells by normalizing the position of the centromeric signals relative to a reference landmark in oriented nuclei. Using this model we present evidence of changes in the relative positioning of centromeres in trisomy-12 cells when compared with diploid cells from the same population. Our analysis also suggests a significant change in the spatial distribution of at least one of the FISH signals in the aneuploid chromosome complements implicating that an overall change in centromere position may occur in trisomy-12 due to the addition of an extra chromosome. These studies underscore the unique utility of our modeling algorithms in quantifying FISH signals in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Shete
- Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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220
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De- and re-differentiation of the melanocytic lineage. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 93:30-5. [PMID: 24365127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated cells can be reprogrammed by the transient, ectopic overexpression of different sets of genes into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This process not only has considerable implications for regenerative medicine but is also highly relevant to multiple stages of oncogenesis, including melanoma. In other settings, the de-differentiation of normal and tumor cells is also responsible for a phenotype switch which completely changes the cell fate. Conversely, iPSCs as well as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be differentiated in vitro toward specific lineages, for example melanocytes, which offer useful models to investigate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in cellular differentiation. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the reprogramming and de-differentiation of melanocytic cells as well as the latest differentiation protocols of pluripotent stem cells into the melanocyte lineage.
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221
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Seo SJ, Kim TH, Choi SJ, Park JH, Wall IB, Kim HW. Gene delivery techniques for adult stem cell-based regenerative therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1875-91. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, stem cells have been considered to be a promising resource to cure and regenerate damaged or diseased tissues with research extending from basic studies to clinical application. Furthermore, genetically modified stem cells have the potential to reduce tumorigenic risks and achieve safe tissue formation. Recent advances in genetic modification of stem cells have rendered these cells more accessible and stable. The successful genetic modification of stem cells relies heavily on designing vector systems, either viral or nonviral vectors, which can efficiently deliver therapeutic genes to the cells with minimum toxicity. Currently, viral vectors showing high transfection efficiencies still raise safety issues, whereas safer nonviral vectors exhibit extremely poor transfection in stem cells. Here, we attempt to review and discuss the main factors raising concern in previous reports, and devise strategies to solve the issues in gene delivery systems for successful stem cell-targeting regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog-Jin Seo
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Choi
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hui Park
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Ivan B Wall
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
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222
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Karyotypically abnormal human ESCs are sensitive to HDAC inhibitors and show altered regulation of genes linked to cancers and neurological diseases. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1022-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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223
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Avery S, Hirst AJ, Baker D, Lim CY, Alagaratnam S, Skotheim RI, Lothe RA, Pera MF, Colman A, Robson P, Andrews PW, Knowles BB. BCL-XL mediates the strong selective advantage of a 20q11.21 amplification commonly found in human embryonic stem cell cultures. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:379-86. [PMID: 24286026 PMCID: PMC3841249 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) regularly acquire nonrandom genomic aberrations during culture, raising concerns about their safe therapeutic application. The International Stem Cell Initiative identified a copy number variant (CNV) amplification of chromosome 20q11.21 in 25% of hESC lines displaying a normal karyotype. By comparing four cell lines paired for the presence or absence of this CNV, we show that those containing this amplicon have higher population doubling rates, attributable to enhanced cell survival through resistance to apoptosis. Of the three genes encoded within the minimal amplicon and expressed in hESCs, only overexpression of BCL2L1 (BCL-XL isoform) provides control cells with growth characteristics similar to those of CNV-containing cells, whereas inhibition of BCL-XL suppresses the growth advantage of CNV cells, establishing BCL2L1 as a driver mutation. Amplification of the 20q11.21 region is also detectable in human embryonal carcinoma cell lines and some teratocarcinomas, linking this mutation with malignant transformation. The presence of the 20q11.21 CNV protects hESCs against apoptosis 20q11.21 CNV cells have increased levels of antiapoptotic BCL-XL, driving selection hECCs and primary embryonal carcinoma samples also display the 20q11.21 CNV 20q11.21 CNV could be a feature of neoplastic progression
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Avery
- Institute of Medical Biology, A-STAR, Immunos, Singapore 138648
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224
