201
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Wu X, Wang J, Liu K, Zhu J, Zhang HL. Are Th17 cells and their cytokines a therapeutic target in Guillain–Barré syndrome? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:209-22. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1086751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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202
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Moore AZ, Hernandez DG, Tanaka T, Pilling LC, Nalls MA, Bandinelli S, Singleton AB, Ferrucci L. Change in Epigenome-Wide DNA Methylation Over 9 Years and Subsequent Mortality: Results From the InCHIANTI Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:1029-35. [PMID: 26355017 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterns of DNA methylation (DNAm) that track with aging have been identified. However, the relevance of these patterns for aging outcomes remains unclear. Longitudinal epigenome-wide DNAm information was obtained from the InCHIANTI study, a large representative European population. DNAm was evaluated using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 array on blood samples collected at baseline and 9-year follow-up: observations from 499 participants with paired longitudinal blood sample and information on differential blood count were included in analyses. A total of 56,579 markers were significantly associated with age in cross-sectional analysis of DNAm at year 9, 31,252 markers were changed significantly over the 9-year follow-up, and 16,987 markers were both cross-sectionally associated with age and significantly changed over time. Rates of change at 76 markers and year 9 level of DNAm at 88 markers were identified as strongly associated with mortality in Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age and relevant covariates (mean follow-up time 4.4 years). Less than 0.05% of markers associated with age or that changed over time were also associated with mortality after adjusting for chronological age. Although the influence of DNAm on health and longevity remains unclear, these findings confirm that aging is associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with robust and consistent patterns of methylation change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Zenobia Moore
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luke C Pilling
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
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203
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Zhao W, Zhang Z, Zhao Q, Liu M, Wang Y. Inhibition of Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Attenuates Acute Liver Allograft Rejection in Mice. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:262-8. [PMID: 26095713 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan hospital; Shandong University. Jinan; Shandong 250014 China
| | - Z. Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology; The People's Hospital of Zhangqiu.Jinan; Shandong 250200 China
| | - Q. Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology; The People's Hospital of Zhangqiu.Jinan; Shandong 250200 China
| | - M. Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan hospital; Shandong University. Jinan; Shandong 250014 China
| | - Y. Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan hospital; Shandong University. Jinan; Shandong 250014 China
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204
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Synchronizing transcriptional control of T cell metabolism and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:574-84. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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205
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Khan D, Ansar Ahmed S. Regulation of IL-17 in autoimmune diseases by transcriptional factors and microRNAs. Front Genet 2015; 6:236. [PMID: 26236331 PMCID: PMC4500956 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, IL-17A (IL-17), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has received intense attention of researchers and clinicians alike with documented effects in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. IL-17 mobilizes, recruits and activates different cells to increase inflammation. Although protective in infections, overproduction of IL-17 promotes inflammation in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, among others. Regulating IL-17 levels or action by using IL-17-blocking antibodies or IL-17R antagonist has shown to attenuate experimental autoimmune diseases. It is now known that in addition to IL-17-specific transcription factor, RORγt, several other transcription factors and select microRNAs (miRNA) regulate IL-17. Given that miRNAs are dysregulated in autoimmune diseases, a better understanding of transcriptional factors and miRNA regulation of IL-17 expression and function will be essential for devising potential new therapies. In this review, we will overview IL-17 induction and function in relation to autoimmune diseases. In addition, current findings on transcriptional regulation of IL-17 induction and plausible interplay between IL-17 and miRNA in autoimmune diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - S Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA, USA
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206
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Abstract
Most currently available vaccines rely on the induction of long-lasting protective humoral immune responses by memory B cells and plasma cells. Antibody responses against most antigens require interactions between antigen-specific B cells and CD4(+) T cells. Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) are specialized subset of T cells that provide help to B cells and are essential for germinal center formation, affinity maturation, and the development of high-affinity antibodies. TFH-cell differentiation is a multistage process involving B-cell lymphoma 6 and other transcription factors, cytokines, and costimulation through inducible costimulator (ICOS) and several other molecules. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of TFH cell biology, including their differentiation, transcriptional regulation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ise
- a Immunology Frontier Research Center , Osaka University , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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207
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Tang T, Lu Q, Yang X, Liu X, Liao R, Zhang Y, Yang Z. Roles of the tacrolimus-dependent transcription factor IRF4 in acute rejection after liver transplantation. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:257-63. [PMID: 26093273 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute rejection is a serious and life-threatening complication of liver transplantation (LTx). Tacrolimus (TAC) is a potent immunosuppressant used in experimental and clinical transplantation. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) plays key roles as a transcription factor in the immune response. This study explored the role of IRF4 in acute rejection after LTx using TAC treatment. Here, LTx was performed in DA (RT1(n)) and Lewis (LEW) (RT1(l)) rats. The recipients were immunosuppressed with TAC (1.5mg/kg/day subcutaneously) or saline. Liver grafts were harvested 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after LTx for histology, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and real-time PCR. Splenic mononuclear cells were activated with different doses of TAC. The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signal pathway and CD4+ T subset-related transcription factors were assessed. The results showed that TAC treatment prolonged the survival of liver allografts in recipients, significantly attenuated hepatic tissue injury and improved liver function. IRF4 expression in grafts was down-regulated after TAC treatment. TAC inhibited the expression of IRF4, NFAT, Foxp3 and RORγt in splenic mononuclear cells in vitro. In conclusions, our studies showed that TAC attenuated acute rejection responses after LTx. This attenuation might depend on the TAC-NFAT-IRF4 signal pathway, which is crucial for the function of T helper subsets (Treg and Th17 cells) in acute rejection after LTx. These findings contribute to our understanding of the immune pharmacological mechanism of TAC to prevent rejection in LTx rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengqian Tang
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Qian Lu
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Xing Yang
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China; The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 324 Hospital of People's Liberation Army (PLA), China
| | - Xiangde Liu
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Rui Liao
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Zhanyu Yang
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China.
