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Varona JF, Madurga R, Peñalver F, Abarca E, Almirall C, Cruz M, Ramos E, Castellano-Vazquez JM. kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies over time. Results of 10 month follow up in over 300 seropositive Health Care Workers. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 89:97-103. [PMID: 34090748 PMCID: PMC8148432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kinetics of the antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs to be evaluated since long-term duration of antibody remains largely unknown, particularly in infected healthcare workers (HCW). METHODS Prospective study, evaluating the longitudinal profile of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers in a random sample of 331 seropositive healthcare workers (HCW) of Spanish Hospitals Group. Serial measurements of serum IgG-anti-SARS-CoV-2 were obtained at baseline (April-May,2020), and in 2 follow-up visits. Linear mixed models were used to investigate antibody kinetics and associated factors. RESULTS A total of 306 seropositive subjects (median age: 44.7years;69.9% female) were included in the final analysis. After a median follow-up of 274 days between baseline and final measurement, 235(76.8%) maintained seropositivity. Antibody titers decreased in 82.0%, while remained stable in 13.1%. Factors associated with stability of antibodies over time included age≥45 years, higher baseline titers, severe/moderate infection and high-grade exposure to COVID-19 patients. In declining profile, estimated mean antibody half-life was 146.3 days(95%CI:138.6-154.9) from baseline. Multivariate models show independent longer durability of antibodies in HCW with high-risk exposure to COVID-19 patients (+14.1 days;95%CI:0.6-40.2) and with symptomatic COVID-19 (+14.1 days;95%CI:0.9-43.0). The estimated mean time to loss antibodies was 375(95% CI:342-408) days from baseline. CONCLUSIONS We present the first study measuring the kinetics of antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 in HCW beyond 6 months. Most participants remained seropositive after 9 months but presented a significant decline in antibody-titers. Two distinct antibody dynamic profiles were observed (declining vs. stable). Independent factors associated with longer durability of antibodies were symptomatic infection and higher exposure to COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Varona
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Madurga
- Fundación de Investigación, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Peñalver
- Departamento de Seguridad, Salud y Bienestar de HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Abarca
- Servicio de Laboratorio, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Cruz
- Servicio de Laboratorio, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Ramos
- Servicio de Laboratorio, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose María Castellano-Vazquez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain; Fundación de Investigación, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Cardiología, Centro Integral de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIEC), Hospital Universitario HM Monteprincipe, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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202
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Duerr R, Crosse KM, Valero-Jimenez AM, Dittmann M. SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1389. [PMID: 34198973 PMCID: PMC8307803 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and HIV are zoonotic viruses that rapidly reached pandemic scale, causing global losses and fear. The COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics ignited massive efforts worldwide to develop antiviral strategies and characterize viral architectures, biological and immunological properties, and clinical outcomes. Although both viruses have a comparable appearance as enveloped viruses with positive-stranded RNA and envelope spikes mediating cellular entry, the entry process, downstream biological and immunological pathways, clinical outcomes, and disease courses are strikingly different. This review provides a systemic comparison of both viruses' structural and functional characteristics, delineating their distinct strategies for efficient spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (K.M.C.); (A.M.V.-J.); (M.D.)
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203
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Dupont L, Snell LB, Graham C, Seow J, Merrick B, Lechmere T, Hallett SR, Charalampous T, Alcolea-Medina A, Huettner I, Maguire TJA, Acors S, Almeida N, Cox D, Dickenson RE, Galao RP, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Kouphou N, Lista MJ, Pickering S, Ortega-Prieto AM, Wilson H, Winstone H, Fairhead C, Su J, Nebbia G, Batra R, Neil S, Shankar-Hari M, Edgeworth JD, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Antibody longevity and cross-neutralizing activity following SARS-CoV-2 wave 1 and B.1.1.7 infections. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.06.07.21258351. [PMID: 34127977 PMCID: PMC8202432 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.07.21258351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge globally, a major challenge for COVID-19 vaccination is the generation of a durable antibody response with cross-neutralizing activity against both current and newly emerging viral variants. Cross-neutralizing activity against major variants of concern (B.1.1.7, P.1 and B.1.351) has been observed following vaccination, albeit at a reduced potency, but whether vaccines based on the Spike glycoprotein of these viral variants will produce a superior cross-neutralizing antibody response has not been fully investigated. Here, we used sera from individuals infected in wave 1 in the UK to study the long-term cross-neutralization up to 10 months post onset of symptoms (POS), as well as sera from individuals infected with the B.1.1.7 variant to compare cross-neutralizing activity profiles. We show that neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity can be detected from wave 1 up to 10 months POS. Although neutralization of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 is lower, the difference in neutralization potency decreases at later timepoints suggesting continued antibody maturation and improved tolerance to Spike mutations. Interestingly, we found that B.1.1.7 infection also generates a cross-neutralizing antibody response, which, although still less potent against B.1.351, can neutralize parental wave 1 virus to a similar degree as B.1.1.7. These findings have implications for the optimization of vaccines that protect against newly emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Dupont
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luke B Snell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Blair Merrick
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lechmere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sadie R Hallett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Themoula Charalampous
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Adela Alcolea-Medina
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J A Maguire
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Acors
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalia Almeida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Cox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth E Dickenson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neophytos Kouphou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Jose Lista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Harry Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Winstone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cassandra Fairhead
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jia Su
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stuart Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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204
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Graham C, Seow J, Huettner I, Khan H, Kouphou N, Acors S, Winstone H, Pickering S, Galao RP, Dupont L, Lista MJ, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Laing AG, Wu Y, Joseph M, Muir L, van Gils MJ, Ng WM, Duyvesteyn HME, Zhao Y, Bowden TA, Shankar-Hari M, Rosa A, Cherepanov P, McCoy LE, Hayday AC, Neil SJD, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Neutralization potency of monoclonal antibodies recognizing dominant and subdominant epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 Spike is impacted by the B.1.1.7 variant. Immunity 2021; 54:1276-1289.e6. [PMID: 33836142 PMCID: PMC8015430 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) with the receptor ACE2 on host cells is essential for viral entry. RBD is the dominant target for neutralizing antibodies, and several neutralizing epitopes on RBD have been molecularly characterized. Analysis of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants has revealed mutations arising in the RBD, N-terminal domain (NTD) and S2 subunits of Spike. To understand how these mutations affect Spike antigenicity, we isolated and characterized >100 monoclonal antibodies targeting epitopes on RBD, NTD, and S2 from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Approximately 45% showed neutralizing activity, of which ∼20% were NTD specific. NTD-specific antibodies formed two distinct groups: the first was highly potent against infectious virus, whereas the second was less potent and displayed glycan-dependant neutralization activity. Mutations present in B.1.1.7 Spike frequently conferred neutralization resistance to NTD-specific antibodies. This work demonstrates that neutralizing antibodies targeting subdominant epitopes should be considered when investigating antigenic drift in emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hataf Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neophytos Kouphou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Acors
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Winstone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Liane Dupont
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Jose Lista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adam G Laing
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yin Wu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, UK
| | - Magdalene Joseph
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, UK
| | - Luke Muir
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Netherlands
| | - Weng M Ng
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen M E Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, UK
| | - Stuart J D Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium.
