201
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Smyth LA, Hervouet C, Hayday T, Becker PD, Ellis R, Lechler RI, Lombardi G, Klavinskis LS. Acquisition of MHC:peptide complexes by dendritic cells contributes to the generation of antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2274-82. [PMID: 22821960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that the transfer of preformed MHC class I:peptide complexes between a virus-infected cell and an uninfected APC, termed cross-dressing, represents an important mechanism of Ag presentation to CD8+ T cells in host defense. However, although it has been shown that memory CD8+ T cells can be activated by uninfected dendritic cells (DCs) cross-dressed by Ag from virus-infected parenchymal cells, it is unknown whether conditions exist during virus infection in which naive CD8+ T cells are primed and differentiate to cytolytic effectors through cross-dressing, and indeed which DC subset would be responsible. In this study, we determine whether the transfer of MHC class I:peptide complexes between infected and uninfected murine DC plays a role in CD8+ T cell priming to viral Ags in vivo. We show that MHC class I:peptide complexes from peptide-pulsed or virus-infected DCs are indeed acquired by splenic CD8α⁻ DCs in vivo. Furthermore, the acquired MHC class I:peptide complexes are functional in that they induced Ag-specific CD8+ T cell effectors with cytolytic function. As CD8α⁻ DCs are poor cross-presenters, this may represent the main mechanism by which CD8α⁻ DCs present exogenously encountered Ag to CD8+ T cells. The sharing of Ag as preformed MHC class I:peptide complexes between infected and uninfected DCs without the restraints of Ag processing may have evolved to accurately amplify the response and also engage multiple DC subsets critical in the generation of strong antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Smyth
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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202
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Bachem A, Hartung E, Güttler S, Mora A, Zhou X, Hegemann A, Plantinga M, Mazzini E, Stoitzner P, Gurka S, Henn V, Mages HW, Kroczek RA. Expression of XCR1 Characterizes the Batf3-Dependent Lineage of Dendritic Cells Capable of Antigen Cross-Presentation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:214. [PMID: 22826713 PMCID: PMC3399095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation of antigen by dendritic cells (DCs) to CD8+ T cells is a fundamentally important mechanism in the defense against pathogens and tumors. Due to the lack of an appropriate lineage marker, cross-presenting DCs in the mouse are provisionally classified as “Batf3-IRF-8-Id2-dependent DCs” or as “CD8+ DCs” in the spleen, and as “CD103+CD11b− DCs” in the periphery. We have now generated a mAb to XCR1, a chemokine receptor which is specifically expressed on CD8+ DCs and a subpopulation of double negative DCs in the spleen. Using this antibody, we have determined that only XCR1+CD8+ (around 80% of CD8+ DCs) and their probable precursors, XCR1+CD8− DCs, efficiently take up cellular material and excel in antigen cross-presentation. In lymph nodes (LNs) and peripheral tissues, XCR1+ DCs largely, but not fully, correspond to CD103+CD11b− DCs. Most importantly, we demonstrate that XCR1+ DCs in the spleen, LNs, and peripheral tissues are dependent on the growth factor Flt3 ligand and are selectively absent in Batf3-deficient animals. These results provide evidence that expression of XCR1 throughout the body defines the Batf3-dependent lineage of DCs with a special capacity to cross-present antigen. XCR1 thus emerges as the first surface marker characterizing a DC lineage in the mouse and potentially also in the human.
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203
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Gerondakis S, Banerjee A, Grigoriadis G, Vasanthakumar A, Gugasyan R, Sidwell T, Grumont RJ. NF-κB subunit specificity in hemopoiesis. Immunol Rev 2012; 246:272-85. [PMID: 22435561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the diverse functions served by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in virtually all cell types are typically employed to deal with stress responses, NF-κB transcription factors also play key roles in the development of hemopoietic cells. This review focuses on how NF-κB transcription factors control various aspects of thymic T-cell and myeloid cell differentiation that include its roles in hemopoietic precursors, conventional αβ T cells, CD4(+) regulatory T cells, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
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204
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Miller JC, Brown BD, Shay T, Gautier EL, Jojic V, Cohain A, Pandey G, Leboeuf M, Elpek KG, Helft J, Hashimoto D, Chow A, Price J, Greter M, Bogunovic M, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Frenette PS, Randolph GJ, Turley SJ, Merad M. Deciphering the transcriptional network of the dendritic cell lineage. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:888-99. [PMID: 22797772 PMCID: PMC3985403 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although much progress has been made in the understanding of the ontogeny and function of dendritic cells (DCs), the transcriptional regulation of the lineage commitment and functional specialization of DCs in vivo remains poorly understood. We made a comprehensive comparative analysis of CD8(+), CD103(+), CD11b(+) and plasmacytoid DC subsets, as well as macrophage DC precursors and common DC precursors, across the entire immune system. Here we characterized candidate transcriptional activators involved in the commitment of myeloid progenitor cells to the DC lineage and predicted regulators of DC functional diversity in tissues. We identified a molecular signature that distinguished tissue DCs from macrophages. We also identified a transcriptional program expressed specifically during the steady-state migration of tissue DCs to the draining lymph nodes that may control tolerance to self tissue antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Miller
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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205
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Greter M, Helft J, Chow A, Hashimoto D, Mortha A, Agudo-Cantero J, Bogunovic M, Gautier EL, Miller J, Leboeuf M, Lu G, Aloman C, Brown BD, Pollard JW, Xiong H, Randolph GJ, Chipuk JE, Frenette PS, Merad M. GM-CSF controls nonlymphoid tissue dendritic cell homeostasis but is dispensable for the differentiation of inflammatory dendritic cells. Immunity 2012; 36:1031-46. [PMID: 22749353 PMCID: PMC3498051 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GM-CSF (Csf-2) is a critical cytokine for the in vitro generation of dendritic cells (DCs) and is thought to control the development of inflammatory DCs and resident CD103(+) DCs in some tissues. Here we showed that in contrast to the current understanding, Csf-2 receptor acts in the steady state to promote the survival and homeostasis of nonlymphoid tissue-resident CD103(+) and CD11b(+) DCs. Absence of Csf-2 receptor on lung DCs abrogated the induction of CD8(+) T cell immunity after immunization with particulate antigens. In contrast, Csf-2 receptor was dispensable for the differentiation and innate function of inflammatory DCs during acute injuries. Instead, inflammatory DCs required Csf-1 receptor for their development. Thus, Csf-2 is important in vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell immunity through the regulation of nonlymphoid tissue DC homeostasis rather than control of inflammatory DCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Greter
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Julie Helft
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew Chow
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daigo Hashimoto
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Judith Agudo-Cantero
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Genomic Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Milena Bogunovic
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emmanuel L. Gautier
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jennifer Miller
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marylene Leboeuf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Geming Lu
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Costica Aloman
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brian D. Brown
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Genomic Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Pollard
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Huabao Xiong
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J. Randolph
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jerry E. Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paul S. Frenette
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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206
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Goldszmid RS, Caspar P, Rivollier A, White S, Dzutsev A, Hieny S, Kelsall B, Trinchieri G, Sher A. NK cell-derived interferon-γ orchestrates cellular dynamics and the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells at the site of infection. Immunity 2012; 36:1047-59. [PMID: 22749354 PMCID: PMC3412151 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and/or macrophages initiate host-protective immune responses to intracellular pathogens in part through interleukin-12 (IL-12) production, although the relative contribution of tissue resident versus recruited cells has been unclear. Here, we showed that after intraperitoneal infection with Toxoplasma gondii cysts, resident mononuclear phagocytes are replaced by circulating monocytes that differentiate in situ into inflammatory DCs (moDCs) and F4/80(+) macrophages. Importantly, NK cell-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was required for both the loss of resident mononuclear phagocytes and the local differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and moDCs. This newly generated moDC population and not the resident DCs (or macrophages) served as the major source of IL-12 at the site of infection. Thus, NK cell-derived IFN-γ is important in both regulating inflammatory cell dynamics and in driving the local differentiation of monocytes into the cells required for initiating the immune response to an important intracellular pathogen.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/analysis
- Cell Differentiation
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Genes, Reporter
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/transplantation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monocytes/chemistry
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Monocytes/transplantation
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/physiology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/parasitology
- Phagocytes/classification