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208
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Zhu J. T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production. Cytokine 2015; 75:14-24. [PMID: 26044597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of extracellular parasites and are responsible for asthma and many other allergic inflammatory diseases. Although many immune cell types within the myeloid lineage compartment including basophils, eosinophils and mast cells are capable of producing at least one of these cytokines, the production of these "type 2 immune response-related" cytokines by lymphoid lineages, CD4 T helper 2 (Th2) cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in particular, are the central events during type 2 immune responses. In this review, I will focus on the signaling pathways and key molecules that determine the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th2 cells, and how the expression of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-13, is regulated in Th2 cells. The similarities and differences in the differentiation of Th2 cells, IL-4-producing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and ILC2s as well as their relationships will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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209
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Konya C, Paz Z, Apostolidis SA, Tsokos GC. Update on the role of Interleukin 17 in rheumatologic autoimmune diseases. Cytokine 2015; 75:207-15. [PMID: 26028353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 17 is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by CD4+ T cells when in the presence of a distinct set of cytokines and other cells. Preclinical and clinical studies have assigned a role to IL-17 in tissue inflammation and damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Antibodies blocking the action of IL-17 have already been approved to treat patients with psoriasis and it is expected that they may also benefit patients with other rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Konya
- Rheumatology Department at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Ziv Paz
- Rheumatology Department at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Rheumatology Department at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - George C Tsokos
- Rheumatology Department at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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210
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T helper 9 cells induced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate interleukin-17 in multiple sclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:291-303. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20140608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have established a novel role in multiple sclerosis for a molecule, called IL-9, produced by immune cells. IL-9 reduces inflammation, and its expression in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients inversely correlates with the severity of multiple sclerosis.
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211
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Li P, Spolski R, Liao W, Leonard WJ. Complex interactions of transcription factors in mediating cytokine biology in T cells. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:141-56. [PMID: 25123282 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (Th) cells play critical roles within the mammalian immune system, and the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into distinct T-helper subsets is critical for normal immunoregulation and host defense. These carefully regulated differentiation processes are controlled by networks of cytokines, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, resulting in the generation of multiple CD4(+) T-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Treg, and Tfh cells. In this review, we discuss the roles of transcription factors in determining the specific type of differentiation and in particular the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in promoting or inhibiting Th differentiation. In addition to discussing master regulators and subset-specific transcription factors for distinct T-helper cell populations, we focus on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins and on the cooperative action of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) with activator protein 1 (AP-1) family proteins and STAT3 in the assembly of complexes that broadly influence T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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212
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Abstract
The specialized cytokine secretion profiles of T helper (TH) cells are the basis for a focused and efficient immune response. On the twentieth anniversary of the first descriptions of the cytokine signals that promote the differentiation of interleukin-9 (IL-9)-secreting T cells, this Review focuses on the extracellular signals and the transcription factors that promote the development of what we now term TH9 cells, which are characterized by the production of this cytokine. We summarize our current understanding of the contribution of TH9 cells to both effective immunity and immunopathological disease, and we propose that TH9 cells could be targeted for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Matthew M Hufford
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Matthew R Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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213
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Reppert S, Zinser E, Holzinger C, Sandrock L, Koch S, Finotto S. NFATc1 deficiency in T cells protects mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1426-40. [PMID: 25689841 PMCID: PMC6681150 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NFATc1 is a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors. NFAT is activated upon T-cell receptor activation followed by intracytoplasmatic calcium influx where calmodulin, a calcium sensor protein, activates the phosphatase calcineurin that dephosphorylates NFAT proteins and results in NFAT nuclear import. Here, we show the analysis of conditional NFATc1-deficient mice bearing a deletion of NFATc1 in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. NFATc1-deficient CD4(+) T cells polarized under Th17 conditions express reduced levels of the Th17-associated transcription factor RORγT (where ROR is RAR-related orphan receptor) as well as the Th17-associated cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-10. In the murine model of experimental EAE, we found a strong reduction of the disease outcome in conditional NFATc1-deficient mice, as compared with control littermates. This was accompanied by a diminished inflammation in the brain and spinal cord and reduced IL-17A and IFN-γ expression by antigen-specific spleen, spinal cord, and brain cells. Altogether, these results reveal an important role of NFATc1 in inducing Th17-cell responses and IFN-γ, both being relevant for the EAE development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NFATC Transcription Factors/deficiency
- NFATC Transcription Factors/genetics
- NFATC Transcription Factors/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/pathology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Reppert
- Department of Molecular PneumologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergUniversitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Elisabeth Zinser
- Department of Immune ModulationFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergUniversitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Corinna Holzinger
- Department of Molecular PneumologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergUniversitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Lena Sandrock
- Department of Immune ModulationFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergUniversitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Sonja Koch
- Department of Molecular PneumologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergUniversitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular PneumologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergUniversitätsklinikum ErlangenErlangenGermany
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214
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Saadoun D, Garrido M, Comarmond C, Desbois AC, Domont F, Savey L, Terrier B, Geri G, Rosenzwajg M, Klatzmann D, Fourret P, Cluzel P, Chiche L, Gaudric J, Koskas F, Cacoub P. Th1 and Th17 Cytokines Drive Inflammation in Takayasu Arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1353-60. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Saadoun
- UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, and Centre National de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris VI Paris France
| | - M. Garrido
- UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, and Centre National de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris VI Paris France
| | - C. Comarmond
- UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, and Centre National de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris VI Paris France
| | - A. C. Desbois
- UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, and Centre National de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris VI Paris France
| | - F. Domont
- UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, and Centre National de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris VI Paris France
| | - L. Savey
- UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, and Centre National de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris VI Paris France
| | - B. Terrier
- UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, and Centre National de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris VI Paris France
| | - G. Geri
- UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, and Centre National de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris VI Paris France
| | - M. Rosenzwajg
- UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, and Centre National de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris VI Paris France
| | - D. Klatzmann
- UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, and Centre National de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris VI Paris France
| | - P. Fourret
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière and Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris 6 Paris France
| | - P. Cluzel
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière and Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris 6 Paris France
| | - L. Chiche
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière and Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris 6 Paris France
| | - J. Gaudric
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière and Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris 6 Paris France
| | - F. Koskas
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière and Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris 6 Paris France
| | - P. Cacoub
- UMR CNRS 7211, INSERM U959; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, and Centre National de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris, FranceAPHP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, and DHU Inflammation, Immunopathologie, Biothérapie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris VI Paris France
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215
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Wang J, Yin T, Wen Y, Tian F, He X, Zhou D, Lin Y, Yang J. Potential effects of interferon regulatory factor 4 in a murine model of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced embryo resorption. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 28:RD14499. [PMID: 25873314 DOI: 10.1071/rd14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 4 has been reported to modulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) can be specifically recognised by TLR3, triggering the innate immune response and subsequently resulting in pregnancy loss. In the present study, poly(I:C) was administered to mice with or without TLR3 blockade. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression was measured with or without chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) inhibition. In cultured murine splenic mononuclear cells, IRF4 was knocked down by a specific short interference (si) RNA. IRF4 mRNA and protein levels and T helper (Th) 17 cell frequencies in the poly(I:C)-treated group were significantly higher than in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, and were correlated with a significantly higher embryo resorption rate. Interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-21 levels were markedly lower in the IRF4 siRNA-treated group than in the non-specific siRNA- or vehicle control-treated groups. The CXCR4+ cell frequency was significantly higher among IRF4+ uterine mononuclear and granular cells (UMGCs) compared with IRF4- cells. Inhibition of CXCL12 significantly abrogated poly(I:C)-induced increases in the frequency of IRF4+CXCR4+ cells in UMGCs. IRF4 might play a critical role in TLR3 signalling, which mediates Th17 cell activation and upregulates the expression of IL-17A and IL-21, which results in pregnancy loss. CXCL12 may modulate IRF4+CXCR4+ cell migration at the fetomaternal interface. TLR3 and IRF4 blockade could potentially prevent spontaneous abortion under certain conditions.
