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Recent Advances in DOCK8 Immunodeficiency Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36:441-9. [PMID: 27207373 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the genetic basis of DOCK8 immunodeficiency syndrome (DIDS) in 2009, several hundred patients worldwide have been reported, validating and extending the initial clinical descriptions. Importantly, the beneficial role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for this disease has emerged, providing impetus for improved diagnosis. Additionally, several groups have further elucidated the biological functions of DOCK8 in the immune system that help explain disease pathogenesis. Here, we summarize these recent developments.
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202
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Becattini S, Taur Y, Pamer EG. Antibiotic-Induced Changes in the Intestinal Microbiota and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:458-478. [PMID: 27178527 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a key player in many physiological and pathological processes occurring in humans. Recent investigations suggest that the efficacy of some clinical approaches depends on the action of commensal bacteria. Antibiotics are invaluable weapons to fight infectious diseases. However, by altering the composition and functions of the microbiota, they can also produce long-lasting deleterious effects for the host. The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens raises concerns about the common, and at times inappropriate, use of antimicrobial agents. Here we review the most recently discovered connections between host pathophysiology, microbiota, and antibiotics highlighting technological platforms, mechanistic insights, and clinical strategies to enhance resistance to diseases by preserving the beneficial functions of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Becattini
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ying Taur
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lucille Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric G Pamer
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Lucille Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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203
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de Paiva CS, Jones DB, Stern ME, Bian F, Moore QL, Corbiere S, Streckfus CF, Hutchinson DS, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF, Pflugfelder SC. Altered Mucosal Microbiome Diversity and Disease Severity in Sjögren Syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23561. [PMID: 27087247 PMCID: PMC4834578 DOI: 10.1038/srep23561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that the microbiome has potent immunoregulatory functions. We assessed the effects of intestinal dysbiosis in a model of Sjögren syndrome (SS) by subjecting mice to desiccating stress (DS) and antibiotics (ABX). We characterized the conjunctival, tongue and fecal microbiome profiles of patients with SS. Severity of ocular surface and systemic disease was graded. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing characterized the microbiota. ABX + DS mice had a significantly worse dry eye phenotype compared to controls, a decrease in Clostridium and an increase in Enterobacter, Escherichia/Shigella, and Pseudomonas in stool after ABX + DS for 10 days. Goblet cell density was significantly lower in ABX treated groups compared to controls. Stool from SS subjects had greater relative abundances of Pseudobutyrivibrio, Escherichia/Shigella, Blautia, and Streptococcus, while relative abundance of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Faecalibacterium, and Prevotella was reduced compared to controls. The severity of SS ocular and systemic disease was inversely correlated with microbial diversity. These findings suggest that SS is marked by a dysbiotic intestinal microbiome driven by low relative abundance of commensal bacteria and high relative abundance of potentially pathogenic genera that is associated with worse ocular mucosal disease in a mouse model of SS and in SS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia S. de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dan B. Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Fang Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Quianta L. Moore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Charles F. Streckfus
- Dental Branch, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHSC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diane S. Hutchinson
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nadim J. Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph F. Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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204
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Gan P, Jin D, Zhao X, Gao Z, Wang S, Du P, Qi G. Bacillus-produced surfactin attenuates chronic inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE(-/-) mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:226-234. [PMID: 27082998 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus-produced surfactin can inhibit acute inflammation in vitro and in vivo. However, there is no report whether surfactin could inhibit chronic inflammation in the atherosclerotic lesions. Apoliprotein E deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice (fed on atherogenic diet) were intragastrically administered with surfactin for 9 doses, then the athero-protective effect of surfactin was determined in vivo. The results showed surfactin could induce anti-inflammatory factors such as IgA, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10 in the intestine. Further investigation discovered that surfactin also systemically induced CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Tregs in spleen, which could inhibit T cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ. The IgG subclass pattern with high titer of IgG1 (Th2-type) but low titer of IgG2a (Th1-type) was also found in the surfactin-treated mice. As a result, the attenuation of chronic inflammation was observed in the surfactin-treated groups accompanying with less TNF-α but more IL-10 in the atherosclerotic lesions. Moreover, surfactin could reduce serum total cholesterol and cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein, and increase serum cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein in mice. Collectively, surfactin could significantly attenuate atherosclerotic lesions on the aorta by restoration of the delicate balance of Th1/Th2 response in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dong Jin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenqiu Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers' University, Xiwang Road, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Shengying Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Du
- College of Life Science, Hubei University, 430062, China
| | - Gaofu Qi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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205
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Greer R, Dong X, Morgun A, Shulzhenko N. Investigating a holobiont: Microbiota perturbations and transkingdom networks. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:126-35. [PMID: 26979110 PMCID: PMC4856449 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1128625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has recently come to appreciate that, rather than existing as independent organisms, multicellular hosts and their microbiota comprise a complex evolving superorganism or metaorganism, termed a holobiont. This point of view leads to a re-evaluation of our understanding of different physiological processes and diseases. In this paper we focus on experimental and computational approaches which, when combined in one study, allowed us to dissect mechanisms (traditionally named host-microbiota interactions) regulating holobiont physiology. Specifically, we discuss several approaches for microbiota perturbation, such as use of antibiotics and germ-free animals, including advantages and potential caveats of their usage. We briefly review computational approaches to characterize the microbiota and, more importantly, methods to infer specific components of microbiota (such as microbes or their genes) affecting host functions. One such approach called transkingdom network analysis has been recently developed and applied in our study. (1) Finally, we also discuss common methods used to validate the computational predictions of host-microbiota interactions using in vitro and in vivo experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Greer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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206
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Rausch P, Basic M, Batra A, Bischoff SC, Blaut M, Clavel T, Gläsner J, Gopalakrishnan S, Grassl GA, Günther C, Haller D, Hirose M, Ibrahim S, Loh G, Mattner J, Nagel S, Pabst O, Schmidt F, Siegmund B, Strowig T, Volynets V, Wirtz S, Zeissig S, Zeissig Y, Bleich A, Baines JF. Analysis of factors contributing to variation in the C57BL/6J fecal microbiota across German animal facilities. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:343-355. [PMID: 27053239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is involved in many physiological processes and it is increasingly recognized that differences in community composition can influence the outcome of a variety of murine models used in biomedical research. In an effort to describe and account for the variation in intestinal microbiota composition across the animal facilities of participating members of the DFG Priority Program 1656 "Intestinal Microbiota", we performed a survey of C57BL/6J mice from 21 different mouse rooms/facilities located at 13 different institutions across Germany. Fresh feces was sampled from five mice per room/facility using standardized procedures, followed by extraction and 16S rRNA gene profiling (V1-V2 region, Illumina MiSeq) at both the DNA and RNA (reverse transcribed to cDNA) level. In order to determine the variables contributing to bacterial community differences, we collected detailed questionnaires of animal husbandry practices and incorporated this information into our analyses. We identified considerable variation in a number of descriptive aspects including the proportions of major phyla, alpha- and beta diversity, all of which displayed significant associations to specific aspects of husbandry. Salient findings include a reduction in alpha diversity with the use of irradiated chow, an increase in inter-individual variability (beta diversity) with respect to barrier access and open cages and an increase in bacterial community divergence with time since importing from a vendor. We further observe a high degree of facility-level individuality, which is likely due to each facility harboring its own unique combination of multiple varying attributes of animal husbandry. While it is important to account and control for such differences between facilities, the documentation of such diversity may also serve as a valuable future resource for investigating the origins of microbial-driven host phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rausch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Genomics, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306, Plön, Germany; Institute for Experimental Medicine, Evolutionary Genomics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Arvind Batra
- Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Blaut
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Joachim Gläsner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shreya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Guntram A Grassl
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 1-40, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich Alexander University, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Misa Hirose
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Saleh Ibrahim
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gunnar Loh
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsimmunologie, Wasserturmstr. 3/5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Nagel
- Charité - Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Research Institutes for Experimental Medicine, Krahmerstr. 6-10, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Valentina Volynets
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich Alexander University, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden and Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yvonne Zeissig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of General Pediatrics, University Medical Center Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Genomics, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306, Plön, Germany; Institute for Experimental Medicine, Evolutionary Genomics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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207
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Abstract
Antibiotics are by far the most common medications prescribed for children. Recent epidemiological data suggests an association between early antibiotic use and disease phenotypes in adulthood. Antibiotic use during infancy induces imbalances in gut microbiota, called dysbiosis. The gut microbiome's responses to antibiotics and its potential link to disease development are especially complex to study in the changing infant gut. Here, we synthesize current knowledge linking antibiotics, dysbiosis, and disease and propose a framework for studying antibiotic-related dysbiosis in children. We recommend future studies into the microbiome-mediated effects of antibiotics focused on four types of dysbiosis: loss of keystone taxa, loss of diversity, shifts in metabolic capacity, and blooms of pathogens. Establishment of a large and diverse baseline cohort to define healthy infant microbiome development is essential to advancing diagnosis, interpretation, and eventual treatment of pediatric dysbiosis. This approach will also help provide evidence-based recommendations for antibiotic usage in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pajau Vangay
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tonya Ward
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Gerber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dan Knights
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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208
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Streptomycin treatment alters the intestinal microbiome, pulmonary T cell profile and airway hyperresponsiveness in a cystic fibrosis mouse model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19189. [PMID: 26754178 PMCID: PMC4709690 DOI: 10.1038/srep19189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator deficient mouse models develop phenotypes of relevance to clinical cystic fibrosis (CF) including airway hyperresponsiveness, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and an altered intestinal microbiome. As dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota has been recognized as an important contributor to many systemic diseases, herein we investigated whether altering the intestinal microbiome of BALB/c Cftr(tm1UNC) mice and wild-type littermates, through treatment with the antibiotic streptomycin, affects the CF lung, intestinal and bone disease. We demonstrate that streptomycin treatment reduced the intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Cftr(tm1UNC) mice and altered the intestinal microbiome similarly in Cftr(tm1UNC) and wild-type mice, principally by affecting Lactobacillus levels. Airway hyperresponsiveness of Cftr(tm1UNC) mice was ameliorated with streptomycin, and correlated with Lactobacillus abundance in the intestine. Additionally, streptomycin treated Cftr(tm1UNC) and wild-type mice displayed an increased percentage of pulmonary and mesenteric lymph node Th17, CD8 + IL-17+ and CD8 + IFNγ+ lymphocytes, while the CF-specific increase in respiratory IL-17 producing γδ T cells was decreased in streptomycin treated Cftr(tm1UNC) mice. Bone disease and intestinal phenotypes were not affected by streptomycin treatment. The airway hyperresponsiveness and lymphocyte profile of BALB/c Cftr(tm1UNC) mice were affected by streptomycin treatment, revealing a potential intestinal microbiome influence on lung response in BALB/c Cftr(tm1UNC) mice.
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209
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Monovalent Fc receptor blockade by an anti–Fcγ receptor/albumin fusion protein ameliorates murine ITP with abrogated toxicity. Blood 2016; 127:132-8. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-08-664656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
We generated a novel monovalent anti-FcγRIII/albumin fusion protein that ameliorates antibody-mediated murine ITP. Severe adverse events by anti-FcγR antibodies because of FcγR cross-linking are overcome by monovalent FcγR blockade.
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210
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Bendtsen KM, Fisker L, Hansen AK, Hansen CHF, Nielsen DS. The influence of the young microbiome on inflammatory diseases--Lessons from animal studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:278-95. [PMID: 26663871 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are on the rise in the Westernized world. This rise has been correlated to a range of environmental factors, such as birth mode, rural versus urban living conditions, and use of antibiotics. Such environmental factors also influence early life gut microbiota (GM) colonization and maturation--and there is growing evidence that the negative effects of these factors on human health are mediated via GM alterations. Colonization of the gut initiates priming of the immune system from birth, driving tolerance towards non-harmful microorganisms and dietary antigens and proper reactions towards invading pathogens. This early colonization is crucial for the establishment of a healthy GM, and throughout life the balanced interaction of GM and immune system is a key element in maintaining health. An immune system out of balance increases the risk for later life inflammatory diseases. Animal models are indispensable in the studies of GM influence on disease mechanisms and progression, and focus points include studies of GM modification during pregnancy and perinatal life. Here, we present an overview of animal studies which have contributed to our understanding of GM functions in early life and how alterations affect risk and expression of certain inflammatory diseases with juvenile onset, including interventions, such as birth mode, antibiotics, and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Bendtsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Fisker
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel K Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla H F Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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211
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Sakaguchi R, Chikuma S, Shichita T, Morita R, Sekiya T, Ouyang W, Ueda T, Seki H, Morisaki H, Yoshimura A. Innate-like function of memory Th17 cells for enhancing endotoxin-induced acute lung inflammation through IL-22. Int Immunol 2015; 28:233-43. [PMID: 26647405 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is known as a mouse model of acute respiratory distress syndrome; however, the function of T-cell-derived cytokines in ALI has not yet been established. We found that LPS challenge in one lung resulted in a rapid induction of innate-type pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, followed by the expression of T-cell-type cytokines, including IL-17, IL-22 and IFN-γ. We discovered that IL-23 is important for ALI, since blockage of IL-23 by gene disruption or anti-IL-12/23p40 antibody treatment reduced neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory cytokine secretion into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). IL-23 was mostly produced from F4/80(+)CD11c(+) alveolar macrophages, and IL-23 expression was markedly reduced by the pre-treatment of mice with antibiotics, suggesting that the development of IL-23-producing macrophages required commensal bacteria. Unexpectedly, among T-cell-derived cytokines, IL-22 rather than IL-17 or IFN-γ played a major role in LPS-induced ALI. IL-22 protein levels were higher than IL-17 in the BALF after LPS instillation, and the major source of IL-22 was memory Th17 cells. Lung memory CD4(+) T cells had a potential to produce IL-22 at higher levels than IL-17 in response to IL-1β plus IL-23 without TCR stimulation. Our study revealed an innate-like function of the lung memory Th17 cells that produce IL-22 in response to IL-23 and are involved in exaggeration of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Chikuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Shichita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan PRESTO (Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Rimpei Morita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Sekiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tomomi Ueda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morisaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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212
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Eyerich K, Eyerich S, Biedermann T. The Multi-Modal Immune Pathogenesis of Atopic Eczema. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:788-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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213
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Abstract
Food allergy is a growing public health problem that is estimated to affect 4% to 8% of children and 5% of adults. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the pathophysiology of food allergy, from oral tolerance, to sensitization, and lastly the elicitation of an allergic response. As much of the existing evidence for the mechanisms of food allergy is derived from animal models, we include these studies where relevant. In addition, whenever possible, we review similar evidence involved in human disease and provide applications for consideration in clinical practice.