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Phagocytes/pathology
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina S. Goldszmid
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pat Caspar
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aymeric Rivollier
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sandy White
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Sara Hieny
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brian Kelsall
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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207
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Fiole D, Touvrey C, Quesnel-Hellmann A, Douady J, Tournier JN. Shape-based tracking allows functional discrimination of two immune cell subsets expressing the same fluorescent tag in mouse lung explant. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39831. [PMID: 22745831 PMCID: PMC3382161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic Cells (DC) represent a key lung immune cell population, which play a critical role in the antigen presenting process and initiation of the adaptive immune response. The study of DCs has largely benefited from the joint development of fluorescence microscopy and knock-in technology, leading to several mouse strains with constitutively labeled DC subsets. However, in the lung most transgenic mice do express fluorescent protein not only in DCs, but also in closely related cell lineages such as monocytes and macrophages. As an example, in the lungs of CX3CR1+/gfp mice the green fluorescent protein is expressed mostly by both CD11b conventional DCs and resident monocytes. Despite this non-specific staining, we show that a shape criterion can discriminate these two particular subsets. Implemented in a cell tracking code, this quantified criterion allows us to analyze the specific behavior of DCs under inflammatory conditions mediated by lipopolysaccharide on lung explants. Compared to monocytes, we show that DCs move slower and are more confined, while both populations do not have any chemotactism-associated movement. We could generalize from these results that DCs can be automatically discriminated from other round-shaped cells expressing the same fluorescent protein in various lung inflammation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fiole
- Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents Pathogènes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, La Tronche, France
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique UMR 5588, Univ. Grenoble 1/CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Cédric Touvrey
- Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents Pathogènes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, La Tronche, France
| | - Anne Quesnel-Hellmann
- Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents Pathogènes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, La Tronche, France
| | - Julien Douady
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique UMR 5588, Univ. Grenoble 1/CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents Pathogènes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, La Tronche, France
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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208
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Poulin LF, Reyal Y, Uronen-Hansson H, Schraml BU, Sancho D, Murphy KM, Håkansson UK, Moita LF, Agace WW, Bonnet D, Reis e Sousa C. DNGR-1 is a specific and universal marker of mouse and human Batf3-dependent dendritic cells in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Blood 2012; 119:6052-62. [PMID: 22442345 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-01-406967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse CD8α(+) dendritic cells (DCs) in lymphoid organs and CD103(+) CD11b(-) DCs in nonlymphoid tissues share phenotypic and functional similarities, as well as a unique shared developmental dependence on the transcription factor Batf3. Human DCs resembling mouse CD8α(+) DCs in phenotype and function have been identified in human blood, spleen, and tonsil. However, it is not clear whether such cells are also present in human nonlymphoid organs, and their equivalence to mouse CD8α(+) DC has recently been questioned. Furthermore, the identification of "CD8α(+) DC-like" cells across different tissues and species remains problematic because of the lack of a unique marker that can be used to unambiguously define lineage members. Here we show that mouse CD8α(+) DCs and CD103(+) CD11b(-) DCs can be defined by shared high expression of DNGR-1 (CLEC9A). We further show that DNGR-1 uniquely marks a CD11b(-) human DC population present in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues of humans and humanized mice. Finally, we demonstrate that knockdown of Batf3 selectively prevents the development of DNGR-1(+) human DCs in vitro. Thus, high expression of DNGR-1 specifically and universally identifies a unique DC subset in mouse and humans. Evolutionarily conserved Batf3 dependence justifies classification of DNGR-1(hi) DCs as a distinct DC lineage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/physiology
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/physiology
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel F Poulin
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, United Kingdom
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209
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Kayserova J, Zentsova-Jaresova I, Budinsky V, Rozkova D, Kopecka J, Vernerova E, Pohunek P, Skalicka V, Spisek R, Sediva A. Selective increase in blood dendritic cell antigen-3-positive dendritic cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in allergic patients. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:305-13. [PMID: 21988460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specific antigen-presenting cells that play critical roles in the initiation and polarization of immune responses. DCs residing in the lungs might be detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We analysed DC compartment in the peripheral blood and BALF of patients with allergy and in controls. Plasmacytoid and four distinct subsets of myeloid DCs [characterized by the expression of blood dendritic cell antigen (BDCA)-1+ and -3+ and CD16 positivity or negativity] were detected in both tested compartments. We further evaluated the expression of C-type lectins [mannose receptor (MR), dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) and dendritic and epithelial cells (DEC)-205] relevant to the pathogenesis of asthma. Interestingly, we found a selective increase in the frequency of myeloid DC-expressing BDCA-3 and MR particularly in BALF from allergic patients. Specific and highly statistically significant increase in BDCA-3+ and/or MR+ DCs brings a novel characteristic to BAL analysis in allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kayserova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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210
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Kassianos AJ, Hardy MY, Ju X, Vijayan D, Ding Y, Vulink AJE, McDonald KJ, Jongbloed SL, Wadley RB, Wells C, Hart DNJ, Radford KJ. Human CD1c (BDCA-1)+ myeloid dendritic cells secrete IL-10 and display an immuno-regulatory phenotype and function in response to Escherichia coli. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1512-22. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinsheng Ju
- Dendritic Cell Program, Mater Medical Research Institute; South Brisbane; Queensland; Australia
| | - Dipti Vijayan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland; St Lucia; Queensland; Australia
| | - Yitian Ding
- Dendritic Cell Program, Mater Medical Research Institute; South Brisbane; Queensland; Australia
| | - Annelie J. E. Vulink
- Dendritic Cell Program, Mater Medical Research Institute; South Brisbane; Queensland; Australia
| | - Kylie J. McDonald
- Dendritic Cell Program, Mater Medical Research Institute; South Brisbane; Queensland; Australia
| | - Sarah L. Jongbloed
- Dendritic Cell Program, Mater Medical Research Institute; South Brisbane; Queensland; Australia
| | - Robert B. Wadley
- Dendritic Cell Program, Mater Medical Research Institute; South Brisbane; Queensland; Australia
| | - Christine Wells
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland; St Lucia; Queensland; Australia
| | - Derek N. J. Hart
- Dendritic Cell Program, Mater Medical Research Institute; South Brisbane; Queensland; Australia
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211
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Seneschal J, Clark RA, Gehad A, Baecher-Allan CM, Kupper TS. Human epidermal Langerhans cells maintain immune homeostasis in skin by activating skin resident regulatory T cells. Immunity 2012; 36:873-84. [PMID: 22560445 PMCID: PMC3716276 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the skin of a normal adult human contains 10-20 billion resident memory T cells, including various helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cell subsets, that are poised to respond to environmental antigens. Using only autologous human tissues, we report that both in vitro and in vivo, resting epidermal Langerhan cells (LCs) selectively and specifically induced the activation and proliferation of skin resident regulatory T (Treg) cells, a minor subset of skin resident memory T cells. In the presence of foreign pathogen, however, the same LCs activated and induced proliferation of effector memory T (Tem) cells and limited Treg cells' activation. These underappreciated properties of LCs, namely maintenance of tolerance in normal skin, and activation of protective skin resident memory T cells upon infectious challenge, help clarify the role of LCs in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Seneschal
- Department of Dermatology/Harvard Skin Disease Research Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology/ University of
Bordeaux, INSERM U1035 and CIRID UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rachael A. Clark
- Department of Dermatology/Harvard Skin Disease Research Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ahmed Gehad
- Department of Dermatology/Harvard Skin Disease Research Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Clare M. Baecher-Allan
- Department of Dermatology/Harvard Skin Disease Research Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Thomas S. Kupper
- Department of Dermatology/Harvard Skin Disease Research Center,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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212
