1
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Roederer AL, Cao Y, Denis KS, Sheehan ML, Li CJ, Lam EC, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Iafrate AJ, Canaday DH, Gravenstein S, Garcia-Beltran WF, Balazs AB. Ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 drives escape from mRNA vaccine-induced humoral immunity. medRxiv 2024:2024.03.05.24303815. [PMID: 38496628 PMCID: PMC10942518 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.24303815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2020, viral sequencing has documented 131 individual mutations in the viral spike protein across 48 named variants. To determine the ability of vaccine-mediated humoral immunity to keep pace with continued SARS-CoV-2 evolution, we assessed the neutralization potency of sera from 76 vaccine recipients collected after 2 to 6 immunizations against a comprehensive panel of mutations observed during the pandemic. Remarkably, while many individual mutations that emerged between 2020 and 2022 exhibit escape from sera following primary vaccination, few escape boosted sera. However, progressive loss of neutralization was observed across newer variants, irrespective of vaccine doses. Importantly, an updated XBB.1.5 booster significantly increased titers against newer variants but not JN.1. These findings demonstrate that seasonal boosters improve titers against contemporaneous strains, but novel variants continue to evade updated mRNA vaccines, demonstrating the need for novel approaches to adequately control SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L. Roederer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yi Cao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri St. Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Chia Jung Li
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David J. Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - David H. Canaday
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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2
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Gregory DJ, Han F, Li P, Gritsenko M, Kyle J, Riley FE, Chavez D, Yotova V, Sindeaux RH, Hawash MBF, Xu F, Hung LY, Hayden DL, Tompkins RG, Lanford RE, Kobzik L, Hellman J, Jacobs JM, Barreiro LB, Xiao W, Warren HS. Multi-Omic blood analysis reveals differences in innate inflammatory sensitivity between species. medRxiv 2023:2023.11.30.23299243. [PMID: 38076828 PMCID: PMC10705660 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.30.23299243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates differ greatly in responses to pro-inflammatory agonists such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), complicating use of animal models to study human sepsis or inflammatory disorders. We compared transcriptomes of resting and LPS-exposed blood from six LPS-sensitive species (rabbit, pig, sheep, cow, chimpanzee, human) and four LPS-resilient species (mice, rats, baboon, rhesus), as well as plasma proteomes and lipidomes. Unexpectedly, at baseline, sensitive species already had enhanced expression of LPS-responsive genes relative to resilient species. After LPS stimulation, maximally different genes in resilient species included genes that detoxify LPS, diminish bacterial growth, discriminate sepsis from SIRS, and play roles in autophagy and apoptosis. The findings reveal the molecular landscape of species differences in inflammation, and may inform better selection of species for pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Gregory
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feifei Han
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marina Gritsenko
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA, USA
| | - Frank E. Riley
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Chavez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio TX, USA
| | - Vania Yotova
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Mohamed B. F. Hawash
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fengyun Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Li-Yuan Hung
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas L. Hayden
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ron G. Tompkins
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert E. Lanford
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio TX, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Jacobs
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA, USA
| | - Luis B. Barreiro
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wenzhong Xiao
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H. Shaw Warren
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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3
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Vargas DA, Gregory DJ, Koren RN, Zilberstein D, Belew AT, El-Sayed NM, Gómez MA. Macrophage metallothioneins participate in the antileishmanial activity of antimonials. Front Parasitol 2023; 2:1242727. [PMID: 38239429 PMCID: PMC10795579 DOI: 10.3389/fpara.2023.1242727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Host cell functions that participate in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of drugs against intracellular pathogen infections are critical for drug efficacy. In this study, we investigated whether macrophage mechanisms of xenobiotic detoxification contribute to the elimination of intracellular Leishmania upon exposure to pentavalent antimonials (SbV). Primary macrophages from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) (n=6) were exposed ex vivo to L. V. panamensis infection and SbV, and transcriptomes were generated. Seven metallothionein (MT) genes, potent scavengers of heavy metals and central elements of the mammalian cell machinery for xenobiotic detoxification, were within the top 20 up-regulated genes. To functionally validate the participation of MTs in drug-mediated killing of intracellular Leishmania, tandem knockdown (KD) of MT2-A and MT1-E, MT1-F, and MT1-X was performed using a pan-MT shRNA approach in THP-1 cells. Parasite survival was unaffected in tandem-KD cells, as a consequence of strong transcriptional upregulation of MTs by infection and SbV, overcoming the KD effect. Gene silencing of the metal transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) abrogated expression of MT1 and MT2-A genes, but not ZnT-1. Upon exposure to SbV, intracellular survival of Leishmania in MTF-1KD cells was significantly enhanced. Results from this study highlight the participation of macrophage MTs in Sb-dependent parasite killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deninson Alejandro Vargas
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - David J. Gregory
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Roni Nitzan Koren
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dan Zilberstein
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ashton Trey Belew
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Najib M. El-Sayed