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Tumor progression locus 2 differentially regulates IFNγ and IL-17 production by effector CD4+ T cells in a T cell transfer model of colitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119885. [PMID: 25781948 PMCID: PMC4363566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are approaching epidemic levels, estimated to affect 5–8% of the population. A number of autoimmune diseases are believed to be driven by autoreactive T cells, specifically by T helper 1 (Th1) cells and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. One molecule gaining interest as a therapeutic target is the serine-threonine kinase, Tpl2, which promotes expression of proinflammatory mediators. We previously demonstrated that Tpl2 regulates Th1 differentiation, secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IFNγ, and host defense against the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The goal of this study was to determine whether Tpl2 also regulates Th1 or Th17 differentiation in vivo in a model of colitis associated with mixed Th1/Th17 pathology. In vitro, Tpl2−/− naïve CD4 T cells were significantly impaired in IL-17A secretion under traditional Th17 inducing conditions. Reduced IL-17A secretion correlated with increased expression of FoxP3, a transcription factor known to antagonize RORγt function. In a murine T cell transfer model of colitis, transfer of Tpl2−/− T cells resulted in reduced proportions of CD4 T cells expressing IFNγ, but not IL-17A, compared to that induced by wild type T cells. Further studies revealed that IL-17A differentiation induced by IL-6 and IL-23, cytokines implicated in driving Th17 differentiation in vivo, was unaffected by Tpl2 deficiency. Collectively, these results implicate Tpl2 in TGF-β-induced FoxP3 expression. Additionally, they underscore the contribution of Tpl2 to Th1 immunopathology specifically, which suggests that Tpl2 inhibitors may selectively target Th1-based inflammation.
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217
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Christie D, Zhu J. Transcriptional regulatory networks for CD4 T cell differentiation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 381:125-72. [PMID: 24839135 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells play a central role in controlling the adaptive immune response by secreting cytokines to activate target cells. Naïve CD4(+) T cells differentiate into at least four subsets, Th1Th1 , Th2Th2 , Th17Th17 , and inducible regulatory T cellsregulatory T cells , each with unique functions for pathogen elimination. The differentiation of these subsets is induced in response to cytokine stimulation, which is translated into Stat activation, followed by induction of master regulator transcription factorstranscription factors . In addition to these factors, multiple other transcription factors, both subset specific and shared, are also involved in promoting subset differentiation. This review will focus on the network of transcription factors that control CD4(+) T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darah Christie
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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Zhang L, Fu J, Sheng K, Li Y, Song S, Li P, Song S, Wang Q, Chen J, Yu J, Wei W. Bone marrow CD11b+F4/80+ dendritic cells ameliorate collagen-induced arthritis through modulating the balance between Treg and Th17. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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219
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Han L, Yang J, Wang X, Li D, Lv L, Li B. Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases. Front Med 2015; 9:10-9. [PMID: 25652649 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-015-0388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells are a new subset of CD4(+) T cells involved in the clearance of extracellular pathogens and fungi. Accumulating evidence suggests that Th17 cells and their signature cytokines have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Here, we summarize recent research progress on Th17 function in the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We also propose to identify new small molecule compounds to manipulate Th17 function for potential therapeutic application to treat human autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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Dietz L, Frommer F, Vogel AL, Vaeth M, Serfling E, Waisman A, Buttmann M, Berberich-Siebelt F. NFAT1 deficit and NFAT2 deficit attenuate EAE via different mechanisms. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1377-89. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Dietz
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Friederike Frommer
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg; University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Vogel
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Martin Vaeth
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Edgar Serfling
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg; University of Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Mathias Buttmann
- Department of Neurology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Friederike Berberich-Siebelt
- Institute of Pathology; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
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Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a recently described IL-10 family cytokine that is produced by T helper (Th) 17 cells, γδ T cells, NKT cells, and newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Knowledge of IL-22 biology has evolved rapidly since its discovery in 2000, and a role for IL-22 has been identified in numerous tissues, including the intestines, lung, liver, kidney, thymus, pancreas, and skin. IL-22 primarily targets nonhematopoietic epithelial and stromal cells, where it can promote proliferation and play a role in tissue regeneration. In addition, IL-22 regulates host defense at barrier surfaces. However, IL-22 has also been linked to several conditions involving inflammatory tissue pathology. In this review, we assess the current understanding of this cytokine, including its physiologic and pathologic effects on epithelial cell function.