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Johnson MJ, Petrovas C, Yamamoto T, Lindsay RWB, Loré K, Gall JGD, Gostick E, Lefebvre F, Cameron MJ, Price DA, Haddad E, Sekaly RP, Seder RA, Koup RA. Type I IFN induced by adenovirus serotypes 28 and 35 has multiple effects on T cell immunogenicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:6109-18. [PMID: 22586038 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors are being investigated as vaccine delivery vehicles in preclinical and clinical studies. rAds constructed from different serotypes differ in receptor usage, tropism, and ability to activate cells, aspects of which likely contribute to their different immunogenicity profiles. In this study, we compared the infectivity and cell stimulatory capacity of recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5), recombinant adenovirus serotype 28 (rAd28), and recombinant adenovirus serotype 35 (rAd35) in association with their respective immunogenicity profiles. We found that rAd28 and rAd35 infected and led to the in vitro maturation and activation of both human and mouse dendritic cells more efficiently compared with rAd5. In stark contrast to rAd5, rAd28 and rAd35 induced production of IFN-α and stimulated IFN-related intracellular pathways. However, the in vivo immunogenicity of rAd28 and rAd35 was significantly lower than that of rAd5. Deletion of IFN-α signaling during vaccination with rAd28 and rAd35 vectors increased the magnitude of the insert-specific T cell response to levels induced by vaccination with rAd5 vector. The negative impact of IFN-α signaling on the magnitude of the T cell response could be overcome by increasing the vaccine dose, which was also associated with greater polyfunctionality and a more favorable long-term memory phenotype of the CD8 T cell response in the presence of IFN-α signaling. Taken together, our results demonstrate that rAd-induced IFN-α production has multiple effects on T cell immunogenicity, the understanding of which should be considered in the design of rAd vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Johnson
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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213
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Abstract
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that are most studied for their function in mediating T-cell tolerance and T-cell activation. In addition, recent evidence indicates that dendritic cells can regulate the vasculature and function of fibroblast-type cells. The potential contribution of dendritic cells to scleroderma and fibrosis is not well-understood. In this article, we review recent studies as well as describe our own ongoing work that points toward a role for dendritic cells in scleroderma and fibrosis.
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214
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Borges TJ, Wieten L, van Herwijnen MJC, Broere F, van der Zee R, Bonorino C, van Eden W. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Hsp70. Front Immunol 2012; 3:95. [PMID: 22566973 PMCID: PMC3343630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to heat shock proteins (Hsp) develop in virtually all inflammatory diseases; however, the significance of such responses is only now becoming clear. In experimental disease models, Hsp administration can prevent or arrest inflammatory damage, and in initial clinical trials in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, Hsp peptides have been shown to promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating immunoregulatory potential of Hsp. Therefore, the presence of immune responses to Hsp in inflammatory diseases can be seen as an attempt of the immune system to correct the inflammatory condition. Hsp70 can modulate inflammatory responses in models of arthritis, colitis and graft rejection, and the mechanisms underlying this effect are now being elucidated. Incubation with microbial Hsp70 was seen to induce tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) and to promote a suppressive phenotype in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and monocytes. These DC could induce regulatory T cells (Tregs), independently of the antigens they presented. Some Hsp70 family members are associated with autophagy, leading to a preferential uploading of Hsp70 peptides in MHC class II molecules of stressed cells. Henceforth, conserved Hsp70 peptides may be presented in these situations and constitute targets of Tregs, contributing to downregulation of inflammation. Finally, an interfering effect in multiple intracellular inflammatory signaling pathways is also known for Hsp70. Altogether it seems attractive to use Hsp70, or its derivative peptides, for modulation of inflammation. This is a physiological immunotherapy approach, without the immediate necessity of defining disease-specific auto-antigens. In this article, we present the evidence on anti-inflammatory effects of Hsp70 and discuss the need for experiments that will be crucial for the further exploration of the immunosuppressive potential of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago J Borges
- Faculdade de Biociências e Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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215
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Bai Y, Qian C, Qian L, Ma F, Hou J, Chen Y, Wang Q, Cao X. Integrin CD11b Negatively Regulates TLR9-Triggered Dendritic Cell Cross-Priming by Upregulating microRNA-146a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5293-302. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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216
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Junqueira C, Guerrero AT, Galvão-Filho B, Andrade WA, Salgado APC, Cunha TM, Ropert C, Campos MA, Penido MLO, Mendonça-Previato L, Previato JO, Ritter G, Cunha FQ, Gazzinelli RT. Trypanosoma cruzi adjuvants potentiate T cell-mediated immunity induced by a NY-ESO-1 based antitumor vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36245. [PMID: 22567144 PMCID: PMC3342165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological adjuvants that induce T cell-mediate immunity (TCMI) with the least side effects are needed for the development of human vaccines. Glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPL) and CpGs oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) derived from the protozoa parasite Trypanosoma cruzi induce potent pro-inflammatory reaction through activation of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)4 and TLR9, respectively. Here, using mouse models, we tested the T. cruzi derived TLR agonists as immunological adjuvants in an antitumor vaccine. For comparison, we used well-established TLR agonists, such as the bacterial derived monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), lipopeptide (Pam3Cys), and CpG ODN. All tested TLR agonists were comparable to induce antibody responses, whereas significant differences were noticed in their ability to elicit CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cell responses. In particular, both GIPLs (GTH, and GY) and CpG ODNs (B344, B297 and B128) derived from T. cruzi elicited interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by CD4(+) T cells. On the other hand, the parasite derived CpG ODNs, but not GIPLs, elicited a potent IFN-γ response by CD8(+) T lymphocytes. The side effects were also evaluated by local pain (hypernociception). The intensity of hypernociception induced by vaccination was alleviated by administration of an analgesic drug without affecting protective immunity. Finally, the level of protective immunity against the NY-ESO-1 expressing melanoma was associated with the magnitude of both CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cell responses elicited by a specific immunological adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Junqueira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Galvão-Filho
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Warrison A. Andrade
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ana Paula C. Salgado
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Catherine Ropert
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Campos
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcus L. O. Penido
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Mendonça-Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Oswaldo Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gerd Ritter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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217
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Kemball CC, Flynn CT, Hosking MP, Botten J, Whitton JL. Wild-type coxsackievirus infection dramatically alters the abundance, heterogeneity, and immunostimulatory capacity of conventional dendritic cells in vivo. Virology 2012; 429:74-90. [PMID: 22551767 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that enteroviruses employ strategies that may impair the ability of DCs to trigger T cell immunity, but it is unclear how these viruses affect DCs in vivo. Here, we evaluate the effects of wild-type (wt) coxsackievirus B3 on DCs in vitro and in a murine model in vivo. Although CVB3 does not productively infect the vast majority of DCs, virus infection profoundly reduces splenic conventional DC numbers and diminishes their capacity to prime naïve CD8(+) T cells in vitro. In contrast to recombinant CVB3, highly pathogenic wt virus infection significantly diminishes the host's capacity to mount T cell responses, which is temporally associated with the loss of CD8α(+) DCs. Our findings demonstrate that enterovirus infection substantially alters the number, heterogeneity, and stimulatory capacity of DCs in vivo, and these dramatic immunomodulatory effects may weaken the host's capacity to mount antiviral T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Kemball
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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218
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Zelenay S, Keller AM, Whitney PG, Schraml BU, Deddouche S, Rogers NC, Schulz O, Sancho D, Reis e Sousa C. The dendritic cell receptor DNGR-1 controls endocytic handling of necrotic cell antigens to favor cross-priming of CTLs in virus-infected mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1615-27. [PMID: 22505458 PMCID: PMC3336984 DOI: 10.1172/jci60644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNGR-1 (CLEC9A) is a receptor for necrotic cells required by DCs to cross-prime CTLs against dead cell antigens in mice. It is currently unknown how DNGR-1 couples dead cell recognition to cross-priming. Here we found that DNGR-1 did not mediate DC activation by dead cells but rather diverted necrotic cell cargo into a recycling endosomal compartment, favoring cross-presentation to CD8(+) T cells. DNGR-1 regulated cross-priming in non-infectious settings such as immunization with antigen-bearing dead cells, as well as in highly immunogenic situations such as infection with herpes simplex virus type 1. Together, these results suggest that DNGR-1 is a dedicated receptor for cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens. Our work thus underscores the importance of cross-priming in immunity and indicates that antigenicity and adjuvanticity can be decoded by distinct innate immune receptors. The identification of specialized receptors that regulate antigenicity of virus-infected cells reveals determinants of antiviral immunity that might underlie the human response to infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Zelenay
