201
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Hannezo E, Heisenberg CP. Mechanochemical Feedback Loops in Development and Disease. Cell 2020; 178:12-25. [PMID: 31251912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that both mechanical and biochemical signals play important roles in development and disease. The development of complex organisms, in particular, has been proposed to rely on the feedback between mechanical and biochemical patterning events. This feedback occurs at the molecular level via mechanosensation but can also arise as an emergent property of the system at the cellular and tissue level. In recent years, dynamic changes in tissue geometry, flow, rheology, and cell fate specification have emerged as key platforms of mechanochemical feedback loops in multiple processes. Here, we review recent experimental and theoretical advances in understanding how these feedbacks function in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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202
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Broussard JA, Jaiganesh A, Zarkoob H, Conway DE, Dunn AR, Espinosa HD, Janmey PA, Green KJ. Scaling up single-cell mechanics to multicellular tissues - the role of the intermediate filament-desmosome network. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs228031. [PMID: 32179593 PMCID: PMC7097224 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues sense, respond to and translate mechanical forces into biochemical signals through mechanotransduction, which governs individual cell responses that drive gene expression, metabolic pathways and cell motility, and determines how cells work together in tissues. Mechanotransduction often depends on cytoskeletal networks and their attachment sites that physically couple cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix. One way that cells associate with each other is through Ca2+-dependent adhesion molecules called cadherins, which mediate cell-cell interactions through adherens junctions, thereby anchoring and organizing the cortical actin cytoskeleton. This actin-based network confers dynamic properties to cell sheets and developing organisms. However, these contractile networks do not work alone but in concert with other cytoarchitectural elements, including a diverse network of intermediate filaments. This Review takes a close look at the intermediate filament network and its associated intercellular junctions, desmosomes. We provide evidence that this system not only ensures tissue integrity, but also cooperates with other networks to create more complex tissues with emerging properties in sensing and responding to increasingly stressful environments. We will also draw attention to how defects in intermediate filament and desmosome networks result in both chronic and acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Broussard
- Departments of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Avinash Jaiganesh
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hoda Zarkoob
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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203
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Tissue-Scale Mechanical Coupling Reduces Morphogenetic Noise to Ensure Precision during Epithelial Folding. Dev Cell 2020; 53:212-228.e12. [PMID: 32169160 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphological constancy is universal in developing systems. It is unclear whether precise morphogenesis stems from faithful mechanical interpretation of gene expression patterns. We investigate the formation of the cephalic furrow, an epithelial fold that is precisely positioned with a linear morphology. Fold initiation is specified by a precise genetic code with single-cell row resolution. This positional code activates and spatially confines lateral myosin contractility to induce folding. However, 20% of initiating cells are mis-specified because of fluctuating myosin intensities at the cellular level. Nevertheless, the furrow remains linearly aligned. We find that lateral myosin is planar polarized, integrating contractile membrane interfaces into supracellular "ribbons." Local reduction of mechanical coupling at the "ribbons" using optogenetics decreases furrow linearity. Furthermore, 3D vertex modeling indicates that polarized, interconnected contractility confers morphological robustness against noise. Thus, tissue-scale mechanical coupling functions as a denoising mechanism to ensure morphogenetic precision despite noisy decoding of positional information.
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204
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Balcioglu HE, Balasubramaniam L, Stirbat TV, Doss BL, Fardin MA, Mège RM, Ladoux B. A subtle relationship between substrate stiffness and collective migration of cell clusters. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1825-1839. [PMID: 31970382 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01893j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The physical cues from the extracellular environment mediates cell signaling spatially and temporally. Cells respond to physical cues from their environment in a non-monotonic fashion. Despite our understanding of the role of substrate rigidity on single cell migration, how cells respond collectively to increasing extracellular matrix stiffness is not well established. Here we patterned multicellular epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) islands on polyacrylamide gels of varying stiffness and studied their expansion. Our findings show that the MDCK islands expanded faster with increasing stiffness only up to an optimum stiffness, over which the expansion plateaued. We then focused on the expansion of the front of the assemblies and the formation of leader cells. We observed cell front destabilization only above substrate stiffness of a few kPa. The extension of multicellular finger-like structures at the edges of the colonies for intermediate and high stiffnesses from 6 to 60 kPa responded to higher substrate stiffness by increasing focal adhesion areas and actin cable assembly. Additionally, the number of leader cells at the finger-like protrusions increased with stiffness in correlation with an increase of the area of these multicellular protrusions. Consequently, the force profile along the epithelial fingers in the parallel and transverse directions of migration showed an unexpected relationship leading to a global force decrease with the increase of stiffness. Taken together, our findings show that epithelial cell colonies respond to substrate stiffness but in a non-trivial manner that may be of importance to understand morphogenesis and collective cell invasion during tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayri E Balcioglu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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205
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Abstract
Epithelial cells form highly organized polarized sheets with characteristic cell morphologies and tissue architecture. Cell–cell adhesion and intercellular communication are prerequisites of such cohesive sheets of cells, and cell connectivity is mediated through several junctional assemblies, namely desmosomes, adherens, tight and gap junctions. These cell–cell junctions form signalling hubs that not only mediate cell–cell adhesion but impact on multiple aspects of cell behaviour, helping to coordinate epithelial cell shape, polarity and function. This review will focus on the tight and adherens junctions, constituents of the apical junctional complex, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex signalling that underlies junction assembly, integrity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Rusu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Marios Georgiou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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206
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Molecular organization, regulation and function of tricellular junctions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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207
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Montagner M, Dupont S. Mechanical Forces as Determinants of Disseminated Metastatic Cell Fate. Cells 2020; 9:E250. [PMID: 31963820 PMCID: PMC7016729 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated metastatic cancer cells represent one of the most relevant causes of disease relapse and associated death for cancer patients, and a therapeutic target of the highest priority. Still, our understanding of how disseminated cancer cells survive in the foreign metastatic environment, and eventually cause metastatic outgrowth, remains rather limited. In this review we focus on the cell microenvironment as a key regulator of cell behavior at the metastatic site, and especially on the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix and associated integrin signaling. We discuss available evidence pointing to a pervasive role of extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanical properties in regulating cancer cell proliferation and survival after dissemination, and propose that this might represent an important bottleneck for cells invading and establishing into a novel tissue. We point to the known molecular players, how these might contribute to modulate the mechanical properties of the metastatic environment, and the response of cells to these cues. Finally, we propose that emerging knowledge on the physical interaction of disseminated metastatic cells and on the downstream mechanotransduction pathways, including YAP/TAZ (Yes-associated protein-1 and WW-domain transcription activator 1) and MRTFs (Myocardin-related transcription factors), may help to identify novel approaches for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Montagner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Bassi 58/B, zip 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Sirio Dupont
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Bassi 58/B, zip 35121 Padua, Italy
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208
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Vargas RE, Duong VT, Han H, Ta AP, Chen Y, Zhao S, Yang B, Seo G, Chuc K, Oh S, El Ali A, Razorenova OV, Chen J, Luo R, Li X, Wang W. Elucidation of WW domain ligand binding specificities in the Hippo pathway reveals STXBP4 as YAP inhibitor. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102406. [PMID: 31782549 PMCID: PMC6939200 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway, which plays a critical role in organ size control and cancer, features numerous WW domain-based protein-protein interactions. However, ~100 WW domains and 2,000 PY motif-containing peptide ligands are found in the human proteome, raising a "WW-PY" binding specificity issue in the Hippo pathway. In this study, we have established the WW domain binding specificity for Hippo pathway components and uncovered a unique amino acid sequence required for it. By using this criterion, we have identified a WW domain-containing protein, STXBP4, as a negative regulator of YAP. Mechanistically, STXBP4 assembles a protein complex comprising α-catenin and a group of Hippo PY motif-containing components/regulators to inhibit YAP, a process that is regulated by actin cytoskeleton tension. Interestingly, STXBP4 is a potential tumor suppressor for human kidney cancer, whose downregulation is correlated with YAP activation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Taken together, our study not only elucidates the WW domain binding specificity for the Hippo pathway, but also reveals STXBP4 as a player in actin cytoskeleton tension-mediated Hippo pathway regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hippo Signaling Pathway
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Prognosis
- Protein Binding
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Rate
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vesicular Transport Proteins/genetics
- Vesicular Transport Proteins/metabolism
- WW Domains
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- YAP-Signaling Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Vargas
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Vy Thuy Duong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Han Han
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Albert Paul Ta
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Shiji Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Gayoung Seo
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Kimberly Chuc
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Sunwoo Oh
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Amal El Ali
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Olga V Razorenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Ray Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Xu Li
- School of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
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209
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The cellular and molecular mechanisms that establish the mechanics of Drosophila gastrulation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 136:141-165. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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210
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Actin protrusions push at apical junctions to maintain E-cadherin adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:432-438. [PMID: 31871203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908654117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion is actin-dependent, but the precise role of actin in maintaining cell-cell adhesion is not fully understood. Actin polymerization-dependent protrusive activity is required to push distally separated cells close enough to initiate contact. Whether protrusive activity is required to maintain adhesion in confluent sheets of epithelial cells is not known. By electron microscopy as well as live cell imaging, we have identified a population of protruding actin microspikes that operate continuously near apical junctions of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Live imaging shows that microspikes containing E-cadherin extend into gaps between E-cadherin clusters on neighboring cells, while reformation of cadherin clusters across the cell-cell boundary correlates with microspike withdrawal. We identify Arp2/3, EVL, and CRMP-1 as 3 actin assembly factors necessary for microspike formation. Depleting these factors from cells using RNA interference (RNAi) results in myosin II-dependent unzipping of cadherin adhesive bonds. Therefore, actin polymerization-dependent protrusive activity operates continuously at cadherin cell-cell junctions to keep them shut and to prevent myosin II-dependent contractility from tearing cadherin adhesive contacts apart.