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - María Adelaida Gómez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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Gregory DJ, Vannier A, Duey AH, Roady TJ, Dzeng RK, Pavlovic MN, Chapin MH, Mukherjee S, Wilmot H, Chronos N, Charles RC, Ryan ET, LaRocque RC, Miller TE, Garcia-Beltran WF, Thierauf JC, Iafrate AJ, Mullenbrock S, Stump MD, Wetzel RK, Polakiewicz RD, Naranbhai V, Poznansky MC. Repertoires of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes targeted by antibodies vary according to severity of COVID-19. Virulence 2022; 13:890-902. [PMID: 35587156 PMCID: PMC9122311 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2073025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are central to recovery and immunity from COVID-19. However, the relationship between disease severity and the repertoire of antibodies against specific SARS-CoV-2 epitopes an individual develops following exposure remains incompletely understood. Here, we studied seroprevalence of antibodies to specific SARS-CoV-2 and other betacoronavirus antigens in a well-annotated, community sample of convalescent and never-infected individuals obtained in August 2020. One hundred and twenty-four participants were classified into five groups: previously exposed but without evidence of infection, having no known exposure or evidence of infection, seroconverted without symptoms, previously diagnosed with symptomatic COVID-19, and recovered after hospitalization with COVID-19. Prevalence of IgGs specific to the following antigens was compared between the five groups: recombinant SARS-CoV-2 and betacoronavirus spike and nucleocapsid protein domains, peptides from a tiled array of 22-mers corresponding to the entire spike and nucleocapsid proteins, and peptides corresponding to predicted immunogenic regions from other proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Antibody abundance generally correlated positively with severity of prior illness. A number of specific immunogenic peptides and some that may be associated with milder illness or protection from symptomatic infection were identified. No convincing association was observed between antibodies to Receptor Binding Domain(s) (RBDs) of less pathogenic betacoronaviruses HKU1 or OC43 and COVID-19 severity. However, apparent cross-reaction with SARS-CoV RBD was evident and some predominantly asymptomatic individuals had antibodies to both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV RBDs. Findings from this pilot study may inform development of diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutic antibodies, and provide insight into viral pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Augustin Vannier
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akiro H. Duey
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler J. Roady
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard K. Dzeng
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maia N. Pavlovic
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael H. Chapin
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sonia Mukherjee
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Richelle C. Charles
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Cardiology Care Clinics, Eatonton, GA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler E. Miller
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia C. Thierauf
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Shashoua Y, Peydaei A, Mortensen MN, Kanstrup AB, Gregory DJ. Real time degradation studies on polyurethane household sponges in Danish weather and marine environments. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 184:114128. [PMID: 36130424 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PUR) ether sponges represent a widely-used cleaning tool with a short service lifetime resulting in the production of high quantities of waste. However, the fate of PUR in natural environments is poorly understood. In this study, sponges were exposed to the natural environments of Danish weather and seawater for two years. Physiochemical changes were monitored using visual, microscopic, spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Results from Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and change in mass indicated that photo-oxidation was the primary degradation pathway of polyurethane ether- based sponges with a specific surface degradation rate of 12,500 μm year-1 in Danish weather. Significantly, analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed the release to the environment of toxic substance TDI as a product of photo-oxidation. Although PUR degraded more slowly in seawater than in weather, flame retardant TMCP leached from sponges to water, indicating potential health risks of PUR waste to aquatic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Shashoua
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, IC Modewegsvej-Brede, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Asal Peydaei
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, IC Modewegsvej-Brede, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Martin N Mortensen
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, IC Modewegsvej-Brede, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Anders B Kanstrup
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, IC Modewegsvej-Brede, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - David J Gregory
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, IC Modewegsvej-Brede, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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6
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Naranbhai V, Garcia-Beltran WF, Chang CC, Berrios Mairena C, Thierauf JC, Kirkpatrick G, Onozato ML, Cheng J, St Denis KJ, Lam EC, Kaseke C, Tano-Menka R, Yang D, Pavlovic M, Yang W, Kui A, Miller TE, Astudillo MG, Cahill JE, Dighe AS, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Gaiha GD, Balazs AB, Iafrate AJ. Comparative Immunogenicity and Effectiveness of mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 Vaccines. J Infect Dis 2022; 225:1141-1150. [PMID: 34888672 PMCID: PMC8689763 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding immunogenicity and effectiveness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is critical to guide rational use. METHODS We compared the immunogenicity of mRNA-1273, BNT-162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S in healthy ambulatory adults. We performed an inverse-variance meta-analysis of population-level effectiveness from public health reports in > 40 million individuals. RESULTS A single dose of either mRNA vaccine yielded comparable antibody and neutralization titers to convalescent individuals. Ad26.COV2.S yielded lower antibody concentrations and frequently undetectable neutralization titers. Bulk and cytotoxic T-cell responses were higher in mRNA1273 and BNT162b2 than Ad26.COV2.S recipients. Regardless of vaccine, <50% of vaccinees demonstrated CD8+ T-cell responses. Antibody concentrations and neutralization titers increased comparably after the first dose of either vaccine, and further in recipients of a second dose. Prior infection was associated with high antibody concentrations and neutralization even after a single dose and regardless of vaccine. Neutralization of Beta, Gamma, and Delta strains were poorer regardless of vaccine. In meta-analysis, relative to mRNA1273 the effectiveness of BNT162b2 was lower against infection and hospitalization, and Ad26COV2.S was lower against infection, hospitalization, and death. CONCLUSIONS Variation in the immunogenicity correlates with variable effectiveness of the 3 vaccines deployed in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Naranbhai
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Christina C Chang
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Julia C Thierauf
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grace Kirkpatrick
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maristela L Onozato
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ju Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerri J St Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clarety Kaseke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rhoda Tano-Menka
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maia Pavlovic
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Kui
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael G Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer E Cahill