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Zhang Y, Liang X, Lian Q, Tse HF. Perspective and challenges of mesenchymal stem cells for cardiovascular regeneration. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 11:505-17. [PMID: 23570363 DOI: 10.1586/erc.13.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit multipotent differentiation potential and can be derived from embryonic, neonatal and adult differentiation stage III tissue sources. While increasing preclinical studies and clinical trials have indicated that MSC-based therapy is a promising strategy for cardiovascular regeneration, there are major challenges to overcome before this stem-cell technology can be widely applied in clinical settings. In this review, the following important issues will be addressed. First, optimal sources of MSC derivation suitable for myocardial repair are not determined. Second, assessments for preclinical and clinical studies of MSCs require more scientific data analysis. Third, mechanisms of MSC-based therapy for cardiovascular regeneration have not been fully understood yet. Finally, the potential benefit-risk ratio of MSC therapy needs to be evaluated systematically. Additionally, future development of MSC therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Zhang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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225
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Li P, Chen Y, Meng X, Kwok KY, Huang X, Choy KW, Wang CC, Lan H, Yuan P. Suppression of malignancy by Smad3 in mouse embryonic stem cell formed teratoma. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 9:709-20. [PMID: 23794057 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disease associated gene deficient embryonic stem cells can serve as valuable in vitro models to study disease mechanisms and screen drugs. Smad3 mediated TGF-β/Activin/Nodal signaling plays important roles in many biological processes. Despite numerous studies regarding Smad3 function, the role of Smad3 in mouse ES cells is not well studied. To understand the function of Smad3 in mouse ES cells, we derived Smad3-/- ES cells and wild type ES cells. Smad3-/- ES cells display no defect on self-renewal. They express similar level of pluripotent genes and lineage genes compared to wild type ES cells. However, Smad3 ablation results in transient difference in germ layer marker expression during embryoid body formation. Mesoderm lineage marker expression is significantly reduced in the embryoid body formed by Smad3-/- ES cells compared to wild type ES cells. Intriguingly, subcutaneous injection of Smad3-/- ES cells into nude mice leads to formation of malignant immature teratomas, whilst wild type ES cells tend to form mature teratomas. Smad3-/- ES cell formed teratomas can therefore provide a new model for the study of the mechanism of malignant teratomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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226
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Ben-Yosef D, Boscolo FS, Amir H, Malcov M, Amit A, Laurent LC. Genomic analysis of hESC pedigrees identifies de novo mutations and enables determination of the timing and origin of mutational events. Cell Rep 2013; 4:1288-302. [PMID: 24035391 PMCID: PMC3894204 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the association between mutational load and cancer, the observation
that genetic aberrations are frequently found in human pluripotent stem cells
(hPSCs) is of concern. Prior studies in human induced pluripotent stem cells
(hiPSCs) have shown that deletions and regions of loss of heterozygosity (LOH)
tend to arise during reprogramming and early culture, whereas duplications more
frequently occur during long-term culture. For the corresponding experiments in
human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), we studied two sets of hESC lines: one
including the corresponding parental DNA and the other generated from single
blastomeres from four sibling embryos. Here, we show that genetic aberrations
observed in hESCs can originate during preimplantation embryo development and/or
early derivation. These early aberrations are mainly deletions and LOH, whereas
aberrations arising during long-term culture of hESCs are more frequently
duplications. Our results highlight the importance of close monitoring of
genomic integrity and the development of improved methods for derivation and
culture of hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Ben-Yosef
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Medical
School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Francesca S. Boscolo
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Reproductive
Medicine, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The Sanford Consortium for
Regenerative Medicine, 7880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695,
USA
- The Scripps Research Institute Center for Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road SP30-3021, La
Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hadar Amir
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Reproductive
Medicine, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The Sanford Consortium for
Regenerative Medicine, 7880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695,
USA
| | - Mira Malcov
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Ami Amit
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Louise C. Laurent
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Reproductive
Medicine, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The Sanford Consortium for
Regenerative Medicine, 7880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695,
USA
- The Scripps Research Institute Center for Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road SP30-3021, La
Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.009
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227
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Orciani M, Di Primio R. Skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells: isolation, culture, and characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 989:275-83. [PMID: 23483402 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-330-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest about stem cell research is linked to the promise of developing such treatments for many life-threatening, debilitating diseases and for cell replacement therapies. Among the various human tissues, skin represents a source characterized by great accessibility and availability with noninvasive procedures and without risks of oncogenesis after their transplantation. In this aim, the identification of suitable protocols for the isolation, characterization, and long-term storage has a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Orciani