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211
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Lough KJ, Byrd KM, Descovich CP, Spitzer DC, Bergman AJ, Beaudoin GM, Reichardt LF, Williams SE. Telophase correction refines division orientation in stratified epithelia. eLife 2019; 8:49249. [PMID: 31833472 PMCID: PMC6959978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During organogenesis, precise control of spindle orientation balances proliferation and differentiation. In the developing murine epidermis, planar and perpendicular divisions yield symmetric and asymmetric fate outcomes, respectively. Classically, division axis specification involves centrosome migration and spindle rotation, events occurring early in mitosis. Here, we identify a novel orientation mechanism which corrects erroneous anaphase orientations during telophase. The directionality of reorientation correlates with the maintenance or loss of basal contact by the apical daughter. While the scaffolding protein LGN is known to determine initial spindle positioning, we show that LGN also functions during telophase to reorient oblique divisions toward perpendicular. The fidelity of telophase correction also relies on the tension-sensitive adherens junction proteins vinculin, α-E-catenin, and afadin. Failure of this corrective mechanism impacts tissue architecture, as persistent oblique divisions induce precocious, sustained differentiation. The division orientation plasticity provided by telophase correction may enable progenitors to adapt to local tissue needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall J Lough
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kevin M Byrd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Carlos P Descovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Danielle C Spitzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Abby J Bergman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Gerard Mj Beaudoin
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Louis F Reichardt
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
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212
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Suman SK, Daday C, Ferraro T, Vuong-Brender T, Tak S, Quintin S, Robin F, Gräter F, Labouesse M. The plakin domain of C. elegans VAB-10/plectin acts as a hub in a mechanotransduction pathway to promote morphogenesis. Development 2019; 146:dev183780. [PMID: 31784459 PMCID: PMC7375825 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces can elicit a mechanotransduction response through junction-associated proteins. In contrast to the wealth of knowledge available for focal adhesions and adherens junctions, much less is known about mechanotransduction at hemidesmosomes. Here, we focus on the C. elegans plectin homolog VAB-10A, the only evolutionary conserved hemidesmosome component. In C. elegans, muscle contractions induce a mechanotransduction pathway in the epidermis through hemidesmosomes. We used CRISPR to precisely remove spectrin repeats (SRs) or a partially hidden Src homology 3 (SH3) domain within the VAB-10 plakin domain. Deleting the SH3 or SR8 domains in combination with mutations affecting mechanotransduction, or just the part of SR5 shielding the SH3 domain, induced embryonic elongation arrest because hemidesmosomes collapse. Notably, recruitment of GIT-1, the first mechanotransduction player, requires the SR5 domain and the hemidesmosome transmembrane receptor LET-805. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that forces acting on VAB-10 could make the central SH3 domain, otherwise in contact with SR4, available for interaction. Collectively, our data strongly indicate that the plakin domain plays a central role in mechanotransduction and raise the possibility that VAB-10/plectin might act as a mechanosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kumar Suman
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Csaba Daday
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Mathematikon, INF 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Ferraro
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thanh Vuong-Brender
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Saurabh Tak
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Sophie Quintin
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - François Robin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Mathematikon, INF 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Labouesse
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement/UMR7622,7 Quai St-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, 67400 Illkirch, France
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213
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van Soldt BJ, Cardoso WV. Hippo-Yap/Taz signaling: Complex network interactions and impact in epithelial cell behavior. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e371. [PMID: 31828974 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway has emerged as a crucial integrator of signals in biological events from development to adulthood and in diseases. Although extensively studied in Drosophila and in cell cultures, major gaps of knowledge still remain on how this pathway functions in mammalian systems. The pathway consists of a growing number of components, including core kinases and adaptor proteins, which control the subcellular localization of the transcriptional co-activators Yap and Taz through phosphorylation of serines at key sites. When localized to the nucleus, Yap/Taz interact with TEAD transcription factors to induce transcriptional programs of proliferation, stemness, and growth. In the cytoplasm, Yap/Taz interact with multiple pathways to regulate a variety of cellular functions or are targeted for degradation. The Hippo pathway receives cues from diverse intracellular and extracellular inputs, including growth factor and integrin signaling, polarity complexes, and cell-cell junctions. This review highlights the mechanisms of regulation of Yap/Taz nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and their implications for epithelial cell behavior using the lung as an intriguing example of this paradigm. This article is categorized under: Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J van Soldt
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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214
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Biswas KH. Molecular Mobility-Mediated Regulation of E-Cadherin Adhesion. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 45:163-173. [PMID: 31810601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells in epithelial tissues utilize homotypic E-cadherin interaction-mediated adhesions to both physically adhere to each other and sense the physical properties of their microenvironment, such as the presence of other cells in close vicinity or an alteration in the mechanical tension of the tissue. These position E-cadherin centrally in organogenesis and other processes, and its function is therefore tightly regulated through a variety of means including endocytosis and gene expression. How does membrane molecular mobility of E-cadherin, and thus membrane physical properties and associated actin cytoskeleton, impinges on the assembly of adhesive clusters and signaling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H Biswas
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar.