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anand S Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Maron JS, Conroy M, Naranbai V, Samarakoon U, Motazedi T, Farmer JR, Freeman E, Banerji A, Bartsch YC, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Alter G, Blumenthal KG. Differential SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Profiles after Allergic Reactions to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1231-1236. [PMID: 35325158 PMCID: PMC8992327 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic symptoms after messenger RNA (mRNA) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines occur in up to 2% of recipients. Compared to nonallergic controls (n = 18), individuals with immediate allergic reactions to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (n = 8) mounted lower immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) to multiple antigenic targets in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike following vaccination, with significantly lower IgG1 to full-length spike (P = .04). Individuals with immediate allergic reactions to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines bound Fcγ receptors similarly to nonallergic controls. Although there was a trend toward an overall reduction in opsonophagocytic function in individuals with immediate allergic reactions compared to nonallergic controls, allergic patients produced functional antibodies exhibiting a high ratio of opsonophagocytic function to IgG1 titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny S Maron
- Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Conroy
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Upeka Samarakoon
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tina Motazedi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jocelyn R Farmer
- Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esther Freeman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aleena Banerji
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yannic C Bartsch
- Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David J Gregory
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly G Blumenthal
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Garcia-Beltran WF, St Denis KJ, Hoelzemer A, Lam EC, Nitido AD, Sheehan ML, Berrios C, Ofoman O, Chang CC, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Roederer AL, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Cell 2022; 185:457-466.e4. [PMID: 34995482 PMCID: PMC8733787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 343.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent surveillance has revealed the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1/B.1.1.529) harboring up to 36 mutations in spike protein, the target of neutralizing antibodies. Given its potential to escape vaccine-induced humoral immunity, we measured the neutralization potency of sera from 88 mRNA-1273, 111 BNT162b, and 40 Ad26.COV2.S vaccine recipients against wild-type, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. We included individuals that received their primary series recently (<3 months), distantly (6-12 months), or an additional "booster" dose, while accounting for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Remarkably, neutralization of Omicron was undetectable in most vaccinees. However, individuals boosted with mRNA vaccines exhibited potent neutralization of Omicron, only 4-6-fold lower than wild type, suggesting enhanced cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibody responses. In addition, we find that Omicron pseudovirus infects more efficiently than other variants tested. Overall, this study highlights the importance of additional mRNA doses to broaden neutralizing antibody responses against highly divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Kerri J St Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany; Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maegan L Sheehan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cristhian Berrios
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Onosereme Ofoman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christina C Chang
- Alfred Hospital, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria 3181, Australia; Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex L Roederer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Pediatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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9
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Garcia-Beltran WF, St. Denis KJ, Hoelzemer A, Lam EC, Nitido AD, Sheehan ML, Berrios C, Ofoman O, Chang CC, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. medRxiv 2021:2021.12.14.21267755. [PMID: 34931201 PMCID: PMC8687472 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.14.21267755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent surveillance has revealed the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1/B.1.1.529) harboring up to 36 mutations in spike protein, the target of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies. Given its potential to escape vaccine-induced humoral immunity, we measured neutralization potency of sera from 88 mRNA-1273, 111 BNT162b, and 40 Ad26.COV2.S vaccine recipients against wild type, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. We included individuals that were vaccinated recently (<3 months), distantly (6-12 months), or recently boosted, and accounted for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Remarkably, neutralization of Omicron was undetectable in most vaccinated individuals. However, individuals boosted with mRNA vaccines exhibited potent neutralization of Omicron only 4-6-fold lower than wild type, suggesting that boosters enhance the cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibody responses. In addition, we find Omicron pseudovirus is more infectious than any other variant tested. Overall, this study highlights the importance of boosters to broaden neutralizing antibody responses against highly divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran
- These authors contributed equally
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri J. St. Denis
- These authors contributed equally
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adam D. Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Cristhian Berrios
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Onosereme Ofoman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Christina C. Chang
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David J. Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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10
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Naranbhai V, Garcia-Beltran WF, Chang CC, Mairena CB, Thierauf JC, Kirkpatrick G, Onozato ML, Cheng J, St. Denis KJ, Lam EC, Kaseke C, Tano-Menka R, Yang D, Pavlovic M, Yang W, Kui A, Miller TE, Astudillo MG, Cahill JE, Dighe AS, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Gaiha GD, Balazs AB, Iafrate AJ. Comparative immunogenicity and effectiveness of mRNA-1273, BNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccines. medRxiv 2021:2021.07.18.21260732. [PMID: 34671780 PMCID: PMC8528089 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.18.21260732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding immunogenicity and effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is critical to guide rational use. METHODS We compared the immunogenicity of mRNA-1273, BNT-162b2 or Ad26.COV2.S in ambulatory adults in Massachusetts, USA. To correlate immunogenicity with effectiveness of the three vaccines, we performed an inverse-variance meta-analysis of population level effectiveness from public health reports in >40 million individuals. RESULTS A single dose of either mRNA vaccine yielded comparable antibody and neutralization titers to convalescent individuals. Ad26.COV2.S yielded lower antibody concentrations and frequently negative neutralization titers. Bulk and cytotoxic T-cell responses were higher in mRNA1273 and BNT162b2 than Ad26.COV2.S recipients, and <50% of vaccinees demonstrate CD8+ T-cell responses to spike peptides. Antibody concentrations and neutralization titers increased comparably after the first dose of either vaccine, and further in recipients of a second dose. Prior infection was associated with high antibody concentrations and neutralization even after a single dose and regardless of vaccine. Neutralization of beta, gamma and delta strains were poorer regardless of vaccine. Relative to mRNA1273, the effectiveness of BNT162b2 was lower against infection and hospitalization; and Ad26COV2.S was lower against infection, hospitalization and death. CONCLUSIONS Variation in the immunogenicity correlates with variable effectiveness of the three FDA EUA vaccines deployed in the USA.