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Moon SJ, Lim MA, Park JS, Byun JK, Kim SM, Park MK, Kim EK, Moon YM, Min JK, Ahn SM, Park SH, Cho ML. Dual-specificity phosphatase 5 attenuates autoimmune arthritis in mice via reciprocal regulation of the Th17/Treg cell balance and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 66:3083-95. [PMID: 25047518 DOI: 10.1002/art.38787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dual-specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP-5) is a phosphatase that specifically dephosphorylates both phosphoserine and phosphotyrosine residues of MAPK. The dysregulated activation of MAPK contributes to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. This study was undertaken to investigate the therapeutic potential of DUSP-5 in preventing the development of autoimmune arthritis in an animal model. METHODS Autoimmune arthritis was induced in DBA/1J mice by immunization with type II collagen (CII). Eight days after CII immunization, the mice were injected intravenously with pcDNA-DUSP5 or mock vector, and electroporation was performed. The serum concentration of anti-CII antibodies was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histologic analysis of the joints was performed using Safranin O, toluidine blue, and immunohistochemical staining. The expression of transcription factors was analyzed by immunostaining and Western blotting. The frequencies of interleukin-17-producing CD4+ Th17 cells and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS In DUSP5-overexpressing mice, the severity of arthritis, as indicated by the clinical arthritis score and the extent of histologic inflammation and cartilage damage, was attenuated. The pcDNA-DUSP5-injected mice had lower circulating levels of total and CII-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a. The Th17 cell population frequency was decreased and the Treg cell frequency was increased in the spleens of the DUSP5-treated group. The reciprocal regulation of Th17 and Treg cells in vivo was associated with attenuated activity of pSTAT-3 and pERK, and with increased activity of pSTAT-5. DUSP5 overexpression suppressed joint damage through down-regulation of pro-osteoclastogenic molecules. CONCLUSION The antiarthritic properties of DUSP-5 are associated with its reciprocal regulation of Th17 and Treg cells and its inhibition of ERK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Moon
- Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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223
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Huber M, Lohoff M. Change of paradigm: CD8+ T cells as important helper for CD4+ T cells during asthma and autoimmune encephalomyelitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 24:8-15. [PMID: 26120542 PMCID: PMC4479451 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The activation of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to antigen and their subsequent proliferation and differentiation into effectors are important features of a cell-mediated immune response. CD4+ T cells (also known as T helper cells, Th) differentiate into several subpopulations including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Tfh and Treg cells, characterized by specific cytokine profiles and effector functions. However, recent evidence indicates that CD8+ T cells (termed cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs or Tc cells) can differentiate into subpopulations with similar characteristics denoted as Tc2, Tc9, Tc17 and CD8+ Treg cells in addition to CTLs. Although these subpopulations accomplish important protective functions, their uncontrolled responses cause immunopathology including allergy and autoimmunity. Our recent findings indicate a change of paradigm: during these pathologic responses, CD8+ T cell subpopulations act as strong helpers for the activity of CD4+ T cells rather than being cytotoxic. In this review, we focus on the role of Th2, Th9, Th17 as well as Tc9 and Tc17 cells in asthma and autoimmune encephalomyelitis and on their interaction during these immunopathologic responses. Cite this as Huber M, Lohoff M. Change of paradigm: CD8+ T cells as important helper for CD4+ T cells during asthma and autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Allergo J Int 2015;24:8–15 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0038-4
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Huber
- />Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- />Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lohoff
- />Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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224
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Th17 differentiation and their pro-inflammation function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 841:99-151. [PMID: 25261206 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9487-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper cells are classical but constantly reinterpreted T-cell subset, playing critical roles in a diverse range of inflammatory responses or diseases. Depending on the cytokines they release and the immune responses they mediate, CD4(+) T cells are classically divided into two major cell populations: Th1 and Th2 cells. However, recent studies challenged this Th1/Th2 paradigm by discovering several T-helper cell subsets with specific differentiation program and functions, including Th17 cells, Treg cells, and Tfh cells. In this chapter, we summarize the current understanding and recent progresses on the Th17 lineage differentiation and its effector impacts on variety of inflammatory responses or disease pathogenesis.
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225
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Jia L, Wu C. Differentiation, regulation and function of Th9 cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 841:181-207. [PMID: 25261208 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9487-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naïve CD4(+) T cells are activated and differentiate to distinct lineages of T helper (Th) cells, which are involved in physiological and pathological processes by obtaining the potential to produce different lineage-specific cytokines that mediate adaptive immunity. In the past decade, our knowledge of Th cells has been significantly expanded with the findings of new lineages. Interleukin (IL)-9 producing T cells are recently identified. In consideration of the ability to preferentially secret IL-9, these cells are termed Th9 cells. Given the multiple function of IL-9, Th9 cells participate in the lesion of many diseases, such as allergic inflammation, tumor, and parasitosis. In this chapter, we will focus on the cytokines, co-stimulatory factors, and transcriptional signaling pathways, which regulate Th9 cells development as well as stability, plasticity, and the multiple roles of Th9 cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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226
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Ein Paradigmenwechsel: CD8+ T-Zellen als wichtige Helfer für CD4+ T-Zellen während Asthma und autoimmuner Encephalomyelitis. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-015-0751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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227
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Zhao GN, Jiang DS, Li H. Interferon regulatory factors: at the crossroads of immunity, metabolism, and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:365-78. [PMID: 24807060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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228
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Development and Function of Effector Regulatory T Cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:155-74. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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229
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Gaffen SL, Jain R, Garg AV, Cua DJ. The IL-23-IL-17 immune axis: from mechanisms to therapeutic testing. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:585-600. [PMID: 25145755 DOI: 10.1038/nri3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1137] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the discovery of T helper 17 (TH17) cells, the past decade has witnessed a major revision of the TH subset paradigm and substantial progress has been made in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of T cell lineage commitment and function. In this Review, we focus on the recent advances that have been made regarding the transcriptional control of TH17 cell plasticity and stability, as well as the effector functions of TH17 cells, and we highlight the mechanisms of IL-17 signalling in mesenchymal and barrier epithelial tissues. We also discuss the emerging clinical data showing that IL-17-specific and IL-23-specific antibody treatments are remarkably effective for treating many immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, S702 BST, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Renu Jain
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Abhishek V Garg
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, S702 BST, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Daniel J Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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230
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Selective oral ROCK2 inhibitor down-regulates IL-21 and IL-17 secretion in human T cells via STAT3-dependent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16814-9. [PMID: 25385601 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414189111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2) regulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and the development of autoimmunity in mice. Data from a phase 1 clinical trial demonstrate that oral administration of KD025, a selective ROCK2 inhibitor, to healthy human subjects down-regulates the ability of T cells to secrete IL-21 and IL-17 by 90% and 60%, respectively, but not IFN-γ in response to T-cell receptor stimulation in vitro. Pharmacological inhibition with KD025 or siRNA-mediated inhibition of ROCK2, but not ROCK1, significantly diminished STAT3 phosphorylation and binding to IL-17 and IL-21 promoters and reduced IFN regulatory factor 4 and nuclear hormone RAR-related orphan receptor γt protein levels in T cells derived from healthy subjects or rheumatoid arthritis patients. Simultaneously, treatment with KD025 also promotes the suppressive function of regulatory T cells through up-regulation of STAT5 phosphorylation and positive regulation of forkhead box p3 expression. The administration of KD025 in vivo down-regulates the progression of collagen-induced arthritis in mice via targeting of the Th17-mediated pathway. Thus, ROCK2 signaling appears to be instrumental in regulating the balance between proinflammatory and regulatory T-cell subsets. Targeting of ROCK2 in man may therefore restore disrupted immune homeostasis and have a role in the treatment of autoimmunity.