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC–Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna M. Keller
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC–Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul G. Whitney
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC–Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara U. Schraml
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC–Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Safia Deddouche
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC–Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Neil C. Rogers
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC–Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Schulz
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC–Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC–Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, CNIC–Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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219
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Chu CC, Ali N, Karagiannis P, Di Meglio P, Skowera A, Napolitano L, Barinaga G, Grys K, Sharif-Paghaleh E, Karagiannis SN, Peakman M, Lombardi G, Nestle FO. Resident CD141 (BDCA3)+ dendritic cells in human skin produce IL-10 and induce regulatory T cells that suppress skin inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:935-45. [PMID: 22547651 PMCID: PMC3348099 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human skin-resident IL-10+ regulatory dendritic cells induce T reg cells that suppress allogeneic skin graft inflammation. Human skin immune homeostasis, and its regulation by specialized subsets of tissue-residing immune sentinels, is poorly understood. In this study, we identify an immunoregulatory tissue-resident dendritic cell (DC) in the dermis of human skin that is characterized by surface expression of CD141, CD14, and constitutive IL-10 secretion (CD141+ DDCs). CD141+ DDCs possess lymph node migratory capacity, induce T cell hyporesponsiveness, cross-present self-antigens to autoreactive T cells, and induce potent regulatory T cells that inhibit skin inflammation. Vitamin D3 (VitD3) promotes certain phenotypic and functional properties of tissue-resident CD141+ DDCs from human blood DCs. These CD141+ DDC-like cells can be generated in vitro and, once transferred in vivo, have the capacity to inhibit xeno-graft versus host disease and tumor alloimmunity. These findings suggest that CD141+ DDCs play an essential role in the maintenance of skin homeostasis and in the regulation of both systemic and tumor alloimmunity. Finally, VitD3-induced CD141+ DDC-like cells have potential clinical use for their capacity to induce immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ching Chu
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London and National Institutes for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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220
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Szabo A, Bene K, Gogolák P, Réthi B, Lányi Á, Jankovich I, Dezső B, Rajnavölgyi E. RLR-mediated production of interferon-β by a human dendritic cell subset and its role in virus-specific immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:159-69. [PMID: 22517920 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0711360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic RIG-I-like helicases (RLR) are PRRs involved in type I IFN production and antiviral immunity. This study focuses to the comparison of the expression, function, and signaling cascades associated to RLR in the previously identified CD14(-)DC-SIGN(+)PPARγ(low)CD1a(+) and CD14(low)DC-SIGN(+)PPARγ(high)CD1a(-) human moDC subsets. Our results revealed that the expression of RLR genes and proteins as well as the activity of the coupled signaling pathways are significantly higher in the CD1a(+) subset than in its phenotypically and functionally distinct counterpart. Specific activation of RLR in moDCs by poly(I:C) or influenza virus was shown to induce the secretion of IFN-β via IRF3, whereas induction of proinflammatory cytokine responses were predominantly controlled by TLR3. The requirement of RLR-mediated signaling in CD1a(+) moDCs for priming naïve CD8(+) T lymphocytes and inducing influenza virus-specific cellular immune responses was confirmed by RIG-I/MDA5 silencing, which abrogated these functions. Our results demonstrate the subset-specific activation of RLR and the underlying mechanisms behind its cytokine secretion profile and identify CD1a(+) moDCs as an inflammatory subset with specialized functional activities. We also provide evidence that this migratory DC subset can be detected in human tonsil and reactive LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szabo
- Department of Immunology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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221
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Calderwood SK, Murshid A, Gong J. Heat shock proteins: conditional mediators of inflammation in tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:75. [PMID: 22566956 PMCID: PMC3342006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP)-based anticancer vaccines have undergone successful preclinical testing and are now entering clinical trial. Questions still remain, however regarding the immunological properties of HSPs. It is now accepted that many of the HSPs participate in tumor immunity, at least in part by chaperoning tumor antigenic peptides, introducing them into antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DC) that display the antigens on MHC class I molecules on the cell surface and stimulate cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL). However, in order for activated CD8+ T cells to function as effective CTL and kill tumor cells, additional signals must be induced to obtain a sturdy CTL response. These include the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on the DC surface and inflammatory events that can induce immunogenic cytokine cascades. That such events occur is indicated by the ability of Hsp70 vaccines to induce antitumor immunity and overcome tolerance to tumor antigens such as mucin1. Secondary activation of CTL can be induced by inflammatory signaling through Toll-like receptors and/or by interaction of antigen-activated T helper cells with the APC. We will discuss the role of the inflammatory properties of HSPs in tumor immunity and the potential role of HSPs in activating T helper cells and DC licensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart K Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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222
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Murshid A, Gong J, Calderwood SK. The role of heat shock proteins in antigen cross presentation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:63. [PMID: 22566944 PMCID: PMC3342350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that bind tumor antigens and mediate their uptake into antigen presenting cells. HSP–antigen complexes are then directed toward either the MHC class I pathway through antigen cross presentation or the conventional class II pathway, leading to activation of T cell subsets. Uptake of HSP-chaperoned polypeptides can involve both receptor-mediated and receptor-independent routes, and mechanisms of antigen sorting between the Class I and II pathways after uptake are currently under investigation. The processes involved in internalization of HSP–antigen complexes differ somewhat from the mechanisms previously determined for (unchaperoned) particulate and free soluble antigens. A number of studies show that HSP-facilitated antigen cross presentation requires uptake of the complexes by scavenger receptors (SR) followed by processing in the proteasome, and loading onto MHC class I molecules. In this review we have examined the roles of HSPs and SR in antigen uptake, sorting, processing, cell signaling, and activation of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murshid
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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223
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Liang G, Barker T, Xie Z, Charles N, Rivera J, Druey KM. Naive T cells sense the cysteine protease allergen papain through protease-activated receptor 2 and propel TH2 immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1377-1386.e13. [PMID: 22460072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitization to protease allergens, such as papain, or helminth infection is associated with basophil recruitment to draining lymph nodes (LNs). Basophils have the capacity to present antigen to naive T cells and promote T(H)2 differentiation directly or indirectly through IL-4 production. OBJECTIVE We studied how papain induces basophil migration to LNs and the contribution of various leukocytes to papain-induced immune responses. METHODS We immunized mice in the footpad with papain and studied leukocyte recruitment and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in the draining popliteal LNs. RESULTS Papain directly activated naive T cells through protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2 to initiate a chemokine/cytokine program that includes CCL17, CCL22, and IL-4. Papain-triggered innate immune responses were dependent on both CD4 T cells and PAR2 and were strongly reduced in the absence of CCR4, the primary receptor for CCL17/CCL22. CONCLUSION These results elucidate a novel innate allergen-recognition pathway mediated by naive T cells through PAR2, which provide an immediate source of chemokines and IL-4 upstream of basophils and antigen-restricted T(H)2 differentiation. PAR2 antagonism might thus hold promise for the treatment of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genqing Liang
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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224