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215
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Hirashima T, Adachi T. Polarized cellular mechano-response system for maintaining radial size in developing epithelial tubes. Development 2019; 146:dev.181206. [PMID: 31619390 PMCID: PMC6918744 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Size control in biological tissues involves multicellular communication via mechanical forces during development. Although fundamental cellular behaviours in response to mechanical stimuli underlie size maintenance during morphogenetic processes, the mechanisms underpinning the cellular mechano-response system that maintains size along an axis of a polarized tissue remain elusive. Here, we show how the diameter of an epithelial tube is maintained during murine epididymal development by combining quantitative imaging, mechanical perturbation and mathematical modelling. We found that epithelial cells counteract compressive forces caused by cell division exclusively along the circumferential axis of the tube to produce polarized contractile forces, eventually leading to an oriented cell rearrangement. Moreover, a mathematical model that includes the polarized mechano-responsive regime explains how the diameter of proliferating tubes is maintained. Our findings pave the way for an improved understanding of the cellular response to mechanical forces that involves collective multicellular behaviours for organizing diverse tissue morphologies. Summary: Polarized cellular constriction responding to mechanical stress controls the diameter of a developing epithelial tube during murine epididymal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 6068501, Kyoto, Japan .,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 6068501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 6068501, Kyoto, Japan
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216
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Le S, Yu M, Yan J. Direct single-molecule quantification reveals unexpectedly high mechanical stability of vinculin-talin/α-catenin linkages. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav2720. [PMID: 31897422 PMCID: PMC6920023 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The vinculin-mediated mechanosensing requires establishment of stable mechanical linkages between vinculin to integrin at focal adhesions and to cadherins at adherens junctions through associations with the respective adaptor proteins talin and α-catenin. However, the mechanical stability of these critical vinculin linkages has yet to be determined. Here, we developed a single-molecule detector assay to provide direct quantification of the mechanical lifetime of vinculin association with the vinculin binding sites in both talin and α-catenin, which reveals a surprisingly high mechanical stability of the vinculin-talin and vinculin-α-catenin interfaces that have a lifetime of >1000 s at forces up to 10 pN and can last for seconds to tens of seconds at 15 to 25 pN. Our results suggest that these force-bearing intermolecular interfaces provide sufficient mechanical stability to support the vinculin-mediated mechanotransduction at cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Le
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Miao Yu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Jie Yan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
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217
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Reciprocal Association between the Apical Junctional Complex and AMPK: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Epithelial/Endothelial Barrier Function? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236012. [PMID: 31795328 PMCID: PMC6928779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial/endothelial cells adhere to each other via cell–cell junctions including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). TJs and AJs are spatiotemporally and functionally integrated, and are thus often collectively defined as apical junctional complexes (AJCs), regulating a number of spatiotemporal events including paracellular barrier, selective permeability, apicobasal cell polarity, mechano-sensing, intracellular signaling cascades, and epithelial morphogenesis. Over the past 15 years, it has been acknowledged that adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a well-known central regulator of energy metabolism, has a reciprocal association with AJCs. Here, we review the current knowledge of this association and show the following evidences: (1) as an upstream regulator, AJs activate the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)–AMPK axis particularly in response to applied junctional tension, and (2) TJ function and apicobasal cell polarization are downstream targets of AMPK and are promoted by AMPK activation. Although molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena have not yet been completely elucidated, identifications of novel AMPK effectors in AJCs and AMPK-driven epithelial transcription factors have enhanced our knowledge. More intensive studies along this line would eventually lead to the development of AMPK-based therapies, enabling us to manipulate epithelial/endothelial barrier function.
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218
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Varadarajan S, Stephenson RE, Miller AL. Multiscale dynamics of tight junction remodeling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/22/jcs229286. [PMID: 31754042 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.229286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form tissues that generate biological barriers in the body. Tight junctions (TJs) are responsible for maintaining a selectively permeable seal between epithelial cells, but little is known about how TJs dynamically remodel in response to physiological forces that challenge epithelial barrier function, such as cell shape changes (e.g. during cell division) or tissue stretching (e.g. during developmental morphogenesis). In this Review, we first introduce a framework to think about TJ remodeling across multiple scales: from molecular dynamics, to strand dynamics, to cell- and tissue-scale dynamics. We then relate knowledge gained from global perturbations of TJs to emerging information about local TJ remodeling events, where transient localized Rho activation and actomyosin-mediated contraction promote TJ remodeling to repair local leaks in barrier function. We conclude by identifying emerging areas in the field and propose ideas for future studies that address unanswered questions about the mechanisms that drive TJ remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranyaraajan Varadarajan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Rachel E Stephenson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
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219
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Ajuba: An emerging signal transducer in oncogenesis. Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104546. [PMID: 31740385 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The LIM protein Ajuba contains an unstructured proline/glycine-rich preLIM region in the N terminus and conserved tandem LIM motifs in the C terminus. Additionally, Ajuba contains both nuclear export sequences (NES) and nuclear localization sequences (NLS), which enable Ajuba shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Thus, Ajuba can act as a versatile scaffold participating in assembly of variety of protein complexes to execute multiple cellular functions including cell adhesion, motility, mitosis, survival, gene expression, microRNA processing and mechanical force sensing. Numerous studies have demonstrated that Ajuba plays important roles in oncogenesis and progression by regulating major signalling pathways such as Wnt, RAS/ERK, JAK/STAT and Hippo, and by acting as a co-regulator of key transcription factors such as Snail, Sp1 and nuclear hormone receptors. Clinically, Ajuba is highly expressed in various types of tumors and can be a marker for prognosis and diagnosis. In this review, we aim to summarize the up-to-date literatures on the signaling pathways mediated by Ajuba and its associated protein complexes in oncogenesis, and to discuss Ajuba as a potential target for new therapeutics to treat cancers.
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220
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Sarpal R, Yan V, Kazakova L, Sheppard L, Yu JC, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Tepass U. Role of α-Catenin and its mechanosensing properties in regulating Hippo/YAP-dependent tissue growth. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008454. [PMID: 31697683 PMCID: PMC6863567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
α-catenin is a key protein of adherens junctions (AJs) with mechanosensory properties. It also acts as a tumor suppressor that limits tissue growth. Here we analyzed the function of Drosophila α-Catenin (α-Cat) in growth regulation of the wing epithelium. We found that different α-Cat levels led to a differential activation of Hippo/Yorkie or JNK signaling causing tissue overgrowth or degeneration, respectively. α-Cat can modulate Yorkie-dependent tissue growth through recruitment of Ajuba, a negative regulator of Hippo signaling to AJs but also through a mechanism independent of Ajuba recruitment to AJs. Both mechanosensory regions of α-Cat, the M region and the actin-binding domain (ABD), contribute to growth regulation. Whereas M is dispensable for α-Cat function in the wing, individual M domains (M1, M2, M3) have opposing effects on growth regulation. In particular, M1 limits Ajuba recruitment. Loss of M1 causes Ajuba hyper-recruitment to AJs, promoting tissue-tension independent overgrowth. Although M1 binds Vinculin, Vinculin is not responsible for this effect. Moreover, disruption of mechanosensing of the α-Cat ABD affects tissue growth, with enhanced actin interactions stabilizing junctions and leading to tissue overgrowth. Together, our findings indicate that α-Cat acts through multiple mechanisms to control tissue growth, including regulation of AJ stability, mechanosensitive Ajuba recruitment, and dynamic direct F-actin interactions. We explore the regulation of tissue and organ size which is an important consideration in normal development and health. During development, tissues reach specific sizes in proportion to the rest of the body. Uncontrolled growth can lead to malformations or promote tumor growth. Recent findings have emphasized an important role for mechanical cues in the regulation of tissue growth. Mechanical signals can, for example, arise from cytoskeletal contraction that increases tension, or from compression due to proliferation and a resulting increase in cell density that would lower tension. Mechanosensory molecules that are sensitive to changes in tissue tension can convert mechanical cues into biochemical signals that enhance or slow proliferation or cell death to adjust overall tissue size. One such mechanosensory molecule is α-Catenin which is a key component of cell adhesion structures that physically link cells together and couples these structures to the cytoskeleton within cells. We clarify several molecular parameters of how α-Catenin regulates signalling pathways that control cell proliferation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Sarpal
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Yan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lidia Kazakova
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luka Sheppard
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica C. Yu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ulrich Tepass
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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221
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Yasunaga A, Murad Y, Li ITS. Quantifying molecular tension-classifications, interpretations and limitations of force sensors. Phys Biol 2019; 17:011001. [PMID: 31387091 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab38ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular force sensors (MFSs) have grown to become an important tool to study the mechanobiology of cells and tissues. They provide a minimally invasive means to optically report mechanical interactions at the molecular level. One of the challenges in molecular force sensor studies is the interpretation of the fluorescence readout. In this review, we divide existing MFSs into three classes based on the force-sensing mechanism (reversibility) and the signal output (analog/digital). From single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) perspectives, we provided a critical discussion on how the sensors respond to force and how the different sensor designs affect the interpretation of their fluorescence readout. Lastly, the review focuses on the limitations and attention one must pay in designing MFSs and biological experiments using them; in terms of their tunability, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and perturbation of the biological system under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Yasunaga
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript (co-first author)
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222
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Argentati C, Morena F, Tortorella I, Bazzucchi M, Porcellati S, Emiliani C, Martino S. Insight into Mechanobiology: How Stem Cells Feel Mechanical Forces and Orchestrate Biological Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5337. [PMID: 31717803 PMCID: PMC6862138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-talk between stem cells and their microenvironment has been shown to have a direct impact on stem cells' decisions about proliferation, growth, migration, and differentiation. It is well known that stem cells, tissues, organs, and whole organisms change their internal architecture and composition in response to external physical stimuli, thanks to cells' ability to sense mechanical signals and elicit selected biological functions. Likewise, stem cells play an active role in governing the composition and the architecture of their microenvironment. Is now being documented that, thanks to this dynamic relationship, stemness identity and stem cell functions are maintained. In this work, we review the current knowledge in mechanobiology on stem cells. We start with the description of theoretical basis of mechanobiology, continue with the effects of mechanical cues on stem cells, development, pathology, and regenerative medicine, and emphasize the contribution in the field of the development of ex-vivo mechanobiology modelling and computational tools, which allow for evaluating the role of forces on stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Ilaria Tortorella
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Martina Bazzucchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Serena Porcellati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (F.M.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (S.P.); (C.E.)