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205
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IMMUNO-COV v2.0: Development and Validation of a High-Throughput Clinical Assay for Measuring SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Antibody Titers. mSphere 2021; 6:e0017021. [PMID: 34077262 PMCID: PMC8265629 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00170-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are key determinants of protection from future infection, yet well-validated high-throughput assays for measuring titers of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies are not generally available. Here, we describe the development and validation of IMMUNO-COV v2.0, a scalable surrogate virus assay, which titrates antibodies that block infection of Vero-ACE2 cells by a luciferase-encoding vesicular stomatitis virus displaying SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (VSV-SARS2-Fluc). Antibody titers, calculated using a standard curve consisting of stepped concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 spike monoclonal antibody, correlated closely (P < 0.0001) with titers obtained from a gold standard 50% plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT50%) performed using a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. IMMUNO-COV v2.0 was comprehensively validated using data acquired from 242 assay runs performed over 7 days by five analysts, utilizing two separate virus lots, and 176 blood samples. Assay performance was acceptable for clinical use in human serum and plasma based on parameters including linearity, dynamic range, limit of blank and limit of detection, dilutional linearity and parallelism, precision, clinical agreement, matrix equivalence, clinical specificity and sensitivity, and robustness. Sufficient VSV-SARS2-Fluc virus reagent has been banked to test 5 million clinical samples. Notably, a significant drop in IMMUNO-COV v2.0 neutralizing antibody titers was observed over a 6-month period in people recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Together, our results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of IMMUNO-COV v2.0 for measuring SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated individuals and those recovering from natural infections. Such monitoring can be used to better understand what levels of neutralizing antibodies are required for protection from SARS-CoV-2 and what booster dosing schedules are needed to sustain vaccine-induced immunity. IMPORTANCE Since its emergence at the end of 2019, SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has caused over 100 million infections and 2.4 million deaths worldwide. Recently, countries have begun administering approved COVID-19 vaccines, which elicit strong immune responses and prevent disease in most vaccinated individuals. A key component of the protective immune response is the production of neutralizing antibodies capable of preventing future SARS-CoV-2 infection. Yet, fundamental questions remain regarding the longevity of neutralizing antibody responses following infection or vaccination and the level of neutralizing antibodies required to confer protection. Our work is significant as it describes the development and validation of a scalable clinical assay that measures SARS-CoV-2-neutraling antibody titers. We have critical virus reagent to test over 5 million samples, making our assay well suited for widespread monitoring of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies, which can in turn be used to inform vaccine dosing schedules and answer fundamental questions regarding SARS-CoV-2 immunity.
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206
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Cimolai N. Passive Immunity Should and Will Work for COVID-19 for Some Patients. Clin Hematol Int 2021; 3:47-68. [PMID: 34595467 PMCID: PMC8432400 DOI: 10.2991/chi.k.210328.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of effective antiviral chemotherapy and still in the context of emerging vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 infections, passive immunotherapy remains a key treatment and possible prevention strategy. What might initially be conceived as a simplified donor-recipient process, the intricacies of donor plasma, IV immunoglobulins, and monoclonal antibody modality applications are becoming more apparent. Key targets of such treatment have largely focused on virus neutralization and the specific viral components of the attachment Spike protein and its constituents (e.g., receptor binding domain, N-terminal domain). The cumulative laboratory and clinical experience suggests that beneficial protective and treatment outcomes are possible. Both a dose- and a time-dependency emerge. Lesser understood are the concepts of bioavailability and distribution. Apart from direct antigen binding from protective immunoglobulins, antibody effector functions have potential roles in outcome. In attempting to mimic the natural but variable response to infection or vaccination, a strong functional polyclonal approach attracts the potential benefits of attacking antigen diversity, high antibody avidity, antibody persistence, and protection against escape viral mutation. The availability and ease of administration for any passive immunotherapy product must be considered in the current climate of need. There is never a perfect product, but yet there is considerable room for improving patient outcomes. Given the variability of human genetics, immunity, and disease, and given the nuances of the virus and its potential for change, passive immunotherapy can be developed that will be effective for some but not all patients. An understanding of such patient variability and limitations is just as important as the understanding of the direct interactions between immunotherapy and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health Centre of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4
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207
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Caniels TG, Bontjer I, van der Straten K, Poniman M, Burger JA, Appelman B, Lavell AHA, Oomen M, Godeke GJ, Valle C, Mögling R, van Willigen HDG, Wynberg E, Schinkel M, van Vught LA, Guerra D, Snitselaar JL, Chaturbhuj DN, Martin IC, Moore JP, de Jong MD, Reusken C, Sikkens JJ, Bomers MK, de Bree GJ, van Gils MJ, Eggink D, Sanders RW. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern evade humoral immune responses from infection and vaccination. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 34100023 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.26.21257441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a threat to human immunity induced by natural infection and vaccination. We assessed the recognition of three variants of concern (B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1) in cohorts of COVID-19 patients ranging in disease severity (n = 69) and recipients of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine (n = 50). Spike binding and neutralization against all three VOC was substantially reduced in the majority of samples, with the largest 4-7-fold reduction in neutralization being observed against B.1.351. While hospitalized COVID-19 patients and vaccinees maintained sufficient neutralizing titers against all three VOC, 39% of non-hospitalized patients did not neutralize B.1.351. Moreover, monoclonal neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) show sharp reductions in their binding kinetics and neutralizing potential to B.1.351 and P.1, but not to B.1.1.7. These data have implications for the degree to which pre-existing immunity can protect against subsequent infection with VOC and informs policy makers of susceptibility to globally circulating SARS-CoV-2 VOC.