- Dipartamento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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228
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Abbasalizadeh S, Baharvand H. Technological progress and challenges towards cGMP manufacturing of human pluripotent stem cells based therapeutic products for allogeneic and autologous cell therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1600-23. [PMID: 23962714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in the generation, characterization, and bioprocessing of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have created new hope for their use as a source for production of cell-based therapeutic products. To date, a few clinical trials that have used therapeutic cells derived from hESCs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but numerous new hPSC-based cell therapy products are under various stages of development in cell therapy-specialized companies and their future market is estimated to be very promising. However, the multitude of critical challenges regarding different aspects of hPSC-based therapeutic product manufacturing and their therapies have made progress for the introduction of new products and clinical applications very slow. These challenges include scientific, technological, clinical, policy, and financial aspects. The technological aspects of manufacturing hPSC-based therapeutic products for allogeneic and autologous cell therapies according to good manufacturing practice (cGMP) quality requirements is one of the most important challenging and emerging topics in the development of new hPSCs for clinical use. In this review, we describe main critical challenges and highlight a series of technological advances in all aspects of hPSC-based therapeutic product manufacturing including clinical grade cell line development, large-scale banking, upstream processing, downstream processing, and quality assessment of final cell therapeutic products that have brought hPSCs closer to clinical application and commercial cGMP manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Abbasalizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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229
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Liang G, Zhang Y. Genetic and epigenetic variations in iPSCs: potential causes and implications for application. Cell Stem Cell 2013. [PMID: 23910082 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.07.001.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reprogram somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the field of regenerative medicine. However, recent studies on the genetic and epigenetic variations in iPSCs have raised concerns that these variations may compromise the utility of iPSCs. In this Perspective, we review the current understanding of genetic and epigenetic variations in iPSCs, trace their causes, discuss the implications of these variations for iPSC applications, and propose approaches to cope with these variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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230
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Guo CW, Kawakatsu M, Idemitsu M, Urata Y, Goto S, Ono Y, Hamano K, Li TS. Culture under low physiological oxygen conditions improves the stemness and quality of induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2159-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wan Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Miho Kawakatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Marie Idemitsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Yoshishige Urata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Shinji Goto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Kimikazu Hamano
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Sciences; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Ube, Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
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231
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Matsuoka T, Choul Kim B, Moraes C, Han M, Takayama S. Micro- and nanofluidic technologies for epigenetic profiling. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:41301. [PMID: 23964309 PMCID: PMC3739826 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This short review provides an overview of the impact micro- and nanotechnologies can make in studying epigenetic structures. The importance of mapping histone modifications on chromatin prompts us to highlight the complexities and challenges associated with histone mapping, as compared to DNA sequencing. First, the histone code comprised over 30 variations, compared to 4 nucleotides for DNA. Second, whereas DNA can be amplified using polymerase chain reaction, chromatin cannot be amplified, creating challenges in obtaining sufficient material for analysis. Third, while every person has only a single genome, there exist multiple epigenomes in cells of different types and origins. Finally, we summarize existing technologies for performing these types of analyses. Although there are still relatively few examples of micro- and nanofluidic technologies for chromatin analysis, the unique advantages of using such technologies to address inherent challenges in epigenetic studies, such as limited sample material, complex readouts, and the need for high-content screens, make this an area of significant growth and opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Matsuoka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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232