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Segura E, Valladeau-Guilemond J, Donnadieu MH, Sastre-Garau X, Soumelis V, Amigorena S. Characterization of resident and migratory dendritic cells in human lymph nodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:653-60. [PMID: 22430490 PMCID: PMC3328358 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human skin-draining lymph nodes contain functionally distinct subsets of resident and migratory dendritic cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate adaptive immune responses in lymph nodes (LNs). In mice, LN DCs can be divided into resident and tissue-derived populations, the latter of which migrate from the peripheral tissues. In humans, different subsets of DCs have been identified in the blood, spleen, and skin, but less is known about populations of resident and migratory tissue-derived DCs in LNs. We have analyzed DCs in human LNs and identified two populations of resident DCs that are present in all LNs analyzed, as well as in the spleen and tonsil, and correspond to the two known blood DC subtypes. We also identify three main populations of skin-derived migratory DCs that are present only in skin-draining LNs and correspond to the DC subsets found in the skin. Resident DCs subsets induce both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in naive allogeneic T lymphocytes, whereas the corresponding blood subsets failed to induce efficient Th2 polarization. LN-resident DCs also cross-present antigen without in vitro activation, whereas blood DCs fail to do so. Among migratory DCs, one subset was poor at both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation, whereas the other subsets induced only Th2 polarization. We conclude that in humans, skin-draining LNs host both resident and migratory DC subsets with distinct functional abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Segura
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 932, 75005 Paris, France
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225
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Dendritic cells and regulation of graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia activity. Blood 2012; 119:5088-103. [PMID: 22403259 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-364091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only curative treatment for many malignant hematologic diseases, with an often critical graft-versus-leukemia effect. Despite peritransplant prophylaxis, GVHD remains a significant cause of posthematopoietic stem cell transplantation morbidity and mortality. Traditional therapies have targeted T cells, yet immunostimulatory dendritic cells (DCs) are critical in the pathogenesis of GVHD. Furthermore, DCs also have tolerogenic properties. Monitoring of DC characteristics may be predictive of outcome, and therapies that target DCs are innovative and promising. DCs may be targeted in vivo or tolerogenic (tol) DCs may be generated in vitro and given in the peritransplant period. Other cellular therapies, notably regulatory T cells (T(reg)) and mesenchymal stem cells, mediate important effects through DCs and show promise for the prevention and treatment of GVHD in early human studies. Therapies are likely to be more effective if they have synergistic effects or target both DCs and T cells in vivo, such as tolDCs or T(reg). Given the effectiveness of tolDCs in experimental models of GVHD and their safety in early human studies for type 1 diabetes, it is crucial that tolDCs be investigated in the prevention and treatment of human GVHD while ensuring conservation of graft-versus-leukemia effects.
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226
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Di Meglio P, Perera GK, Nestle FO. The multitasking organ: recent insights into skin immune function. Immunity 2012; 35:857-69. [PMID: 22195743 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin provides the first line defense of the human body against injury and infection. By integrating recent findings in cutaneous immunology with fundamental concepts of skin biology, we portray the skin as a multitasking organ ensuring body homeostasis. Crosstalk between the skin and its microbial environment is also highlighted as influencing the response to injury, infection, and autoimmunity. The importance of the skin immune network is emphasized by the identification of several skin-resident cell subsets, each with its unique functions. Lessons learned from targeted therapy in inflammatory skin conditions, such as psoriasis, provide further insights into skin immune function. Finally, we look at the skin as an interacting network of immune signaling pathways exemplified by the development of a disease interactome for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Meglio
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London & National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center, Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, London SE1 9RT, UK
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227
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Lichtman AH. T cell costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways in vascular inflammatory diseases. Front Physiol 2012; 3:18. [PMID: 22355289 PMCID: PMC3280481 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad array of evidence indicates that T lymphocytes make significant contributions to vascular inflammation in the setting of atherosclerotic disease, hypertension, autoimmune vasculitis, and other disorders. Experimental data show that costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways involving molecules of the B7-CD28 and TNF–TNFR families regulate T cell responses that promote vascular disease. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) display both peptide–major histocompatibility complex antigen and costimulators or coinhibitors to T cells. Two major types of APCs, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, are present in significant numbers in the walls of arteries affected by atherosclerosis and arteritis, and some DCs are present in normal arteries. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules expressed by these vascular APCs can contribute to the activation or inhibition of effector T cells within the arterial wall. Vascular DCs may also be involved in transport of antigens to secondary lymphoid organs, where they activate or tolerize naïve T cells, depending on the balance of costimulators and coinhibitors they express. Costimulatory blockade is already an approved therapeutic approach to treat autoimmune disease and prevent transplant rejection. Preclinical models suggest that costimulatory blockade may also be effective in treating vascular disease. Experiential data in mice show that DCs pulsed with the appropriate antigens and treated in a way that reduces costimulatory capacity can reduce atherosclerotic disease, presumably by inducing T cell tolerance. Progress in treating vascular disease by immune modulation will require a more complete understanding of the functions of different costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways and the different subsets of vascular APCs involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Lichtman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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228
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Caminschi I, Maraskovsky E, Heath WR. Targeting Dendritic Cells in vivo for Cancer Therapy. Front Immunol 2012; 3:13. [PMID: 22566899 PMCID: PMC3342351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies that recognize cell surface molecules have been used deliver antigenic cargo to dendritic cells (DC) for induction of immune responses. The encouraging anti-tumor immunity elicited using this immunization strategy suggests its suitability for clinical trials. This review discusses the complex network of DC, the functional specialization of DC subsets, the immunological outcomes of targeting different DC subsets and their cell surface receptors, and the requirements for the induction of effective anti-tumor CD4 and CD8 T cell responses that can recognize tumor-specific antigens. Finally, we review preclinical experiments and the progress toward targeting human DC in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Caminschi
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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229
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Tse SW, Radtke AJ, Zavala F. Induction and maintenance of protective CD8+ T cells against malaria liver stages: implications for vaccine development. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 106 Suppl 1:172-8. [PMID: 21881772 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000900022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells against malaria liver stages represent a major protective immune mechanism against infection. Following induction in the peripheral lymph nodes by dendritic cells (DCs), these CD8+ T cells migrate to the liver and eliminate parasite infected hepatocytes. The processing and presentation of sporozoite antigen requires TAP mediated transport of major histocompatibility complex class I epitopes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, in DCs this process is also dependent on endosome-mediated cross presentation while this mechanism is not required for epitope presentation on hepatocytes. Protective CD8+ T cell responses are strongly dependent on the presence of CD4+ T cells and the capacity of sporozoite antigen to persist for a prolonged period of time. While human trials with subunit vaccines capable of inducing antibodies and CD4+ T cell responses have yielded encouraging results, an effective anti-malaria vaccine will likely require vaccine constructs designed to induce protective CD8+ T cells against malaria liver stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Wah Tse
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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230
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Elnekave M, Furmanov K, Hovav AH. Intradermal naked plasmid DNA immunization: mechanisms of action. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1169-82. [PMID: 21854310 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA is a promising vaccine modality that is regularly examined in prime-boost immunization regimens. Recent advances in skin immunity increased our understanding of the sophisticated cutaneous immune network, which revived scientific interest in delivering vaccines to the skin. Intradermal administration of plasmid DNA via needle injection is a simple and inexpensive procedure that exposes the plasmid and its encoded antigen to the dermal immune surveillance system. This triggers unique mechanisms for eliciting local and systemic immunity that can confer protection against pathogens and tumors. Understanding the mechanisms of intradermal plasmid DNA immunization is essential for enhancing and modulating its immunogenicity. With regard to vaccination, this is of greater importance as this routine injection technique is highly desirable for worldwide immunization. This article will focus on the current understanding of the mechanisms involved in antigen expression and presentation during primary and secondary syringe and needle intradermal plasmid DNA immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazal Elnekave
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, PO Box 122722, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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231
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Choi et al. (2011) analyzed the cellular composition of aortic vessels in normal and atherosclerotic mice, revealing the presence of conventional CD103(+) DCs with a potentially protective influence on atherosclerosis.