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208
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Mengist HM, Kombe Kombe AJ, Mekonnen D, Abebaw A, Getachew M, Jin T. Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Implications on immune evasion and vaccine-induced immunity. Semin Immunol 2021; 55:101533. [PMID: 34836774 PMCID: PMC8604694 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Responsible for more than 4.9 million deaths so far, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is instigating devastating effects on the global health care system whose impacts could be longer for the years to come. Acquiring a comprehensive knowledge of host-virus interaction is critical for designing effective vaccines and/or drugs. Understanding the evolution of the virus and the impact of genetic variability on host immune evasion and vaccine efficacy is helpful to design novel strategies to minimize the effects of the emerging variants of concern (VOC). Most vaccines under development and/or in current use target the spike protein owning to its unique function of host receptor binding, relatively conserved nature, potent immunogenicity in inducing neutralizing antibodies, and being a good target of T cell responses. However, emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains are exhibiting variability on the spike protein which could affect the efficacy of vaccines and antibody-based therapies in addition to enhancing viral immune evasion mechanisms. Currently, the degree to which mutations on the spike protein affect immunity and vaccination, and the ability of the current vaccines to confer protection against the emerging variants attracts much attention. This review discusses the implications of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutations on immune evasion and vaccine-induced immunity and forward directions which could contribute to future studies focusing on designing effective vaccines and/or immunotherapies to consider viral evolution. Combining vaccines derived from different regions of the spike protein that boost both the humoral and cellular wings of adaptive immunity could be the best options to cope with the emerging VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Daniel Mekonnen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Abtie Abebaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, 269, Ethiopia
| | - Melese Getachew
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, 269, Ethiopia
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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209
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Siqueira JD, Goes LR, Alves BM, da Silva ACP, de Carvalho PS, Cicala C, Arthos J, Viola JPB, Soares MA. Distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 bonafide re-infection from pre-existing minor variant reactivation. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 90:104772. [PMID: 33592317 PMCID: PMC7882217 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Different groups have recently reported events of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, where patients had a sequence of positive-negative-positive RT-PCR tests. However, such events could be explained by different scenarios such as intermittent viral shedding, bonafide re-infection or multiple infection with alternating predominance of different viruses. Analysis of minor variants is an important tool to distinguish between these scenarios. Using ARTIC network PCR amplification and next-generation sequencing, we obtained SARS-CoV-2 sequences from two timepoints (with a time span of 102 days) of a patient followed at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute. Within-host variant analysis evidenced three single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the consensus viral sequence in the second timepoint that were already present in the first timepoint as minor variants. Another five SNVs found in the second timepoint were not detected in the first sample sequenced, suggesting an additional infection by a yet another new virus. Our observation shed light into the existence of different viral populations that are present in dynamic frequencies and fluctuate during the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The detection of these variants in distinct disease events of an individual highlights a complex interplay between viral reactivation from a pre-existing minority variant and reinfection by a different virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana D Siqueira
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua Andre Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Livia R Goes
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua Andre Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 6A08, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brunna M Alves
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua Andre Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla P da Silva
- Hospital do Câncer II, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Avenida Via Binário do Porto, 831, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20081-250, Brazil
| | - Pedro S de Carvalho
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua Andre Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 6A08, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 6A08, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - João P B Viola
- Programa de Imunologia e Biologia de Tumores, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua Andre Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua Andre Cavalcanti, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil; Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-402, Brazil.
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210
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on new evidence supporting the global immunization strategy for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients receiving disease-modifying drugs (DMDs), including the recently available vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. RECENT FINDINGS New data strengthen the evidence against a causal link between MS and vaccination. Recent consensus statements agree on the need to start vaccination early. Timings for vaccine administration should be adjusted to ensure safety and optimize vaccine responses, given the potential interference of DMDs. Patients treated with Ocrelizumab (and potentially other B-cell depleting therapies) are at risk of diminished immunogenicity to vaccines. This has relevant implications for the upcoming vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. SUMMARY An early assessment and immunization of MS patients allows optimizing vaccine responses and avoiding potential interference with treatment plans. Vaccinations are safe and effective but some specific considerations should be followed when vaccinating before, during, and after receiving immunotherapy. A time-window for vaccination taking into account the kinetics of B cell repopulation could potentially improve vaccine responses. Further understanding of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response dynamics in MS patients under specific therapies will be key for defining the best vaccination strategy.