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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223
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Terekhova K, Pokutta S, Kee YS, Li J, Tajkhorshid E, Fuller G, Dunn AR, Weis WI. Binding partner- and force-promoted changes in αE-catenin conformation probed by native cysteine labeling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15375. [PMID: 31653927 PMCID: PMC6814714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherens Junctions (AJs) are cell-cell adhesion complexes that sense and propagate mechanical forces by coupling cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton via β-catenin and the F-actin binding protein αE-catenin. When subjected to mechanical force, the cadherin•catenin complex can tightly link to F-actin through αE-catenin, and also recruits the F-actin-binding protein vinculin. In this study, labeling of native cysteines combined with mass spectrometry revealed conformational changes in αE-catenin upon binding to the E-cadherin•β-catenin complex, vinculin and F-actin. A method to apply physiologically meaningful forces in solution revealed force-induced conformational changes in αE-catenin when bound to F-actin. Comparisons of wild-type αE-catenin and a mutant with enhanced vinculin affinity using cysteine labeling and isothermal titration calorimetry provide evidence for allosteric coupling of the N-terminal β-catenin-binding and the middle (M) vinculin-binding domain of αE-catenin. Cysteine labeling also revealed possible crosstalk between the actin-binding domain and the rest of the protein. The data provide insight into how binding partners and mechanical stress can regulate the conformation of full-length αE-catenin, and identify the M domain as a key transmitter of conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Terekhova
- Departments of Structural Biology and Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sabine Pokutta
- Departments of Structural Biology and Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yee S Kee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 (Y.S.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 (J.L.), USA
| | - Jing Li
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 (Y.S.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 (J.L.), USA
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gerald Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William I Weis
- Departments of Structural Biology and Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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224
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Endo M, Iwawaki T, Yoshimura H, Ozawa T. Photocleavable Cadherin Inhibits Cell-to-Cell Mechanotransduction by Light. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2206-2214. [PMID: 31503442 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Precise integration of individual cell behaviors is indispensable for collective tissue morphogenesis and maintenance of tissue integrity. Organized multicellular behavior is achieved via mechanical coupling of individual cellular contractility, mediated by cell adhesion molecules at the cell-cell interface. Conventionally, gene depletion or laser microsurgery has been used for functional analysis of intercellular mechanotransduction. Nevertheless, these methods are insufficient to investigate either the spatiotemporal dynamics or the biomolecular contribution in cell-cell mechanical coupling within collective multicellular behaviors. Herein, we present our effort in adaption of PhoCl for attenuation of cell-to-cell tension transmission mediated by E-cadherin. To release intercellular contractile tension applied on E-cadherin molecules with external light, a genetically encoded photocleavable module called PhoCl was inserted into the intracellular domain of E-cadherin, thereby creating photocleavable cadherin (PC-cadherin). In response to light illumination, the PC-cadherin cleaved into two fragments inside cells, resulting in attenuating mechanotransduction at intercellular junctions in living epithelial cells. Light-induced perturbation of the intercellular tension balance with surrounding cells changed the cell shape in an epithelial cell sheet. The method is expected to enable optical manipulation of force-mediated cell-to-cell communications in various multicellular behaviors, which contributes to a deeper understanding of embryogenesis and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Endo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Takumi Iwawaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Hideaki Yoshimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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225
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Flinn MA, Link BA, O'Meara CC. Upstream regulation of the Hippo-Yap pathway in cardiomyocyte regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:11-19. [PMID: 31606277 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The response of the adult mammalian heart to injury such as myocardial infarction has long been described as primarily fibrotic scarring and adverse remodeling with little to no regeneration of cardiomyocytes. Emerging studies have challenged this paradigm by demonstrating that, indeed, adult mammalian cardiomyocytes are capable of completing cytokinesis albeit at levels vastly insufficient to compensate for the loss of functional cardiomyocytes following ischemic injury. Thus, there is great interest in identifying mechanisms to guide adult cardiomyocyte cell cycle re-entry and facilitate endogenous heart regeneration. The Hippo signaling pathway is a core kinase cascade that functions to suppress the transcriptional co-activators Yap and Taz by phosphorylation and therefore cytoplasmic retention or phospho-degradation. This pathway has recently sparked interest in the field of cardiac regeneration as inhibition of Hippo kinase signaling or overdriving the transcriptional co-activator, Yap, significantly promotes proliferation of terminally differentiated adult mammalian cardiomyocytes and can restore function in failing mouse hearts. Thus, the Hippo pathway is an attractive therapeutic target for promoting cardiomyocyte renewal and cardiac regeneration. Although the core kinases and transcriptional activators of the Hippo pathway have been studied extensively over the last twenty years, the regulatory inputs of this pathway, particularly in vertebrates, are poorly understood. Recent studies have elucidated several upstream regulatory inputs to the Hippo pathway in adult mammalian cardiomyocytes that influence cell proliferation and heart regeneration. Considering upstream inputs to the Hippo pathway are thought to be context and cell type specific, targeting these various components could serve as a therapeutic approach for refining Hippo-Yap signaling in the heart. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging regulatory inputs to the Hippo pathway as they relate to mammalian cardiomyocytes and heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Flinn
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Caitlin C O'Meara
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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226
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Dasgupta I, McCollum D. Control of cellular responses to mechanical cues through YAP/TAZ regulation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17693-17706. [PMID: 31594864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To perceive their three-dimensional environment, cells and tissues must be able to sense and interpret various physical forces like shear, tensile, and compression stress. These forces can be generated both internally and externally in response to physical properties, like substrate stiffness, cell contractility, and forces generated by adjacent cells. Mechanical cues have important roles in cell fate decisions regarding proliferation, survival, and differentiation as well as the processes of tissue regeneration and wound repair. Aberrant remodeling of the extracellular space and/or defects in properly responding to mechanical cues likely contributes to various disease states, such as fibrosis, muscle diseases, and cancer. Mechanotransduction involves the sensing and translation of mechanical forces into biochemical signals, like activation of specific genes and signaling cascades that enable cells to adapt to their physical environment. The signaling pathways involved in mechanical signaling are highly complex, but numerous studies have highlighted a central role for the Hippo pathway and other signaling networks in regulating the YAP and TAZ (YAP/TAZ) proteins to mediate the effects of mechanical stimuli on cellular behavior. How mechanical cues control YAP/TAZ has been poorly understood. However, rapid progress in the last few years is beginning to reveal a surprisingly diverse set of pathways for controlling YAP/TAZ. In this review, we will focus on how mechanical perturbations are sensed through changes in the actin cytoskeleton and mechanosensors at focal adhesions, adherens junctions, and the nuclear envelope to regulate YAP/TAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Dannel McCollum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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227
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An ensemble of flexible conformations underlies mechanotransduction by the cadherin-catenin adhesion complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21545-21555. [PMID: 31591245 PMCID: PMC6815173 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911489116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions are specialized cell–cell adhesion complexes found in epithelial, endothelial, and neuronal tissues of multicellular organism. The cadherin–catenin complex is the core component of the adherens junction and transmits mechanical stress from cell to cell. This study reveals that the cadherin–catenin complex displays a wide spectrum of flexible structures, which suggests a dynamic mechanism for this complex in mechanotransduction for cell–cell adhesion. The cadherin–catenin adhesion complex is the central component of the cell–cell adhesion adherens junctions that transmit mechanical stress from cell to cell. We have determined the nanoscale structure of the adherens junction complex formed by the α-catenin•β-catenin•epithelial cadherin cytoplasmic domain (ABE) using negative stain electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and selective deuteration/small-angle neutron scattering. The ABE complex is highly pliable and displays a wide spectrum of flexible structures that are facilitated by protein-domain motions in α- and β-catenin. Moreover, the 107-residue intrinsically disordered N-terminal segment of β-catenin forms a flexible “tongue” that is inserted into α-catenin and participates in the assembly of the ABE complex. The unanticipated ensemble of flexible conformations of the ABE complex suggests a dynamic mechanism for sensitivity and reversibility when transducing mechanical signals, in addition to the catch/slip bond behavior displayed by the ABE complex under mechanical tension. Our results provide mechanistic insight into the structural dynamics for the cadherin–catenin adhesion complex in mechanotransduction.