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Estrada JC, Torres Y, Benguría A, Dopazo A, Roche E, Carrera-Quintanar L, Pérez RA, Enríquez JA, Torres R, Ramírez JC, Samper E, Bernad A. Human mesenchymal stem cell-replicative senescence and oxidative stress are closely linked to aneuploidy. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e691. [PMID: 23807220 PMCID: PMC3702285 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In most clinical trials, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are expanded in vitro before implantation. The genetic stability of human stem cells is critical for their clinical use. However, the relationship between stem-cell expansion and genetic stability is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that within the normal expansion period, hMSC cultures show a high percentage of aneuploid cells that progressively increases until senescence. Despite this accumulation, we show that in a heterogeneous culture the senescence-prone hMSC subpopulation has a lower proliferation potential and a higher incidence of aneuploidy than the non-senescent subpopulation. We further show that senescence is linked to a novel transcriptional signature that includes a set of genes implicated in ploidy control. Overexpression of the telomerase catalytic subunit (human telomerase reverse transcriptase, hTERT) inhibited senescence, markedly reducing the levels of aneuploidy and preventing the dysregulation of ploidy-controlling genes. hMSC-replicative senescence was accompanied by an increase in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and oxidative stress, but in long-term cultures that overexpress hTERT, these parameters were maintained at basal levels, comparable to unmodified hMSCs at initial passages. We therefore propose that hTERT contributes to genetic stability through its classical telomere maintenance function and also by reducing the levels of oxidative stress, possibly, by controlling mitochondrial physiology. Finally, we propose that aneuploidy is a relevant factor in the induction of senescence and should be assessed in hMSCs before their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Estrada
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
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233
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Faiz M, Nagy A. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Disorders of the Nervous System: Progress, Problems, and Prospects. Neuroscientist 2013; 19:567-577. [PMID: 23797497 DOI: 10.1177/1073858413493148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in cellular reprograming have shown that the delivery of specific transcription factors can result in the shift of one cell type to another. Brief forced expression of the four Yamanaka reprogramming factors (Klf4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Oct4) is able to convert many cell types into induced pluripotent stem cells, whereas some lineage specific transcription factors can convert cells from one type directly to another. Numerous strategies have already been developed for deriving neural cell types, with the hopes of better understanding/alleviating neurodegenerative disease. These cells facilitate drug discovery and constitute an autologous source of cells for brain repair, thus, avoiding rejection issues faced by allografts derived from embryonic stem cells. However, proper characterization of the various types of reprogrammed cells and an understanding of how these cells acquire neural fate is necessary before their translation into the clinic. Here, we review the progress, problems, and prospects with reprogrammed cell types with regards to neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Faiz
- 1Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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234
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Barta T, Dolezalova D, Holubcova Z, Hampl A. Cell cycle regulation in human embryonic stem cells: links to adaptation to cell culture. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:271-5. [PMID: 23598972 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213480711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle represents not only a tightly orchestrated mechanism of cell replication and cell division but it also plays an important role in regulation of cell fate decision. Particularly in the context of pluripotent stem cells or multipotent progenitor cells, regulation of cell fate decision is of paramount importance. It has been shown that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) show unique cell cycle characteristics, such as short doubling time due to abbreviated G1 phase; these properties change with the onset of differentiation. This review summarizes the current understanding of cell cycle regulation in hESCs. We discuss cell cycle properties as well as regulatory machinery governing cell cycle progression of undifferentiated hESCs. Additionally, we provide evidence that long-term culture of hESCs is accompanied by changes in cell cycle properties as well as configuration of several cell cycle regulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Barta
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.
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235
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A thermoresponsive and chemically defined hydrogel for long-term culture of human embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1335. [PMID: 23299885 PMCID: PMC3562446 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultures of human embryonic stem cell typically rely on protein matrices or feeder cells to support attachment and growth, while mechanical, enzymatic or chemical cell dissociation methods are used for cellular passaging. However, these methods are ill defined, thus introducing variability into the system, and may damage cells. They also exert selective pressures favouring cell aneuploidy and loss of differentiation potential. Here we report the identification of a family of chemically defined thermoresponsive synthetic hydrogels based on 2-(diethylamino)ethyl acrylate, which support long-term human embryonic stem cell growth and pluripotency over a period of 2–6 months. The hydrogels permitted gentle, reagent-free cell passaging by virtue of transient modulation of the ambient temperature from 37 to 15 °C for 30 min. These chemically defined alternatives to currently used, undefined biological substrates represent a flexible and scalable approach for improving the definition, efficacy and safety of human embryonic stem cell culture systems for research, industrial and clinical applications. To transfer cultured human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) between culture dishes, cells need to be released using mechanical, enzymatic or chemical means, which can damage cells. Zhang et al. describe a thermomodulatable hydrogel that allows gentle, reagent-free cell passaging for the long-term culture of hESCs.