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211
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Ward BJ, Gobeil P, Séguin A, Atkins J, Boulay I, Charbonneau PY, Couture M, D'Aoust MA, Dhaliwall J, Finkle C, Hager K, Mahmood A, Makarkov A, Cheng MP, Pillet S, Schimke P, St-Martin S, Trépanier S, Landry N. Phase 1 randomized trial of a plant-derived virus-like particle vaccine for COVID-19. Nat Med 2021; 27:1071-1078. [PMID: 34007070 PMCID: PMC8205852 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are being deployed, but the global need greatly exceeds the supply, and different formulations might be required for specific populations. Here we report Day 42 interim safety and immunogenicity data from an observer-blinded, dose escalation, randomized controlled study of a virus-like particle vaccine candidate produced in plants that displays the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (CoVLP: NCT04450004). The co-primary outcomes were the short-term tolerability/safety and immunogenicity of CoVLP formulations assessed by neutralizing antibody (NAb) and cellular responses. Secondary outcomes in this ongoing study include safety and immunogenicity assessments up to 12 months after vaccination. Adults (18–55 years, n = 180) were randomized at two sites in Quebec, Canada, to receive two intramuscular doses of CoVLP (3.75 μg, 7.5 μg, and 15 μg) 21 d apart, alone or adjuvanted with AS03 or CpG1018. All formulations were well tolerated, and adverse events after vaccination were generally mild to moderate, transient and highest in the adjuvanted groups. There was no CoVLP dose effect on serum NAbs, but titers increased significantly with both adjuvants. After the second dose, NAbs in the CoVLP + AS03 groups were more than tenfold higher than titers in Coronavirus 2019 convalescent sera. Both spike protein-specific interferon-γ and interleukin-4 cellular responses were also induced. This pre-specified interim analysis supports further evaluation of the CoVLP vaccine candidate. Safety and immunogenicity results in humans of a two-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine made from plants support further assessment of potential efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Ward
- Medicago Inc., Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. .,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew P Cheng
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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212
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Kohmer N, Rühl C, Ciesek S, Rabenau HF. Utility of Different Surrogate Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (sELISAs) for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2128. [PMID: 34069088 PMCID: PMC8157164 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is a preferred method for the detection of functional, SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies from serum samples. Alternatively, surrogate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using ACE2 as the target structure for the detection of neutralization-competent antibodies have been developed. They are capable of high throughput, have a short turnaround time, and can be performed under standard laboratory safety conditions. However, there are very limited data on their clinical performance and how they compare to the PRNT. We evaluated three surrogate immunoassays (GenScript SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Kit (GenScript Biotech, Piscataway Township, NJ, USA), the TECO® SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody Assay (TECOmedical AG, Sissach, Switzerland), and the Leinco COVID-19 ImmunoRank™ Neutralization MICRO-ELISA (Leinco Technologies, Fenton, MO, USA)) and one automated quantitative SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-based IgG antibody assay (Abbott GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany) by testing 78 clinical samples, including several follow-up samples of six BNT162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer, Mainz, Germany/New York, NY, USA) vaccinated individuals. Using the PRNT as a reference method, the overall sensitivity of the examined assays ranged from 93.8 to 100% and specificity ranged from 73.9 to 91.3%. Weighted kappa demonstrated a substantial to almost perfect agreement. The findings of our study allow these assays to be considered when a PRNT is not available. However, the latter still should be the preferred choice. For optimal clinical performance, the cut-off value of the TECO assay should be individually adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Kohmer
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (N.K.); (C.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Cornelia Rühl
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (N.K.); (C.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (N.K.); (C.R.); (S.C.)
- German Centre for Infection Research, External Partner Site, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger F. Rabenau
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (N.K.); (C.R.); (S.C.)
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213
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Anand S, Montez-Rath ME, Han J, Garcia P, Cadden L, Hunsader P, Kerschmann R, Beyer P, Dittrich M, Block GA, Boyd SD, Parsonnet J, Chertow GM. Antibody Response to COVID-19 vaccination in Patients Receiving Dialysis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.05.06.21256768. [PMID: 34013281 PMCID: PMC8132255 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.06.21256768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Patients receiving dialysis may mount impaired responses to COVID19 vaccination. Methods We report antibody response to vaccination from 1140 patients without, and 493 patients with pre-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody. We used commercially available assays (Siemens) to test remainder plasma monthly in association with vaccination date and type, and assess prevalence of absent total receptor binding antibody, and absent or attenuated (index value < 10) semiquantitative receptor binding domain IgG index values. We used Poisson regression to evaluate risk factors for absent or attenuated response to vaccination. Results Among patients who were seronegative versus seropositive before vaccination, 62% and 56% were ≥65 years old, 20% and 24% were Hispanic, and 22% and 23% were Black. Median IgG index values rose steadily over time, and were higher among the seropositive than in the seronegative patients after completing vaccination (150 [25th, 75th percentile 23.2, 150.0] versus 41.6 [11.3, 150.0]). Among 610 patients who completed vaccination (assessed ≥14 days later, median 29 days later), the prevalence of absent total RBD response, and absent and attenuated semiquantitative IgG response was 4.4% (95% CI 3.1, 6.4%), 3.4% (2.4, 5.2%), and 14.3% (11.7, 17.3%) respectively. Risk factors for absent or attenuated response included longer vintage of end-stage kidney disease, and lower pre-vaccination serum albumin. Conclusions More than one in five patients receiving dialysis had evidence of an attenuated immune response to COVID19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Anand
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Stanford University
| | | | - Jialin Han
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Stanford University
| | - Pablo Garcia
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Stanford University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julie Parsonnet
- Departments of Medicine (Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine), and Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University
| | - Glenn M Chertow
- Departments of Medicine (Nephrology), and Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University
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214