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214
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Morgun A, Dzutsev A, Dong X, Greer RL, Sexton DJ, Ravel J, Schuster M, Hsiao W, Matzinger P, Shulzhenko N. Uncovering effects of antibiotics on the host and microbiota using transkingdom gene networks. Gut 2015; 64:1732-43. [PMID: 25614621 PMCID: PMC5166700 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite widespread use of antibiotics for the treatment of life-threatening infections and for research on the role of commensal microbiota, our understanding of their effects on the host is still very limited. DESIGN Using a popular mouse model of microbiota depletion by a cocktail of antibiotics, we analysed the effects of antibiotics by combining intestinal transcriptome together with metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota. In order to identify specific microbes and microbial genes that influence the host phenotype in antibiotic-treated mice, we developed and applied analysis of the transkingdom network. RESULTS We found that most antibiotic-induced alterations in the gut can be explained by three factors: depletion of the microbiota; direct effects of antibiotics on host tissues and the effects of remaining antibiotic-resistant microbes. Normal microbiota depletion mostly led to downregulation of different aspects of immunity. The two other factors (antibiotic direct effects on host tissues and antibiotic-resistant microbes) primarily inhibited mitochondrial gene expression and amounts of active mitochondria, increasing epithelial cell death. By reconstructing and analysing the transkingdom network, we discovered that these toxic effects were mediated by virulence/quorum sensing in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a finding further validated using in vitro experiments. CONCLUSIONS In addition to revealing mechanisms of antibiotic-induced alterations, this study also describes a new bioinformatics approach that predicts microbial components that regulate host functions and establishes a comprehensive resource on what, why and how antibiotics affect the gut in a widely used mouse model of microbiota depletion by antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon,
USA,Ghost Lab, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute/Leidos
Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon,
USA
| | - Renee L Greer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, USA
| | - D Joseph Sexton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin Schuster
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, USA
| | - William Hsiao
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada
| | - Polly Matzinger
- Ghost Lab, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, USA,Ghost Lab, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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215
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Berin
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
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216
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Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of mortality in preterm infants. This article reviews the immunologic and hematological abnormalities typically seen in infants with NEC, such as elevated plasma cytokine levels, thrombocytopenia, increased or decreased neutrophil counts, low monocyte counts, and anemia. Some of these findings may provide important diagnostic and prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Maheshwari
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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217
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Dysbiosis of Intestinal Microbiota Associated With Inflammation Involved in the Progression of Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2015; 44:868-75. [PMID: 25931253 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate alterations of the intestinal bacteria and its associations with the inflammation in acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS A multihospital prospective clinical study was conducted, and a total of 108 participants were enrolled in our study, including 44 with severe AP (SAP), 32 with mild AP (MAP), and 32 healthy volunteers. The structure of intestinal microbiota, 10 predominant bacteria, plasma endotoxin, and serum cytokines were investigated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Limulus amebocyte lysate tests, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. RESULTS Dramatic alterations in the predominant fecal microbiota were observed in most of both MAP and SAP patients. In addition, the rates of the multiorgan failures and infectious complications in the patients with SAP with altered intestinal microbiota were significantly higher than in those whose intestinal microbiota remained unaltered. Enterococcus increased and Bifidobacterium decreased in the patients with SAP compared to the patients with MAP. Serum IL-6 were positively correlated with Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus and negatively correlated with Bifidobacterium, whereas plasma endotoxin positively correlated with Enterococcus (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The intestinal bacteria most frequently altered in both the patients with MAP and those with SAP significantly correlated with inflammation, which indicated that the intestinal microbiota may be involved in the progression of AP.
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218
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Oral treatment with enrofloxacin early in life promotes Th2-mediated immune response in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:44-50. [PMID: 26721350 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th2 lymphocytes play a crucial role in the development of allergy. These pathologies are caused by coordinated production of the cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 that regulate the activity of eosinophils, basophils and B cells. According to the 'hygiene hypothesis', the reduced exposure to microorganisms favors allergy occurrence. The advances in medicine in the field of infection therapy promoted an increasing application of antibiotics which, apart from eliminating pathogens, also partially eliminate the microbiota. METHODS Epicutaneous (EC) immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) followed by OVA challenge was used to study the influence of partial gut flora depletion by oral treatment with enrofloxacin on type-2 immune response. RESULTS Current work describes the influence of enrofloxacin application on anti-OVA antibody production and cytokine synthesis in young and adult mice. Immune response in adult mice is less sensitive to modification of natural gut flora. We observed that enrofloxacin treatment of adult mice leads to significant decrease of anti-OVA IgG2a production while synthesis of anti-OVA IgE was not changed. The production of type-1 (IFN-γ), type-2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13) and Th17-associated (IL-17A) cytokines was inhibited. On the other hand, treatment of young mice with enrofloxacin significantly upregulates the production of anti-OVA IgE and inhibits the secretion of anti-OVA IgG2a antibodies. Additionally, treatment with enrofloxacin early in life prior to OVA immunization results in increased production of type-2 (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines. CONCLUSION Our results clearly indicate that the immune system is more vulnerable to decreased bacterial exposure early in life that may promote development of allergy.