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236
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Nouspikel T. Genetic instability in human embryonic stem cells: prospects and caveats. Future Oncol 2013; 9:867-77. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) display a leaky G1/S checkpoint and inefficient nucleotide excision repair activity. Maintenance of genomic stability in these cells mostly relies on the elimination of damaged cells by high rates of apoptosis. However, a subpopulation survives and proliferates actively, bypassing DNA damage by translesion synthesis, a known mutagenic process. Indeed, high levels of damage-induced mutations were observed in hESCs, similar to those in repair-deficient cells. The surviving cells also become more resistant to further damage, leading to a progressive enrichment of cultures in mutant cells. In long-term cultures, hESCs display features characteristic of neoplastic progression, including chromosomal anomalies often similar to those observed in embryo carcinoma. The implication of these facts for stem cell-based therapy and cancer research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Nouspikel
- Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
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237
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Kathawala MH, Xiong S, Richards M, Ng KW, George S, Loo SCJ. Emerging in vitro models for safety screening of high-volume production nanomaterials under environmentally relevant exposure conditions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1504-1520. [PMID: 23019115 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The rising production of nanomaterial-based consumer products has raised safety concerns. Testing these with animal and other direct models is neither ethically nor economically viable, nor quick enough. This review aims to discuss the strength of in vitro testing, including the use of 2D and 3D cultures, stem cells, and tissue constructs, etc., which would give fast and repeatable answers of a highly specific nature, while remaining relevant to in vivo outcomes. These results can then be combined and the overall toxicity predicted with relative accuracy. Such in vitro models can screen potentially toxic nanomaterials which, if required, can undergo further stringent studies in animals. The cyto- and phototoxicity of some high-volume production nanomaterials, using in vitro models, is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Hussain Kathawala
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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238
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Bazrgar M, Gourabi H, Valojerdi MR, Yazdi PE, Baharvand H. Self-correction of chromosomal abnormalities in human preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2449-56. [PMID: 23557100 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is commonly seen in human preimplantation embryos, most particularly at the cleavage stage because of genome activation by third cell division. Aneuploid embryos have been used for the derivation of normal embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines and developmental modeling. This review addresses aneuploidies in human preimplantation embryos and human ESCs and the potential of self-correction of these aberrations. Diploid-aneuploid mosaicism is the most frequent abnormality observed; hence, embryos selected by preimplantation genetic diagnosis at the cleavage or blastocyst stage could be partly abnormal. Differentiation is known as the barrier for eliminating mosaic embryos by death and/or decreased division of abnormal cells. However, some mosaicisms, such as copy number variations could be compatible with live birth. Several reasons have been proposed for self-correction of aneuploidies during later stages of development, including primary misdiagnosis, allocation of the aneuploidy in the trophectoderm, cell growth advantage of diploid cells in mosaic embryos, lagging of aneuploid cell division, extrusion or duplication of an aneuploid chromosome, and the abundance of DNA repair gene products. Although more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of self-correction as a rare phenomenon, most likely, it is related to overcoming mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Bazrgar
- Department of Genetics, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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239
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Ben-David U, Mayshar Y, Benvenisty N. Virtual karyotyping of pluripotent stem cells on the basis of their global gene expression profiles. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:989-97. [PMID: 23619890 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genomic instability of stem cells in culture, caused by their routine in vitro propagation or by their genetic manipulation, is deleterious both for their clinical application and for their use in basic research. Frequent evaluation of the genomic integrity of stem cells is thus required, and it is usually performed using cytogenetic or DNA-based methods at variable sensitivities, resolutions and costs. Here we present a detailed protocol for determining the genomic integrity of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) using their global gene expression profiles. This expression-based karyotyping (e-karyotyping) protocol uses gene expression microarray data (either originally generated or derived from the literature) and describes how to organize it properly, subject it to two complementary bioinformatic analyses and conservatively interpret the results in order to generate an accurate estimation of the chromosomal aberrations in the autosomal genome of examined stem cell lines. The experimental steps of e-karyotyping can be carried out in ∼20-30 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ben-David
- Department of Genetics, Stem Cell Unit, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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240