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231
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Gao W, Wu Y, Tian Y, Ni B. Yin–Yang Regulation of RORγt Protein Complex in Th17 Differentiation. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:295-304. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.969423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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232
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Jeltsch KM, Hu D, Brenner S, Zöller J, Heinz GA, Nagel D, Vogel KU, Rehage N, Warth SC, Edelmann SL, Gloury R, Martin N, Lohs C, Lech M, Stehklein JE, Geerlof A, Kremmer E, Weber A, Anders HJ, Schmitz I, Schmidt-Supprian M, Fu M, Holtmann H, Krappmann D, Ruland J, Kallies A, Heikenwalder M, Heissmeyer V. Cleavage of roquin and regnase-1 by the paracaspase MALT1 releases their cooperatively repressed targets to promote T(H)17 differentiation. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1079-89. [PMID: 25282160 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Humoral autoimmunity paralleled by the accumulation of follicular helper T cells (T(FH) cells) is linked to mutation of the gene encoding the RNA-binding protein roquin-1. Here we found that T cells lacking roquin caused pathology in the lung and accumulated as cells of the T(H)17 subset of helper T cells in the lungs. Roquin inhibited T(H)17 cell differentiation and acted together with the endoribonuclease regnase-1 to repress target mRNA encoding the T(H)17 cell-promoting factors IL-6, ICOS, c-Rel, IRF4, IκBNS and IκBζ. This cooperation required binding of RNA by roquin and the nuclease activity of regnase-1. Upon recognition of antigen by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), roquin and regnase-1 proteins were cleaved by the paracaspase MALT1. Thus, this pathway acts as a 'rheostat' by translating TCR signal strength via graded inactivation of post-transcriptional repressors and differential derepression of targets to enhance T(H)17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Jeltsch
- 1] Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. [2] Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Desheng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Brenner
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Zöller
- Institute for Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gitta A Heinz
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Nagel
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katharina U Vogel
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Rehage
- 1] Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. [2] Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian C Warth
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie L Edelmann
- 1] Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. [2] Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Renee Gloury
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nina Martin
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Lohs
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maciej Lech
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jenny E Stehklein
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Arie Geerlof
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- 1] Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. [2] Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Helmut Holtmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Kallies
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute for Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Vigo Heissmeyer
- 1] Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. [2] Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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Kong X, Banks A, Liu T, Kazak L, Rao RR, Cohen P, Wang X, Yu S, Lo JC, Tseng YH, Cypess AM, Xue R, Kleiner S, Kang S, Spiegelman BM, Rosen ED. IRF4 is a key thermogenic transcriptional partner of PGC-1α. Cell 2014; 158:69-83. [PMID: 24995979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brown fat can reduce obesity through the dissipation of calories as heat. Control of thermogenic gene expression occurs via the induction of various coactivators, most notably PGC-1α. In contrast, the transcription factor partner(s) of these cofactors are poorly described. Here, we identify interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) as a dominant transcriptional effector of thermogenesis. IRF4 is induced by cold and cAMP in adipocytes and is sufficient to promote increased thermogenic gene expression, energy expenditure, and cold tolerance. Conversely, knockout of IRF4 in UCP1(+) cells causes reduced thermogenic gene expression and energy expenditure, obesity, and cold intolerance. IRF4 also induces the expression of PGC-1α and PRDM16 and interacts with PGC-1α, driving Ucp1 expression. Finally, cold, β-agonists, or forced expression of PGC-1α are unable to cause thermogenic gene expression in the absence of IRF4. These studies establish IRF4 as a transcriptional driver of a program of thermogenic gene expression and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Kong
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexander Banks
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tiemin Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rajesh R Rao
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul Cohen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xun Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Songtao Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - James C Lo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruidan Xue
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sandra Kleiner
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sona Kang
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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234
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Shih HY, Sciumè G, Poholek AC, Vahedi G, Hirahara K, Villarino AV, Bonelli M, Bosselut R, Kanno Y, Muljo SA, O'Shea JJ. Transcriptional and epigenetic networks of helper T and innate lymphoid cells. Immunol Rev 2014; 261:23-49. [PMID: 25123275 PMCID: PMC4321863 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the specification of CD4(+) helper T cells to discrete effector 'lineages' represented a watershed event in conceptualizing mechanisms of host defense and immunoregulation. However, our appreciation for the actual complexity of helper T-cell subsets continues unabated. Just as the Sami language of Scandinavia has 1000 different words for reindeer, immunologists recognize the range of fates available for a CD4(+) T cell is numerous and may be underestimated. Added to the crowded scene for helper T-cell subsets is the continuously growing family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), endowed with common effector responses and the previously defined 'master regulators' for CD4(+) helper T-cell subsets are also shared by ILC subsets. Within the context of this extraordinary complexity are concomitant advances in the understanding of transcriptomes and epigenomes. So what do terms like 'lineage commitment' and helper T-cell 'specification' mean in the early 21st century? How do we put all of this together in a coherent conceptual framework? It would be arrogant to assume that we have a sophisticated enough understanding to seriously answer these questions. Instead, we review the current status of the flexibility of helper T-cell responses in relation to their genetic regulatory networks and epigenetic landscapes. Recent data have provided major surprises as to what master regulators can or cannot do, how they interact with other transcription factors and impact global genome-wide changes, and how all these factors come together to influence helper cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Shih
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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235
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Abstract