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Ohnmacht C, Park JH, Cording S, Wing JB, Atarashi K, Obata Y, Gaboriau-Routhiau V, Marques R, Dulauroy S, Fedoseeva M, Busslinger M, Cerf-Bensussan N, Boneca IG, Voehringer D, Hase K, Honda K, Sakaguchi S, Eberl G. MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY. The microbiota regulates type 2 immunity through RORγt⁺ T cells. Science 2015; 349:989-93. [PMID: 26160380 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes to the symbiotic microbiota early in life, or the absence of it, can lead to exacerbated type 2 immunity and allergic inflammations. Although it is unclear how the microbiota regulates type 2 immunity, it is a strong inducer of proinflammatory T helper 17 (T(H)17) cells and regulatory T cells (T(regs)) in the intestine. Here, we report that microbiota-induced T(regs) express the nuclear hormone receptor RORγt and differentiate along a pathway that also leads to T(H)17 cells. In the absence of RORγt(+) T(regs), T(H)2-driven defense against helminths is more efficient, whereas T(H)2-associated pathology is exacerbated. Thus, the microbiota regulates type 2 responses through the induction of type 3 RORγt(+) T(regs) and T(H)17 cells and acts as a key factor in balancing immune responses at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Ohnmacht
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Joo-Hong Park
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sascha Cording
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France
| | - James B Wing
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Atarashi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuuki Obata
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Valérie Gaboriau-Routhiau
- INSERM, U1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut Imagine, Paris, France. INRA Micalis UMR1319, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rute Marques
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dulauroy
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Maria Fedoseeva
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- INSERM, U1163, Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Ivo G Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and Genetics of Bacterial Cell Wall, 75724 Paris, France. INSERM, Groupe Avenir, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology at the Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Clinic Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Koji Hase
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kenya Honda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan. Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France.
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Lee SW, Park HJ, Jeon SH, Lee C, Seong RH, Park SH, Hong S. Ubiquitous Over-Expression of Chromatin Remodeling Factor SRG3 Ameliorates the T Cell-Mediated Exacerbation of EAE by Modulating the Phenotypes of both Dendritic Cells and Macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132329. [PMID: 26147219 PMCID: PMC4492541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although SWI3-related gene (SRG3), a chromatin remodeling factor, is critical for various biological processes including early embryogenesis and thymocyte development, it is unclear whether SRG3 is involved in the differentiation of CD4+ T cells, the key mediator of adaptive immune responses. Because it is known that experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development is determined by the activation of CD4+ T helper cells, here, we investigated the role of SRG3 in EAE development using SRG3 transgenic mouse models exhibiting two distinct SRG3 expression patterns: SRG3 expression driven by either the CD2 or β-actin promoter. We found that the outcome of EAE development was completely different depending on the expression pattern of SRG3. The specific over-expression of SRG3 using the CD2 promoter facilitated EAE via the induction of Th1 and Th17 cells, whereas the ubiquitous over-expression of SRG3 using the β-actin promoter inhibited EAE by promoting Th2 differentiation and suppressing Th1 and Th17 differentiation. In addition, the ubiquitous over-expression of SRG3 polarized CD4+ T cell differentiation towards the Th2 phenotype by converting dendritic cells (DCs) or macrophages to Th2 types. SRG3 over-expression not only reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by DCs but also shifted macrophages from the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing M1 phenotype to the arginase-1-expressing M2 phenotype during EAE. In addition, Th2 differentiation in β-actin-SRG3 Tg mice during EAE was associated with an increase in the basophil and mast cell populations and in IL4 production. Furthermore, the increased frequency of Treg cells in the spinal cord of β-actin-SRG3 Tg mice might induce the suppression of and accelerate the recovery from EAE symptoms. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence supporting the development of a new therapeutic strategy for EAE involving the modulation of SRG3 expression to induce M2 and Th2 polarization, thereby inhibiting inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Lee
- Dept. of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143–747, Korea
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136–701, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Dept. of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143–747, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jeon
- Dept. of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200–702, Korea
| | - Changjin Lee
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, Korea
| | - Rho Hyun Seong
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, Korea
| | - Se-Ho Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136–701, Korea
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Dept. of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul 143–747, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Siegel SJ, Tamashiro E, Weiser JN. Clearance of Pneumococcal Colonization in Infants Is Delayed through Altered Macrophage Trafficking. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005004. [PMID: 26107875 PMCID: PMC4479461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are a common cause of infant mortality worldwide, especially due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Colonization is the prerequisite to invasive pneumococcal disease, and is particularly frequent and prolonged in children, though the mechanisms underlying this susceptibility are unknown. We find that infant mice exhibit prolonged pneumococcal carriage, and are delayed in recruiting macrophages, the effector cells of clearance, into the nasopharyngeal lumen. This lack of macrophage recruitment is paralleled by a failure to upregulate chemokine (C-C) motif ligand 2 (Ccl2 or Mcp-1), a macrophage chemoattractant that is required in adult mice to promote clearance. Baseline expression of Ccl2 and the related chemokine Ccl7 is higher in the infant compared to the adult upper respiratory tract, and this effect requires the infant microbiota. These results demonstrate that signals governing macrophage recruitment are altered at baseline in infant mice, which prevents the development of appropriate innate cell infiltration in response to pneumococcal colonization, delaying clearance of pneumococcal carriage. Infants are particularly susceptible to infections, though why is not well understood. One important cause of infant mortality worldwide is infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus. All pneumococcal disease begins with asymptomatic colonization of the upper respiratory tract. Infants are also more likely to carry pneumococci, and on average each carriage event has a longer duration. Here, we used an infant mouse model of pneumococcal colonization to study the mechanisms underlying delayed clearance of carriage. We found that infant mice were unable to recruit the effector cells of clearance, macrophages, into the lumen of the upper airway, and that this delay was accompanied by an inability to produce a macrophage chemoattractant in the nasopharynx. We attribute this defect to a dysregulation in the expression of these chemokines and show this effect results from the commensal bacterial flora of infants. Our findings provide an explanation for why infants are more susceptible to being colonized with and infected by pneumococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Siegel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edwin Tamashiro
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey N Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Abstract
Microbes are ubiquitous on the human body and comprise approximately 90% of the cells and 99% of the genes of the human supraorganism. High-throughput sequencing technology has permitted the development of culture-independent means to identify the microbiota that are unique to the various microenvironments of the body and probably contribute some function. Although the respiratory tract interfaces with the environment, the lungs were always thought to be a sterile environment - until recently, when these techniques were applied to healthy and disease states. Further, there appears to be a complex interplay between the development of the gastrointestinal and respiratory microbiota and the regulation of immune function. The contribution of this dynamic metabolic mass to respiratory disease in the newborn is unknown. This article will review emerging data from recent human and murine studies that suggest there is a microbial influence on the development of respiratory disease, but it will also highlight many of the gaps that remain in understanding the function of the respiratory microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B. Warner
- Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Aaron Hamvas