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Singh A, Suri S, Lee T, Chilton JM, Cooke MT, Chen W, Fu J, Stice SL, Lu H, McDevitt TC, García AJ. Adhesion strength-based, label-free isolation of human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Methods 2013; 10:438-44. [PMID: 23563795 PMCID: PMC3641175 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently isolate undifferentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (UD-hiPSCs) as colonies from contaminating non-pluripotent cells is a crucial step in the stem cell field to maintain hiPSC survival, purity, and karyotype stability. Here we demonstrate significant differences in ‘adhesive signature’ among UD-hiPSCs, parental cells, partially reprogrammed cells, and differentiated progeny. The distinct adhesive signature of hiPSCs was exploited to rapidly (~10 min) and efficiently isolate fully reprogrammed bona fide hiPSCs as intact colonies from heterogeneous reprogramming cultures and differentiated progeny using microfluidics. hiPSCs were isolated in a label-free fashion and enriched to > 95–99% purity and survival without adversely affecting the transcriptional profile, differentiation potential or karyotype of the pluripotent cells. This rapid and label-free strategy is applicable to isolate UD-hPSCs (hiPSCs, hESCs) from heterogeneous cultures during reprogramming and routine cultures and can be expanded to purify stem cells of specific lineages, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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241
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Bushman DM, Chun J. The genomically mosaic brain: aneuploidy and more in neural diversity and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:357-69. [PMID: 23466288 PMCID: PMC3637860 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Genomically identical cells have long been assumed to comprise the human brain, with post-genomic mechanisms giving rise to its enormous diversity, complexity, and disease susceptibility. However, the identification of neural cells containing somatically generated mosaic aneuploidy - loss and/or gain of chromosomes from a euploid complement - and other genomic variations including LINE1 retrotransposons and regional patterns of DNA content variation (DCV), demonstrate that the brain is genomically heterogeneous. The precise phenotypes and functions produced by genomic mosaicism are not well understood, although the effects of constitutive aberrations, as observed in Down syndrome, implicate roles for defined mosaic genomes relevant to cellular survival, differentiation potential, stem cell biology, and brain organization. Here we discuss genomic mosaicism as a feature of the normal brain as well as a possible factor in the weak or complex genetic linkages observed for many of the most common forms of neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M. Bushman
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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242
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Kramer AS, Harvey AR, Plant GW, Hodgetts SI. Systematic Review of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology as a Potential Clinical Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:571-617. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation therapies aimed at repairing neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) have utilized and tested a variety of cell candidates, each with its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages. The use and popularity of each cell type is guided by a number of factors including the nature of the experimental model, neuroprotection capacity, the ability to promote plasticity and guided axonal growth, and the cells' myelination capability. The promise of stem cells, with their reported ability to give rise to neuronal lineages to replace lost endogenous cells and myelin, integrate into host tissue, restore functional connectivity, and provide trophic support to enhance and direct intrinsic regenerative ability, has been seen as a most encouraging step forward. The advent of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), which represents the ability to “reprogram” somatic cells into a pluripotent state, hails the arrival of a new cell transplantation candidate for potential clinical application in therapies designed to promote repair and/or regeneration of the CNS. Since the initial development of iPSC technology, these cells have been extensively characterized in vitro and in a number of pathological conditions and were originally reported to be equivalent to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). This review highlights emerging evidence that suggests iPSCs are not necessarily indistinguishable from ESCs and may occupy a different “state” of pluripotency with differences in gene expression, methylation patterns, and genomic aberrations, which may reflect incomplete reprogramming and may therefore impact on the regenerative potential of these donor cells in therapies. It also highlights the limitations of current technologies used to generate these cells. Moreover, we provide a systematic review of the state of play with regard to the use of iPSCs in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions. The importance of balancing the promise of this transplantation candidate in the light of these emerging properties is crucial as the potential application in the clinical setting approaches. The first of three sections in this review discusses (A) the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) and how stem cell therapies can positively alter the pathology in experimental SCI. Part B summarizes (i) the available technologies to deliver transgenes to generate iPSCs and (ii) recent data comparing iPSCs to ESCs in terms of characteristics and molecular composition. Lastly, in (C) we evaluate iPSC-based therapies as a candidate to treat SCI on the basis of their neurite induction capability compared to embryonic stem cells and provide a summary of available in vivo data of iPSCs used in SCI and other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Kramer