Combined with TCR stimuli, extracellular cytokine signals initiate the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into specialized effector T-helper (Th) and regulatory T (Treg) cell subsets. The lineage specification and commitment process occurs through the combinatorial action of multiple transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic mechanisms that drive lineage-specific gene expression programs. In this article, we review recent studies on the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of distinct Th cell lineages. Moreover, we review current study linking immune disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms with distal regulatory elements and their potential role in the disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash K Tripathi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- National Doctoral Programme in Informational and
Structural BiologyTurku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM),
University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
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236
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Role of Tyk-2 in Th9 and Th17 cells in allergic asthma. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5865. [PMID: 25109392 PMCID: PMC4127519 DOI: 10.1038/srep05865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a murine model of allergic asthma, we found that Tyk-2(−/−) asthmatic mice have induced peribronchial collagen deposition, mucosal type mast cells in the lung, IRF4 and hyperproliferative lung Th2 CD4+ effector T cells over-expressing IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13. We also observed increased Th9 cells expressing IL-9 and IL-10 as well as T helper cells expressing IL-6, IL-10 and IL-21 with a defect in IL-17A and IL-17F production. This T helper phenotype was accompanied by increased SOCS3 in the lung of Tyk-2 deficient asthmatic mice. Finally, in vivo treatment with rIL-17A inhibited local CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells as well as Th2 cytokines without affecting IL-9 in the lung. These results suggest a role of Tyk-2 in different subsets of T helper cells mediated by SOCS3 regulation that is relevant for the treatment of asthma, cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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237
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Tanaka S, Suto A, Iwamoto T, Kashiwakuma D, Kagami SI, Suzuki K, Takatori H, Tamachi T, Hirose K, Onodera A, Suzuki J, Ohara O, Yamashita M, Nakayama T, Nakajima H. Sox5 and c-Maf cooperatively induce Th17 cell differentiation via RORγt induction as downstream targets of Stat3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1857-74. [PMID: 25073789 PMCID: PMC4144730 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel isoform of Sox5, Sox5t, and c-Maf activate RORγt to induce Th17 cells. Sox5−/− mice exhibit impaired Th17 differentiation and are thus resistant to EAE and delayed-type hypersensitivity. Stat3 signaling is essential for the induction of RORγt and subsequent Th17 cell differentiation. However, the downstream targets of Stat3 for RORγt expression remain largely unknown. We show here that a novel isoform of Sox5, named Sox5t, is induced in Th17 cells in a Stat3-dependent manner. In vivo, T cell–specific Sox5-deficient mice exhibit impaired Th17 cell differentiation and are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and delayed-type hypersensitivity. Retrovirus-mediated induction of Sox5 together with c-Maf induces Th17 cell differentiation even in Stat3-deficient CD4+ T cells but not in RORγt-deficient CD4+ T cells, indicating that Sox5 and c-Maf induce Th17 cell differentiation as downstream effectors of Stat3 and as upstream inducers of RORγt. Moreover, Sox5 physically associates with c-Maf via the HMG domain of Sox5 and DNA-binding domain of c-Maf, and Sox5 together with c-Maf directly activates the promoter of RORγt in CD4+ T cells. Collectively, our results suggest that Sox5 and c-Maf cooperatively induce Th17 cell differentiation via the induction of RORγt as downstream targets of Stat3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Akira Suto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Taro Iwamoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kashiwakuma
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kagami
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kotaro Suzuki
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takatori
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tamachi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koichi Hirose
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Onodera
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Junpei Suzuki
- Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Yamashita
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan Department of Immunology and Host Defenses, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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238
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TH17 cells in human recurrent pregnancy loss and pre-eclampsia. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:564-70. [PMID: 25027967 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (TH17) cells have been identified as a new lineage of helper T cells and have been shown to be important in host defense against extracellular infectious agents, autoimmune disease and chronic inflammatory diseases. Recently, TH17 cells have also been shown to participate in successful pregnancy, as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases of pregnancy, such as recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and pre-eclampsia (PE). Here, we review our current knowledge of TH17 cells in human RSA and PE. We also discuss how the local uterine microenvironment affects the differentiation of TH17 cells and the mechanisms that regulate TH17 cells during pregnancy. Research into TH17 cells will not only advance our understanding of TH17-related pregnancy complications, but will also facilitate the design of novel therapies for reproductive diseases.
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239
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Pham D, Sehra S, Sun X, Kaplan MH. The transcription factor Etv5 controls TH17 cell development and allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:204-14. [PMID: 24486067 PMCID: PMC4209254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differentiation of TH17 cells, which promote pulmonary inflammation, requires the cooperation of a network of transcription factors. OBJECTIVES We sought to define the role of Etv5, an Ets-family transcription factor, in TH17 cell development and function. METHODS TH17 development was examined in primary mouse T cells wherein Etv5 expression was altered by retroviral transduction, small interfering RNA targeting a specific gene, and mice with a conditional deletion of Etv5 in T cells. The direct function of Etv5 on the Il17 locus was tested with chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays. The house dust mite-induced allergic inflammation model was used to test the requirement for Etv5-dependent TH17 functions in vivo. RESULTS We identify Etv5 as a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-induced positive regulator of TH17 development. Etv5 controls TH17 differentiation by directly promoting Il17a and Il17f expression. Etv5 recruits histone-modifying enzymes to the Il17a-Il17f locus, resulting in increased active histone marks and decreased repressive histone marks. In a model of allergic airway inflammation, mice with Etv5-deficient T cells have reduced airway inflammation and IL-17A/F production in the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with wild-type mice, without changes in TH2 cytokine production. CONCLUSIONS These data define signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-dependent feed-forward control of TH17 cytokine production and a novel role for Etv5 in promoting T cell-dependent airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Pham
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Sarita Sehra
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wis
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.