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232
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Langlet C, Tamoutounour S, Henri S, Luche H, Ardouin L, Grégoire C, Malissen B, Guilliams M. CD64 expression distinguishes monocyte-derived and conventional dendritic cells and reveals their distinct role during intramuscular immunization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1751-60. [PMID: 22262658 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although most vaccines are administered i.m., little is known about the dendritic cells (DCs) that are present within skeletal muscles. In this article, we show that expression of CD64, the high-affinity IgG receptor FcγRI, distinguishes conventional DCs from monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs). By using such a discriminatory marker, we defined the distinct DC subsets that reside in skeletal muscles and identified their migratory counterparts in draining lymph nodes (LNs). We further used this capability to analyze the functional specialization that exists among muscle DCs. After i.m. administration of Ag adsorbed to alum, we showed that alum-injected muscles contained large numbers of conventional DCs that belong to the CD8α(+)- and CD11b(+)-type DCs. Both conventional DC types were capable of capturing Ag and of migrating to draining LNs, where they efficiently activated naive T cells. In alum-injected muscles, Mo-DCs were as numerous as conventional DCs, but only a small fraction migrated to draining LNs. Therefore, alum by itself poorly induces Mo-DCs to migrate to draining LNs. We showed that addition of small amounts of LPS to alum enhanced Mo-DC migration. Considering that migratory Mo-DCs had, on a per cell basis, a higher capacity to induce IFN-γ-producing T cells than conventional DCs, the addition of LPS to alum enhanced the overall immunogenicity of Ags presented by muscle-derived DCs. Therefore, a full understanding of the role of adjuvants during i.m. vaccination needs to take into account the heterogeneous migratory and functional behavior of muscle DCs and Mo-DCs revealed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Langlet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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233
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Olivier M, Foret B, Le Vern Y, Guilloteau LA. Capacities of migrating CD1b+ lymph dendritic cells to present Salmonella antigens to naive T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30430. [PMID: 22279590 PMCID: PMC3261196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are well known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) able to initiate specific T-cell responses to pathogens in lymph nodes (LN) draining the site of infection. However, the respective contribution of migratory and LN-resident DCs in this process remains unclear. As DC subsets represent important targets for vaccination strategies, more precise knowledge of DC subsets able to present vaccine antigens to T cells efficiently is required. To investigate the capacities of DCs migrating in the lymph (L-DCs) to initiate a specific T-cell response, we used physiologically generated DCs collected from a pseudoafferent lymphatic cannulation model in sheep. The CD1b+ L-DCs were assessed for presenting antigens from the vaccine attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis. CD1b+ L-DCs were able to phagocytose, process and to present efficiently Salmonella antigens to effector/memory T cells in vitro. They were shown to be efficient APC for the priming of allogeneic naive T cells associated with inducing both IFN-γ and IL-4 responses. They were also efficient in presenting Salmonella antigens to autologous naive T cells associated with inducing both IFN-γ and IL-10 responses. The capacities of L-DCs to process and present Salmonella antigens to T cells were investigated in vivo after conjunctival inoculation of Salmonella. The CD1b+ L-DCs collected after inoculation were able to induce the proliferative response of CD4+ T cells suggesting the in vivo capture of Salmonella antigens by the CD1b+ L-DCs, and their potential to present them directly to CD4+ T cells. In this study, CD1b+ L-DCs present potential characteristics of APC to initiate by themselves T cell priming in the LN. They could be used as target cells for driving immune activation in vaccinal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Olivier
- UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Benjamin Foret
- UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Le Vern
- UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Laurence A. Guilloteau
- UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
- * E-mail:
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234
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Kupz A, Guarda G, Gebhardt T, Sander LE, Short KR, Diavatopoulos DA, Wijburg OLC, Cao H, Waithman JC, Chen W, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Whitney PG, Heath WR, Curtiss R, Tschopp J, Strugnell RA, Bedoui S. NLRC4 inflammasomes in dendritic cells regulate noncognate effector function by memory CD8⁺ T cells. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:162-9. [PMID: 22231517 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells exert antigen-independent effector functions, but how these responses are regulated is unclear. We discovered an in vivo link between flagellin-induced NLRC4 inflammasome activation in splenic dendritic cells (DCs) and host protective interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion by noncognate memory CD8(+) T cells, which could be activated by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We show that CD8α(+) DCs were particularly efficient at sensing bacterial flagellin through NLRC4 inflammasomes. Although this activation released interleukin 18 (IL-18) and IL-1β, only IL-18 was required for IFN-γ production by memory CD8(+) T cells. Conversely, only the release of IL-1β, but not IL-18, depended on priming signals mediated by Toll-like receptors. These findings provide a comprehensive mechanistic framework for the regulation of noncognate memory T cell responses during bacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kupz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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235
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Abstract
Only a handful of the more than 100,000 fungal species on our planet cause disease in humans, yet the number of life-threatening fungal infections in patients has recently skyrocketed as a result of advances in medical care that often suppress immunity intensely. This emerging crisis has created pressing needs to clarify immune defense mechanisms against fungi, with the ultimate goal of therapeutic applications. Herein, we describe recent insights in understanding the mammalian immune defenses deployed against pathogenic fungi. The review focuses on adaptive immune responses to the major medically important fungi and emphasizes how dendritic cells and subsets in various anatomic compartments respond to fungi, recognize their molecular patterns, and signal responses that nurture and shape the differentiation of T cell subsets and B cells. Also emphasized is how the latter deploy effector and regulatory mechanisms that eliminate these nasty invaders while also constraining collateral damage to vital tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.
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236
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Abstract
Two striking facts surround the practice of vaccination: It is the sole medical approach to have fully annihilated a disease, yet the development of most effective vaccines took place without considering the intricate cellular processes they wish to effectuate. While extremely potent vaccines have been developed that can protect practically a lifetime after a single dose, numerous other vaccines have utterly failed or provide only marginal protection. Here, we aim to illustrate why this difference in efficacy exists, and underline why specific cytotoxic T cell-inducing vaccines could combat persistent major diseases. Moreover, we discuss how the combinatorial use of nucleic acid adjuvants in vaccines could aid the development of the latter and move vaccine design from the empirical stage into an era of "educated design."