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Giles W. Plant
- Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart I. Hodgetts
- Spinal Cord Repair Laboratory, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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243
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Alagaratnam S, Harrison N, Bakken AC, Hoff AM, Jones M, Sveen A, Moore HD, Andrews PW, Lothe RA, Skotheim RI. Transforming pluripotency: an exon-level study of malignancy-specific transcripts in human embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1136-46. [PMID: 23137282 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To circumvent difficulties of isolating pure populations of cancer stem cells (CSCs) for the purpose of identifying malignancy-specific gene expression, we have compared exon-resolution transcriptomic profiles of 5 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines, a histological subtype of germ cell tumor (GCT), to their nonmalignant caricature, specifically 6 human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines. Both cell types are readily accessible, and were purified for undifferentiated cells only. We identified a set of 28 differentially expressed genes, many of which had cancer and stemness roles. Overexpression of the recently discovered pluripotency gene NR5A2 in malignant EC cells revealed an intriguing indication of how WNT-mediated dysregulation of pluripotency is involved with malignancy. Expression of these 28 genes was further explored within 2 publically available data sets of primary EC tumors and normal testis. At the exon-level, alternative splicing events were detected in ZNF195, DNMT3B, and PMF1, and alternative promoters were detected for ASH2L and ETV5. These events were validated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-based methods in EC and ES lines, where the alternative splicing event in the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B may have functional consequences. In conclusion, we have identified malignancy-specific gene expression differences within a rigorous pluripotent stem cell context. These findings are of particular interest for both GCT and ES cell biology, and, in general, to the concept of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmini Alagaratnam
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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244
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Abstract
The potential for the formation of teratomas or other neoplasms is a major safety roadblock to clinical application of pluripotent stem cell therapies. Preclinical assessment of the risk of tumor formation in this context poses considerable scientific and regulatory challenges, especially because animal xenograft models may not properly reflect the long-term tumorigenic potential of human cells. A better understanding of the biology of spontaneously occurring teratomas and related tumors in humans can help to guide efforts to assess and minimize the potential hazards of embryonic stem cell or induced pluripotent stem cell therapeutics. Here we review the features of teratomas derived experimentally from human pluripotent stem cells and argue that they most closely resemble spontaneous benign teratomas that occur early in both mouse and human life. The natural history and pathology of these spontaneously occurring teratomas provide important clues for preclinical safety assessment and patient monitoring in trials of stem cell therapies.
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245
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Heng BC, Heinimann K, Miny P, Iezzi G, Glatz K, Scherberich A, Zulewski H, Fussenegger M. mRNA transfection-based, feeder-free, induced pluripotent stem cells derived from adipose tissue of a 50-year-old patient. Metab Eng 2013; 18:9-24. [PMID: 23542141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have successfully been derived from somatic fibroblasts through transfection of synthetic modified mRNA encoding transcription factors. This technique obviates the use of recombinant DNA and viral vectors in cellular reprogramming. The present study derived iPSC from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (of a 50-year-old female patient) by utilizing a similar technique, but with defined culture medium without feeder cells, during both reprogramming and propagation. Clonal selection was performed to yield 12 putative iPSC lines from individual colonies of nascent reprogrammed cells, starting from 150,000 cells. However, only seven lines maintained their undifferentiated state after 10 continuous serial passages. These seven lines were then subjected to a rigorous battery of analyses to confirm their identity as iPSC. These tests included immunostaining, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, in vitro differentiation assay, and teratoma formation assay within SCID mice. Positive results were consistently observed in all analyses, thus verifying the cells as fully reprogrammed iPSC. While all 7 iPSC lines displayed normal karyogram up to passage 13, chromosomal anomalies occurred in 4 of 7 lines with extended in vitro culture beyond 24 serial passages. Only three lines retained normal karyotype of 46,XX. The remaining four lines displayed mosaicism of normal and abnormal karyotypes. Hence, this study successfully derived iPSC from abundant and easily accessible adipose tissues of a middle-aged patient; utilizing a mRNA-based integration-free technique under feeder-free conditions. This is a step forward in translating iPSC into personalized regenerative medicine within the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering-D-BSSE, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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246
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Pringle S, Van Os R, Coppes RP. Concise Review: Adult Salivary Gland Stem Cells and a Potential Therapy for Xerostomia. Stem Cells 2013; 31:613-9. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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247