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Jain S, Garg K, Tran SM, Rask IL, Tarczon M, Nandi V, Kessler DA, Strauss D, Sachais BS, Yazdanbakhsh K, Rehmani S, Luchsinger L, Shi PA. Characteristics of coronavirus disease 19 convalescent plasma donors and donations in the New York metropolitan area. Transfusion 2021; 61:2374-2383. [PMID: 33904609 PMCID: PMC8242807 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Convalescent plasma (CP) is an important initial treatment in pandemics and the New York (NY) metropolitan area is likely to remain a hotspot for collection and distribution of such units. This study reports characteristics of coronavirus disease 19 CP (CCP) donors and their donations to the New York Blood Center (NYBC). Study design and methods All CCP data from our first day of collection on March 26th through July 7th, 2020 are included in this retrospective analysis. Donor and donation data were extracted from NYBC electronic databases. SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody testing was initially performed by the NY State Department of Health, and later by NYBC using Ortho and Abbott platforms. Results CCP donor age and ABO distributions were consistent with reported lower COVID‐19 susceptibility in O blood types. CCP versus whole blood donors had similar on‐site deferrals, but higher post‐donation deferral rates. CCP versus routine plasmapheresis donations had higher vasovagal reactions but similar product rejection rates. Changes in antibody (Ab) test platforms resulted in significant changes in the percent of donors regarded as antibody positive. Donor correlates with higher anti‐spike total Ig S/CO ratios were Hispanic ethnicity, overweight body mass index, and longer symptom duration; and with higher anti‐nucleocapsid IgG S/CO ratios were male gender, older age, Hispanic ethnicity, and fewer days between symptom onset and first donation. Discussion We identify donor characteristics not previously reported to correlate with Ab titer. Our analysis should assist with donor outreach strategies, blood center operating logistics, and recruitment of high titer donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saagar Jain
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keshav Garg
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sabrina M Tran
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isabel L Rask
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Tarczon
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vijay Nandi
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Debra A Kessler
- Clinical Services, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Donna Strauss
- Clinical Services, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce S Sachais
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.,Clinical Services, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karina Yazdanbakhsh
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shiraz Rehmani
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Larry Luchsinger
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patricia A Shi
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.,Clinical Services, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
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215
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Moore J, Groves T, Pilkerton CS, Ashcraft AM, Shrader CD. Geriatric antibody response to COVID-19. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69:2096-2098. [PMID: 33939840 PMCID: PMC8242673 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
See related editorial by Ouslander et al and related articles by Mor et al, Rudolph et al, and Domi et al. in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Moore
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tyler Groves
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Courtney S Pilkerton
- Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Amie M Ashcraft
- Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Carl D Shrader
- Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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216
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St Denis K, Nitido AD, Garcia ZH, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Pavlovic MN, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Sigal A, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell 2021; 184:2372-2383.e9. [PMID: 33743213 PMCID: PMC7953441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 890] [Impact Index Per Article: 296.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination elicits immune responses capable of potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. However, ongoing surveillance has revealed the emergence of variants harboring mutations in spike, the main target of neutralizing antibodies. To understand the impact of these variants, we evaluated the neutralization potency of 99 individuals that received one or two doses of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines against pseudoviruses representing 10 globally circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2. Five of the 10 pseudoviruses, harboring receptor-binding domain mutations, including K417N/T, E484K, and N501Y, were highly resistant to neutralization. Cross-neutralization of B.1.351 variants was comparable to SARS-CoV and bat-derived WIV1-CoV, suggesting that a relatively small number of mutations can mediate potent escape from vaccine responses. While the clinical impact of neutralization resistance remains uncertain, these results highlight the potential for variants to escape from neutralizing humoral immunity and emphasize the need to develop broadly protective interventions against the evolving pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kerri St Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zeidy H Garcia
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maia N Pavlovic
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - David J Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Pedriatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa
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217
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Diagnostic accuracy of three SARS-CoV2 antibody detection assays, neutralizing effect and longevity of serum antibodies. J Virol Methods 2021; 293:114173. [PMID: 33930473 PMCID: PMC8078047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is currently insufficient to know whether SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Abs) protect from future infection and how long immunity will last. The kinetics of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and role of serology in estimating individual protective immunity is yet to be established. We evaluated diagnostic performances of three serological assays - Abbott Architect CMIA IgG, bioMerieux VIDAS ELFA IgG/IgM, and Diesse Chorus ELISA IgG/IgM, and analyzed longevity and potential neutralizing effect of SARS-CoV-2 Abs in COVID-19 patients. Clinical sensitivities of assessed IgG tests two to three weeks post symptom onset (PSO) were very high: 96.77 % for Architect, 96.77 % for Chorus, and 100.00 % for VIDAS. Sensitivities of two assessed IgM assays were moderate: 74.07 % for Chorus, and 76.92 % for VIDAS. Specificities were excellent for all assessed IgG assays: 99.01 % for Architect and 100 % for Chorus and VIDAS. Chorus and VIDAS IgM assays also achieved excellent specificity of 99.01 % and 100 %, respectively. In most cases IgG Abs were still present eight months PSO. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in majority of serum samples from convalescent patients. Serum samples from severe COVID-19 patients had higher antibody titers and higher neutralizing activity. We observed a strong positive correlation among SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titer and neutralizing activity. The strongest positive correlation to neutralizing activity was found for VIDAS IgG assay.