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228
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Otani T, Nguyen TP, Tokuda S, Sugihara K, Sugawara T, Furuse K, Miura T, Ebnet K, Furuse M. Claudins and JAM-A coordinately regulate tight junction formation and epithelial polarity. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3372-3396. [PMID: 31467165 PMCID: PMC6781433 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) establish the epithelial barrier and are thought to form a membrane fence to regulate epithelial polarity, although the roles of TJs in epithelial polarity remain controversial. Claudins constitute TJ strands in conjunction with the cytoplasmic scaffolds ZO-1 and ZO-2 and play pivotal roles in epithelial barrier formation. However, how claudins and other TJ membrane proteins cooperate to organize TJs remains unclear. Here, we systematically knocked out TJ components by genome editing and show that while ZO-1/ZO-2-deficient cells lacked TJ structures and epithelial barriers, claudin-deficient cells lacked TJ strands and an electrolyte permeability barrier but formed membrane appositions and a macromolecule permeability barrier. Moreover, epithelial polarity was disorganized in ZO-1/ZO-2-deficient cells, but not in claudin-deficient cells. Simultaneous deletion of claudins and a TJ membrane protein JAM-A resulted in a loss of membrane appositions and a macromolecule permeability barrier and in sporadic epithelial polarity defects. These results demonstrate that claudins and JAM-A coordinately regulate TJ formation and epithelial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhisa Otani
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Thanh Phuong Nguyen
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Tokuda
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Kei Sugihara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taichi Sugawara
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kyoko Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity," Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Entzündung, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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229
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Abstract
Cell-cell junctions are specializations of the plasma membrane responsible for physically integrating cells into tissues. We are now beginning to appreciate the diverse impacts that mechanical forces exert upon the integrity and function of these junctions. Currently, this is best understood for cadherin-based adherens junctions in epithelia and endothelia, where cell-cell adhesion couples the contractile cytoskeletons of cells together to generate tissue-scale tension. Junctional tension participates in morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Changes in tension can also be detected by mechanotransduction pathways that allow cells to communicate with each other. In this review, we discuss progress in characterising the forces present at junctions in physiological conditions; the cellular mechanisms that generate intrinsic tension and detect changes in tension; and, finally, we consider how tissue integrity is maintained in the face of junctional stresses.
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230
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Heuzé ML, Sankara Narayana GHN, D'Alessandro J, Cellerin V, Dang T, Williams DS, Van Hest JC, Marcq P, Mège RM, Ladoux B. Myosin II isoforms play distinct roles in adherens junction biogenesis. eLife 2019; 8:46599. [PMID: 31486768 PMCID: PMC6756789 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherens junction (AJ) assembly under force is essential for many biological processes like epithelial monolayer bending, collective cell migration, cell extrusion and wound healing. The acto-myosin cytoskeleton acts as a major force-generator during the de novo formation and remodeling of AJ. Here, we investigated the role of non-muscle myosin II isoforms (NMIIA and NMIIB) in epithelial junction assembly. NMIIA and NMIIB differentially regulate biogenesis of AJ through association with distinct actin networks. Analysis of junction dynamics, actin organization, and mechanical forces of control and knockdown cells for myosins revealed that NMIIA provides the mechanical tugging force necessary for cell-cell junction reinforcement and maintenance. NMIIB is involved in E-cadherin clustering, maintenance of a branched actin layer connecting E-cadherin complexes and perijunctional actin fibres leading to the building-up of anisotropic stress. These data reveal unanticipated complementary functions of NMIIA and NMIIB in the biogenesis and integrity of AJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélina L Heuzé
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | | | - Joseph D'Alessandro
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - Victor Cellerin
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - Tien Dang
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Cm Van Hest
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Marcq
- Laboratoire Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, Sorbonne Université and CNRS UMR 7636, Paris, France
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
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231
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Merkel CD, Li Y, Raza Q, Stolz DB, Kwiatkowski AV. Vinculin anchors contractile actin to the cardiomyocyte adherens junction. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2639-2650. [PMID: 31483697 PMCID: PMC6761764 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adherens junction (AJ) couples the actin cytoskeletons of neighboring cells to allow mechanical integration and tissue organization. The physiological demands of intercellular adhesion require that the AJ be responsive to dynamic changes in force while maintaining mechanical load. These demands are tested in the heart, where cardiomyocyte AJs must withstand repeated cycles of actomyosin-mediated contractile force. Here we show that force-responsive cardiomyocyte AJs recruit actin-binding ligands to selectively couple actin networks. We employed a panel of N-cadherin-αE-catenin fusion proteins to rebuild AJs with specific actin linkages in N-cadherin-null cardiomyocytes. In this system, vinculin recruitment was required to rescue myofibril integration at nascent contacts. In contrast, loss of vinculin from the AJ disrupted junction morphology and blocked myofibril integration at cell–cell contacts. Our results identify vinculin as a critical link to contractile actomyosin and offer insight to how actin integration at the AJ is regulated to provide stability under mechanical load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea D Merkel
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Qanber Raza
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Adam V Kwiatkowski
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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232
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Konishi S, Yano T, Tanaka H, Mizuno T, Kanoh H, Tsukita K, Namba T, Tamura A, Yonemura S, Gotoh S, Matsumoto H, Hirai T, Tsukita S. Vinculin is critical for the robustness of the epithelial cell sheet paracellular barrier for ions. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/4/e201900414. [PMID: 31399484 PMCID: PMC6689668 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinculin in the apical junctional complex maintains the paracellular barrier function specifically for ions, but not for large solutes, by buffering mechanical fluctuations. The paracellular barrier function of tight junctions (TJs) in epithelial cell sheets is robustly maintained against mechanical fluctuations, by molecular mechanisms that are poorly understood. Vinculin is an adaptor of a mechanosensory complex at the adherens junction. Here, we generated vinculin KO Eph4 epithelial cells and analyzed their confluent cell-sheet properties. We found that vinculin is dispensable for the basic TJ structural integrity and the paracellular barrier function for larger solutes. However, vinculin is indispensable for the paracellular barrier function for ions. In addition, TJs stochastically showed dynamically distorted patterns in vinculin KO cell sheets. These KO phenotypes were rescued by transfecting full-length vinculin and by relaxing the actomyosin tension with blebbistatin, a myosin II ATPase activity inhibitor. Our findings indicate that vinculin resists mechanical fluctuations to maintain the TJ paracellular barrier function for ions in epithelial cell sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Konishi
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yano
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Mizuno
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hatsuho Kanoh
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshinori Namba
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, Japan.,Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisako Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan .,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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233
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Letizia A, He D, Astigarraga S, Colombelli J, Hatini V, Llimargas M, Treisman JE. Sidekick Is a Key Component of Tricellular Adherens Junctions that Acts to Resolve Cell Rearrangements. Dev Cell 2019; 50:313-326.e5. [PMID: 31353315 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tricellular adherens junctions are points of high tension that are central to the rearrangement of epithelial cells. However, the molecular composition of these junctions is unknown, making it difficult to assess their role in morphogenesis. Here, we show that Sidekick, an immunoglobulin family cell adhesion protein, is highly enriched at tricellular adherens junctions in Drosophila. This localization is modulated by tension, and Sidekick is itself necessary to maintain normal levels of cell bond tension. Loss of Sidekick causes defects in cell and junctional rearrangements in actively remodeling epithelial tissues like the retina and tracheal system. The adaptor proteins Polychaetoid and Canoe are enriched at tricellular adherens junctions in a Sidekick-dependent manner; Sidekick functionally interacts with both proteins and directly binds to Polychaetoid. We suggest that Polychaetoid and Canoe link Sidekick to the actin cytoskeleton to enable tricellular adherens junctions to maintain or transmit cell bond tension during epithelial cell rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Letizia