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11
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Yano N, Emi T, Gregory DJ, Fedulov AV. Consideration on Efficient Recombinant Protein Production: Focus on Substrate Protein-Specific Compatibility Patterns of Molecular Chaperones. Protein J 2021; 40:756-764. [PMID: 34052952 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Expression of recombinant proteins requires at times the aid of molecular chaperones for efficient post-translational folding into functional structure. However, predicting the compatibility of a protein substrate with the right type of chaperone to produce functional proteins is a daunting issue. To study the difference in effects of chaperones on His-tagged recombinant proteins with different characteristics, we performed in vitro proteins expression using Escherichia coli overexpressed with several chaperone 'teams': Trigger Factor (TF), GroEL/GroES and DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE, alone or in combinations, with the aim to determine whether protein secondary structure can serve as predictor for chaperone success. Protein A, which has a helix dominant structure, showed the most efficient folding with GroES/EL or TF chaperones alone, whereas Protein B, which has less helix in the structure, showed a remarkable effect on the DnaK/J/GrpE system alone. This tendency was also seen with other recombinant proteins with particular properties. With the chaperons' assistance, both proteins were synthesized more efficiently in the culture at 22.5 °C for 20 h than at 37 °C for 3 h. These findings suggest a novel avenue to study compatibility of chaperones with substrate proteins and optimal culture conditions for producing functional proteins with a potential for predictive analysis of the success of chaperones based on the properties of the substrate protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Yano
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, NAB-210. 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Tania Emi
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, NAB-210. 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - David J Gregory
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexey V Fedulov
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, NAB-210. 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
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12
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St Denis K, Nitido AD, Garcia ZH, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Pavlovic MN, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Sigal A, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell 2021; 184:2372-2383.e9. [PMID: 33743213 PMCID: PMC7953441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 851] [Impact Index Per Article: 283.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination elicits immune responses capable of potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. However, ongoing surveillance has revealed the emergence of variants harboring mutations in spike, the main target of neutralizing antibodies. To understand the impact of these variants, we evaluated the neutralization potency of 99 individuals that received one or two doses of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines against pseudoviruses representing 10 globally circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2. Five of the 10 pseudoviruses, harboring receptor-binding domain mutations, including K417N/T, E484K, and N501Y, were highly resistant to neutralization. Cross-neutralization of B.1.351 variants was comparable to SARS-CoV and bat-derived WIV1-CoV, suggesting that a relatively small number of mutations can mediate potent escape from vaccine responses. While the clinical impact of neutralization resistance remains uncertain, these results highlight the potential for variants to escape from neutralizing humoral immunity and emphasize the need to develop broadly protective interventions against the evolving pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kerri St Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zeidy H Garcia
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maia N Pavlovic
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - David J Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Pedriatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa
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13
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St Denis K, Nitido AD, Garcia ZH, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Pavlovic MN, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Sigal A, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell 2021; 184:2523. [PMID: 33930298 PMCID: PMC8082941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St. Denis K, Nitido AD, Garcia ZH, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Pavlovic MN, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Sigal A, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. medRxiv 2021:2021.02.14.21251704. [PMID: 33619506 PMCID: PMC7899476 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.14.21251704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination elicits immune responses capable of potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. However, ongoing surveillance has revealed the emergence of variants harboring mutations in spike, the main target of neutralizing antibodies. To understand the impact of these variants, we evaluated the neutralization potency of 99 individuals that received one or two doses of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines against pseudoviruses representing 10 globally circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2. Five of the 10 pseudoviruses, harboring receptor-binding domain mutations, including K417N/T, E484K, and N501Y, were highly resistant to neutralization. Crossneutralization of B.1.351 variants was comparable to SARS-CoV and bat-derived WIV1-CoV, suggesting that a relatively small number of mutations can mediate potent escape from vaccine responses. While the clinical impact of neutralization resistance remains uncertain, these results highlight the potential for variants to escape from neutralizing humoral immunity and emphasize the need to develop broadly protective interventions against the evolving pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran
- These authors contributed equally
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Evan C. Lam
- These authors contributed equally
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri St. Denis
- These authors contributed equally
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adam D. Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zeidy H. Garcia
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Maia N. Pavlovic
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - David J. Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Pedriatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041 South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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15
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Gregory DJ, DeLoid GM, Salmon SL, Metzger DW, Kramnik I, Kobzik L. SON DNA-binding protein mediates macrophage autophagy and responses to intracellular infection. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2782-2799. [PMID: 32484234 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens affect diverse host cellular defence and metabolic pathways. Here, we used infection with Francisella tularensis to identify SON DNA-binding protein as a central determinant of macrophage activities. RNAi knockdown of SON increases survival of human macrophages following F. tularensis infection or inflammasome stimulation. SON is required for macrophage autophagy, interferon response factor 3 expression, type I interferon response and inflammasome-associated readouts. SON knockdown has gene- and stimulus-specific effects on inflammatory gene expression. SON is required for accurate splicing and expression of GBF1, a key mediator of cis-Golgi structure and function. Chemical GBF1 inhibition has similar effects to SON knockdown, suggesting that SON controls macrophage functions at least in part by controlling Golgi-associated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gregory
- Molecular and Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Pediatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Molecular and Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon L Salmon
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Dennis W Metzger
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Molecular and Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Mandarino A, Gregory DJ, McGuire CC, Leblanc BW, Witt H, Rivera LM, Godleski JJ, Fedulov AV. The effect of talc particles on phagocytes in co-culture with ovarian cancer cells. Environ Res 2020; 180:108676. [PMID: 31785414 PMCID: PMC8722446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Talc and titanium dioxide are naturally occurring water-insoluble mined products usually available in the form of particulate matter. This study was prompted by epidemiological observations suggesting that perineal use of talc powder is associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer, particularly in a milieu with higher estrogen. We aimed to test the effects of talc vs. control particles on the ability of prototypical macrophage cell lines to curb the growth of ovarian cancer cells in culture in the presence of estrogen. We found that murine ovarian surface epithelial cells (MOSEC), a prototype of certain forms of ovarian cancer, were present in larger numbers after co-culture with macrophages treated to a combination of talc and estradiol than to either agent alone or vehicle. Control particles (titanium dioxide, concentrated urban air particulates or diesel exhaust particles) did not have this effect. Co-exposure of macrophages to talc and estradiol has led to increased production of reactive oxygen species and changes in expression of macrophage genes pertinent in cancer development and immunosurveillance. These findings suggest that in vitro exposure to talc, particularly in a high-estrogen environment, may compromise immunosurveillance functions of macrophages and prompt further studies to elucidate this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Mandarino