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218
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Padoan A, Bonfante F, Cosma C, Di Chiara C, Sciacovelli L, Pagliari M, Bortolami A, Costenaro P, Musso G, Basso D, Giaquinto C, Plebani M. Analytical and clinical performances of a SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG assay: comparison with neutralization titers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1444-1452. [PMID: 33855843 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SARS-CoV-2 serology presents an important role in several aspects of COVID-19 pandemic. Immunoassays performances have to be accurately evaluated and correlated with neutralizing antibodies. We investigated the analytical and clinical performances of a SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG assay, automated on a high throughput platform, and the correlation of the antibodies (Ab) levels with the plaque reduction neutralization (PRNT50) Ab titers. METHODS A series of 546 samples were evaluated by SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG assay (Snibe diagnostics), including 171 negative and 168 positive SARS-CoV-2 subjects and a further group of 207 subjects of the COVID-19 family clusters follow-up cohort. RESULTS Assay imprecision ranged from 3.98 to 12.18% being satisfactory at low and medium levels; linearity was excellent in all the measurement range. Considering specimens collected after 14 days post symptoms onset, overall sensitivity and specificity were 99.0 and 92.5%, respectively. A total of 281 leftover samples results of the PRNT50 test were available. An elevated correlation was obtained between the SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG assay and the PRNT50 titer at univariate (ρ=0.689) and multivariate (ρ=0.712) analyses. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG assay shows satisfactory analytical and clinical performances, and a strong correlation with sera neutralizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Padoan
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Medical School, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Cosma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Costanza Di Chiara
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Sciacovelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagliari
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Paola Costenaro
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Musso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Basso
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Medical School, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Medical School, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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219
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Betton M, Livrozet M, Planas D, Fayol A, Monel B, Védie B, Bruel T, Tartour E, Robillard N, Manuguerra JC, Blanchard A, Ghosn J, Visseaux B, Péré H, Lebeaux D, Schwartz O, Veyer D, Hulot JS. Sera neutralizing activities against SARS-CoV-2 and multiple variants six month after hospitalization for COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e1337-e1344. [PMID: 33851216 PMCID: PMC8083257 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 occurs within the first weeks after COVID-19. Those antibodies exert a neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2, whose evolution overtime after COVID-19 as well as efficiency against novel variants are however poorly characterized. Methods In this prospective study, sera of 107 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were collected at 3- and 6-months post-infection. We performed quantitative neutralization experiments on top of high-throughput serological assays evaluating anti-Spike (S) and anti-Nucleocapsid (NP) IgG. Findings Levels of sero-neutralization and IgG rates against the ancestral strain decreased significantly over time. After 6 months, 2.8% of the patients had a negative serological status for both anti-S and anti-NP IgG. However, all sera had a persistent and effective neutralizing effect against SARS-CoV-2. IgG levels correlated with sero-neutralization and this correlation was stronger for anti-S than for anti-NP antibodies. The level of sero-neutralization quantified at 6 months correlated with markers of initial severity, notably admission in intensive care units and the need for mechanical invasive ventilation. In addition, sera collected at 6 months were tested against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants and showed efficient neutralizing effects against D614G, B.1.1.7 and P.1 variants but a significantly weaker activity against B.1.351 variant. Interpretation Decrease of IgG rates and serological assays becoming negative did not imply loss of neutralizing capacity. Our results indicate a sustained humoral response against the ancestral strain and the D614G, B.1.1.7 and P.1 variants for at least 6 months in patients previously hospitalized for COVID-19. A weaker protection was however observed for the B.1.351 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Betton
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006 Paris, France.,CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Marine Livrozet
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006 Paris, France.,CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, Paris France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Antoine Fayol
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006 Paris, France.,CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Monel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, Paris France
| | - Benoit Védie
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, Paris France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Department of Immunology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Robillard
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris 75015, France
| | | | - Anne Blanchard
- CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jade Ghosn
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, Virology Department, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - David Lebeaux
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris 75015, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3569, Paris France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - David Veyer
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris 75015, France.,AP-HP, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, Virology Department, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hulot
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006 Paris, France.,CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, F-75015, Paris, France
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Chirmule N, Nair P, Desai B, Khare R, Nerurkar V, Gaur A. Predicting the severity of disease progression in COVID-19 at the individual and population level: A mathematical model. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.04.01.21254804. [PMID: 33851191 PMCID: PMC8043488 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.01.21254804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The impact of COVID-19 disease on health and economy has been global, and the magnitude of devastation is unparalleled in modern history. Any potential course of action to manage this complex disease requires the systematic and efficient analysis of data that can delineate the underlying pathogenesis. We have developed a mathematical model of disease progression to predict the clinical outcome, utilizing a set of causal factors known to contribute to COVID-19 pathology such as age, comorbidities, and certain viral and immunological parameters. Viral load and selected indicators of a dysfunctional immune response, such as cytokines IL-6 and IFNα, which contribute to the cytokine storm and fever, parameters of inflammation d-dimer and ferritin, aberrations in lymphocyte number, lymphopenia, and neutralizing antibodies were included for the analysis. The model provides a framework to unravel the multi-factorial complexities of the immune response manifested in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Further, this model can be valuable to predict clinical outcome at an individual level, and to develop strategies for allocating appropriate resources to mitigate severe cases at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bela Desai
- NanoCellect Biomedical, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Vivek Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Amitabh Gaur
- Innovative Assay Solutions LLC, San Diego, California, USA
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221
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Freeman J, Conklin J, Oramus D, Cycon K. Serology testing demonstrates that antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD correlate with neutralization of virus infection of Vero E6 cells. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 6:1386-1389. [PMID: 33822063 PMCID: PMC8083479 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Freeman
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc, Tarrytown, New York, United States
| | - Justin Conklin
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc, Tarrytown, New York, United States
| | | | - Kelly Cycon
- ZeptoMetrix, Buffalo, New York, United States
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Focosi D, Genoni A, Lucenteforte E, Tillati S, Tamborini A, Spezia PG, Azzi L, Baj A, Maggi F. Previous Humoral Immunity to the Endemic Seasonal Alphacoronaviruses NL63 and 229E Is Associated with Worse Clinical Outcome in COVID-19 and Suggests Original Antigenic Sin. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:298. [PMID: 33915711 PMCID: PMC8067214 DOI: 10.3390/life11040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) infection has been hypothesized. However, to date, there has been no in vitro or in vivo evidence supporting this. Cross-reactivity exists between SARS CoV-2 and other Coronaviridae for both cellular and humoral immunity. We show here that IgG against nucleocapsid protein of alphacoronavirus NL63 and 229E correlate with the World Health Organization's (WHO) clinical severity score ≥ 5 (incidence rate ratios was 1.87 and 1.80, respectively, and 1.94 for the combination). These laboratory findings suggest possible ADE of SARS CoV-2 infection by previous alphacoronavirus immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Genoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (E.L.); (S.T.)
| | - Silvia Tillati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (E.L.); (S.T.)
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Azzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.); (F.M.)
- Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.); (F.M.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.G.); (L.A.); (A.B.); (F.M.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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Pilz S, Chakeri A, Ioannidis JP, Richter L, Theiler-Schwetz V, Trummer C, Krause R, Allerberger F. SARS-CoV-2 re-infection risk in Austria. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13520. [PMID: 33583018 PMCID: PMC7988582 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key question concerning coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is how effective and long lasting immunity against this disease is in individuals who were previously infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We aimed to evaluate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections in the general population in Austria. METHODS This is a retrospective observational study using national SARS-CoV-2 infection data from the Austrian epidemiological reporting system. As the primary outcome, we aim to compare the odds of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections of COVID-19 survivors of the first wave (February to April 30, 2020) versus the odds of first infections in the remainder general population by tracking polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed infections of both groups during the second wave from September 1 to November 30, 2020. Re-infection counts are tentative, since it cannot be excluded that the positive PCR in the first and/or second wave might have been a false positive. RESULTS We recorded 40 tentative re-infections in 14 840 COVID-19 survivors of the first wave (0.27%) and 253 581 infections in 8 885 640 individuals of the remaining general population (2.85%) translating into an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.09 (0.07 to 0.13). CONCLUSIONS We observed a relatively low re-infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in Austria. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection is comparable with the highest available estimates on vaccine efficacies. Further well-designed research on this issue is urgently needed for improving evidence-based decisions on public health measures and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pilz
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ali Chakeri
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - John Pa Ioannidis
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Population Health, Biomedical Data Science, and Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lukas Richter
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Theiler-Schwetz
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Trummer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Krause
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Casel MAB, Rollon RG, Choi YK. Experimental Animal Models of Coronavirus Infections: Strengths and Limitations. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e12. [PMID: 33996168 PMCID: PMC8099610 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population in late 2019, it has spread on an unprecedented scale worldwide leading to the first coronavirus pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in a wide range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to fatal cases. Although intensive research has been undertaken to increase understanding of the complex biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the detailed mechanisms underpinning the severe pathogenesis and interactions between the virus and the host immune response are not well understood. Thus, the development of appropriate animal models that recapitulate human clinical manifestations and immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 is crucial. Although many animal models are currently available for the study of SARS-CoV-2 infection, each has distinct advantages and disadvantages, and some models show variable results between and within species. Thus, we aim to discuss the different animal models, including mice, hamsters, ferrets, and non-human primates, employed for SARS-CoV-2 infection studies and outline their individual strengths and limitations for use in studies aimed at increasing understanding of coronavirus pathogenesis. Moreover, a significant advantage of these animal models is that they can be tailored, providing unique options specific to the scientific goals of each researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anthony B. Casel
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Rare G. Rollon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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225
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Eberhardt KA, Dewald F, Heger E, Gieselmann L, Vanshylla K, Wirtz M, Kleipass F, Johannis W, Schommers P, Gruell H, Brensing KA, Müller RU, Augustin M, Lehmann C, Koch M, Klein F, Di Cristanziano V. Evaluation of a New Spike (S)-Protein-Based Commercial Immunoassay for the Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Microorganisms 2021; 9:733. [PMID: 33807490 PMCID: PMC8067155 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The investigation of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 represents a key aspect in facing the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, we compared the new Immundiagnostik IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay with four widely-used commercial serological assays for the detection of antibodies targeting S (spike) and NC (nucleocapsid) proteins. Methods: Serum samples were taken from an unbiased group of convalescent patients and from a negative control group. Sample were simultaneously analyzed by the new Immundiagnostik IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay, by the DiaSorin LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG assay, and by the Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG ELISA. Antibodies binding NC were detected by the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and by the pan-immunoglobulin immunoassay Roche Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we investigated samples of a group of COVID-19 convalescent subjects that were primarily tested S1 IgG non-reactive. Samples were also tested by live virus and pseudovirus neutralization tests. Results: Overall, the IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay showed the highest sensitivity among the evaluated spike (S) protein-based assays. Additionally, the Immundiagnostik assay correlated well with serum-neutralizing activity. Conclusions: The novel IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay showed high sensitivity and specificity, representing a valid option for use in the routine diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine & I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Dewald
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Eva Heger
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Maike Wirtz
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
| | - Franziska Kleipass
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
| | - Wibke Johannis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Philipp Schommers
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
- Department II of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, CECAD, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Augustin
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
- Institute for Experimental Dentistry and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, and Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (F.D.); (E.H.); (L.G.); (K.V.); (M.W.); (F.K.); (P.S.); (H.G.); (F.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (R.-U.M.); (C.L.); (M.K.)
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St. Denis K, Nitido AD, Garcia ZH, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Pavlovic MN, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Sigal A, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.02.14.21251704. [PMID: 33619506 PMCID: PMC7899476 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.14.21251704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination elicits immune responses capable of potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. However, ongoing surveillance has revealed the emergence of variants harboring mutations in spike, the main target of neutralizing antibodies. To understand the impact of these variants, we evaluated the neutralization potency of 99 individuals that received one or two doses of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines against pseudoviruses representing 10 globally circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2. Five of the 10 pseudoviruses, harboring receptor-binding domain mutations, including K417N/T, E484K, and N501Y, were highly resistant to neutralization. Crossneutralization of B.1.351 variants was comparable to SARS-CoV and bat-derived WIV1-CoV, suggesting that a relatively small number of mutations can mediate potent escape from vaccine responses. While the clinical impact of neutralization resistance remains uncertain, these results highlight the potential for variants to escape from neutralizing humoral immunity and emphasize the need to develop broadly protective interventions against the evolving pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran
- These authors contributed equally
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Evan C. Lam
- These authors contributed equally
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri St. Denis
- These authors contributed equally
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adam D. Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zeidy H. Garcia
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Maia N. Pavlovic