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Krutá M, Bálek L, Hejnová R, Dobšáková Z, Eiselleová L, Matulka K, Bárta T, Fojtík P, Fajkus J, Hampl A, Dvořák P, Rotrekl V. Decrease in Abundance of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease Causes Failure of Base Excision Repair in Culture-Adapted Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2013; 31:693-702. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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248
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Sverdlov ED, Mineev K. Mutation rate in stem cells: an underestimated barrier on the way to therapy. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:273-80. [PMID: 23481596 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are thought to have great therapeutic potential, but due to continuously and stochastically arising new mutations that unpredictably change the composition of a cell population, the large-scale manufacturing of SCs with uniform properties and predictable behavior is a challenge. Quantitative evaluation of the characteristic mutation rate of a given stem cell line could be an important criterion in making the decision to use the line in medical practice. Such an evaluation could provide a new quality standard for newly derived human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines prior to depositing them in stem cell banks. Here, we substantiate this view with simple calculations showing the effect of the mutation rate on changes in the cell population composition due to amplification. Selection of SCs with low mutation rate could reduce the risk of negative side effects during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Sverdlov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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249
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Das B, Bayat-Mokhtari R, Tsui M, Lotfi S, Tsuchida R, Felsher DW, Yeger H. HIF-2α suppresses p53 to enhance the stemness and regenerative potential of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2013; 30:1685-95. [PMID: 22689594 PMCID: PMC3584519 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been reported to exert cytoprotective activity in the area of tissue injury. However, hypoxia/oxidative stress prevailing in the area of injury could activate p53, leading to death and differentiation of hESCs. Here we report that when exposed to hypoxia/oxidative stress, a small fraction of hESCs, namely the SSEA3+/ABCG2+ fraction undergoes a transient state of reprogramming to a low p53 and high hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α state of transcriptional activity. This state can be sustained for a period of 2 weeks and is associated with enhanced transcriptional activity of Oct-4 and Nanog, concomitant with high teratomagenic potential. Conditioned medium obtained from the post-hypoxia SSEA3+/ABCG2+ hESCs showed cytoprotection both in vitro and in vivo. We termed this phenotype as the “enhanced stemness” state. We then demonstrated that the underlying molecular mechanism of this transient phenotype of enhanced stemness involved high Bcl-2, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, and MDM2 expression and an altered state of the p53/MDM2 oscillation system. Specific silencing of HIF-2α and p53 resisted the reprogramming of SSEA3+/ABCG2+ to the enhanced stemness phenotype. Thus, our studies have uncovered a unique transient reprogramming activity in hESCs, the enhanced stemness reprogramming where a highly cytoprotective and undifferentiated state is achieved by transiently suppressing p53 activity. We suggest that this transient reprogramming is a form of stem cell altruism that benefits the surrounding tissues during the process of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikul Das
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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250
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Wongtrakoongate P, Jones M, Gokhale PJ, Andrews PW. STELLA facilitates differentiation of germ cell and endodermal lineages of human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56893. [PMID: 23457636 PMCID: PMC3573007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stella is a developmentally regulated gene highly expressed in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and in primordial germ cells (PGCs). In human, the gene encoding the STELLA homologue lies on chromosome 12p, which is frequently amplified in long-term cultured human ES cells. However, the role played by STELLA in human ES cells has not been reported. In the present study, we show that during retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of human ES cells, expression of STELLA follows that of VASA, a marker of germline differentiation. By contrast, human embryonal carcinoma cells express STELLA at a higher level compared with both karyotypically normal and abnormal human ES cell lines. We found that over-expression of STELLA does not interfere with maintenance of the stem cell state of human ES cells, but following retinoic acid induction it leads to up-regulation of germline- and endodermal-associated genes, whereas neural markers PAX6 and NEUROD1 are down-regulated. Further, STELLA over-expression facilitates the differentiation of human ES cells into BE12-positive cells, in which the expression of germline- and endodermal-associated genes is enriched, and suppresses differentiation of the neural lineage. Taken together, this finding suggests a role for STELLA in facilitating germline and endodermal differentiation of human ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patompon Wongtrakoongate
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PW); (PWA)
| | - Mark Jones
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Gokhale
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W. Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PW); (PWA)
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