- Edward Mallinckrodt Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Dhakal M, Miller MM, Zaghouani AA, Sherman MP, Zaghouani H. Neonatal Basophils Stifle the Function of Early-Life Dendritic Cells To Curtail Th1 Immunity in Newborn Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:507-18. [PMID: 26034171 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal immunity exhibits weak Th1 but excessive Th2 responses, and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this article, we show that neonatal basophils readily produce IL-4, a cytokine that proved to be pivotal in shaping the programs of both lymphocyte subsets. Besides promoting Th2 programs, IL-4 is captured by the IL-4 heteroreceptor (IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1) expressed on dendritic cells and instigates IL-12 downregulation. Under these circumstances, differentiating Th1 cells upregulate IL-13Rα1, leading to an unusual expression of the heteroreceptor, which will serve as a death marker for these Th1 cells during rechallenge with Ag. The resulting Th1/Th2 imbalance impacts childhood immunity culminating in sensitivity to allergic reactions, susceptibility to microbial infection and perhaps poor efficacy of pediatric vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mermagya Dhakal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Mindy M Miller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Adam A Zaghouani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Michael P Sherman
- Department of Child Health, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212; and
| | - Habib Zaghouani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212; Department of Child Health, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212; and Department of Neurology, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
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Alterations of the Murine Gut Microbiome with Age and Allergic Airway Disease. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:892568. [PMID: 26090504 PMCID: PMC4451525 DOI: 10.1155/2015/892568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of asthma. With advanced age the microbiome and the immune system are changing and, currently, little is known about how these two factors contribute to the development of allergic asthma in the elderly. In this study we investigated the associations between the intestinal microbiome and allergic airway disease in young and old mice that were sensitized and challenged with house dust mite (HDM). After challenge, the animals were sacrificed, blood serum was collected for cytokine analysis, and the lungs were processed for histopathology. Fecal pellets were excised from the colon and subjected to 16S rRNA analysis. The microbial community structure changed with age and allergy development, where alterations in fecal communities from young to old mice resembled those after HDM challenge. Allergic mice had induced serum levels of IL-17A and old mice developed a greater allergic airway response compared to young mice. This study demonstrates that the intestinal bacterial community structure differs with age, possibly contributing to the exaggerated pulmonary inflammatory response in old mice. Furthermore, our results show that the composition of the gut microbiota changes with pulmonary allergy, indicating bidirectional gut-lung communications.
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225
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McCoy KD, Köller Y. New developments providing mechanistic insight into the impact of the microbiota on allergic disease. Clin Immunol 2015; 159:170-6. [PMID: 25988860 PMCID: PMC4553911 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increase in allergic diseases over the past several decades is correlated with changes in the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota. Microbial-derived signals are critical for instructing the developing immune system and conversely, immune regulation can impact the microbiota. Perturbations in the microbiota composition may be especially important during early-life when the immune system is still developing, resulting in a critical window of opportunity for instructing the immune system. This review highlights recent studies investigating the role of the microbiome in susceptibility or development of allergic diseases with a focus on animal models that provide insight into the mechanisms and pathways involved. Identification of a causal link between reduced microbial diversity or altered microbial composition and increased susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases will hopefully pave the way for better preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy D McCoy
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Yasmin Köller
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Candon S, Perez-Arroyo A, Marquet C, Valette F, Foray AP, Pelletier B, Milani C, Ventura M, Bach JF, Chatenoud L. Antibiotics in early life alter the gut microbiome and increase disease incidence in a spontaneous mouse model of autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125448. [PMID: 25970503 PMCID: PMC4430542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-dependent or type 1 diabetes is a prototypic autoimmune disease whose incidence steadily increased over the past decades in industrialized countries. Recent evidence suggests the importance of the gut microbiota to explain this trend. Here, non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice that spontaneously develop autoimmune type 1 diabetes were treated with different antibiotics to explore the influence of a targeted intestinal dysbiosis in the progression of the disease. A mixture of wide spectrum antibiotics (i.e. streptomycin, colistin and ampicillin) or vancomycin alone were administered orally from the moment of conception, treating breeding pairs, and during the postnatal and adult life until the end of follow-up at 40 weeks. Diabetes incidence significantly and similarly increased in male mice following treatment with these two antibiotic regimens. In NOD females a slight yet not significant trend towards an increase in disease incidence was observed. Changes in gut microbiota composition were assessed by sequencing the V3 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Administration of the antibiotic mixture resulted in near complete ablation of the gut microbiota. Vancomycin treatment led to increased Escherichia, Lactobacillus and Sutterella genera and decreased members of the Clostridiales order and Lachnospiraceae, Prevotellaceae and Rikenellaceae families, as compared to control mice. Massive elimination of IL-17-producing cells, both CD4+TCRαβ+ and TCRγδ+ T cells was observed in the lamina propria of the ileum and the colon of vancomycin-treated mice. These results show that a directed even partial ablation of the gut microbiota, as induced by vancomycin, significantly increases type 1 diabetes incidence in male NOD mice thus prompting for caution in the use of antibiotics in pregnant women and newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Candon
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Perez-Arroyo
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Marquet
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Valette
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Perrine Foray
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Pelletier
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Cristian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Jean-François Bach
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France
- INSERM U1151, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Respiratory epithelial cells orchestrate pulmonary innate immunity. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:27-35. [PMID: 25521682 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial surfaces of the lungs are in direct contact with the environment and are subjected to dynamic physical forces as airway tubes and alveoli are stretched and compressed during ventilation. Mucociliary clearance in conducting airways, reduction of surface tension in the alveoli, and maintenance of near sterility have been accommodated by the evolution of a multi-tiered innate host-defense system. The biophysical nature of pulmonary host defenses are integrated with the ability of respiratory epithelial cells to respond to and 'instruct' the professional immune system to protect the lungs from infection and injury.
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228
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Effect of a protein-free diet in the development of food allergy and oral tolerance in BALB/c mice. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:935-43. [PMID: 25759975 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a protein-free diet in the induction of food allergy and oral tolerance in BALB/c mice. The experimental model used was mice that were fed, since weaning up to adulthood, a balanced diet in which all dietary proteins were replaced by amino acid diet (Aa). The absence of dietary proteins did not prevent the development of food allergy to ovalbumin (OVA) in these mice. However, Aa-fed mice produced lower levels of IgE, secretory IgA and cytokines. In addition, when compared with mice from control group, Aa-fed mice had a milder aversive reaction to the allergen measured by consumption of OVA-containing solution and weight loss during food allergy development. In addition, mice that did not have dietary proteins in their diets were less susceptible to induction of oral tolerance. One single oral administration was not enough to suppress specific serum Ig and IgG1 levels in the Aa-fed group, although it was efficient to induce suppression in the control group. The present results indicate that the stimulation by dietary proteins alters both inflammatory reactivity and regulatory immune reactivity in mice probably due to their effect in the maturation of the immune system.