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - David J. Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Pedriatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041 South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Sarmiento-Monroy JC, Parra-Medina R, Garavito E, Rojas-Villarraga A. T Helper 17 Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Type of Immune Response with Possible Therapeutic Implications. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:190-200. [PMID: 33625297 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) includes an interferon-dependent antiviral response. A late and uncontrolled inflammatory response characterized by high activity of proinflammatory cytokines and the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages develops in predisposed individuals and is potentially harmful in some cases. Interleukin (IL)-17 is one of the many cytokines released during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). IL-17 is crucial in recruiting and activating neutrophils, cells that can migrate to the lung, and are heavily involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. During the infection T helper 17 (Th17) cells and IL-17-related pathways are associated with a worse outcome of the disease. All these have practical consequences considering that some drugs with therapeutic targets related to the Th17 response may have a beneficial effect on patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we present the arguments underlying our assumption that blocking the IL-23/IL-17 axis using targeted biological therapies as well as drugs that act indirectly on this pathway such as convalescent plasma therapy and colchicine may be good therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Parra-Medina
- Research Department, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud-FUCS, Bogotá, Colombia.,Pathology Department, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud-FUCS, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Edgar Garavito
- Pathology Department, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud-FUCS, Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Morphology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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228
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Graham C, Seow J, Huettner I, Khan H, Kouphou N, Acors S, Winstone H, Pickering S, Galao RP, Lista MJ, Jimenez-Guardeno JM, Laing AG, Wu Y, Joseph M, Muir L, Ng WM, Duyvesteyn HME, Zhao Y, Bowden TA, Shankar-Hari M, Rosa A, Cherepanov P, McCoy LE, Hayday AC, Neil SJ, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Impact of the B.1.1.7 variant on neutralizing monoclonal antibodies recognizing diverse epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 Spike. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.03.429355. [PMID: 33564766 PMCID: PMC7872354 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.03.429355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) with the ACE2 receptor on host cells is essential for viral entry. RBD is the dominant target for neutralizing antibodies and several neutralizing epitopes on RBD have been molecularly characterized. Analysis of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants has revealed mutations arising in the RBD, the N-terminal domain (NTD) and S2 subunits of Spike. To fully understand how these mutations affect the antigenicity of Spike, we have isolated and characterized neutralizing antibodies targeting epitopes beyond the already identified RBD epitopes. Using recombinant Spike as a sorting bait, we isolated >100 Spike-reactive monoclonal antibodies from SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. ≈45% showed neutralizing activity of which ≈20% were NTD-specific. None of the S2-specific antibodies showed neutralizing activity. Competition ELISA revealed that NTD-specific mAbs formed two distinct groups: the first group was highly potent against infectious virus, whereas the second was less potent and displayed glycan-dependant neutralization activity. Importantly, mutations present in B.1.1.7 Spike frequently conferred resistance to neutralization by the NTD-specific neutralizing antibodies. This work demonstrates that neutralizing antibodies targeting subdominant epitopes need to be considered when investigating antigenic drift in emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Hataf Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Neophytos Kouphou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Acors
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Winstone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Jose Lista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Adam G. Laing
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Yin Wu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, UK
| | - Magdalene Joseph
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Luke Muir
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Weng M. Ng
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen M. E. Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Laura E. McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart J.D. Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium
| | - Michael H. Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium
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229
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Jackson CB, Zhang L, Farzan M, Choe H. Functional importance of the D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:108-115. [PMID: 33220921 PMCID: PMC7664360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped virus which binds its cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and enters hosts cells through the action of its spike (S) glycoprotein displayed on the surface of the virion. Compared to the reference strain of SARS-CoV-2, the majority of currently circulating isolates possess an S protein variant characterized by an aspartic acid-to-glycine substitution at amino acid position 614 (D614G). Residue 614 lies outside the receptor binding domain (RBD) and the mutation does not alter the affinity of monomeric S protein for ACE2. However, S(G614), compared to S(D614), mediates more efficient ACE2-mediated transduction of cells by S-pseudotyped vectors and more efficient infection of cells and animals by live SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes and synthesizes the epidemiological and functional observations of the D614G spike mutation, with focus on the biochemical and cell-biological impact of this mutation and its consequences for S protein function. We further discuss the significance of these recent findings in the context of the current global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody B Jackson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
| | - Lizhou Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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230
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Carrillo J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Ávila-Nieto C, Pradenas E, Clotet B, Blanco J. Humoral immune responses and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2; implications in pathogenesis and protective immunity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:187-191. [PMID: 33187644 PMCID: PMC7648524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and the quality of humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 have been associated with clinical outcome. Although the elicitation of humoral responses against different viral proteins is rapid and occurs in most infected individuals, its magnitude is highly variable among them and positively correlates with COVID-19 disease severity. This rapid response is characterized by the almost concomitant appearance of virus-specific IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies that contain neutralizing antibodies directed against different epitopes of the Spike glycoprotein. Of particularly interest, the antibodies against domain of the Spike that interacts with the cellular receptor ACE2, known as the receptor binding domain (RBD), are present in most infected individuals and are block viral entry and infectivity. Such neutralizing antibodies protect different animal species when administered before virus exposure; therefore, its elicitation is the main target of current vaccine approaches and their clinical use as recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is being explored. Yet, little information exists on the duration of humoral responses during natural infection. This is a key issue that will impact the management of the pandemic and determine the utility of seroconversion studies and the level of herd immunity. Certainly, several cases of reinfection have been reported, suggesting that immunity could be transient, as reported for other coronaviruses. In summary, although the kinetics of the generation of antibodies against SASR-CoV-2 and their protective activity have been clearly defined, their role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and the length of these responses are still open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain,Corresponding author. Institut de Recerca de la Sida, IrsiCaixa Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Ávila-Nieto
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain,Infectious Diseases Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain,University of Vic (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain,University of Vic (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain,Corresponding author. Institut de Recerca de la Sida, IrsiCaixa Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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231
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Predicting the Severity of Disease Progression in COVID-19 at the Individual and Population Level: A Mathematical Model. CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 11:283. [PMID: 34367726 PMCID: PMC8343949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of COVID-19 disease on health and economy has been global, and the magnitude of devastation is unparalleled in modern history. Any potential course of action to manage this complex disease requires the systematic and efficient analysis of data that can delineate the underlying pathogenesis. We have developed a mathematical model of disease progression to predict the clinical outcome, utilizing a set of causal factors known to contribute to COVID-19 pathology such as age, comorbidities, and certain viral and immunological parameters. Viral load and selected indicators of a dysfunctional immune response, such as cytokines IL-6 and IFNα which contribute to the cytokine storm and fever, parameters of inflammation D-Dimer and Ferritin, aberrations in lymphocyte number, lymphopenia, and neutralizing antibodies were included for the analysis. The model provides a framework to unravel the multi-factorial complexities of the immune response manifested in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Further, this model can be valuable to predict clinical outcome at an individual level, and to develop strategies for allocating appropriate resources to manage severe cases at a population level.
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