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - DanQing He
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sergio Astigarraga
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Julien Colombelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Victor Hatini
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology and Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Jaharis 322, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Marta Llimargas
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Jessica E Treisman
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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234
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Pang SM, Le S, Kwiatkowski AV, Yan J. Mechanical stability of αT-catenin and its activation by force for vinculin binding. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1930-1937. [PMID: 31318313 PMCID: PMC6727763 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-02-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
αT (Testes)-catenin, a critical factor regulating cell-cell adhesion in the heart, directly couples the cadherin-catenin complex to the actin cytoskeleton at the intercalated disk (ICD), a unique cell-cell junction that couples cardiomyocytes. Loss of αT-catenin in mice reduces plakophilin2 and connexin 43 recruitment to the ICD. Since αT-catenin is subjected to mechanical stretch during actomyosin contraction in cardiomyocytes, its activity could be regulated by mechanical force. To provide insight in how force regulates αT-catenin function, we investigated the mechanical stability of the putative, force-sensing middle (M) domain of αT-catenin and determined how force impacts vinculin binding to αT-catenin. We show that 1) physiological levels of force, <15 pN, are sufficient to unfold the three M domains; 2) the M1 domain that harbors the vinculin-binding site is unfolded at ∼6 pN; and 3) unfolding of the M1 domain is necessary for high-affinity vinculin binding. In addition, we quantified the binding kinetics and affinity of vinculin to the mechanically exposed binding site in M1 and observed that αT-catenin binds vinculin with low nanomolar affinity. These results provide important new insights into the mechanosensing properties of αT-catenin and how αT-catenin regulates cell-cell adhesion at the cardiomyocyte ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Pang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Shimin Le
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542
| | - Adam V. Kwiatkowski
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jie Yan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546
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235
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Scott LE, Weinberg SH, Lemmon CA. Mechanochemical Signaling of the Extracellular Matrix in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:135. [PMID: 31380370 PMCID: PMC6658819 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a critical process in embryonic development in which epithelial cells undergo a transdifferentiation into mesenchymal cells. This process is essential for tissue patterning and organization, and it has also been implicated in a wide array of pathologies. While the intracellular signaling pathways that regulate EMT are well-understood, there is increasing evidence that the mechanical properties and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) also play a key role in regulating EMT. In turn, EMT drives changes in the mechanics and composition of the ECM, creating a feedback loop that is tightly regulated in healthy tissues, but is often dysregulated in disease. Here we present a review that summarizes our understanding of how ECM mechanics and composition regulate EMT, and how in turn EMT alters ECM mechanics and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis E Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Seth H Weinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Christopher A Lemmon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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236
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Abstract
Mechanical forces drive the remodeling of tissues during morphogenesis. This relies on the transmission of forces between cells by cadherin-based adherens junctions, which couple the force-generating actomyosin cytoskeletons of neighboring cells. Moreover, components of cadherin adhesions adopt force-dependent conformations that induce changes in the composition of adherens junctions, enabling transduction of mechanical forces into an intracellular response. Cadherin mechanotransduction can mediate reinforcement of cell–cell adhesions to withstand forces but also induce biochemical signaling to regulate cell behavior or direct remodeling of cell–cell adhesions to enable cell rearrangements. By transmission and transduction of mechanical forces, cadherin adhesions coordinate cellular behaviors underlying morphogenetic processes of collective cell migration, cell division, and cell intercalation. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of this central role of cadherin adhesions in force-dependent regulation of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem-Jan Pannekoek
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Rooij
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Gloerich
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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237
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Peyret G, Mueller R, d'Alessandro J, Begnaud S, Marcq P, Mège RM, Yeomans JM, Doostmohammadi A, Ladoux B. Sustained Oscillations of Epithelial Cell Sheets. Biophys J 2019; 117:464-478. [PMID: 31307676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological changes during development, tissue repair, and disease largely rely on coordinated cell movements and are controlled by the tissue environment. Epithelial cell sheets are often subjected to large-scale deformation during tissue formation. The active mechanical environment in which epithelial cells operate have the ability to promote collective oscillations, but how these cellular movements are generated and relate to collective migration remains unclear. Here, combining in vitro experiments and computational modeling, we describe a form of collective oscillations in confined epithelial tissues in which the oscillatory motion is the dominant contribution to the cellular movements. We show that epithelial cells exhibit large-scale coherent oscillations when constrained within micropatterns of varying shapes and sizes and that their period and amplitude are set by the smallest confinement dimension. Using molecular perturbations, we then demonstrate that force transmission at cell-cell junctions and its coupling to cell polarity are pivotal for the generation of these collective movements. We find that the resulting tissue deformations are sufficient to trigger osillatory mechanotransduction of YAP within cells, potentially affecting a wide range of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Peyret
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592 et Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Romain Mueller
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph d'Alessandro
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592 et Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Simon Begnaud
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592 et Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Marcq
- Laboratoire Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, CNRS UMR 7636, Sorbonne Université, ESPCI, Paris, France
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592 et Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amin Doostmohammadi
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Benoît Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592 et Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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238
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Awadia S, Huq F, Arnold TR, Goicoechea SM, Sun YJ, Hou T, Kreider-Letterman G, Massimi P, Banks L, Fuentes EJ, Miller AL, Garcia-Mata R. SGEF forms a complex with Scribble and Dlg1 and regulates epithelial junctions and contractility. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2699-2725. [PMID: 31248911 PMCID: PMC6683736 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Scribble polarity complex is implicated in regulation of epithelial junctions and apical polarity. Here, we show that SGEF, a RhoG-specific GEF, forms a ternary complex with Scribble and Dlg1, two members of the Scribble complex. SGEF targets to apical junctions in a Scribble-dependent fashion and functions in the regulation of actomyosin-based contractility and barrier function at tight junctions as well as E-cadherin-mediated formation of adherens junctions. Surprisingly, SGEF does not control the establishment of polarity. However, in 3D cysts, SGEF regulates the formation of a single open lumen. Interestingly, SGEF's nucleotide exchange activity regulates the formation and maintenance of adherens junctions, and in cysts the number of lumens formed, whereas SGEF's scaffolding activity is critical for regulation of actomyosin contractility and lumen opening. We propose that SGEF plays a key role in coordinating junctional assembly and actomyosin contractility by bringing together Scribble and Dlg1 and targeting RhoG activation to cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahezeel Awadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | - Farah Huq
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Torey R Arnold
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Young Joo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Titus Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Paola Massimi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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239