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229
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Salzman NH. The role of the microbiome in immune cell development. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 113:593-8. [PMID: 25466801 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nita H Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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230
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Zaph C, Artis D. Parasitic Infection of the Mucosal Surfaces. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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231
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232
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Downey J, Gour N, Wills-Karp M. Mechanisms of Experimental Mouse Models of Airway Hyperresponsiveness. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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233
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IgE-Mediated Food Allergy. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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234
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Abstract
Mast cell, basophil, and eosinophil lineages all derive from CD34(+) hemopoietic stem cells; however, mast cells are derived from a distinct, nonmyeloid progenitor, while eosinophils and basophils share a common myeloid progenitor. These progenitors likely evolved from an ancestral leukocyte population involved in innate immunity and currently play a central role in the pathology of allergic disease. Advances in isolation and analysis of mast cell and basophil/eosinophil progenitor populations have been critical to understanding lineage commitment, differentiation, function, and transcriptional regulation of these cells and have provided a way of monitoring the effect of novel investigational therapies on these cell populations in samples of blood, bone marrow, and airway secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Gauvreau
- McMaster University, HSC-3U26, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1,
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235
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Abstract
Animals and many of their chronic microbial inhabitants form relationships of symbiotic mutualism, which occurs when coexisting life-forms derive mutual benefit from stable associations. While microorganisms receive a secure habitat and constant food source from vertebrate hosts, they are required for optimal immune system development and occupy niches otherwise abused by pathogens. Microbes have also been shown to provide vertebrate hosts with metabolic capabilities that enhance energy and nutrient uptake from the diet. The immune system plays a central role in the establishment and maintenance of host-microbe homeostasis, and B lineage cells play a key role in this regulation. Here, I reviewed the structure and function of the microbiota and the known mechanisms of how nonpathogenic microbes influence B cell biology and immunoglobulin repertoire development early in life. I also discuss what is known about how B lineage cells contribute to the process of shaping the composition of commensal/mutualistic microbe membership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Wesemann
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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236
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Feehley T, Nagler CR. Cellular and molecular pathways through which commensal bacteria modulate sensitization to dietary antigens. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:79-86. [PMID: 25458998 PMCID: PMC4255329 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies are a growing public health concern. The rapidly increasing prevalence of allergic disease cannot be explained by genetic variation alone, suggesting a role for gene-by-environment interactions. The bacteria that colonize barrier surfaces, often referred to as the commensal microbiota, are dramatically affected by environmental factors and have a major impact on host health and homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that alterations in the composition of the microbiota, caused by factors such as antibiotic use and diet, are contributing to increased sensitization to dietary antigens. This review will discuss the cellular and molecular pathways activated by commensal bacteria to protect against allergic sensitization. By understanding the interplay between the environment, the microbiota, and the host, we may uncover novel therapeutic targets that will allow us to control the allergy epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Feehley
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 924 E. 57th St. JFK R120, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cathryn R Nagler
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 924 E. 57th St. JFK R120, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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237
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Cao S, Feehley TJ, Nagler CR. The role of commensal bacteria in the regulation of sensitization to food allergens. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4258-66. [PMID: 24791655 PMCID: PMC4216641 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of life-threatening anaphylactic responses to food is rising at an alarming rate. The emerging role of the gut microbiota in regulating food allergen sensitization may help explain this trend. The mechanisms by which commensal bacteria influence sensitization to dietary antigens are only beginning to be explored. We have found that a population of mucosa-associated commensal anaerobes prevents food allergen sensitization by promoting an IL-22-dependent barrier protective immune response that limits the access of food allergens to the systemic circulation. This early response is followed by an adaptive immune response mediated in part by an expansion of Foxp3(+) Tregs that fortifies the tolerogenic milieu needed to maintain non-responsiveness to food. Bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, may contribute to the process through their ability to promote Foxp3(+) Treg differentiation. This work suggests that environmentally induced alterations of the gut microbiota offset the regulatory signals conferred by protective bacterial species to promote aberrant responses to food. Our research presents exciting new possibilities for preventing and treating food allergies based on interventions that modulate the composition of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severine Cao
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK R120, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Taylor J Feehley
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK R120, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Cathryn R Nagler
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK R120, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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238
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Proietti M, Cornacchione V, Rezzonico Jost T, Romagnani A, Faliti CE, Perruzza L, Rigoni R, Radaelli E, Caprioli F, Preziuso S, Brannetti B, Thelen M, McCoy KD, Slack E, Traggiai E, Grassi F. ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor controls follicular T helper cell numbers in Peyer's patches to promote host-microbiota mutualism. Immunity 2014; 41:789-801. [PMID: 25464855 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the gut induces the development of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The molecular mechanisms that regulate GALT function and result in gut-commensal homeostasis are poorly defined. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in Peyer's patches (PPs) promote high-affinity IgA responses. Here we found that the ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor controls Tfh cell numbers in PPs. Lack of P2X7 in Tfh cells enhanced germinal center reactions and high-affinity IgA secretion and binding to commensals. The ensuing depletion of mucosal bacteria resulted in reduced systemic translocation of microbial components, lowering B1 cell stimulation and serum IgM concentrations. Mice lacking P2X7 had increased susceptibility to polymicrobial sepsis, which was rescued by Tfh cell depletion or administration of purified IgM. Thus, regulation of Tfh cells by P2X7 activity is important for mucosal colonization, which in turn results in IgM serum concentrations necessary to protect the host from bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Proietti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Cornacchione
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Fabrickstrasse 2, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Rezzonico Jost
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Romagnani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Elisa Faliti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Perruzza
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rosita Rigoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Flavio Caprioli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Unit of Gastroenterology 2, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Preziuso
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Barbara Brannetti
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Fabrickstrasse 2, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, HCI F 413 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Traggiai
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Fabrickstrasse 2, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via G.B. Viotti 3/5, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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239