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240
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Grusdat M, McIlwain DR, Xu HC, Pozdeev VI, Knievel J, Crome SQ, Robert-Tissot C, Dress RJ, Pandyra AA, Speiser DE, Lang E, Maney SK, Elford AR, Hamilton SR, Scheu S, Pfeffer K, Bode J, Mittrücker HW, Lohoff M, Huber M, Häussinger D, Ohashi PS, Mak TW, Lang KS, Lang PA. IRF4 and BATF are critical for CD8⁺ T-cell function following infection with LCMV. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1050-60. [PMID: 24531538 PMCID: PMC4207473 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T-cell functions are critical for preventing chronic viral infections by eliminating infected cells. For healthy immune responses, beneficial destruction of infected cells must be balanced against immunopathology resulting from collateral damage to tissues. These processes are regulated by factors controlling CD8(+) T-cell function, which are still incompletely understood. Here, we show that the interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and its cooperating binding partner B-cell-activating transcription factor (BATF) are necessary for sustained CD8(+) T-cell effector function. Although Irf4(-/-) CD8(+) T cells were initially capable of proliferation, IRF4 deficiency resulted in limited CD8(+) T-cell responses after infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Consequently, Irf4(-/-) mice established chronic infections, but were protected from fatal immunopathology. Absence of BATF also resulted in reduced CD8(+) T-cell function, limited immunopathology, and promotion of viral persistence. These data identify the transcription factors IRF4 and BATF as major regulators of antiviral cytotoxic T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grusdat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D R McIlwain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H C Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - V I Pozdeev
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Knievel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Q Crome
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - C Robert-Tissot
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - R J Dress
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A A Pandyra
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - D E Speiser
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne HO-05/1552, Av. P.-Decker 4, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S K Maney
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A R Elford
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - S R Hamilton
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - S Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H-W Mittrücker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Lohoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - D Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P S Ohashi
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - T W Mak
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - K S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - P A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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241
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Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) and IRF8 are critical regulators of immune system development and function. In B lymphocytes, IRF4 and IRF8 have been shown to control important events during their development and maturation including pre-B cell differentiation, induction of B cell tolerance pathways, marginal zone B cell development, germinal center reaction and plasma cell differentiation. Mechanistically, IRF4 and IRF8 are found to function redundantly to control certain stages of B cell development, but in other stages, they function nonredundantly to play distinct roles in B cell biology. In line with their essential roles in B cell development, deregulated expressions of IRF4 and IRF8 have been associated to the pathogenesis of several B cell malignancies and diseases. Recent studies have elucidated diverse transcriptional networks regulated by IRF4 and IRF8 at distinct B cell developmental stages and related malignancies. In this review we will discuss the recent advances for the roles of IRF4 and IRF8 during B cell development and associated diseases.
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242
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Huber M, Lohoff M. IRF4 at the crossroads of effector T-cell fate decision. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1886-95. [PMID: 24782159 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a transcription factor that is expressed in hematopoietic cells and plays pivotal roles in the immune response. Originally described as a lymphocyte-specific nuclear factor, IRF4 promotes differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells into T helper 2 (Th2), Th9, Th17, or T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and is required for the function of effector regulatory T (eTreg) cells. Moreover, IRF4 is essential for the sustained differentiation of cytotoxic effector CD8(+) T cells, for CD8(+) T-cell memory formation, and for differentiation of naïve CD8(+) T cells into IL-9-producing (Tc9) and IL-17-producing (Tc17) CD8(+) T-cell subsets. In this review, we focus on recent findings on the role of IRF4 during the development of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets and the impact of IRF4 on T-cell-mediated immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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243
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Alam MS, Gaida MM, Ogawa Y, Kolios AGA, Lasitschka F, Ashwell JD. Counter-regulation of T cell effector function by differentially activated p38. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1257-70. [PMID: 24863062 PMCID: PMC4042639 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade that phosphorylates p38 on the activation loop, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling results in phosphorylation on Tyr-323 (pY323, alternative pathway). Using mice expressing p38α and p38β with Y323F substitutions, we show that alternatively but not MAPK cascade-activated p38 up-regulates the transcription factors NFATc1 and IRF4, which are required for proliferation and cytokine production. Conversely, activation of p38 with UV or osmotic shock mitigated TCR-mediated activation by phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of NFATc1. Notably, UVB treatment of human psoriatic lesions reduced skin-infiltrating p38 pY323(+) T cell IRF4 and IL-17 production. Thus, distinct mechanisms of p38 activation converge on NFATc1 with opposing effects on T cell immunity, which may underlie the beneficial effect of phototherapy on psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Alam
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthias M Gaida
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Antonios G A Kolios
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland Laboratory of Applied Immunobiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research; Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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244
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Arockiaraj J, Sathyamoorthi A, Kumaresan V, Palanisamy R, Chaurasia MK, Bhatt P, Gnanam AJ, Pasupuleti M, Arasu A. A murrel interferon regulatory factor-1: molecular characterization, gene expression and cell protection activity. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5299-309. [PMID: 24859976 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have reported a first murrel interferon regulatory factor-1 (designated as Murrel IRF-1) which is identified from a constructed cDNA library of striped murrel Channa striatus. The identified sequence was obtained by internal sequencing method from the library. The Murrel IRF-1 varies in size of the polypeptide from the earlier reported fish IRF-1. It contains a DNA binding domain along with a tryptophan pentad repeats, a nuclear localization signal and a transactivation domain. The homologous analysis showed that the Murrel IRF-1 had a significant sequence similarity with other known fish IRF-1 groups. The phylogenetic analysis exhibited that the Murrel IRF-1 clustered together with IRF-1 members, but the other members including IRF-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were clustered individually. The secondary structure of Murrel IRF-1 contains 27% α-helices (85 aa residues), 5.7% β-sheets (19 aa residues) and 67.19% random coils (210 aa residues). Furthermore, we predicted a tertiary structure of Murrel IRF-1 using I-Tasser program and analyzed the structure on PyMol surface view. The RNA structure of the Murrel IRF-1 along with its minimum free energy (-284.43 kcal/mol) was also predicted. The highest gene expression was observed in spleen and its expression was inducted with pathogenic microbes which cause epizootic ulcerative syndrome in murrels such as fungus, Aphanomyces invadans and bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, and poly I:C, a viral RNA analog. The results of cell protection assay suggested that the Murrel IRF-1 regulates the early defense response in C. striatus. Moreover, it showed Murrel IRF-1 as a potential candidate which can be developed as a therapeutic agent to control microbial infections in striped murrel. Overall, these results indicate the immune importance of IRF-1, however, the interferon signaling mechanism in murrels upon infection is yet to be studied at proteomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India,