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - David J Gregory
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connor C McGuire
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brian W Leblanc
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hadley Witt
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Loreilys Mejias Rivera
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John J Godleski
- John J. Godleski, MD, PLLC, Milton, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology (Emeritus), Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health (Retired), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexey V Fedulov
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health (Retired), Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Krause-Jensen D, Serrano O, Apostolaki ET, Gregory DJ, Duarte CM. Seagrass sedimentary deposits as security vaults and time capsules of the human past. Ambio 2019; 48:325-335. [PMID: 30128859 PMCID: PMC6411673 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seagrass meadows form valuable ecosystems, but are considered to have low cultural value due to limited research efforts in this field. We provide evidence that seagrass deposits play a hitherto unrealized central role in preserving valuable submerged archaeological and historical heritage across the world, while also providing an historical archive of human cultural development over time. We highlight three case studies showing the significance of seagrass in protecting underwater cultural heritage in Denmark, the Mediterranean and Australia. Moreover, we present an overview of additional evidence compiled from the literature. We emphasize that this important role of seagrasses is linked to their capacity to form thick sedimentary deposits, accumulating over time, thereby covering and sealing submerged archaeological heritage. Seagrass conservation and restoration are key to protecting this buried heritage while also supporting the role of seagrass deposits as carbon sinks as well as the many other important ecosystem functions of seagrasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Krause-Jensen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Oscar Serrano
- School of Science, Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Eugenia T. Apostolaki
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO Box 2214, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - David J. Gregory
- Department of Conservation and Natural Science, The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
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18
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Gregory DJ, Kramnik I, Kobzik L. Protection of macrophages from intracellular pathogens by miR-182-5p mimic-a gene expression meta-analysis approach. FEBS J 2017; 285:244-260. [PMID: 29197182 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to (a) define which host genes are of particular importance during the interactions between macrophages and intracellular pathogens, and (b) use this knowledge to gain fresh, experimental understanding of how macrophage activities may be manipulated during host defense. We designed an in silico method for meta-analysis of microarray gene expression data, and used this to combine data from 16 different studies of cells in the monocyte-macrophage lineage infected with seven different pathogens. Three thousand four hundred ninety-eight genes were identified, which we call the macrophage intracellular pathogen response (macIPR) gene set. As expected, the macIPR gene set showed a strong bias toward genes previously associated with the immune response. Predicted target sites for miR-182-5p (miR-182) were strongly over-represented among macIPR genes, indicating an unexpected role for miR-182-regulatable genes during intracellular pathogenesis. We therefore transfected primary human alveolar macrophage-like monocyte-derived macrophages from multiple different donors with synthetic miR-182, and found that miR-182 overexpression (a) increases proinflammatory gene induction during infection with Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS), (b) primes macrophages for increased autophagy, and (c) enhances macrophage control of both gram negative F. tularensisLVS and gram positive Bacillus anthracisANR-1 spores. These data therefore suggest a new application for miR-182 in promoting resistance to intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gregory
- Molecular and Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Molecular and Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Gregory DJ, Kobzik L, Yang Z, McGuire CC, Fedulov AV. Transgenerational transmission of asthma risk after exposure to environmental particles during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L395-L405. [PMID: 28495853 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00035.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental particles during pregnancy increases asthma susceptibility of the offspring. We tested the hypothesis that this transmission continues to F2 and F3 generations and occurs via epigenetic mechanisms. We compared allergic susceptibility of three generations of BALB/c offspring after a single maternal exposure during pregnancy to diesel exhaust particles or concentrated urban air particles. After pregnant dams received intranasal instillations of particle suspensions or control, their F1, F2, and F3 offspring were tested in a low-dose ovalbumin protocol for sensitivity to allergic asthma. We found that the elevated susceptibility after maternal exposure to particles during pregnancy persists into F2 and, with lesser magnitude, into F3 generations. This was evident from elevated eosinophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, histopathological changes of allergic airway disease, and increased BAL levels of IL-5 and IL-13. We have previously shown that dendritic cells (DCs) can mediate transmission of risk upon adoptive transfer. Therefore, we used an enhanced reduced representation bisulfite sequencing protocol to quantify DNA methylation in DCs from each generation. Distinct methylation changes were identified in F1, F2, and F3 DCs. The subset of altered loci shared across the three generations were not linked to known allergy genes or pathways but included a number of genes linked to chromatin modification, suggesting potential interaction with other epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., histone modifications). The data indicate that pregnancy airway exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) triggers a transgenerationally transmitted asthma susceptibility and suggests a mechanistic role for epigenetic alterations in DCs in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gregory
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Zhiping Yang
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Connor C McGuire
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexey V Fedulov
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and .,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Dohmen LCT, Navas A, Vargas DA, Gregory DJ, Kip A, Dorlo TPC, Gomez MA. Functional Validation of ABCA3 as a Miltefosine Transporter in Human Macrophages: IMPACT ON INTRACELLULAR SURVIVAL OF LEISHMANIA (VIANNIA) PANAMENSIS. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9638-47. [PMID: 26903515 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Within its mammalian host, Leishmania resides and replicates as an intracellular parasite. The direct activity of antileishmanials must therefore depend on intracellular drug transport, metabolism, and accumulation within the host cell. In this study, we explored the role of human macrophage transporters in the intracellular accumulation and antileishmanial activity of miltefosine (MLF), the only oral drug available for the treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Membrane transporter gene expression in primary human macrophages infected in vitro with Leishmania Viannia panamensis and exposed to MLF showed modulation of ABC and solute liquid carrier transporters gene transcripts. Among these, ABCA3, a lipid transporter, was significantly induced after exposure to MLF, and this induction was confirmed in primary macrophages from CL patients. Functional validation of MLF as a substrate for ABCA3 was performed by shRNA gene knockdown (KD) in THP-1 monocytes. Intracellular accumulation of radiolabeled MLF was significantly higher in ABCA3(KD) macrophages. ABCA3(KD) resulted in increased cytotoxicity induced by MLF exposure. ABCA3 gene expression inversely correlated with intracellular MLF content in primary macrophages from CL patients. ABCA3(KD) reduced parasite survival during macrophage infection with an L. V. panamensis strain exhibiting low in vitro susceptibility to MLF. Confocal microscopy showed ABCA3 to be located in the cell membrane of resting macrophages and in intracellular compartments in L. V. panamensis-infected cells. These results provide evidence of ABCA3 as an MLF efflux transporter in human macrophages and support its role in the direct antileishmanial effect of this alkylphosphocholine drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk C T Dohmen
- From the Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cra. 125 # 19-225 Cali, Colombia, the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana Navas