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237
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Xu X, Yi H, Guo Z, Qian C, Xia S, Yao Y, Cao X. Splenic stroma-educated regulatory dendritic cells induce apoptosis of activated CD4 T cells via Fas ligand-enhanced IFN-γ and nitric oxide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1168-77. [PMID: 22205032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stromal microenvironments of bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen have been shown to be able to regulate immune cell differentiation and function. Our previous studies demonstrate that splenic stroma could drive mature dendritic cells (DC) to further proliferate and differentiate into regulatory DC subset that could inhibit T cell response via NO. However, how splenic stroma-educated regulatory DC release NO and whether other molecules are involved in the suppression of T cell response remain unclear. In this study, we show that splenic stroma educates regulatory DC to express high level of Fas ligand (FasL) by TGF-β via ERK activation. The findings, that inhibition of CD4 T cell proliferation by regulatory DC required cell-to-cell contact and FasL deficiency impaired inhibitory effect of regulatory DC, indicate that regulatory DC inhibit CD4 T cell proliferation via FasL. Then, regulatory DC have been found to be able to induce apoptosis of activated CD4 T cells via FasL in caspase 8- and caspase 3-dependent manner. Interestingly, FasL on regulatory DC enhanced IFN-γ production from activated CD4 T cells, and in turn T cell-derived IFN-γ induced NO production from regulatory DC, working jointly to induce apoptosis of activated CD4 T cells. Blockade of IFN-γ and NO could reduce the apoptosis induction. Therefore, our results demonstrated that splenic stroma-educated regulatory DC induced T cell apoptosis via FasL-enhanced T cell IFN-γ and DC NO production, thus outlining a new way for negative regulation of T cell responses and maintenance of immune homeostasis by regulatory DC and splenic stromal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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238
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Miloud T, Fiegler N, Suffner J, Hämmerling GJ, Garbi N. Organ-specific cellular requirements for in vivo dendritic cell generation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1125-35. [PMID: 22198954 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DC) precursors seed peripheral organs, where they encounter diverse cellular environments during their final differentiation into DCs. Flt3 ligand (Flt3-L) is critical for instructing DC generation throughout different organs. However, it remains unknown which cells produce Flt3-L and, importantly, which cellular source drives DC development in such a variety of organs. Using a novel BAC transgenic Flt3-L reporter mouse strain coexpressing enhanced GFP and luciferase, we show ubiquitous Flt3-L expression in organs and cell types. These results were further confirmed at the protein level. Although Flt3-L was produced by immune and nonimmune cells, the source required for development of the DC compartment clearly differed among organs. In lymphoid organs such as the spleen and bone marrow, Flt3-L production by hemopoietic cells was critical for generation of normal DC numbers. This was unexpected for the spleen because both immune and nonimmune cells equally contributed to the Flt3-L content in that organ. Thus, localized production rather than the total tissue content of Flt3-L in spleen dictated normal splenic DC development. No differences were observed in the number of DC precursors, suggesting that the immune source of Flt3-L promoted pre-cDC differentiation in spleen. In contrast, DC generation in the lung, kidney, and pancreas was mostly driven by nonhematopoietic cells producing Flt3-L, with little contribution by immune cells. These findings demonstrate a high degree of flexibility in Flt3-L-dependent DC generation to adapt this process to organ-specific cellular environments encountered by DC precursors during their final differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewfik Miloud
- Division of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 60120, Germany
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239
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Abstract
Vaccinations in medicine are typically administered into the muscle beneath the skin or into the subcutaneous fat. As a consequence, the vaccine is immunologically processed by antigen-presenting cells of the skin or the muscle. Recent evidence suggests that the clinically seldom used intradermal route is effective and possibly even superior to the conventional subcutaneous or intramuscular route. Several types of professional antigen-presenting cells inhabit the healthy skin. Epidermal Langerhans cells (CD207/langerin(+)), dermal langerin(neg), and dermal langerin(+) dendritic cells (DC) have been described, the latter subset so far only in mouse skin. In human skin langerin(neg) dermal DC can be further classified based on their reciprocal expression of CD1a and CD14. The relative contributions of these subsets to the generation of immunity or tolerance are still unclear. Yet, specializations of these different populations have become apparent. Langerhans cells in human skin appear to be specialized for induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes; human CD14(+) dermal DC can promote antibody production by B cells. It is currently attempted to rationally devise and improve vaccines by harnessing such specific properties of skin DC. This could be achieved by specifically targeting functionally diverse skin DC subsets. We discuss here advances in our knowledge on the immunological properties of skin DC and strategies to significantly improve the outcome of vaccinations by applying this knowledge.
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240
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Naito S, Ito Y, Kiyohara T, Kataoka M, Ochiai M, Takada K. Antigen-loaded dissolving microneedle array as a novel tool for percutaneous vaccination. Vaccine 2011; 30:1191-7. [PMID: 22172508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-loaded dissolving microneedle array (dMNA) patches were investigated as novel systems for vaccine delivery into the skin, where immuno-competent dendritic cells are densely distributed. We fabricated micron-scale needles arrayed on patches, using chondroitin sulfate mixed with a model antigen, ovalbumin. Insertion of dMNA effectively delivered substantial amounts of ovalbumin into the skin within 3 min and induced robust antigen-specific antibody responses in the sera of mice. The antibody dose-response relationship showed that the efficiency of dMNA patch immunization was comparable to that of conventional intradermal injections. Thus, Antigen-loaded dMNA patches are a promising antigen-delivery system for percutaneous vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishiro Naito
- Division of Quality Assurance, National Institute of Infectious Diseases,4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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241
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Nelson PJ, Rees AJ, Griffin MD, Hughes J, Kurts C, Duffield J. The renal mononuclear phagocytic system. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 23:194-203. [PMID: 22135312 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal mononuclear phagocytic system, conventionally composed of macrophages (Mø) and dendritic cells (DCs), plays a central role in health and disease of the kidney. Overlapping definitions of renal DCs and Mø, stemming from historically separate research tracks and the lack of experimental tools to specifically study the roles of these cells in vivo, have generated confusion and controversy, however, regarding their immunologic function in the kidney. This brief review provides an appraisal of the current state of knowledge of the renal mononuclear phagocytic system interpreted from the perspective of immunologic function. Physical characteristics, ontogeny, and known functions of the main subsets of renal mononuclear phagocytes as they relate to homeostasis, surveillance against injury and infection, and immune-mediated inflammatory injury and repair within the kidney are described. Gaps and inconsistencies in current knowledge are used to create a roadmap of key questions to be answered in future research.