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Nayar R, Schutten E, Bautista B, Daniels K, Prince AL, Enos M, Brehm MA, Swain SL, Welsh RM, Berg LJ. Graded levels of IRF4 regulate CD8+ T cell differentiation and expansion, but not attrition, in response to acute virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5881-93. [PMID: 24835398 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In response to acute virus infections, CD8(+) T cells differentiate to form a large population of short-lived effectors and a stable pool of long-lived memory cells. The characteristics of the CD8(+) T cell response are influenced by TCR affinity, Ag dose, and the inflammatory cytokine milieu dictated by the infection. To address the mechanism by which differences in TCR signal strength could regulate CD8(+) T cell differentiation, we investigated the transcription factor, IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). We show that IRF4 is transiently upregulated to differing levels in murine CD8(+) T cells, based on the strength of TCR signaling. In turn, IRF4 controls the magnitude of the CD8(+) T cell response to acute virus infection in a dose-dependent manner. Modest differences in IRF4 expression dramatically influence the numbers of short-lived effector cells at the peak of the infection, but have no impact on the kinetics of the infection or on the rate of T cell contraction. Furthermore, the expression of key transcription factors such as T cell factor 1 and Eomesodermin are highly sensitive to graded levels of IRF4. In contrast, T-bet expression is less dependent on IRF4 levels and is influenced by the nature of the infection. These data indicate that IRF4 is a key component that translates the strength of TCR signaling into a graded response of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ribhu Nayar
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Elizabeth Schutten
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Bianca Bautista
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Keith Daniels
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Amanda L Prince
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Megan Enos
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Raymond M Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
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246
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Tian Y, Wu Y, Ni B. Signaling Pathways and Epigenetic Regulations in the Control ofRORγtExpression in T Helper 17 Cells. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:305-17. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.911858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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247
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Fu J, Heinrichs J, Yu XZ. Helper T-cell differentiation in graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:277-301. [PMID: 24699629 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective therapeutic option for many malignant diseases. However, the efficacy of allo-HSCT is limited by the occurrence of destructive graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Since allogeneic T cells are the driving force in the development of GVHD, their activation, proliferation, and differentiation are key factors to understanding GVHD pathogenesis. This review focuses on one critical aspect: the differentiation and function of helper T (Th) cells in acute GVHD. We first summarize well-established subsets including Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-regulatory cells; their flexibility, plasticity, and epigenetic modification; and newly identified subsets including Th9, Th22, and T follicular helper cells. Next, we extensively discuss preclinical findings of Th-cell lineages in GVHD: the networks of transcription factors involved in differentiation, the cytokine and signaling requirements for development, the reciprocal differentiation features, and the regulation of microRNAs on T-cell differentiation. Finally, we briefly summarize the recent findings on the roles of T-cell subsets in clinical GVHD and ongoing strategies to modify T-cell differentiation for controlling GVHD in patients. We believe further exploration and understanding of the immunobiology of T-cell differentiation in GVHD will expand therapeutic options for the continuing success of allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Fu
- Cancer Biology PhD Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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248
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Azizi G, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Mirshafiey A. Th17 Cells in Immunopathogenesis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2014; 16:243-53. [PMID: 23981743 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the sequestration of various leukocyte subpopulations within both the developing pannus and synovial space. The chronic nature of this disease results in inflammation of multiple joints, with subsequent destruction of the joint cartilage and erosion of bone. Identification of T helper (Th)17 cells led to breaking the dichotomy of the Th1/Th2 axis in immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as RA, and its experimental model, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Th17 cells produce cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, IL-21, IL-22 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, with pro-inflammatory effects, which appear to have a role in immunopathogenesis of RA. Regarding the wide ranging production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by Th17 cells, it is expected that Th17 cell could be a potent pathogenic factor in disease immunopathophysiology. Thus the identification of effector mechanisms used by Th17 cells in induction of disease lesions may open new prospects for designing a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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249
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From the regulatory functions of B cells to the identification of cytokine-producing plasma cell subsets. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 28:77-83. [PMID: 24637161 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes have a unique role as antibody-producing cells. Antibodies are key mediators of humoral immunity against infections, and are thought to account for the protection afforded by successful vaccines. B cells can also secrete cytokines and subsequently regulate immune responses mediated by T and innate cells. Remarkably, recent studies identified plasma blasts/plasma cells as the main types of activated B cells producing the cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-17, and GM-CSF in various contexts in mice. Here, we discuss these observations, which suggest the existence of various subsets of plasma blast/plasma cells distinguishable through their cytokine expression pattern.
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250
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Willis SN, Good-Jacobson KL, Curtis J, Light A, Tellier J, Shi W, Smyth GK, Tarlinton DM, Belz GT, Corcoran LM, Kallies A, Nutt SL. Transcription factor IRF4 regulates germinal center cell formation through a B cell-intrinsic mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3200-6. [PMID: 24591370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In response to antigenic stimulation, mature B cells interact with follicular helper T cells in specialized structures called germinal centers (GCs), which leads to the development of memory B cells and Ab-secreting plasma cells. The transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is essential for the formation of follicular helper T cells and thus GCs, although whether IRF4 plays a distinct role in GC B cells remains contentious. RNAseq analysis on ex vivo-derived mouse B cell populations showed that Irf4 was lowly expressed in naive B cells, highly expressed in plasma cells, but absent from GC B cells. In this study, we used conditional deletion of Irf4 in mature B cells as well as wild-type and Irf4-deficient mixed bone marrow chimeric mice to investigate how and where IRF4 plays its essential role in GC formation. Strikingly, GC formation was severely impaired in mice in which Irf4 was conditionally deleted in mature B cells, after immunization with protein Ags or infection with Leishmania major. This effect was evident as early as day 5 following immunization, before the development of GCs, indicating that Irf4 was required for the development of early GC B cells. This defect was B cell intrinsic because Irf4-deficient B cells in chimeric mice failed to participate in the GC in response to L. major or influenza virus infection. Taken together, these data demonstrate a B cell-intrinsic requirement for IRF4 for not only the development of Ab secreting plasma cells but also for GC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Willis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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