- From the Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cra. 125 # 19-225 Cali, Colombia
| | - Deninson Alejandro Vargas
- From the Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cra. 125 # 19-225 Cali, Colombia
| | - David J Gregory
- the Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Anke Kip
- the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands, the Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/Slotervaart Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and
| | - Thomas P C Dorlo
- the Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands, the Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Adelaida Gomez
- From the Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cra. 125 # 19-225 Cali, Colombia,
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Gregory DJ, Kobzik L. Influenza lung injury: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1041-6. [PMID: 26408556 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00283.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this Perspectives, we discuss some recent developments in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury following influenza infection, with an emphasis on promising therapeutic leads. Damage to the alveolar-capillary barrier has been quantified in mice, and agents have been identified that can help to preserve barrier integrity, such as vasculotide, angiopoietin-like 4 neutralization, and sphingosine 1-phosphate mimics. Results from studies using mesenchymal stem cells have been disappointing, despite promising data in other types of lung injury. The roles of fatty acid binding protein 5, prostaglandin E2, and the interplay between IFN-γ and STAT1 in epithelial signaling during infection have been addressed in vitro. Finally, we discuss the role of autophagy in inflammatory cytokine production and the viral life cycle and the opportunities this presents for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gregory
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
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Gregory DJ, Garcia-Wilson E, Poole JC, Snowden AW, Roninson IB, Perkins ND. Induction of Transcription through the p300 CRD1 Motif by p21WAF1/CIP1Is Core Promoter Specific and Cyclin Dependent Kinase Independent. Cell Cycle 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.1.5.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Gregory DJ, Zhang Y, Kobzik L, Fedulov AV. Specific transcriptional enhancement of inducible nitric oxide synthase by targeted promoter demethylation. Epigenetics 2013; 8:1205-12. [PMID: 24008769 DOI: 10.4161/epi.26267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to specifically reactivate epigenetically silenced genes would have great utility in experimental studies and potential therapeutic value. Here, we describe the specific targeting of thymidine DNA glycosylase (TDG), an enzyme involved in the mechanism of methylcytosine demethylation, to the promoter of Nos2, a gene silenced by methylation in fibroblasts, using artificial zinc finger DNA binding domains. Individual targeted TDG constructs had a small effect on Nos2 expression and methylation, but simultaneous targeting of a quartet of TDG constructs significantly restored responsiveness to LPS and IFN stimuli in association with marked cytosine demethylation at the promoter and CpG island; catalytically inactive TDG complexes had no effect. Whole-genome expression microarray and pathway analysis found only 42 genes that were affected by targeted TDG constructs; the majority are likely downstream of the effect on Nos2. This study therefore shows highly specific, directed reactivation of a single, silenced gene by targeting of a demethylase to the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gregory
- Department of Environmental Health; MIPS Program; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston, MA USA
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health; MIPS Program; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston, MA USA
| | - Alexey V Fedulov
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
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Gregory DJ. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2: a new ally against sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:125-6. [PMID: 23855687 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1052ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Gregory DJ, Lawson K. Small Scale: Using a Regional Pilot Project to Explore the Potential of Shared Print. Collection Management 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01462679.2012.685417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Our ability to selectively manipulate gene expression by epigenetic means is limited, as there is no approach for targeted reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes, in contrast to what is available for selective gene silencing. We aimed to develop a tool for selective transcriptional activation by DNA demethylation. Here we present evidence that direct targeting of thymine-DNA-glycosylase (TDG) to specific sequences in the DNA can result in local DNA demethylation at potential regulatory sequences and lead to enhanced gene induction. When TDG was fused to a well-characterized DNA-binding domain [the Rel-homology domain (RHD) of NFκB], we observed decreased DNA methylation and increased transcriptional response to unrelated stimulus of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). The effect was not seen for control genes lacking either RHD-binding sites or high levels of methylation, nor in control mock-transduced cells. Specific reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes may thus be achievable by this approach, which provides a broadly useful strategy to further our exploration of biological mechanisms and to improve control over the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gregory
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Forget G, Gregory DJ, Whitcombe LA, Olivier M. Role of host protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in Leishmania donovani-induced inhibition of nitric oxide production. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6272-9. [PMID: 17057094 PMCID: PMC1695482 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00853-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to survive within the macrophages of its host organism, the protozoan parasite Leishmania inhibits a number of critical, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-inducible, macrophage functions, including the generation of nitric oxide. We have previously shown that the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 (Src-homology 2 domain containing phosphatase-1) is activated during Leishmania infection and plays an important role in both the survival of Leishmania within cultured macrophages and disease progression in vivo by inhibiting nitric oxide production. Here we use a SHP-1-/- macrophage cell line derived from motheaten mice to address the mechanisms by which SHP-1 prevents IFN-gamma-dependent nitric oxide production during Leishmania donovani infection. We show that Leishmania inhibits nitric oxide production in response to IFN-gamma poorly in SHP-1-deficient macrophages. This correlates with the inability of Leishmania to alter JAK2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and to prevent nuclear translocation of transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1, although the latter two to a lesser extent. Surprisingly, Leishmania inactivated the transcription factor STAT1 to a similar extent in SHP-1-deficient and wild-type macrophages, so STAT1 is not necessary for nitric oxide production by infected macrophages. Overall, this study demonstrates that induction of SHP-1 by Leishmania is vital for inhibition of nitric oxide generation and that this inhibition occurs through the inactivation of JAK2 and ERK1/2, and transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Forget
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Canada
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Abstract
The protozoa Leishmania spp. are obligate intracellular parasites that inhabit the macrophages of their host. Since macrophages are specialized for the identification and destruction of invading pathogens, both directly and by triggering an innate immune response, Leishmania have evolved a number of mechanisms for suppressing some critical macrophage activities. In this review, we discuss how various species of Leishmania distort the host macrophage's own signalling pathways to repress the expression of various cytokines and microbicidal molecules (nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species), and antigen presentation. In particular, we describe how MAP Kinase and JAK/STAT cascades are repressed, and intracellular Ca2+ and the activities of protein tyrosine phosphatases, in particular SHP-1, are elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Gregory
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Activation of the Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2)/STAT1alpha signaling pathway is repressed in Leishmania-infected macrophages. This represents an important mechanism by which this parasite subverts the microbicidal functions of the cell to promote its own survival and propagation. We recently provided evidence that the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) SHP-1 was responsible for JAK2 inactivation. However, STAT1 translocation to the nucleus was not restored in the absence of SHP-1. In the present study, we have used B10R macrophages to study the mechanism by which this Leishmania-induced STAT1 inactivation occurs. STAT1alpha nuclear localization was shown to be rapidly reduced by the infection. Western blot analysis revealed that cellular STAT1alpha, but not STAT3, was degraded. Using PTP inhibitors and an immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophage cell line from SHP-1-deficient mice, we showed that STAT1 inactivation was independent of PTP activity. However, inhibition of macrophage proteasome activity significantly rescued Leishmania-induced STAT1alpha degradation. We further demonstrated that degradation was receptor-mediated and involved protein kinase C alpha. All Leishmania species tested (L. major, L. donovani, L. mexicana, L. braziliensis), but not the related parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, caused STAT1alpha degradation. Collectively, results from this study revealed a new mechanism for STAT1 regulation by a microbial pathogen, which favors its establishment and propagation within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Forget