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White CA, Pone EJ, Lam T, Tat C, Hayama KL, Li G, Zan H, Casali P. Histone deacetylase inhibitors upregulate B cell microRNAs that silence AID and Blimp-1 expression for epigenetic modulation of antibody and autoantibody responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5933-50. [PMID: 25392531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), which require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and plasma cell differentiation, which requires B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), are critical for the generation of class-switched and hypermutated (mature) Ab and autoantibody responses. We show that histone deacetylase inhibitors valproic acid and butyrate dampened AICDA/Aicda (AID) and PRDM1/Prdm1 (Blimp-1) mRNAs by upregulating miR-155, miR-181b, and miR-361 to silence AICDA/Aicda, and miR-23b, miR-30a, and miR-125b to silence PRDM1/Prdm1, in human and mouse B cells. This led to downregulation of AID, Blimp-1, and X-box binding protein 1, thereby inhibiting CSR, SHM, and plasma cell differentiation without altering B cell viability or proliferation. The selectivity of histone deacetylase inhibitor-mediated silencing of AICDA/Aicda and PRDM1/Prdm1 was emphasized by unchanged expression of HoxC4 and Irf4 (important inducers/modulators of AICDA/Aicda), Rev1 and Ung (central elements for CSR/SHM), and Bcl6, Bach2, or Pax5 (repressors of PRDM1/Prdm1 expression), as well as unchanged expression of miR-19a/b, miR-20a, and miR-25, which are not known to regulate AICDA/Aicda or PRDM1/Prdm1. Through these B cell-intrinsic epigenetic mechanisms, valproic acid blunted class-switched and hypermutated T-dependent and T-independent Ab responses in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, it decreased class-switched and hypermutated autoantibodies, ameliorated disease, and extended survival in lupus MRL/Fas(lpr/lpr) mice. Our findings outline epigenetic mechanisms that modulate expression of an enzyme (AID) and transcription factors (Blimp-1 and X-box binding protein 1) that are critical to the B cell differentiation processes that underpin Ab and autoantibody responses. They also provide therapeutic proof-of-principle in autoantibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton A White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Egest J Pone
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Tonika Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Connie Tat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ken L Hayama
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Guideng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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240
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Bone marrow dendritic cells from mice with an altered microbiota provide interleukin 17A-dependent protection against Entamoeba histolytica colitis. mBio 2014; 5:e01817. [PMID: 25370489 PMCID: PMC4222101 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01817-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an emerging paradigm that the human microbiome is central to many aspects of health and may have a role in preventing enteric infection. Entamoeba histolytica is a major cause of amebic diarrhea in developing countries. It colonizes the colon lumen in close proximity to the gut microbiota. Interestingly, not all individuals are equally susceptible to E. histolytica infection. Therefore, as the microbiota is highly variable within individuals, we sought to determine if a component of the microbiota could regulate susceptibility to infection. In studies utilizing a murine model, we demonstrated that colonization of the gut with the commensal Clostridia-related bacteria known as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) is protective during E. histolytica infection. SFB colonization in this model was associated with elevated cecal levels of interleukin 17A (IL-17A), dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from SFB-colonized mice had higher levels of IL-23 production in response to stimulation with trophozoites. Adoptive transfer of BMDCs from an SFB+ to an SFB− mouse was sufficient to provide protection against E. histolytica. IL-17A induction during BMDC transfer was necessary for this protection. This work demonstrates that intestinal colonization with a specific commensal bacterium can provide protection during amebiasis in a murine model. Most importantly, this work demonstrates that the microbiome can mediate protection against an enteric infection via extraintestinal effects on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, an infectious disease that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea in the developing world. We showed in a murine model that colonization with the commensal members of the Clostridia known as SFB provides protection against E. histolytica and that dendritic cells from SFB-colonized mice alone can recapitulate protection. Understanding interactions between enteropathogens, commensal intestinal bacteria, and the mucosal immune response, including dendritic cells, will help in the development of effective treatments for this disease and other infectious and inflammatory diseases. The demonstration of immune-mediated protection due to communication from the microbiome to the bone marrow represents an emerging field of study that will yield unique approaches to the development of these treatments.
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241
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Khosravi A, Yáñez A, Price JG, Chow A, Merad M, Goodridge HS, Mazmanian SK. Gut microbiota promote hematopoiesis to control bacterial infection. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:374-81. [PMID: 24629343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The commensal microbiota impacts specific immune cell populations and their functions at peripheral sites, such as gut mucosal tissues. However, it remains unknown whether gut microbiota control immunity through regulation of hematopoiesis at primary immune sites. We reveal that germ-free mice display reduced proportions and differentiation potential of specific myeloid cell progenitors of both yolk sac and bone marrow origin. Homeostatic innate immune defects may lead to impaired early responses to pathogens. Indeed, following systemic infection with Listeria monocytogenes, germ-free and oral-antibiotic-treated mice display increased pathogen burden and acute death. Recolonization of germ-free mice with a complex microbiota restores defects in myelopoiesis and resistance to Listeria. These findings reveal that gut bacteria direct innate immune cell development via promoting hematopoiesis, contributing to our appreciation of the deep evolutionary connection between mammals and their microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Khosravi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alberto Yáñez
- Regenerative Medicine Institute and Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jeremy G Price
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute and Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew Chow
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute and Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute and Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Helen S Goodridge
- Regenerative Medicine Institute and Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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242
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Martin SF. Adaptation in the innate immune system and heterologous innate immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4115-30. [PMID: 24997561 PMCID: PMC11113124 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes deviation from homeostasis caused by infectious or non-infectious assaults. The threshold for its activation seems to be established by a calibration process that includes sensing of microbial molecular patterns from commensal bacteria and of endogenous signals. It is becoming increasingly clear that adaptive features, a hallmark of the adaptive immune system, can also be identified in the innate immune system. Such adaptations can result in the manifestation of a primed state of immune and tissue cells with a decreased activation threshold. This keeps the system poised to react quickly. Moreover, the fact that the innate immune system recognizes a wide variety of danger signals via pattern recognition receptors that often activate the same signaling pathways allows for heterologous innate immune stimulation. This implies that, for example, the innate immune response to an infection can be modified by co-infections or other innate stimuli. This "design feature" of the innate immune system has many implications for our understanding of individual susceptibility to diseases or responsiveness to therapies and vaccinations. In this article, adaptive features of the innate immune system as well as heterologous innate immunity and their implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany,
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243
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Kolwijck E, van de Veerdonk FL. The potential impact of the pulmonary microbiome on immunopathogenesis of Aspergillus-related lung disease. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3156-65. [PMID: 25256637 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillosis is an infection or allergic response caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The most common forms of aspergillosis are allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Aspergillus also plays an important role in fungal sensitized asthma. Humans inhale Aspergillus spores every day and when the host is immunocompromised, Aspergillus spp. may cause severe pulmonary disease. There is increasing evidence that the microbiome plays a significant role in immune regulation, chronic inflammatory diseases, metabolism, and other physiological processes, including recovery from the effects of antibiotic treatment. Bacterial microbiome mediated resistance mechanisms probably play a major role in limiting fungal colonization of the lungs, and may therefore prevent humans from contracting Aspergillus-related diseases. In this perspective, we review this emerging area of research and discuss the role of the microbiome in aspergillosis, role of Aspergillus in the microbiome, and the influence of the microbiome on anti-Aspergillus host defense and its role in preventing aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kolwijck
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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244
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Inoue Y, Shimojo N. Microbiome/microbiota and allergies. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 37:57-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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245
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Abstract
The prevalence of asthma and allergy has been constantly increasing in Westernized countries in the last decades. Asthma and allergies are complex diseases with a local tissue inflammation that are determined by genetic and environmental factors. Because the commensal microflora is crucial to maintain inflammatory homeostasis and to induce immune regulation, the microbiome may play an important role for the development of allergic conditions. New techniques such as next-generation sequencing methods give the opportunity to explore the microbial community structure of the human body comprehensively. In this review, we will discuss the available literature concerning the human microbiota and asthma and allergy development and occurrence. The focus is on studies of the local microbiome of the place of inflammation, the gastrointestinal microbiome, and the influence of intrinsic factors relating to the host and extrinsic factors relating to the external environment on the microbiome.