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Carvalho JR, Fortunato IC, Fonseca CG, Pezzarossa A, Barbacena P, Dominguez-Cejudo MA, Vasconcelos FF, Santos NC, Carvalho FA, Franco CA. Non-canonical Wnt signaling regulates junctional mechanocoupling during angiogenic collective cell migration. eLife 2019; 8:e45853. [PMID: 31246175 PMCID: PMC6684320 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of hierarchical vascular networks depends on the integration of multiple biomechanical signals by endothelial cells, the cells lining the interior of blood vessels. Expansion of vascular networks arises through sprouting angiogenesis, a process involving extensive cell rearrangements and collective cell migration. Yet, the mechanisms controlling angiogenic collective behavior remain poorly understood. Here, we show this collective cell behavior is regulated by non-canonical Wnt signaling. We identify that Wnt5a specifically activates Cdc42 at cell junctions downstream of ROR2 to reinforce coupling between adherens junctions and the actin cytoskeleton. We show that Wnt5a signaling stabilizes vinculin binding to alpha-catenin, and abrogation of vinculin in vivo and in vitro leads to uncoordinated polarity and deficient sprouting angiogenesis in Mus musculus. Our findings highlight how non-canonical Wnt signaling coordinates collective cell behavior during vascular morphogenesis by fine-tuning junctional mechanocoupling between endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Isabela C Fortunato
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Catarina G Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Anna Pezzarossa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Pedro Barbacena
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | | | | | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Filomena A Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Claudio A Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
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240
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Shao X, Lucas B, Strauch J, Hardin J. The adhesion modulation domain of Caenorhabditis elegans α-catenin regulates actin binding during morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2115-2123. [PMID: 31188702 PMCID: PMC6743470 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-01-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining tissue integrity during epidermal morphogenesis depends on α-catenin, which connects the cadherin complex to F-actin. We show that the adhesion modulation domain (AMD) of Caenorhabditis elegans HMP-1/α-catenin regulates its F-actin–binding activity and organization of junctional–proximal actin in vivo. Deleting the AMD increases F-actin binding in vitro and leads to excess actin recruitment to adherens junctions in vivo. Reducing actin binding through a compensatory mutation in the C-terminus leads to improved function. Based on the effects of phosphomimetic and nonphosphorylatable mutations, phosphorylation of S509, within the AMD, may regulate F-actin binding. Taken together, these data establish a novel role for the AMD in regulating the actin-binding ability of an α-catenin and its proper function during epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqiang Shao
- Program in Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Bethany Lucas
- Department of Biology, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221
| | - Jared Strauch
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jeff Hardin
- Program in Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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241
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Hydraulic control of mammalian embryo size and cell fate. Nature 2019; 571:112-116. [PMID: 31189957 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Size control is fundamental in tissue development and homeostasis1,2. Although the role of cell proliferation in these processes has been widely studied, the mechanisms that control embryo size-and how these mechanisms affect cell fate-remain unknown. Here we use the mouse blastocyst as a model to unravel a key role of fluid-filled lumen in the control of embryo size and specification of cell fate. We find that there is a twofold increase in lumenal pressure during blastocyst development, which translates into a concomitant increase in cell cortical tension and tissue stiffness of the trophectoderm that lines the lumen. Increased cortical tension leads to vinculin mechanosensing and maturation of functional tight junctions, which establishes a positive feedback loop to accommodate lumen growth. When the cortical tension reaches a critical threshold, cell-cell adhesion cannot be sustained during mitotic entry, which leads to trophectoderm rupture and blastocyst collapse. A simple theory of hydraulically gated oscillations recapitulates the observed dynamics of size oscillations, and predicts the scaling of embryo size with tissue volume. This theory further predicts that disrupted tight junctions or increased tissue stiffness lead to a smaller embryo size, which we verified by biophysical, embryological, pharmacological and genetic perturbations. Changes in lumenal pressure and size can influence the cell division pattern of the trophectoderm, and thereby affect cell allocation and fate. Our study reveals how lumenal pressure and tissue mechanics control embryo size at the tissue scale, which is coupled to cell position and fate at the cellular scale.
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242
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Leiphart RJ, Chen D, Peredo AP, Loneker AE, Janmey PA. Mechanosensing at Cellular Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7509-7519. [PMID: 30346180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
At the plasma membrane interface, cells use various adhesions to sense their extracellular environment. These adhesions facilitate the transmission of mechanical signals that dictate cell behavior. This review discusses the mechanisms by which these mechanical signals are transduced through cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions and how this mechanotransduction influences cell processes. Cell-matrix adhesions require the activation of and communication between various transmembrane protein complexes such as integrins. These links at the plasma membrane affect how a cell senses and responds to its matrix environment. Cells also communicate with each other through cell-cell adhesions, which further regulate cell behavior on a single- and multicellular scale. Coordination and competition between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions in multicellular aggregates can, to a significant extent, be modeled by differential adhesion analyses between the different interfaces even without knowing the details of cellular signaling. In addition, cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions are connected by an intracellular cytoskeletal network that allows for direct communication between these distinct adhesions and activation of specific signaling pathways. Other membrane-embedded protein complexes, such as growth factor receptors and ion channels, play additional roles in mechanotransduction. Overall, these mechanoactive elements show the dynamic interplay between the cell, its matrix, and neighboring cells and how these relationships affect cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Leiphart
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S 33rd St , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Dongning Chen
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S 33rd St , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Ana P Peredo
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S 33rd St , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Abigail E Loneker
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S 33rd St , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , 210 S 33rd St , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Physiology , University of Pennsylvania , 3340 Smith Walk , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States
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243
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Saucerman JJ, Tan PM, Buchholz KS, McCulloch AD, Omens JH. Mechanical regulation of gene expression in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 16:361-378. [PMID: 30683889 PMCID: PMC6525041 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intact heart undergoes complex and multiscale remodelling processes in response to altered mechanical cues. Remodelling of the myocardium is regulated by a combination of myocyte and non-myocyte responses to mechanosensitive pathways, which can alter gene expression and therefore function in these cells. Cellular mechanotransduction and its downstream effects on gene expression are initially compensatory mechanisms during adaptations to the altered mechanical environment, but under prolonged and abnormal loading conditions, they can become maladaptive, leading to impaired function and cardiac pathologies. In this Review, we summarize mechanoregulated pathways in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts that lead to altered gene expression and cell remodelling under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Developments in systems modelling of the networks that regulate gene expression in response to mechanical stimuli should improve integrative understanding of their roles in vivo and help to discover new combinations of drugs and device therapies targeting mechanosignalling in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Saucerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Philip M Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kyle S Buchholz
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey H Omens
- Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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244
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Finegan TM, Bergstralh DT. Division orientation: disentangling shape and mechanical forces. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1187-1198. [PMID: 31068057 PMCID: PMC6592245 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1617006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriented cell divisions are essential for the generation of cell diversity and for tissue shaping during morphogenesis. Cells in tissues are mechanically linked to their neighbors, upon which they impose, and from which they experience, physical force. Recent work in multiple systems has revealed that tissue-level physical forces can influence the orientation of cell division. A long-standing question is whether forces are communicated to the spindle orienting machinery via cell shape or directly via mechanosensing intracellular machinery. In this article, we review the current evidence from diverse model systems that show spindles are oriented by tissue-level physical forces and evaluate current models and molecular mechanisms proposed to explain how the spindle orientation machinery responds to extrinsic force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Finegan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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245