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie and Département de Biologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Olivier M, Gregory DJ, Forget G. Subversion mechanisms by which Leishmania parasites can escape the host immune response: a signaling point of view. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:293-305. [PMID: 15831826 PMCID: PMC1082797 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.18.2.293-305.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania must survive the antimicrobial activities of its host cell, the macrophage, and prevent activation of an effective immune response. In order to do this, it has developed numerous highly successful strategies for manipulating activities, including antigen presentation, nitric oxide and oxygen radical generation, and cytokine production. This is generally the result of interactions between Leishmania cell surface molecules, particularly gp63 and LPG, and less well identified macrophage surface receptors, causing the distortion of specific intracellular signaling cascades. We describe some of the signaling pathways and intermediates that are repressed in infected cells, including JAK/STAT, Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (especially ERK1/2), and proteasome-mediated transcription factor degradation. We also discuss protein tyrosine phosphatases (particularly SHP-1), intracellular Ca2+, Ca(2+)-independent PKC, ceramide, and the suppressors of cytokine signaling family of repressors, which are all reported to be activated following infection, and the role of parasite-secreted cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Olivier
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Abstract
We report sequence, tissue expression and map-position data for myogenin, MYOD1, myostatin and follistatin in three Ictalurid catfish species: channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), blue catfish (I. furcatus) and white catfish (Ameiurus catus). These genes are involved in muscle growth and development in mammals and may play similar roles in catfish. Amino acid sequences were highly conserved among the three Ictalurid species (>95% identity), moderately conserved among catfish and zebrafish (approximately 80% identity), and less conserved among catfish and humans (approximately 40-60% identity) for all four genes. Gene structure (number of exons and introns and exon-intron boundaries) was conserved between catfish and other species for all genes. Myogenin and MYOD1 expression was limited to skeletal muscle in juvenile channel catfish, similar to expression patterns for these genes in other fish and mammalian species. Myostatin was expressed in a variety of tissues in juvenile channel catfish, a pattern common in other fish species but contrasting with data from mammals where myostatin is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle. Follistatin was expressed in juvenile catfish heart, testes and spleen. All four genes contained polymorphic microsatellite repeats in non-coding regions and linkage analysis based on inheritance of these microsatellite loci was used to place the genes on the channel catfish linkage map. Information provided in this study will be useful in further studies to determine the role these genes play in muscle growth and development in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Gregory
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Catfish Genetics Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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Bates GJ, Nicol SM, Wilson BJ, Jacobs AMF, Bourdon JC, Wardrop J, Gregory DJ, Lane DP, Perkins ND, Fuller-Pace FV. The DEAD box protein p68: a novel transcriptional coactivator of the p53 tumour suppressor. EMBO J 2005; 24:543-53. [PMID: 15660129 PMCID: PMC548656 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The DEAD box RNA helicase, p68, has been implicated in various cellular processes and has been shown to possess transcriptional coactivator function. Here, we show that p68 potently synergises with the p53 tumour suppressor protein to stimulate transcription from p53-dependent promoters and that endogenous p68 and p53 co-immunoprecipitate from nuclear extracts. Strikingly, RNAi suppression of p68 inhibits p53 target gene expression in response to DNA damage, as well as p53-dependent apoptosis, but does not influence p53 stabilisation or expression of non-p53-responsive genes. We also show, by chromatin immunoprecipitation, that p68 is recruited to the p21 promoter in a p53-dependent manner, consistent with a role in promoting transcriptional initiation. Interestingly, p68 knock-down does not significantly affect NF-kappaB activation, suggesting that the stimulation of p53 transcriptional activity is not due to a general transcription effect. This study represents the first report of the involvement of an RNA helicase in the p53 response, and highlights a novel mechanism by which p68 may act as a tumour cosuppressor in governing p53 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor J Bates
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Samantha M Nicol
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Brian J Wilson
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Anne-Marie F Jacobs
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Jean-Christophe Bourdon
- Department of Surgery & Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Julie Wardrop
- Department of Surgery & Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - David J Gregory
- Division of Gene Expression and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - David P Lane
- Department of Surgery & Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Neil D Perkins
- Division of Gene Expression and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Frances V Fuller-Pace
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
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Wilson BJ, Bates GJ, Nicol SM, Gregory DJ, Perkins ND, Fuller-Pace FV. The p68 and p72 DEAD box RNA helicases interact with HDAC1 and repress transcription in a promoter-specific manner. BMC Mol Biol 2004; 5:11. [PMID: 15298701 PMCID: PMC514542 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background p68 (Ddx5) and p72 (Ddx17) are highly related members of the DEAD box family and are established RNA helicases. They have been implicated in growth regulation and have been shown to be involved in both pre-mRNA and pre-rRNA processing. More recently, however, these proteins have been reported to act as transcriptional co-activators for estrogen-receptor alpha (ERα). Furthermore these proteins were shown to interact with co-activators p300/CBP and the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. Taken together these reports suggest a role for p68 and p72 in transcriptional activation. Results In this report we show that p68 and p72 can, in some contexts, act as transcriptional repressors. Targeting of p68 or p72 to constitutive promoters leads to repression of transcription; this repression is promoter-specific. Moreover both p68 and p72 associate with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), a well-established transcriptional repression protein. Conclusions It is therefore clear that p68 and p72 are important transcriptional regulators, functioning as co-activators and/or co-repressors depending on the context of the promoter and the transcriptional complex in which they exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
- Molecular Oncology Group – McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Gaynor J Bates
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Samantha M Nicol
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - David J Gregory
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Neil D Perkins
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Frances V Fuller-Pace
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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Abstract
Librarians typically view interlibrary loan (ILL) as a means of providing access to items not owned by the local institution. However, they are less likely to explore ILL’s potential in providing timely access to items locally owned, but temporarily unavailable, particularly in the case of monographs in circulation. In a two-part study, the authors test the assumption that, on average, locally owned books that a patron finds unavailable (due to checkout) can be obtained more quickly via recall than via ILL. Phase 1 of this study establishes an average turnaround time for circulation recalls in a large academic library for comparison with well-established turnaround times for ILL borrowing transactions. In Phase 2, a more rigorous paired study of recalls and ILL compares the ability of each system to handle identical requests in real time. Results demonstrate that, under some circumstances, ILL provides a reasonable alternative to the internal recall process. The findings also underscore the need for more holistic, interservice models for improving not just access, but also the timeliness of access, to monograph collections.