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246
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Arrieta MC, Finlay B. The intestinal microbiota and allergic asthma. J Infect 2014; 69 Suppl 1:S53-5. [PMID: 25264162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that environmental changes are involved in the sharp increase in asthma incidence, as well as with other immune-mediated diseases. This increase matches the introduction of modern life advances such as antibiotics and caesarean sections. Several epidemiological studies provide convincing evidence that a lack of exposure to microbes early in life is associated with later development of allergic asthma. In addition, animal studies have shown that early life modulation of the intestinal microbiota with antibiotics has profound effects in the immune cellular mechanisms that lead to asthma. By describing some of the most relevant human and animal studies in this field, we explore the concept that significant perturbations of the intestinal and perhaps the lung microbiota are a cause of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Michael Smith Laboratories, 301 - 2185 East Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, 301 - 2185 East Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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247
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Abstract
The development of culture-independent techniques has revolutionized our understanding of how our human cells interact with the even greater number of microbial inhabitants of our bodies. As part of this revolution, data are increasingly challenging the old dogma that in health, the lung mucosa is sterile. To understand how the lung microbiome may play a role in human health, we identified five major questions for lung microbiome research: (1) Is the lung sterile? (2) Is there a unique core microbiome in the lung? (3) How dynamic are the microbial populations? (4) How do pulmonary immune responses affect microbiome composition? and (5) Are the lungs influenced by the intestinal immune responses to the gut microbiome? From birth, we are exposed to continuous microbial challenges that shape our microbiome. In our changing environment, perturbation of the gut microbiome affects both human health and disease. With widespread antibiotic use, the ancient microbes that formerly resided within us are being lost, for example, Helicobacter pylori in the stomach. Animal models show that antibiotic exposure in early life has developmental consequences. Considering the potential effects of this altered microbiome on pulmonary responses will be critical for future investigations.
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The central role of the gut microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:689492. [PMID: 25309932 PMCID: PMC4189530 DOI: 10.1155/2014/689492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal microbiota is in constant interaction with the immune system, teaching immune cells to respond to antigens. Studies in mice have demonstrated that manipulation of the intestinal microbiota alters host immune cell homeostasis. Additionally, metagenomic-sequencing analysis has revealed alterations in intestinal microbiota in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and obesity. Perturbations in the microbiota composition result in a deficient immune response and impaired tolerance to commensal microorganisms. Due to altered microbiota composition which is associated to some inflammatory diseases, several strategies, such as the administration of probiotics, diet, and antibiotic usage, have been utilized to prevent or ameliorate chronic inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss recent evidence showing that the gut microbiota controls immune system function and onset, development, and resolution of some common inflammatory diseases.
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Gao Z, Zhao X, Yang T, Shang J, Shang L, Mai H, Qi G. Immunomodulation therapy of diabetes by oral administration of a surfactin lipopeptide in NOD mice. Vaccine 2014; 32:6812-9. [PMID: 25239487 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is considered an autoimmune disease, which can be attenuated by modulation of immune pathway from Th1- to Th2-type through vaccination. WH1fungin surfactin is a Bacillus-produced natural immunomodulator. NOD mice were orally treated with 5mg/kg or 25mg/kg WH1fungin once a week for total 4 weeks. After the final administration, the diabetes incidence and the anti-inflammatory roles of WH1fungin were investigated by immunohistochemistry, FACS and ELISA. The results showed oral WH1fungin obviously resulted in a WH1fungin-unspecific suppression of T1DM. Diabetes incidence was significantly reduced when compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) control. Mice in the control group began to be onset of diabetes at week 15, following with an increased mortality from week 16 to 28. At the end of observation, the diabetes incidence reached to 81% at week 30, while only 25% in WH1fungin groups. The splenocytes assay showed oral WH1fungin could suppress T cells proliferation, down-regulate amounts of activated CD8(+) T cells with the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ, and increase CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulator T cells (Tregs). The serum assay revealed oral WH1fungin down-regulated TNF-α and IgG2a but increased interleukin (IL)-10 and IgG1 in mice. All of these data showed oral WH1fungin tended to switch the immune response from Th1- to Th2-type. The further surveys revealed that less IFN-γ but more transfer growth factor (TGF)-β were found in the islets of mice with oral WH1fungin when compared to that in the control group. As a result, the normal islet architecture and slight inflammatory cells infiltration was observed with a slight insulitis in the oral WH1fungin groups. These results demonstrate that oral WH1fungin might be a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Long Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Haizhe Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Gaofu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Arleevskaya MI, Gabdoulkhakova AG, Filina YV, Miftakhova RR, Bredberg A, Tsybulkin AP. A transient peak of infections during onset of rheumatoid arthritis: a 10-year prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005254. [PMID: 25180052 PMCID: PMC4156809 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of infection in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been determined. We aimed to document the infectious burden and some aspects of antibacterial immunity in a large and prospective cohort study of RA patients in the early and late stages of the disease and in their relatives predisposed to RA. SETTING Clinical and laboratory examination of all individuals enrolled in the study was performed in the Republican Clinical Hospital, Kazan, Russia. PARTICIPANTS 376 patients with RA, 251 healthy first-degree relatives and 227 healthy controls without a family history of autoimmune disease (all females) were examined twice annually over more than 10 years. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The following parameters were investigated: type, duration and frequency of infections, bacterial colonisation and serum levels of IgG to bacteria, serum levels of total Ig, plasma cytokine levels, granulocyte reactive oxygen species production, lysozyme activity and phagocytosis. RESULTS There were no significant differences in infection rate between healthy controls (median 14 days/year) and RA patients (13). However, infection rates were higher (p<0.001) in healthy relatives (53) and early stage patients (62), which groups also showed heavy bacterial skin colonisation. In contrast, late stage patients had fewer infection days (12; p<0.001) than healthy controls, although bacterial colonisation was still heavy. Phagocyte function and antibacterial antibody generation, together with compensatory cytokine production, were observed to be subnormal in the healthy relatives as well as in RA patients. CONCLUSIONS We observed a marked increase in overall infections at the time of RA onset, and signs of a defective antibacterial defence mechanism, contrasting with fewer infections in the late RA stage. It can be speculated that frequent early infections initiate a compensatory immune hyper-reactivity which reduces the infection load while stimulating the development of RA in predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yulia V Filina
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
| | - Regina R Miftakhova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Anders Bredberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Anatoly P Tsybulkin
- Department of the Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
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