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Abstract
A wide range of cell–microenvironmental interactions are mediated by membrane-localized receptors that bind ligands present on another cell or the extracellular matrix. This situation introduces a number of physical effects including spatial organization of receptor–ligand complexes and development of mechanical forces in cells. Unlike traditional experimental approaches, hybrid live cell–supported lipid bilayer (SLB) systems, wherein a live cell interacts with a synthetic substrate supported membrane, allow interrogation of these aspects of receptor signaling. The SLB system directly offers facile control over the identity, density, and mobility of ligands used for engaging cellular receptors. Further, application of various nano- and micropatterning techniques allows for spatial patterning of ligands. In this review, we describe the hybrid live cell–SLB system and its application in uncovering a range of spatial and mechanical aspects of receptor signaling. We highlight the T cell immunological synapse, junctions formed between EphA2- and ephrinA1-expressing cells, and adhesions formed by cadherin and integrin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H. Biswas
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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246
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Escribano J, Chen MB, Moeendarbary E, Cao X, Shenoy V, Garcia-Aznar JM, Kamm RD, Spill F. Balance of mechanical forces drives endothelial gap formation and may facilitate cancer and immune-cell extravasation. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006395. [PMID: 31048903 PMCID: PMC6497229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of gaps in the endothelium is a crucial process underlying both cancer and immune cell extravasation, contributing to the functioning of the immune system during infection, the unfavorable development of chronic inflammation and tumor metastasis. Here, we present a stochastic-mechanical multiscale model of an endothelial cell monolayer and show that the dynamic nature of the endothelium leads to spontaneous gap formation, even without intervention from the transmigrating cells. These gaps preferentially appear at the vertices between three endothelial cells, as opposed to the border between two cells. We quantify the frequency and lifetime of these gaps, and validate our predictions experimentally. Interestingly, we find experimentally that cancer cells also preferentially extravasate at vertices, even when they first arrest on borders. This suggests that extravasating cells, rather than initially signaling to the endothelium, might exploit the autonomously forming gaps in the endothelium to initiate transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escribano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michelle B. Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xuan Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vivek Shenoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Spill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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247
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Das Gupta PT, Narasimha M. Cytoskeletal tension and Bazooka tune interface geometry to ensure fusion fidelity and sheet integrity during dorsal closure. eLife 2019; 8:41091. [PMID: 30995201 PMCID: PMC6469929 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial fusion establishes continuity between the separated flanks of epithelial sheets. Despite its importance in creating resilient barriers, the mechanisms that ensure stable continuity and preserve morphological and molecular symmetry upon fusion remain unclear. Using the segmented embryonic epidermis whose flanks fuse during Drosophila dorsal closure, we demonstrate that epidermal flanks modulate cell numbers and geometry of their fusing fronts to achieve fusion fidelity. While fusing flanks become more matched for both parameters before fusion, differences persisting at fusion are corrected by modulating fusing front width within each segment to ensure alignment of segment boundaries. We show that fusing cell interfaces are remodelled from en-face contacts at fusion to an interlocking arrangement after fusion, and demonstrate that changes in interface length and geometry are dependent on the spatiotemporal regulation of cytoskeletal tension and Bazooka/Par3. Our work uncovers genetically constrained and mechanically triggered adaptive mechanisms contributing to fusion fidelity and epithelial continuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyal Taru Das Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Maithreyi Narasimha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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248
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Shellard A, Mayor R. Supracellular migration - beyond collective cell migration. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/8/jcs226142. [PMID: 30988138 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a highly complex process in which groups of cells move together. A fundamental question is how cell ensembles can migrate efficiently. In some cases, the group is no more than a collection of individual cells. In others, the group behaves as a supracellular unit, whereby the cell group could be considered as a giant 'supracell', the concept of which was conceived over a century ago. The development of recent tools has provided considerable evidence that cell collectives are highly cooperative, and their migration can better be understood at the tissue level, rather than at the cell level. In this Review, we will define supracellular migration as a type of collective cell migration that operates at a scale higher than the individual cells. We will discuss key concepts of supracellular migration, review recent evidence of collectives exhibiting supracellular features and argue that many seemingly complex collective movements could be better explained by considering the participating cells as supracellular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shellard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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249
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Onochie OE, Onyejose AJ, Rich CB, Trinkaus-Randall V. The Role of Hypoxia in Corneal Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Cell Motility. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1703-1716. [PMID: 30861330 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is an excellent model tissue to study how cells adapt to periods of hypoxia as it is naturally exposed to diurnal fluxes in oxygen. It is avascular, transparent, and highly innervated. In certain pathologies, such as diabetes, limbal stem cell deficiency, or trauma, the cornea may be exposed to hypoxia for variable lengths of time. Due to its avascularity, the cornea requires atmospheric oxygen, and a reduction in oxygen availability can impair its physiology and function. We hypothesize that hypoxia alters membrane stiffness and the deposition of matrix proteins, leading to changes in cell migration, focal adhesion formation, and wound repair. Two systems-a 3D corneal organ culture model and polyacrylamide substrates of varying stiffness-were used to examine the response of corneal epithelium to normoxic and hypoxic environments. Exposure to hypoxia alters the deposition of the matrix proteins such as laminin and Type IV collagen. In addition, previous studies had shown a change in fibronectin after injury. Studies performed on matrix-coated acrylamide substrates ranging from 0.2 to 50 kPa revealed stiffness-dependent changes in cell morphology. The localization, number, and length of paxillin pY118- and vinculin pY1065-containing focal adhesions were different in wounded corneas and in human corneal epithelial cells incubated in hypoxic environments. Overall, these results demonstrate that low-oxygenated environments modify the composition of the extracellular matrix, basal lamina stiffness, and focal adhesion dynamics, leading to alterations in the function of the cornea. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obianamma E Onochie
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anwuli J Onyejose
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Celeste B Rich
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vickery Trinkaus-Randall
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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250
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Rauskolb C, Cervantes E, Madere F, Irvine KD. Organization and function of tension-dependent complexes at adherens junctions. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224063. [PMID: 30837288 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions provide attachments between neighboring epithelial cells and a physical link to the cytoskeleton, which enables them to sense and transmit forces and to initiate biomechanical signaling. Examination of the Ajuba LIM protein Jub in Drosophila embryos revealed that it is recruited to adherens junctions in tissues experiencing high levels of myosin activity, and that the pattern of Jub recruitment varies depending upon how tension is organized. In cells with high junctional myosin, Jub is recruited to puncta near intercellular vertices, which are distinct from Ena-containing puncta, but can overlap Vinc-containing puncta. We identify roles for Jub in modulating tension and cellular organization, which are shared with the cytohesin Step, and the cytohesin adapter Sstn, and show that Jub and Sstn together recruit Step to adherens junctions under tension. Our observations establish Jub as a reporter of tension experienced at adherens junctions, and identify distinct types of tension-dependent and tension-independent junctional complexes. They also identify a role for Jub in mediating a feedback loop that modulates the distribution of tension and cellular organization in epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Rauskolb
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Estelle Cervantes
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ferralita Madere
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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