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Gregory DJ, Garcia-Wilson E, Poole JC, Snowden AW, Roninson IB, Perkins ND. Induction of transcription through the p300 CRD1 motif by p21WAF1/CIP1 is core promoter specific and cyclin dependent kinase independent. Cell Cycle 2002; 1:343-50. [PMID: 12461297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressors p300 and CREB-binding protein (CBP) are both multifunctional transcriptional coactivators. We have previously found that the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) can stimulate transactivation by p300 and CBP through inhibiting transcriptional repression by a discrete domain within these proteins termed CRD1. Given the large number of p300/CBP associated functions, it is unlikely that p21 regulates the expression of every gene under their control, however. Here we have investigated the factors that help determine this specificity. We have discovered that while CRD1 can repress the activity of p300 at multiple promoters, induction of transcription by p21 though this motif is highly variable. Analysis of this effect revealed that p21 inducibility is determined by sequences flanking the TATA box. Significantly, p21 regulation of CRD1 domain function is independent of Cyclin /CDK inhibition suggesting a novel function of this protein. p21 does not interact directly with the CRD1 motif, however. These results give further insight into how regulators of cell growth and tumorigenesis, such as p21, can specifically target and induce the expression of select groups of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gregory
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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Mouchel N, Tebbutt SJ, Broackes-Carter FC, Sahota V, Summerfield T, Gregory DJ, Harris A. The sheep genome contributes to localization of control elements in a human gene with complex regulatory mechanisms. Genomics 2001; 76:9-13. [PMID: 11549312 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Genes that show complex tissue-specific and temporal control by regulatory elements located outside their promoters present a considerable challenge to identify the sequences involved. The rapid accumulation of genomic sequence information for a number of species has enabled a comparative phylogenetic approach to find important regulatory elements. For some genes, which show a similar pattern of expression in humans and rodents, genomic sequence information for these two species may be sufficient. Others, such as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, show significant divergence in expression patterns between mouse and human, necessitating phylogenetic approaches involving additional species. The ovine CFTR gene has a temporal and spatial expression pattern that is very similar to that of human CFTR. Comparative genomic sequence analysis of ovine and human CFTR identified high levels of homology between the core elements in several potential regulatory elements defined as DNase I hypersensitive sites in human CFTR. These data provide a case for the power of an artiodactyl genome to contribute to the understanding of human genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mouchel
- Paediatric Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, 0X3 9DS, UK
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Abstract
Veterinarians in the United States of America and Canada are involved in a variety of activities which contribute to improving human health and well-being. Some of these activities can be considered as a part of veterinary public health (VPH), including: zoonoses control, food safety, environmental protection, comparative medicine, disaster medicine and animal welfare. Both countries have federal systems, and their VPH activities are dependent on close interaction between health and agricultural agencies at the national, state or provincial, and local levels. In addition to governmental agencies, other entities such as academic institutions and various professional associations are also important contributors to VPH activities in the two countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Held
- United States Public Health Service, Arlington, Virginia 22202-3234
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Malik R, Wigney DI, Muir DB, Gregory DJ, Love DN. Cryptococcosis in cats: clinical and mycological assessment of 29 cases and evaluation of treatment using orally administered fluconazole. J Med Vet Mycol 1992; 30:133-44. [PMID: 1588463 DOI: 10.1080/02681219280000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine cats with naturally occurring cryptococcosis were evaluated prior to commencing oral fluconazole therapy (25-100 mg every 12 h). Affected cats ranged from 2 to 15 years-of-age. Male cats (19; 66%) and Siamese cats (5; 21%) appeared to be over-represented in comparison to the hospital's cat population. Mycotic rhinitis was observed in 24 (83%) of the cases, although nasal cavity involvement was subtle in four animals. Disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissues was present in 15 cases (52%) and amongst these the nasal plane (seven cats) and bridge of the nose (seven cats) were most commonly involved. Primary infection of the central nervous system was not encountered, although one cat developed meningoencephalitis and optic neuritis as a sequel to longstanding nasal cavity disease. Antibodies against the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were detected in eight cats (28%), and these cats tended to have advanced and/or disseminated disease. There was a tendency for cats to develop cryptococcosis during the Australian summer. Organisms were cultured from 27 cases. Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was isolated from 21 cats, while C. neoformans var. gattii was identified in the remaining six. The response to oral fluconazole was excellent in this series, which included many cats with advanced, longstanding or disseminated disease. The fungal infection resolved in all but one advanced case which died after only 4 days of therapy. A dose of 50 mg per cat, given every 12 h, produced a consistently good response without side effects. Lower doses were effective in some cases, while 100 mg every 12 h was required to control the infection in one cat. Serum fluconazole levels obtained during chronic dosing (50 +/- 18 mg l-1, mean +/- SD; 50 mg per cat every 12 h) were highly variable (range 15-80 mg l-1). Concurrent FIV infection did not impart an unfavourable prognosis, although affected cats often required prolonged courses of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Gregory DJ. Surgical procedures to prepare the mouth for prosthetic replacement. A review. Aust Dent J 1982; 27:209-16. [PMID: 6758739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.1982.tb04098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Gregory DJ. Problems connected with illegitimacy. Nurs Mirror Midwives J 1968; 127:19-21. [PMID: 5187023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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