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242
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Abstract
A properly functioning adaptive immune system signifies the best features of life. It is diverse beyond compare, tolerant without fail, and capable of behaving appropriately with a myriad of infections and other challenges. Dendritic cells are required to explain how this remarkable system is energized and directed. I frame this article in terms of the major decisions that my colleagues and I have made in dendritic cell science and some of the guiding themes at the time the decisions were made. As a result of progress worldwide, there is now evidence of a central role for dendritic cells in initiating antigen-specific immunity and tolerance. The in vivo distribution and development of a previously unrecognized white cell lineage is better understood, as is the importance of dendritic cell maturation to link innate and adaptive immunity in response to many stimuli. Our current focus is on antigen uptake receptors on dendritic cells. These receptors enable experiments involving selective targeting of antigens in situ and new approaches to vaccine design in preclinical and clinical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph M Steinman
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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243
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Hashimoto D, Miller J, Merad M. Dendritic cell and macrophage heterogeneity in vivo. Immunity 2011; 35:323-35. [PMID: 21943488 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) are hematopoietic cells found in all tissues in the steady state that share the ability to sample the environment but have distinct function in tissue immunity. Controversies remain on the best way to distinguish macrophages from DCs in vivo. In this Perspective, we discuss how recent discoveries in the origin of the DC and macrophage lineage help establish key functional differences between tissue DC and macrophage subsets. We also emphasize the need to further understand the functional heterogeneity of the tissue DC and macrophage lineages to better comprehend the complex role of these cells in tissue homeostasis and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Hashimoto
- Department of Oncological Sciences, 1425 Madison Avenue, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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244
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Lindenmeyer M, Noessner E, Nelson PJ, Segerer S. Dendritic cells in experimental renal inflammation--Part I. Nephron Clin Pract 2011; 119:e83-90. [PMID: 22133868 DOI: 10.1159/000332029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived professional antigen-presenting cells that act as master regulators of acquired and innate immune responses. While descriptions of cells with dendritic morphology in rodent kidneys date back to the early 1970s, a network of DCs in the mouse kidney has only recently been described. DCs acquire distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics depending on the microenvironment and the disease stages. Concomitantly, their communication with cells of the adaptive immunity might have tissue-protective or tissue-deleterious consequences. This review summarizes results from recent studies on the role of DCs in experimental renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Lindenmeyer
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, and Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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245
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Plasma membrane proteomes of differentially matured dendritic cells identified by LC-MS/MS combined with iTRAQ labelling. J Proteomics 2011; 75:938-48. [PMID: 22040742 PMCID: PMC3444755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in polarising Th lymphocyte subsets but it is unclear what molecular events occur when DCs generate Th2-type responses. Here, we analysed plasma membrane-enriched fractions from immature, pro-Th1 and pro-Th2 DCs and used a combination of iTRAQ labelling and LC–MS/MS to quantify changes in the proteomes. Analysis was performed on triplicate biological samples and changes verified by flow cytometry. MHC class II molecules and CD29 were up-regulated in pro-Th1 DCs whilst CD18 and CD44 were up-regulated in pro-Th2 DCs. One of the most down-regulated molecules in pro-Th1 DCs was YM-1 whilst the greatest decrease in pro-Th2 DCs was NAP-22. Other molecules up-regulated in pro-Th2 DC compared to pro-Th1 DCs included some potentially involved in protein folding during antigen processing (clathrin and Rab-7), whilst other non-membrane proteins such as enzymes/transporters related to cell metabolism (malate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, and ATPase Na+/K+) were also recorded. This suggests that pro-Th2 DCs are more metabolically active while pro-Th1 DCs have a mature ‘end state’. Overall, although several molecules were preferentially expressed on pro-Th2 DCs, our proteomics data support the view of a ‘limited maturation’ of pro-Th2 DCs compared to pro-Th1 DCs.
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246
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Bennett CL, Chakraverty R. Dendritic cells in tissues: in situ stimulation of immunity and immunopathology. Trends Immunol 2011; 33:8-13. [PMID: 22030236 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) prime and orchestrate naïve T cell immunity in lymphoid organs, but recent data also highlight the importance of DC-effector T cell interactions in tissues. These studies suggest that effector T cells require a second activating step in situ from tissue DCs to become fully competent for effector functions and/or proliferation and survival. DC stimulation of effector T cells within tissues has evolved as a mechanism to ensure that T cells are activated to their full potential only at the site of ongoing infection. Here, we propose that under conditions of uncontrolled inflammation and release of tissue antigens, the same DC-dependent checkpoint perpetuates a destructive response and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Bennett
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer Studies, UCL Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Turner ML, Schnorfeil FM, Brocker T. MicroRNAs Regulate Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3911-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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248
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Berger G, Durand S, Fargier G, Nguyen XN, Cordeil S, Bouaziz S, Muriaux D, Darlix JL, Cimarelli A. APOBEC3A is a specific inhibitor of the early phases of HIV-1 infection in myeloid cells. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002221. [PMID: 21966267 PMCID: PMC3178557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells play numerous roles in HIV-1 pathogenesis serving as a vehicle for viral spread and as a viral reservoir. Yet, cells of this lineage generally resist HIV-1 infection when compared to cells of other lineages, a phenomenon particularly acute during the early phases of infection. Here, we explore the role of APOBEC3A on these steps. APOBEC3A is a member of the APOBEC3 family that is highly expressed in myeloid cells, but so far lacks a known antiviral effect against retroviruses. Using ectopic expression of APOBEC3A in established cell lines and specific silencing in primary macrophages and dendritic cells, we demonstrate that the pool of APOBEC3A in target cells inhibits the early phases of HIV-1 infection and the spread of replication-competent R5-tropic HIV-1, specifically in cells of myeloid origins. In these cells, APOBEC3A affects the amount of vDNA synthesized over the course of infection. The susceptibility to the antiviral effect of APOBEC3A is conserved among primate lentiviruses, although the viral protein Vpx coded by members of the SIV(SM)/HIV-2 lineage provides partial protection from APOBEC3A during infection. Our results indicate that APOBEC3A is a previously unrecognized antiviral factor that targets primate lentiviruses specifically in myeloid cells and that acts during the early phases of infection directly in target cells. The findings presented here open up new venues on the role of APOBEC3A during HIV infection and pathogenesis, on the role of the cellular context in the regulation of the antiviral activities of members of the APOBEC3 family and more generally on the natural functions of APOBEC3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Berger
- Department of Human Virology, ENS-L, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U758, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon I, IFR128, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Durand
- Department of Human Virology, ENS-L, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U758, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon I, IFR128, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Fargier
- Department of Human Virology, ENS-L, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U758, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon I, IFR128, Lyon, France
| | - Xuan-Nhi Nguyen
- Department of Human Virology, ENS-L, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U758, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon I, IFR128, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Cordeil
- Department of Human Virology, ENS-L, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U758, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon I, IFR128, Lyon, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- UMR 8015 CNRS, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Department of Human Virology, ENS-L, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U758, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon I, IFR128, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- Department of Human Virology, ENS-L, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U758, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon I, IFR128, Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Department of Human Virology, ENS-L, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U758, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon I, IFR128, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Cytoskeletal stabilization of inhibitory interactions in immunologic synapses of mature human dendritic cells with natural killer cells. Blood 2011; 118:6487-98. [PMID: 21917751 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-366328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mature dendritic cells (DCs) can efficiently stimulate natural killer (NK)-cell responses without being targeted by their cytotoxicity. To understand this important regulatory crosstalk, we characterized the development of the immunologic synapse between mature DCs and resting NK cells. Conjugates between these 2 innate leukocyte populations formed rapidly, persisted for prolonged time periods and matured with DC-derived f-actin polymerization at the synapse. Polarization of IL-12 and IL-12R to the synapse coincided with f-actin polymerization, while other activating and inhibitory molecules were enriched at the interface between DCs and NK cells earlier. Functional assays revealed that inhibition of f-actin polymerization in mature synapses led to an increase of IFN-γ secretion and cytotoxicity by NK cells. This elevated NK-cell reactivity resulted from decreased inhibitory signaling in the absence of MHC class I polarization at the interface, which was observed on inhibition of f-actin polymerization in DCs. Thus, inhibitory signaling is stabilized by f-actin at the synapse between mature DCs and resting NK cells.
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous syndrome associated with abnormal inflammatory immune responses of the lung to noxious particles and gases. Cigarette smoke activates innate immune cells such as epithelial cells and macrophages by triggering pattern recognition receptors, either directly or indirectly via the release of damage-associated molecular patterns from stressed or dying cells. Activated dendritic cells induce adaptive immune responses encompassing T helper (Th1 and Th17) CD4+ T cells, CD8+ cytotoxicity, and B-cell responses, which lead to the development of lymphoid follicles on chronic inflammation. Viral and bacterial infections not only cause acute exacerbations of COPD, but also amplify and perpetuate chronic inflammation in stable COPD via pathogen-associated molecular patterns. We discuss the role of autoimmunity (autoantibodies), remodelling, extracellular matrix-derived fragments, impaired innate lung defences, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and dysregulation of microRNAs in the persistence of the pulmonary inflammation despite smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy G Brusselle
- Laboratory for Translational Research of Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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